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Giosan C, Pană A, Cosmoiu A, Chira AM, Toma AM, Papasteri CC, Nedelcea C, Popoviciu C. Mental health literacy and academic performance (MHLAP) in high school students: a randomized clinical trial protocol. Trials 2024; 25:419. [PMID: 38937769 PMCID: PMC11212191 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health literacy is a promising avenue of intervention for addressing the development of psychopathology, as well as its associated consequences, such as a decrease in academic performance. The current study aims to test the effectiveness of such an intervention in high school students, focusing on two main formats of delivery: (1) automated and (2) blended. METHODS To achieve this aim, a randomized clinical trial with direct comparisons at three time points between three conditions (automated, blended, and waitlist) was designed. Power analyses yielded a necessary sample size of 264 high school students. The participants will be selected from Romanian high schools. DISCUSSION The current study aims to contribute to the mental health literacy literature by testing the effectiveness of an educational intervention concerning mental health in terms of its benefits for reducing psychopathology and increasing academic performance. The success of such an intervention bears important implications for addressing mental health in the educational system. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT06217744, version 1, 22 January 2024.
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Everett K, Friend MM, Farnlacher E, Hilliard A, Nicodemus MC, Cavinder CA, Holtcamp K, Jousan D. Short-term equine interaction for reducing test anxiety and facilitating coping skill development in college students during examination periods: A preliminary study. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 137:105091. [PMID: 38718969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Mental health concerns are common among college students and more prevalent during examination periods when stress and anxiety are heightened. While the benefits of equine interaction have been reported, the impact of short-term equine interaction on coping skills valuable for managing test anxiety have yet to be studied. Therefore, the purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the impact of short-term equine interaction during the college examination period on development of coping skills and anxiety levels associated with testing, both self-reported and those reflected in physiological measures. Full-time college students engaged in a one-hour equine interaction session held on campus at the onset of final exam week. Participants completed a survey targeting perception of anxiety levels and coping skills. Heart rate and salivary cortisol measurements were collected pre- and post-session. Paired t-tests were performed between pre- and post- session measures and correlations between survey answers and physiological measures determined. Significant reductions were found in all areas of anxiety (Overall Academics P = 0.0003, Final Exam Preparation P = 0.0003, Taking Final Exam P = 0.0003). The reduction in exam-related anxiety was positively correlated to cortisol concentrations (r = 0.69, P = 0.03) with lower concentrations (P = 0.05) and increased heart rate (P = 0.003) post-session. Regarding coping skills, improvements were observed post-session in assertiveness (P = 0.008). Skill development coupled with reduced anxiety supports the potential benefits short-term equine interaction can offer students during the high stress periods, but these findings should be confirmed with more in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Everett
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - M M Friend
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, 101 Huck Life Sciences Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - E Farnlacher
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - A Hilliard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - M C Nicodemus
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
| | - C A Cavinder
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - K Holtcamp
- Office of Psychological Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, PO Box 6100, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - D Jousan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
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3
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Jones MG, Filia K, Rice SM, Cotton SM. Guidance on Minimum Standards for Canine-Assisted Psychotherapy in Adolescent Mental Health: Delphi Expert Consensus on Health, Safety, and Canine Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:705. [PMID: 38473090 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As interest in animal-assisted therapy (AAT) and canine-assisted psychotherapy (CAP) grows, there are increasing calls for the management of related health, safety, and welfare concerns for canines, providers, and clients. Existing health and safety guidelines lack empirical support and are, at times, contradictory. Welfare is increasingly prioritized; however, tools to monitor and manage welfare are underutilized and under-reported. The aim of this study was to provide expert consensus on the minimum health, safety, and welfare standards required to develop and deliver a CAP group program to adolescents experiencing common mental health disorders. Diverse AAT experts were recruited globally. Using Delphi methodology, over two rounds, 40 panelists reached a consensus agreement to include 32 items from a possible 49 into the minimum standards. Health and safety measures included risk assessment, veterinary screening, preventative medicine, training in infection control, and first aid. Welfare measures included training in welfare assessment, documentation of welfare, and flexible, individualized responses to promote wellbeing. Intestinal screening for parasites and the prohibition of raw food were not supported. Flexible and individualized assessment and management of canine welfare were supported over fixed and time-limited work schedules. Clinical practice implications are discussed, and recommendations are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie G Jones
