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Arshad N, Shakeel M, Javed A, Perveen F, Saeed A, Ahmed A, Ismail H, Channar PA, Naseer F. Exploration of newly synthesized amantadine-thiourea conjugates for their DNA binding, anti-elastase, and anti-glioma potentials. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130231. [PMID: 38368975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Three newly synthesized amantadine thiourea conjugates namely MS-1 N-(((3 s,5 s,7 s)-adamantan-1-yl)carbamothioyl)benzamide, MS-2 N-(((3 s,5 s,7 s)-adamantan-1-yl)carbamothioyl)-4-methylbenzamide and MS-3 N-((3 s,5 s,7 s)-adamantan-1-ylcarbamothioyl)-4-chlorobenzamide were investigated for their structures, bindings (DNA/ elastase), and for their impact on healthy and cancerous cells. Theoretical (DFT/docking) and experimental {UV-visible (UV-), fluorescence (Flu-), and cyclic voltammetry (CV)} studies indicated binding interactions of each conjugate with DNA and elastase enzyme. Theoretically and experimentally calculated binding parameters for conjugate - DNA interaction revealed MS-3 - DNA to have most significant binding with comparatively greater values of binding parameters {(Kb/M-1: docking, 3.8 × 105; UV-, 5.95 × 103; Flu-,1.55 × 105; CV, 1.52 × 104), (∆G/ kJmol-1: docking, -32.09; UV-, -22.40; Flu-,-30.81; CV, -24.82)}. The docked structures, greater bindings site size values (n), and the trend in DNA viscosity changes in the presence of each conjugate concentration confirmed a mixed binding mode of interaction among them. Conjugate - elastase binding by docking agreed with the experimental anti-elastase findings. Cytotoxicity studies of each tested conjugate demonstrated greater cytotoxicity for cancerous (MG-U87) cells in comparison to control, while for the normal (HEK-293) cells the cytotoxicity was found comparatively low. Overall exploration suggested that MS-3 is the most effective candidate for DNA binding, anti-elastase, and for anti-glioma activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasima Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Javed
- Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology- NUST, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences & Technology - NUST, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Atteeque Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, 50700 Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Pervaiz Ali Channar
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Naseer
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences & Technology - NUST, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
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Naseem M, Rafique H, Tayyab M, Saeed A, Mumtaz A. Design, Synthesis, QSAR Studies, and Molecular Modeling of Some Novel Bis Methyl 2-[3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-terephthaloyl-bis-4-oxo-thiazolidin- 5-ylidene]acetates and Screening of their Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Properties. Curr Org Synth 2024; 21:917-927. [PMID: 37670713 DOI: 10.2174/1570179421666230905094559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benzothiazolamine-based bisthiourea precursors were prepared in good yields. These bisthiourea derivatives were cyclized into symmetrical Bis Methyl 2-[3-(benzothiazol- 2-yl)-2-terephthaloyl-bis-4-oxo-thiazolidin-5-ylidene]acetates, by their condensation with (DMAD) dimethyl but-2-meditate in the presence of dry methanol. MATERIALS AND METHODS All these compounds were evaluated for their biological applications. Antioxidant activities were performed by adopting a DPPH radical assay, and an in vitro enzyme inhibition assay was performed to investigate their enzyme inhibitory potential against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). RESULTS Molecular modeling and QSAR studies were performed to monitor the binding propensity of imidathiazolidinone derivatives with enzymes and DNA. Also, electronic and steric descriptors were calculated to determine the effect of structure on the activity of imidathiazolidinone derivatives. CONCLUSION The characterization of all the synthesized compounds was done by their physical data, FT-IR, NMR and elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naseem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Hummera Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Amara Mumtaz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