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Lead The Way Institute, Ferntree Gully, Melbourne, VIC 3156, Australia
| | - Kate Filia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Simon M Rice
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sue M Cotton
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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Arnskötter W, Martin S, Walitza S, Hediger K. Effects of including a dog on treatment motivation and the therapeutic alliance in child and adolescent psychotherapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2024; 25:26. [PMID: 38183121 PMCID: PMC10768352 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motivation and a therapeutic alliance are crucial for successful therapy. It is assumed that dogs can increase motivation and help support therapeutic relationships. This is one of the reasons for including dogs in psychotherapy. While the positive effects of psychotherapy with dogs have been documented over the past years, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of animal-assisted psychotherapy. This study therefore aims to investigate whether and how the presence of a dog affects motivation and the therapeutic alliance in child and adolescent psychotherapy. METHODS The study is a randomized controlled trial assessing motivation and the therapeutic alliance during the first five sessions of psychotherapy attended by children and adolescents with different psychiatric disorders. We will recruit 150 children and adolescents and randomly assign them to one of three conditions: (a) a dog is present but not integrated in the therapeutic narrative, (b) a dog is actively integrated in the therapeutic narrative, and (c) no dog is present. The children's and adolescents' evaluations of the therapeutic alliance and of their motivation will be assessed as the primary outcomes using standardized questionnaires before and after the first five therapy sessions as well as at follow-up. Further outcomes include the therapists' evaluations of the therapeutic alliance and their motivation, treatment adherence of the children and adolescents, and treatment satisfaction of the children and adolescents, their parents, and of the therapists. Interventions are conducted by experienced therapists who regularly work with their dogs. Outcomes will be analyzed using general linear models, with the treatment group as a fixed factor and the baseline values as covariates. DISCUSSION This study provides information on the possible motivation and alliance-enhancing effects of integrating a dog into child and adolescent psychotherapy. This is relevant for practice, as these two components are strong predictors of therapy outcome. Moreover, the study will contribute to a better understanding of how a dog should be incorporated into psychotherapeutic settings. This can lead to a more purposeful inclusion of dogs in psychotherapy for children and adolescents. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05384808, on 20 May 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne Martin
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Hediger
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, Netherlands
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5
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Fornefeld D, Zellin U, Schmidt P, Fricke O. The supporting role of dogs in the inpatient setting: a systematic review of the therapeutic effects of animal-assisted therapy with dogs for children and adolescents in an inpatient setting. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023:10.1007/s00787-023-02326-1. [PMID: 38147109 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is becoming increasingly popular. The possibilities and guidelines for interventions and methods are very diverse. Currently, published studies mainly concentrate on effects in paediatrics, outpatient therapy and schools. Specific recommendations for AAT in the context of inpatient child and adolescent psychiatry do not exist. This systematic review will attempt to evaluate the existing studies in terms of their methodological quality and specify positive and negative effects, aiming to provide a decision-making aid for everyday clinical practice. A systematic literature search (PubMed/MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, PubPsych, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library) according to the PRISMA criteria resulted in 1,908 identified hits, of which 49 articles were reviewed in full text. Three raters contributed to the review of the articles using a criteria-guided codebook. This systematic review is listed in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022358909). Quality analysis was conducted using Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP). Five studies were identified. The majority of these showed deficits in quality. Therapeutic effects and positive influences on the psychopathological status, interpersonal relationships and subjective well-being or attitudes towards canine-assisted therapy (CAT) could be identified. Current studies indicate positive therapeutic effects of CAT in the inpatient treatment of children and adolescents. A cautiously positive perspective is warranted, but a general recommendation for CAT cannot be given. CAT should be carefully considered, planned, and implemented by professionals. For the future, further randomised controlled studies including follow-up studies, larger subject groups and clinically evaluated interventions are necessary to validate the current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Fornefeld
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str 50, 58448, Witten, Germany.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Psychiatry, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, Herdecke, Germany.
| | - Undine Zellin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Psychiatry, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, Herdecke, Germany
- Department of Artistic Therapies and Therapy Sciences, Institute for Art Therapy, Alanus University of Arts and Social Sciences, Alfter, Germany
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str 50, 58448, Witten, Germany
| | - Oliver Fricke
- Faculty of Health, Department of Human Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Lee CA, Gamino D, Lore M, Donelson C, Windsor LC. Use of research electronic data capture (REDCap) in a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART): a practical example of automating double randomization. BMC Med Res Methodol 2023; 23:162. [PMID: 37415099 PMCID: PMC10327314 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-023-01986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive interventions are often used in individualized health care to meet the unique needs of clients. Recently, more researchers have adopted the Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART), a type of research design, to build optimal adaptive interventions. SMART requires research participants to be randomized multiple times over time, depending upon their response to earlier interventions. Despite the increasing popularity of SMART designs, conducting a successful SMART study poses unique technological and logistical challenges (e.g., effectively concealing and masking allocation sequence to investigators, involved health care providers, and subjects) in addition to other challenges common to all study designs (e.g., study invitations, eligibility screening, consenting procedures, and data confidentiality protocols). Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) is a secure, browser-based web application widely used by researchers for data collection. REDCap offers unique features that support researchers' ability to conduct rigorous SMARTs. This manuscript provides an effective strategy for performing automatic double randomization for SMARTs using REDCap. METHODS Between January and March 2022, we conducted a SMART using a sample of adult (age 18 and older) New Jersey residents to optimize an adaptive intervention to increase COVID-19 testing uptake. In the current report, we discuss how we used REDCap for our SMART, which required double randomization. Further, we share our REDCap project XML file for future investigators to use when designing and conducting SMARTs. RESULTS We report on the randomization feature that REDCap offers and describe how the study team automated an additional randomization that was required for our SMART. An application programming interface was used to automate the double randomizations in conjunction with the randomization feature provided by REDCap. CONCLUSIONS REDCap offers powerful tools to facilitate the implementation of longitudinal data collection and SMARTs. Investigators can make use of this electronic data capturing system to reduce errors and bias in the implementation of their SMARTs by automating double randomization. TRIAL REGISTRATION The SMART study was prospectively registered at Clinicaltrials.gov; registration number: NCT04757298, date of registration: 17/02/2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Lee
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex Building 16, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Room 222W, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Danilo Gamino
- North Jersey Community Research Initiative, 393 Central Ave, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Michelle Lore
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Curt Donelson
- Data and Technology Innovation Group, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 901 West University Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Liliane C. Windsor
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 1010 W. Nevada St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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Vidal R, Vidal L, Lugo J, Ristol F, Domènec E, Casas T, Veiga A, Vico C, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Gómez-Barros N. Dog-Assisted Therapy vs Relaxation for Children and Adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06023-5. [PMID: 37340213 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The rationale of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Dog-assisted Therapy (DAT) in children and adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). We conducted a randomized controlled trial in a cohort of 71 children and adolescents with FASD. Participants were randomly assigned either to DAT group (n = 38) or Relaxation Group (control group) (n = 33). Results revealed that participants who were assigned to the DAT group experienced significantly reduced externalizing symptoms (CBCL Externalizing Inattention: t (69) = 2.81, p = .007; d = 0.7); CBCL Opposition: t (69) = 2.54, p = .013; d = 0.6), reduced internalizing symptoms (CBCL Social problems: t (69) = 3.21, p = .002; d = 0.8) as well as improvements on social skills (SSIS-P Problem behavior: t (68) = 2.55, p = .013; d = 0.6), and quality of life (KidScreen Autonomy and Parents: t (51) = - 2.03, p = .047; d = 0.5) compared to the relaxation control group. The relaxation control group obtained significant differences between the pre- and post-treatment evaluation, diminishing withdraw symptoms (t (32) = 3.03, p = .005; d = 0.2). Results suggest that DAT and relaxation may be promising adjunctive treatments for children and adolescents with FASD.Clinical trial registration information: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ ; NCT04038164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vidal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Centre On Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Vidal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Lugo