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Arshad N, Parveen U, Channar PA, Saeed A, Saeed WS, Perveen F, Javed A, Ismail H, Mir MI, Ahmed A, Azad B, Khan I. Investigation of Newly Synthesized Bis-Acyl-Thiourea Derivatives of 4-Nitrobenzene-1,2-Diamine for Their DNA Binding, Urease Inhibition, and Anti-Brain-Tumor Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062707. [PMID: 36985680 PMCID: PMC10051851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bis-acyl-thiourea derivatives, namely N,N’-(((4-nitro-1,2-phenylene)bis(azanediyl)) bis(carbonothioyl))bis(2,4-dichlorobenzamide) (UP-1), N,N’-(((4-nitro-1,2-phenylene) bis(azanediyl))bis(carbonothioyl))diheptanamide (UP-2), and N,N’-(((4-nitro-1,2-phenylene)bis(azanediyl))bis(carbonothioyl))dibutannamide (UP-3), were synthesized in two steps. The structural characterization of the derivatives was carried out by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, and then their DNA binding, anti-urease, and anticancer activities were explored. Both theoretical and experimental results, as obtained by density functional theory, molecular docking, UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence (Flu-)spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and viscometry, pointed towards compounds’ interactions with DNA. However, the values of binding constant (Kb), binding site size (n), and negative Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) (as evaluated by docking, UV-vis, Flu-, and CV) indicated that all the derivatives exhibited binding interactions with the DNA in the order UP-3 > UP-2 > UP-1. The experimental findings from spectral and electrochemical analysis complemented each other and supported the theoretical analysis. The lower diffusion coefficient (Do) values, as obtained from CV responses of each compound after DNA addition at various scan rates, further confirmed the formation of a bulky compound–DNA complex that caused slow diffusion. The mixed binding mode of interaction as seen in docking was further verified by changes in DNA viscosity with varying compound concentrations. All compounds showed strong anti-urease activity, whereas UP-1 was found to have comparatively better inhibitory efficiency, with an IC50 value of 1.55 ± 0.0288 µM. The dose-dependent cytotoxicity of the synthesized derivatives against glioblastoma MG-U87 cells (a human brain cancer cell line) followed by HEK-293 cells (a normal human embryonic kidney cell line) indicated that UP-1 and UP-3 have greater cytotoxicity against both cancerous and healthy cell lines at 400 µM. However, dose-dependent responses of UP-2 showed cytotoxicity against cancerous cells, while it showed no cytotoxicity on the healthy cell line at a low concentration range of 40–120 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasima Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (U.P.); (M.I.M.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Uzma Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (U.P.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Pervaiz Ali Channar
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan;
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Waseem Sharaf Saeed
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.P.); (B.A.)
| | - Aneela Javed
- Healthcare Biotechnology Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Hammad Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Ismail Mir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (U.P.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Atteeque Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Basit Azad
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.P.); (B.A.)
| | - Ishaq Khan
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, Joe H. Reynolds Medical Build, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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Ajibola AA, Perveen F, Wojciechowska A, Sieroń L, Maniukiewicz W. MnII, ZnII and CdII Dinuclear Complexes Based on Mixed Benzoic Acid and Metronidazole Benzoate: Syntheses, Crystal structures, Spectroscopic, Hirshfeld surface analysis, and Molecular modelling of their potential activity against Porphyromas gingivalis. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ayari C, Alotaibi AA, Baashen MA, Perveen F, Almarri AH, Alotaibi KM, Abdelbaky MSM, Garcia-Granda S, Othmani A, Nasr CB, Mrad MH. A New Zn(II) Metal Hybrid Material of 5-Nitrobenzimidazolium Organic Cation (C 7H 6N 3O 2) 2[ZnCl 4]: Elaboration, Structure, Hirshfeld Surface, Spectroscopic, Molecular Docking Analysis, Electric and Dielectric Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7973. [PMID: 36431459 PMCID: PMC9697581 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The slow solvent evaporation approach was used to create a single crystal of (C7H6N3O2)2[ZnCl4] at room temperature. Our compound has been investigated by single-crystal XRD which declares that the complex crystallizes in the monoclinic crystallographic system with the P21/c as a space group. The molecular arrangement of the compound can be described by slightly distorted tetrahedral ZnCl42- anionic entities and 5-nitrobenzimidazolium as cations, linked together by different non-covalent interaction types (H-bonds, Cl…Cl, π…π and C-H…π). Hirshfeld's surface study allows us to identify that the dominant contacts in the crystal building are H…Cl/Cl…H contacts (37.3%). FT-IR method was used to identify the different groups in (C7H6N3O2)2[ZnCl4]. Furthermore, impedance spectroscopy analysis in 393 ≤ T ≤ 438 K shows that the temperature dependence of DC conductivity follows Arrhenius' law. The frequency-temperature dependence of AC conductivity for the studied sample shows one region (Ea = 2.75 eV). In order to determine modes of interactions of compound with double stranded DNA, molecular docking simulations were performed at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Ayari