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre On Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Ristol
- Centre de Terapia Assistida Amb Cans (CTAC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Domènec
- Centre de Terapia Assistida Amb Cans (CTAC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Casas
- Centre de Terapia Assistida Amb Cans (CTAC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre On Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Gómez-Barros
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre On Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Liguori G, Costagliola A, Lombardi R, Paciello O, Giordano A. Human-Animal Interaction in Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAI)s: Zoonosis Risks, Benefits, and Future Directions-A One Health Approach. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101592. [PMID: 37238022 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal-assisted interventions (AAI)s represent the expression of integrated medicine, according to the One Health approach. Actually, animal-assisted therapies and animal-assisted activities are implemented in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, etc. The efficacy of AAIs is based on interspecific interactions and would be impacted by different factors, such as the characters of both the animal and the handler, a suitable selection of animal species, an appropriate animal educational protocol, the relationship between the handler and the animal, and mutual relationship among the animal, the patients, and members of the working team. AAIs produce many advantages for the patients but could expose them to zoonotic-pathogens transmission. Therefore, positive animal welfare, as preventative medicine to avoid incidents or transmission of zoonosis, is a relevant aspect with implications for human and animal health and wellbeing. This review aims to summarize the current published knowledge regarding the occurrence of pathogens in AAIs and to discuss their relevance in light of health and safety in AAIs participants. In addition, this review will contribute to defining the state of the art of AAIs through a careful benefits/challenges analysis and offers discussion points on the possible future developments according to the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Liguori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Local Health Authority, ASL Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Costagliola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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9
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Plett O, Flasbeck V, Brüne M. Effects of human and animal-assisted skills training on oxytocin und cortisol levels in patients with borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 162:156-160. [PMID: 37156130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterised, among other symptoms, by emotional instability and difficulties in regulating proximity to significant others. Many with BPD have difficulties in establishing a trustful therapeutic relationship, which often develop before a background of adverse childhood experiences with caregivers. One way to facilitate therapeutic interaction in psychotherapy incorporates pet animals as "door openers". No study exists, however, that has examined the effect of animal-assisted versus human-guided skills training on neurobiological correlates of affiliation and stress regulation, i.e. oxytocin and cortisol. METHODS Twenty in-patients diagnosed with BPD were recruited to participate in an animal-assisted skills-training. Another 20 in-patients participated in a human-guided skills-training. Salivary samples of both groups were taken for determining oxytocin and cortisol before and immediately after 3 therapeutic sessions at least one week apart from one another. In addition, borderline symptom severity (BSL-23), impulsivity (BIS-15), alexithymia (TAS-20), and fear of compassion (FOCS) were determined by self-rating questionnaires before and after the 6-week interventions. RESULTS Both therapeutic interventions led to a significant reduction in cortisol and an (non-significant) increase in oxytocin, respectively. Importantly, there was a statistically significant interaction between changes in cortisol and oxytocin, independent of group. Both groups further showed clinical improvement as measured using the above-listed questionnaires. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that both animal-assisted and human-guided interventions have measurable short-term effects on affiliative and stress hormones, with no approach being superior to the other in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Plett
- LWL University Hospital Bochum, Division of Social Neuropsychiatry and Evolutionary Medicine, Ruhr University, 44791, Bochum, NRW, Germany
| | - Vera Flasbeck
- LWL University Hospital Bochum, Division of Social Neuropsychiatry and Evolutionary Medicine, Ruhr University, 44791, Bochum, NRW, Germany
| | - Martin Brüne
- LWL University Hospital Bochum, Division of Social Neuropsychiatry and Evolutionary Medicine, Ruhr University, 44791, Bochum, NRW, Germany.
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10
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Lavín-Pérez AM, Rivera-Martín B, Lobato-Rincón LL, Villafaina-Domínguez S, Collado-Mateo D. Benefits of animal-Assisted interventions in preschool children: A systematic review. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 28:850-873. [PMID: 36424180 DOI: 10.1177/13591045221142115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Animal-assisted interventions are frequently used to stimulate and improve different skills in children with and without disabilities. However, the heterogeneity of AAI studies in preschool children is large, including different health conditions, duration, outcomes, study design or therapy animals. Therefore, the current study aims to summarize all intervention procedures and provide an updated analysis of the effectiveness of AAI intervention in the early childhood. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA), a systematic search was conducted in two databases: Pubmed (MedLine) and Web of Science. The risk of bias was assessed using the Evidence Project risk of bias tool. A total of 319 articles were identified and 17 were finally included in the qualitative synthesis. Due to the large heterogeneity in terms of study design, intervention, and sample characteristics, it was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis. Animal-assisted interventions might lead to a positive impact on physical, physiological, psychosocial, and language skills in preschool children. These enhancements may be observed both in healthy children and in those with different health conditions, such as intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, autism disorder, or Down syndrome. Results must be interpreted with caution due to the large heterogeneity and risk of bias in the included articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez
- Centre for Sport Studies, 16776Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.,GO fitLAB, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rivera-Martín
- Animal-Assisted Intervention Office, 16776Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Communication and Sociology Sciences, 16776Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Lucio Lobato-Rincón
- Animal-Assisted Intervention Office, 16776Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychology, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santos Villafaina-Domínguez
- Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - Daniel Collado-Mateo
- Centre for Sport Studies, 16776Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.,Animal-Assisted Intervention Office, 16776Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Lee CA, Gamino D, Lore M, Donelson C, Windsor LC. Use of research electronic data capture (REDCap) in a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART): A practical example of automating double randomization. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2573133. [PMID: 36865151 PMCID: PMC9980278 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2573133/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: Adaptive interventions are often used in individualized health care to meet the unique needs of clients. Recently, more researchers have adopted the Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART), a type of research design, to build optimal adaptive interventions. SMART requires research participants to be randomized multiple times over time, depending upon their response to earlier interventions. Despite the increasing popularity of SMART designs, conducting a successful SMART study poses unique technological and logistical challenges (e.g., effectively concealing and masking allocation sequence to investigators, involved health care providers, and subjects) in addition to other challenges common to all study designs (e.g., study invitations, eligibility screening, consenting procedures, and data confidentiality protocols). Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) is a secure, browser-based web application widely used by researchers for data collection. REDCap offers unique features that support researchers’ ability to conduct rigorous SMARTs. This manuscript provides an effective strategy for performing automatic double randomization for SMARTs using REDCap. Methods: Between January and March 2022, we conducted a SMART using a sample of adult (age 18 and older) New Jersey residents to optimize an adaptive intervention to increase COVID-19 testing uptake. In the current report, we discuss how we used REDCap for our SMART, which required double randomization. Further, we share our REDCap project XML file for future investigators to use when designing and conducting SMARTs. Results: We report on the randomization feature that REDCap offers and describe how the study team automated an additional randomization that was required for our SMART. An application programming interface was used to automate the double randomizations in conjunction with the randomization feature provided by REDCap. Conclusions: REDCap offers powerful tools to facilitate the implementation of longitudinal data collection and SMARTs. Investigators can make use of this electronic data capturing system to reduce errors and bias in the implementation of their SMARTs by automating double randomization. Trial registration: The SMART study was prospectively registered at Clinicaltrials.gov; registration number: NCT04757298, date of registration: 17/02/2021. Keywords: Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap), randomized controlled trials (RCT), adaptive interventions, Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART), randomization, experimental design, reducing human errors, automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Lee