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Abdullah A. Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadmi 11911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Baashen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadmi 11911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), NUST, H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Abdulhadi H. Almarri
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Al-Wajah, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 12271, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Santiago Garcia-Granda
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo-CINN, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Abdelhak Othmani
- Laboratory of Material Physics: Structures and Properties, LR01 ES15, Faculty of Sciences, University of Carthage, Zarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Cherif Ben Nasr
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Habib Mrad
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadmi 11911, Saudi Arabia
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Saha M, Singha S, Ghosh D, Kumar S, Karmakar P, Das S. A CobaltII/CobaltIII complex of alizarin that was analyzed from the stand point of binding with DNA, for ROS generation and anticancer drug prospecting was identified as an analogue of anthracyclines. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rahmani R, Perveen F, Benhalima N, Djafri A, Khelloul N, Chouaih A, Djafri A, Kanoun MB, Goumri-Said S. FTIR, NMR and UV–Visible Spectral Investigations, Theoretical Calculations, Topological Analysis, Chemical Stablity, and Molecular Docking Study on Novel Bioactive Compound: The 5-(5-Nitro Furan-2-Ylmethylen), 3- N-(2-Methoxy Phenyl),2- N′- (2-Methoxyphenyl) Imino Thiazolidin-4-One. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2094971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachida Rahmani
- Laboratory of Technology and Solid Properties (LTPS), Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University - Mostaganem, Mostaganem, Algeria
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Ahmed Zabana - University of Relizane, Relizane, Algeria
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- Research Centre for Modeling and Simulation, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Benhalima
- Laboratory of Technology and Solid Properties (LTPS), Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University - Mostaganem, Mostaganem, Algeria
- Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Dr. Tahar Moulay University of Saida, Saida, Algeria
| | - Ahmed Djafri
- Laboratory of Technology and Solid Properties (LTPS), Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University - Mostaganem, Mostaganem, Algeria
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Nawel Khelloul
- Laboratory of Technology and Solid Properties (LTPS), Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University - Mostaganem, Mostaganem, Algeria
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Mustapha Stambouli University of Mascara, Mascara , Algeria
| | - Abdelkader Chouaih
- Laboratory of Technology and Solid Properties (LTPS), Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University - Mostaganem, Mostaganem, Algeria
| | - Ayada Djafri
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée (LSOA), Département de Chimie, Faculté Des Sciences, Université D'Oran 1 - Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Benali Kanoun
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souraya Goumri-Said
- College of Science, Department of Physics, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Wu Q, Zheng Z, Ye W, Guo Q, Liao T, Yang D, Zhao C, Liao W, Chai H, Zhou Z. Synthesis, crystal and molecular structure, vibrational spectroscopic, DFT and molecular docking of 4-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4‑hydroxy-3- ((4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl) methyl-5-methoxyphenyl)-[1,2,4] triazolo [4,3-a] quinazolin-5(4H)-one. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Synthesis, crystal structures, Hirshfeld surface analysis, theoretical insight and molecular docking studies of dinuclear and triply bridged Cu(II) carboxylate complexes with 2,2′-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Designing novel anticancer sulfonamide based 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives as potential carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ujan R, Arshad N, Perveen F, Abbas Q, Channar PA, Saeed A, Farooqi SI, Channar KA, Hökelek T, Flörke U. Single crystal, Hirshfeld surface, DFT analyses of (E)‐2‐(2‐chloro‐6‐fluorobenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide: Elastase inhibition and DNA binding studies. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabail Ujan
- Dr. M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry University of Sindh Jamshoro Pakistan
| | - Nasima Arshad
- Department of Chemistry Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulations National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- College of Science, Department of Biology University of Bahrain Zallaq Bahrain
| | | | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Shahid I. Farooqi
- Department of Chemistry Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Kashif Ali Channar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro Pakistan
| | - Tuncer Hökelek
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Ulrich Flörke
- Department Chemie, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften Universität Paderborn Paderborn Germany
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Rafique H, Saeed A, Naseem M, Riaz T, Perveen F, Mumtaz A, Maalik A, Sharif M. Efficient Synthesis of Novel N-[4-Methyl-3-(4-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene]benzamide Hybrid Ring System as Potential Antibacterial Agents. Med Chem 2021; 18:199-208. [PMID: 34561991 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210923103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterocyclic compounds display versatile biological applications, so the aim of this paper was to prepare biologically important heterocycles with enhanced bacterial resistance and to evaluate for their various structural features that are responsible for their biological properties. OBJECTIVE The objective was to synthesize bacterial resistance compounds with enhanced antibacterial properties. METHOD Ester moiety containing thiazole ring was converted into its hydrazide derivatives. These heterocyclic derivatives were cyclized into another ring oxadiazole; hence a hybrid ring system of two biologically active rings was prepared. RESULT All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and were screened for their antibacterial potential; they possess significant antibacterial activities. CONCLUSION New hybrid heterocyclic ring systems were synthesized by cyclization of hydrazide derivatives by adopting two step strategy in good yields. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activities; they showed moderate to significant activities. QSAR and Molecular docking studies were performed to determine the mode of interaction. Experimental and computational data is in accordance with the determined antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hummera Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, Univeristy of Gujrat, Gujrat-50700. Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam Univeristy, 45320, Islamabad. Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naseem
- Department of Chemistry, Univeristy of Gujrat, Gujrat-50700. 0
| | - Tauqeer Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, Univeristy of Gujrat, Gujrat-50700. Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- Research Centre for Modeling and Simulations (RCMS), NUST, H-12 Campus Islamabad. Pakistan
| | - Amara Mumtaz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbotabad Campus, Abbotabad, 22060. Pakistan
| | - Aneela Maalik
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbotabad Campus, Abbotabad, 22060. Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sharif
- Chemistry of Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261. Saudi Arabia
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Arshad N, Abbas N, Perveen F, Mirza B, Almuhaini AM, Alkahtani S. Molecular docking analysis and spectroscopic investigations of zinc(II), nickel(II) N-phthaloyl-β-alanine complexes for DNA binding: Evaluation of antibacterial and antitumor activities. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Plant-Derived Anticancer Compounds as New Perspectives in Drug Discovery and Alternative Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041109. [PMID: 33669817 PMCID: PMC7922180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in the field of chemically synthetized pharmaceutical agents, nature remains the main supplier of bioactive molecules. The research of natural products is a valuable approach for the discovery and development of novel biologically active compounds possessing unique structures and mechanisms of action. Although their use belongs to the traditional treatment regimes, plant-derived compounds still cover a large portion of the current-day pharmaceutical agents. Their medical importance is well recognized in the field of oncology, especially as an alternative to the limitations of conventional chemotherapy (severe side effects and inefficacy due to the occurrence of multi-drug resistance). This review offers a comprehensive perspective of the first blockbuster chemotherapeutic agents of natural origin’s (e.g. taxol, vincristine, doxorubicin) mechanism of action using 3D representation. In addition is portrayed the step-by-step evolution from preclinical to clinical evaluation of the most recently studied natural compounds with potent antitumor activity (e.g. resveratrol, curcumin, betulinic acid, etc.) in terms of anticancer mechanisms of action and the possible indications as chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive agents and sensitizers. Finally, this review describes several efficient platforms for the encapsulation and targeted delivery of natural compounds in cancer treatment