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex Building 16, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Danilo Gamino
- North Jersey Community Research Initiative, 393 Central Ave., Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Michelle Lore
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 901 West University Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Curt Donelson
- Data and Technology Innovation Group, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 901 West University Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Liliane C Windsor
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 1010 W. Nevada St., Urbana, IL 61801
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12
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Schmid P, Nauss C, Uhlmann C. [Schema Therapy with Sheep: Animal-assisted Intervention in Schema Therapeutic Psychiatric Addiction Treatment]. PSYCHIATRISCHE PRAXIS 2023; 50:209-213. [PMID: 36758586 DOI: 10.1055/a-1933-6540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Schematherapy is often used in addiction treatment. The question is whether animal-assisted interventions can improve the effects. METHOD During an inpatient psychiatric stay with a schematherapeutic focus, an animal-assisted intervention with sheep was implemented. A case report is presented. RESULTS After the intervention, the individual mode model of the presented patient shows significant changes towards a strengthening the healthy adult and happy child mode and a reduction of dysfunctional modes. CONCLUSION The animal-assisted intervention, embedded in a schematherapeutic context, was experienced in this patient as well implementable and impressively effective with regard to a modification of the mode model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Schmid
- Klinik I für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität Ulm (Weissenau), Versorgungsforschung, ZfP Südwürttemberg, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Nauss
- Klinik I für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität Ulm (Weissenau), Suchtabteilung, ZfP Südwürttemberg, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Uhlmann
- Klinik I für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität Ulm (Weissenau), Versorgungsforschung, ZfP Südwürttemberg, Ravensburg, Germany
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13
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Rodrigo-Claverol M, Manuel-Canals M, Lobato-Rincón LL, Rodriguez-Criado N, Roman-Casenave M, Musull-Dulcet E, Rodrigo-Claverol E, Pifarré J, Miró-Bernaus Y. Human-Animal Bond Generated in a Brief Animal-Assisted Therapy Intervention in Adolescents with Mental Health Disorders. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030358. [PMID: 36766247 PMCID: PMC9913319 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human-animal bond is crucial for the proper development of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) sessions. However, in specific cases such as in AAT focused on psychiatric patients who are admitted to acute units, there is only a short period of time available to establish this bond. OBJECTIVES To assess the degree of HAB generated after two AAT sessions in adolescents admitted to acute psychiatry units. METHODS A prospective multicenter cohort study aimed at adolescents aged 13 to 17 years admitted to the acute child and adolescent psychiatry unit of three hospitals. INTERVENTION Two weekly 1 h group sessions of AAT with therapy dogs. MAIN OUTCOME The Center for the Study of Animal Wellness Pet Bonding Scale Survey (CSAWPB). RESULTS One hundred and fourteen adolescents participated. A positive perception of the dog was generated, achieving a good level of bonding and attachment. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained make it possible to affirm that a short period of time is enough to establish a good HAB between patients and therapy dogs. This study aims to contribute to the study of non-pharmacological interventions as a complement to pharmacological treatments in adolescents with mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylos Rodrigo-Claverol
- Primary Health Care Center Bordeta-Magraners, Catalan Institute of Health, 25001 Lleida, Spain
- Ilerkan Association, 25005 Lleida, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Esther Rodrigo-Claverol
- Ilerkan Association, 25005 Lleida, Spain
- Primary Health Care Center Primer de Maig, Catalan Institute of Health, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - Josep Pifarré
- Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
- San Juan de Dios Provincia de España, 25001 Lleida, Spain
| | - Yvette Miró-Bernaus
- Primary Health Care Center Bordeta-Magraners, Catalan Institute of Health, 25001 Lleida, Spain
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14
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Overbey TA, Diekmann F, Lekies KS. Nature-based interventions for vulnerable youth: a scoping review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:15-53. [PMID: 34758663 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1998390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based interventions hold promise for vulnerable youth experiencing mental, emotional, developmental, behavioral, or social difficulties. This scoping review examined wilderness therapy, animal assisted therapy, care farming, and gardening and horticultural therapy programs to raise awareness and guide future development of research and treatment options. Studies included in this review were identified through a systematic search of the literature informed by a scoping review framework. Studies were examined by design, sample, intervention, and key findings. The majority of studies were quantitative using repeated measures designs and were conducted primarily in the United States. Sample sizes were generally small. Interventions were residential and community based with varying degrees of duration. Outcomes were largely positive across a wide range of psychosocial and behavioral measures and often maintained post-treatment. We emphasize the importance of robust empirical designs, comprehensive description of the interventions and surrounding therapies, and identification of target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Overbey