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Synthesis, X-ray, Hirshfeld surface analysis, exploration of DNA binding, urease enzyme inhibition and anticancer activities of novel adamantane-naphthyl thiourea conjugate. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104707. [PMID: 33639362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1-(adamantane-1-carbonyl-3-(1-naphthyl)) thiourea (C22H24N2OS (4), was synthesized by the reaction of freshly prepared adamantane-1-carbonyl chloride from corresponding acid (3) with ammonium thiocyanate in 1:1 M ratio in dry acetone to afford the adamantane-1-carbonyl isothiocyanate (2) in situ followed by treatment with 1-naphthyl amine (3). The structure was established by elemental analyses, FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. The molecular and crystal structure were determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. It belongs to triclinic system P - 1 space group with a = 6.7832(5) Å, b = 11.1810(8) Å, c = 13.6660(10) Å, α = 105.941(6)°, β = 103.730(6)°, γ = 104.562(6)°, Z = 2, V = 910.82(11) Å3. The naphthyl group is almost planar. In the crystal structure, intermolecular CH···O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers, enclosing R22(14) ring motifs, while the intramolecular NH···O hydrogen bonds enclose S(6) ring motifs, in which they may be effective in the stabilization of the structure. The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H … H (59.3%), H … C/C … H (19.8%) and H … S/S … H (10.1%) interactions. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions are the dominant interactions in the crystal packing. DFT, molecular docking and urease inhibition studies revealed stability and electron withdrawing nature of 4 as compared to DNA base pairs and residues of urease. The DNA binding results from docking, UV- visible spectroscopy, and viscosity studies indicated significant binding of 4 with the DNA via intercalation and groove binding. Further investigation of the compound was done on hepatocellular carcinoma; Huh-7 cell line as well as normal human embryonic kidney; Hek-293 cell line. The compound showed significant cytotoxic activity against Huh-7 cells in comparison to normal Hek-293 cells indicating selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells.
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Djafri A, Perveen F, Benhalima N, Khelloul N, Rahmani R, Djafri A, Chouaih A, Kanoun MB, Goumri-Said S. Experimental spectral characterization, Hirshfeld surface analysis, DFT/TD-DFT calculations and docking studies of (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-3-N(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-N'(2-methoxyphenylimino) thiazolidin-4-one. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05754. [PMID: 33385082 PMCID: PMC7770550 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported an experimental and theoretical spectroscopic studies of (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-3-N (2-methoxyphenyl)-2-N' (2-methoxyphenylimino) thiazolidin-4-one (C24H19N3O5S) molecule, using FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) via time-dependent schema (TD-DFT) respectively. The molecular inter-contacts were explored using Hirshfeld surfaces (HS) analysis method. Vibrational frequencies, gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO)1H and13C NMR chemical shift values and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) have been calculated from the optimized structure of the molecule by DFT/B3LYP functional with 6-31G(d, p) basis set. Our theoretical results show a good agreement with the experimental data. The calculated UV-visible spectrum employing TD-DFT shows electronic transitions at 388 nm and 495 nm. To get insight on the charge interaction happening inside the molecule, HOMO and LUMO were scrutinized and their calculated energy gap was found to be 2.96 eV. The molecular docking was analyzed via interplay study ofacetyl cholinesterase, and Butyrylcholinesterase using molecular docking methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Djafri
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques (CRAPC), BP 384-Bou-Ismail-RP, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria
- Laboratory of Technology and Solid Properties (LTPS), Abdelhamid IbnBadis University, BP 227, Mostaganem, 27000, Algeria
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulations (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12 Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Benhalima
- Laboratory of Technology and Solid Properties (LTPS), Abdelhamid IbnBadis University, BP 227, Mostaganem, 27000, Algeria
- Département de physique, Faculté des sciences, Université Dr. Moulay Tahar, BP138, EN-NASR, 20000, Saida, Algeria
| | - Nawel Khelloul
- Laboratory of Technology and Solid Properties (LTPS), Abdelhamid IbnBadis University, BP 227, Mostaganem, 27000, Algeria
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Mustapha Stambouli University of Mascara, B.P.763, 29000, Mascara, Algeria
| | - Rachida Rahmani
- Laboratory of Technology and Solid Properties (LTPS), Abdelhamid IbnBadis University, BP 227, Mostaganem, 27000, Algeria