- University Libraries, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Florian Diekmann
- Food Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences Library, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristi S Lekies
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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15
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Huber A, Klug SJ, Abraham A, Westenberg E, Schmidt V, Winkler AS. Animal-Assisted Interventions Improve Mental, But Not Cognitive or Physiological Health Outcomes of Higher Education Students: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022:1-32. [PMID: 36406903 PMCID: PMC9666958 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high burden of mental health issues among students at higher education institutions world-wide, animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) are being used to relieve student stress. The objective of this study was to systematically review of the effects of AAIs on the mental, physiological, and cognitive outcomes of higher education students. Randomized controlled trials using any unfamiliar animal as the sole intervention tool were included in this review. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool. Where possible, effect sizes (Hedges' g) were pooled for individual outcomes using random-effects meta-analyses. Albatross plots were used to supplement the data synthesis. Of 2.494 identified studies, 35 were included. Almost all studies used dogs as the intervention animal. The quality of most included studies was rated as moderate. Studies showed an overall reduction of acute anxiety and stress. For other mental outcomes, studies showed smaller, but nonetheless beneficial effects. Studies showed no clear effect on physiological or cognitive outcomes. Strong methodological heterogeneity between studies limited the ability to draw clear conclusions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-022-00945-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalena Huber
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie J. Klug
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Abraham
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erica Westenberg
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea S. Winkler
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Teo JT, Johnstone SJ, Römer SS, Thomas SJ. Psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the potential health benefits of human-dog interactions: A systematic literature review. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 180:27-48. [PMID: 35901904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
While the symbiotic nature of human-dog relationships and perceived benefits to human health have attracted much scientific interest, the mechanisms through which human-dog interactions may confer health benefits to humans are still poorly understood. The aim of this systematic literature review was to synthesize evidence of physiological changes associated with human-dog interactions with relevance to human health. Electronic databases were systematically searched (PubMed, MEDLINE with full text, Scopus, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, and Web of Science Core Collection) for relevant studies. Of the 13,072 studies identified, 129 met the inclusion criteria, with approximately half being randomized trials (Level 2) based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine level system. Measures employed to study human physiological changes associated with human-dog interactions most commonly involved cardiac parameters and hormones, with negligible research of brain activity. The main positive findings were increases in heart rate variability and oxytocin, and decreases in cortisol with human-dog interactions. These physiological indicators are consistent with activation of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and oxytocinergic system (OTS), and down-regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. These results provide evidence of specific pathways through which human-dog contact may confer health benefits, likely through relaxation, bonding, and stress reduction. However, these findings should be interpreted contextually due to limitations and methodological differences. Previous research using other biological variables was limited in quantity and quality, thus impeding firm conclusions on other possible mechanisms. Further research is needed in some psychophysiological domains, particularly electroencephalography, to better understand central nervous system (CNS) effects. The findings of this review have implications for human-dog interactions to positively affect several stress-sensitive physiological pathways and thus confer health benefits. This supports their incorporation in various clinical, non-clinical, and research settings to develop evidence-based interventions and practices for cost-effective and efficacious ways to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian T Teo
- School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Stuart J Johnstone
- School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Stephanie S Römer
- School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Susan J Thomas
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, 2522, Australia.