- Département de Génie des procédés, Centre Universitaire de Relizane, Algeria
| | - Ayada Djafri
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquées, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Département de Chimie, Université Oran-1, Algeria
| | - Abdelkader Chouaih
- Laboratory of Technology and Solid Properties (LTPS), Abdelhamid IbnBadis University, BP 227, Mostaganem, 27000, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Benali Kanoun
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souraya Goumri-Said
- College of Science, Physics Department, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Ali A, Mishra S, Kamaal S, Alarifi A, Afzal M, Saha KD, Ahmad M. Evaluation of catacholase mimicking activity and apoptosis in human colorectal carcinoma cell line by activating mitochondrial pathway of copper(II) complex coupled with 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)(methyl)benzonitrile and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Bioorg Chem 2020; 106:104479. [PMID: 33272712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the cytotoxic potential of metal-based chemotherapeutic candidate towards the colorectal cancer, we have synthesized a new copper(II) complex [Cu(qmbn)(q)(Cl)] (1) (where, qmbn = 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)(methyl)benzonitrile and q = 8-hydroxyquinoline) and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray, Powder-XRD, FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The structural analysis reveals that copper(II) ions exist in a distorted square pyramidal (τ = ~0.1), with ligation of a chloride ion, oxygen atom and two nitrogen atoms at equatorial position and one oxygen atom at apical position. The cytotoxicity potential of complex 1 was executed against human colorectal cell lines (HCT116), which showed that 1 induces mitochondrion-mediated apoptotic cell death via activation of the Bax (pro-apoptotic protein) caspases-3 and 9 proteins. Interestingly, complex 1 was found to be a good candidate as electron-transfer catalyst which mimics catacholase with high turnover frequency (kcat = 1.03 × 102 h-1) for the conversion of the model substrate 3,5-di-tertbutylcatechol (3,5-DTBC) to 3,5-di-tertbutylquinone (3,5-DTBQ). Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that complex 1 was successfully localized inside the binding pocket of protein kinase (Akt), which validate the mechanism and mode of interaction of 1 that displayed cytotoxic activity experimentally. The obtained outcomes reveal that the complex 1 could be utilized as an encouraging perspective in the development of new therapeutic candidate for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ali
- Department of Applied Chemistry, ZHCET, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Snehasis Mishra
- Cancer & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Saima Kamaal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, ZHCET, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Abdullah Alarifi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Musheer Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, ZHCET, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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A Five-Coordinate Copper(II) Complex Constructed from Sterically Hindered 4-Chlorobenzoate and Benzimidazole: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, DFT, Docking Studies and Antibacterial Activity. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A new CuII complex (1) was synthesized by reacting 4-chlorobenzoic acid, benzimidazole and metal salt using ethanol–water (1:1 v/v) as a solvent at room temperature. The complex was characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis, FTIR and UV—vis spectroscopy. A distorted square pyramidal geometry of the CuII center was observed from the single-crystal X-ray study, which also revealed that the uncoordinated oxygen atom of the carboxylate anions forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds with the N–H groups of the benzimidazole ligands. The Hirshfeld analysis results revealed that the molecular packing of 1 is mainly controlled by O...H (12.7%), Cl...H (16.4%), C...H (24.4%) and H...H (31.1%) contacts. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to compute the HOMO–LUMO energy gap and electrostatic potential map for the charge transfer regions within the molecule and identify the possible electrophilic and nucleophilic regions of the molecule. A number of reactivity parameters calculated on the basis of EHOMO and ELUMO show its significant polarizability and reactive nature. Complex 1 was also examined and screened for its potential antibacterial effect using the agar well diffusion method. The newly synthesized complex showed an effective and higher killing rate of the microbes in antibacterial testing compared to the parent ligand. The CuII complex (1) showed an enhanced inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa and equally demonstrated greater binding affinity with DNA gyrase (1KIJ) compared to its ligands according to the molecular docking studies.
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Arshad N, Rafiq M, Ujan R, Saeed A, Farooqi SI, Perveen F, Channar PA, Ashraf S, Abbas Q, Ahmed A, Hokelek T, Kaur M, Jasinski JP. Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure elucidation and Hirshfeld surface analysis of N-((4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl)phenyl)carbamothioyl)benzamide: investigations for elastase inhibition, antioxidant and DNA binding potentials for biological applications. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20837-20851. [PMID: 35517754 PMCID: PMC9054313 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02501a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in the present study pertains to the development of a new compound based upon a benzimidazole thiourea moiety that has unique properties related to elastase inhibition, free radical scavenging activity and its DNA binding ability. The title compound, N-(4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)-3-benzoyl thiourea (C21H18N4O2SH2O:TUBC), was synthesized by reacting an acid chloride of benzoic acid with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) along with the subsequent addition of 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)benzenamine via a one-pot three-step procedure. The structure of the resulting benzimidazole based thiourea was confirmed by spectroscopic techniques including FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and single crystal X-ray diffraction and further examined by Hirshfeld surface analysis. TUBC was also investigated by using both in silico methodology including molecular docking for elastase inhibition along with quantum chemical studies and in vitro experimental methodology utilizing elastase inhibition and free radical scavenging assay along with DNA binding experiments. Docking results confirmed that TUBC binding was within the active region of elastase. In comparison to the reference drug oleanolic acid, the low IC50 value of TUBC also indicated its high tendency towards elastase inhibition. TUBC scavenged 80% of DPPH˙ radicals which pointed towards its promising antioxidant activity. TUBC–DNA binding by DFT, docking, UV-visible spectroscopy and viscosity measurements revealed TUBC to be a potential drug candidate that binds spontaneously and reversibly with DNA via a mixed binding mode. All theoretical and experimental findings pointed to TUBC as a potential candidate for a variety of biological applications. A new compound based upon a benzimidazole thiourea moiety that has unique properties related to elastase inhibition, antioxidant and DNA binding ability has been studied.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasima Arshad
- Department of Chemistry
- Allama Iqbal Open University
- Islamabad-44000
- Pakistan
| | - Mamoona Rafiq
- Department of Chemistry
- Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
- Bagh
- Pakistan
| | - Rabail Ujan
- Dr. M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro
- Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-I-Azam University
- Islamabad 45320
- Pakistan
| | - Shahid I. Farooqi
- Department of Chemistry
- Allama Iqbal Open University
- Islamabad-44000
- Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulations
- National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
- Islamabad
- Pakistan
| | | | - Saba Ashraf
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al-Khail-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science (SA-CIRBS)
- International Islamic University
- Islamabad
- Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Physiology
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro
- Pakistan
| | - Ashfaq Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
- Bagh
- Pakistan
| | - Tuncer Hokelek
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hacettepe University
- Beytepe-Ankara
- Turkey
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Nasir MH, Jabeen E, Qureshi R, Ansari FL, Shaukat A, Nasir U, Ahmed A. Investigation of redox mechanism and DNA binding of novel 2-(x-nitrophenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole (x = 2, 3 and 4). Biophys Chem 2019; 258:106316. [PMID: 31986436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.106316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the investigation of the binding modes of potential anti-cancerous nitrophenyl derivatives of 2-(x-nitrophenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole with calf thymus DNA. The -2-(x-nitrophenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazoles under investigation differ only in position x of nitro group in nitrophenyl substituent relative to benzimidazole moiety leading to 1-NPNB (x = 2), 2-NPNB (x = 3) and 3-NPNB (x = 4). The DFT calculations predicted that derivatives were electrochemically reducible which was then confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. In cyclic voltammetry, the second reversible peak was dependent on first irreversible reduction. This revealed that electrochemical irreversible process was governed by some other process which was then followed by reversible second electron transfer. Thus, ECE (electron transfer leading to coupled chemical reaction followed by another electron transfer process) mechanism was attributed for electrochemical reduction. Experimental results based on UV-Vis spectroscopy vaguely showed intercalation of 1-NPNB, 2-NPNB and 3-NPNB into DNA which was assisted by cyclic voltammetry. However, thermal melting and florescence spectroscopy unambiguously established intercalation for all three compounds. Molecular docking analysis ascertained in pocket stacking of 5-nitrobenzimidazole moiety in 1-NPNB and 2-NPNB while nitro phenyl substitution in 3-NPNB stacks between DNA base pair during intercalation which was in agreement with DFT computed molecular geometry. Therefore, the relative positions of nitro group and 5-nitrobenzimidazole moieties in 2-(x-nitrophenyl)- 5-nitrobenzimidazole influenced the DNA binding pattern of compounds during intercalation. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was comparable to standard drug doxorubicin against both cancerous (MCF-7) and normal (MCF-10A) breast cells which depicts their anti-cancerous potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish H Nasir
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Erum Jabeen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Rumana Qureshi
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farzana L Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Awais Shaukat
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Nasir
- Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSAT Institute of IT, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Aftab Ahmed
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Iqbal Z, Ashraf Z, Abas M, Tahir MN, Jabeen E, Paracha RZ, Nisar M, Ahmad S. Synthesis, crystal structure and DNA binding interactions of ethyl 2-(2-acetamidothiazol-4-yl) acetate: Theoretical and experimental investigations. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.126903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Białobrzeska W, Niedziałkowski P, Malinowska N, Cebula Z, Ossowski T. Analysis of interactions between calf thymus DNA and 1,5-di(piperazin-1-yl)anthracene-9,10-dione using spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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23
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Substituted phenyl[(5-benzyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]acetates/acetamides as alkaline phosphatase inhibitors: Synthesis, computational studies, enzyme inhibitory kinetics and DNA binding studies. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103108. [PMID: 31284102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Substituted phenyl[(5-benzyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]acetates/acetamides 9a-j were synthesized as alkaline phosphatase inhibitors. Phenyl acetic acid 1 through a series of reactions was converted into 5-benzyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione 4. The intermediate oxadiazole 4 was then reacted with chloroacetyl derivatives of phenols 6a-f and anilines derivatives 8a-d to afford the title oxadiazole derivatives 9a-j. All of the title compounds 9a-j were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against human alkaline phosphatise (ALP). It was found that compounds 9a-j exhibited good to excellent alkaline phosphatase inhibitory activity especially 9h displayed potent activity with IC50 value 0.420 ± 0.012 µM while IC50 value of standard (KH2PO4) was 2.80 µM. The enzyme inhibitory kinetics of most potent inhibitor 9h was determined by Line-weaever Burk plots showing non-competitive mode of binding with enzyme. Molecular docking studies were performed against alkaline phosphatase enzyme (1EW2) to check the binding affinity of the synthesized compounds 9a-j against target protein. The compound 9h exhibited excellent binding affinity having binding energy value (-7.90 kcal/mol) compared to other derivatives. The brine shrimp viability assay results proved that derivative 9h was non-toxic at concentration used for enzyme assay. The lead compound 9h showed LD50 106.71 µM while the standard potassium dichromate showed LD50 0.891 µM. The DNA binding interactions of the synthesized compound 9h was also determined experimentally by spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods. The compound 9h was found to bind with grooves of DNA as depicted by both UV-Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry with binding constant values 7.83 × 103 and 7.95 × 103 M-1 respectively revealing significant strength of 9h-DNA complex. As dry lab and wet lab results concise each other it was concluded that synthesized compounds, especially compound 9h may serve as lead compound to design most potent inhibitors of human ALP.
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