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A Remote Assessment of Anxiety on Young People: Towards Their Views and Their Different Pet Interaction. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071242. [PMID: 35885769 PMCID: PMC9320218 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lockdown was imposed in Italy on 9 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Restrictions severely limiting individual freedom were indispensable to protect the population and reduce virus diffusion. Italian people had never before experienced similar restrictions that undoubtedly tested psychological health. After 1 week, we developed an electronic survey to collect demographic data and information on the presence of pets and the type of interaction with them and to administer a self-assessment anxiety test. A total of 3905 subjects, pet owners and non pet owners, filled in the electronic survey; 652 (16.7%, mean age 21.6) of them were young subjects, adolescents, and university students. The study first showed the feasibility and success of the technological solution used, capable of providing, at a distance, structured information on the participants and quantitative data on the psychological condition. Second, it reported that 23.1% of the youths showed anxiety above an attention level during the lockdown, in line with other studies. Third, it indicated, based on the outcome of the self-assessment test, that the pet presence could have a positive effect in mitigating the psychological impact and encourage to continue and deepen these investigations. Fourth, it reported positive feedback from the participants on the procedure, found useful during the pandemic and for the post-pandemic future. The study highlights the importance of investing in these solutions based on mobile technology and useful both for mental health and to deepen the investigation of the impact of the pet presence on the human psychology.
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18
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Working like a Dog: Exploring the Role of a Therapy Dog in Clinical Exercise Physiology Practice. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101237. [PMID: 35625084 PMCID: PMC9137634 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy animals in clinical settings are purported to reduce patients’ anxiety, decrease agitated behaviour, serve as social mediators, enhance the social atmosphere, and increase patients’ openness towards practitioners. A therapy dog worked alongside her exercise physiologist handler for approximately 1 day/week in a university clinic. The canine and handler functioned as a team, while the handler simultaneously undertook supervision of students. The clinic was open 24 h/week, and no other therapeutic animal was present for any part of the week. We explored, via surveys and interviews, human responses to the dog. The survey comprised 15 statement items regarding the canine’s role, behaviour, and acceptability in the clinic, ranked from strongly disagree (−2) to strongly agree (2), followed by an open item inviting participants to follow up interviews. Eleven (11) clinical clients and seven (7) students completed the survey. One client had not encountered the canine; these data were excluded. Four (4) participants from the client sample provided subsequent telephone interviews. All participants identified the canine as well-behaved; no participants considered that she detracted from their exercise sessions. Most participants were equivocal to statements regarding social lubrication and openness to practitioners; only three clients and two students identified that they felt more willing to share health information; three students identified that they felt they could confide more in the canine than in the practitioner. Interviewees’ reports were similarly favourable, reinforcing the information obtained from the surveys. Interview transcripts were subject to thematic analysis, which focussed around four key themes: (1) the canine’s good behaviour, (2) clients giving permission, and the canine as both (3) a pleasant distraction from the effort of exercise, and (4) nice to have. A therapy dog may enhance some aspects of exercise physiology service delivery.
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19
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Mc Veigh MJ. "Giving voice to the voiceless": An exploration of the grieving ritual for a therapy dog. DEATH STUDIES 2022; 47:339-347. [PMID: 35459433 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2022.2067263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of animal-assisted therapy with children who have experienced trauma is receiving increasing attention in the literature. However, there is a lack of attention given to the death of therapy animals. The scholarship on the death of animal companions highlights a varying depth of acknowledgment of children's grief. This article draws on the clinical experience of one therapy center's approach to the death of a therapy dog. Knowledge gained from this experience highlighted the necessity of acknowledging the death, the need for clear communication with children and young people, and the importance of involving children in a memorial ritual.
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20
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Fynn WI, Runacres J. Dogs at school: a quantitative analysis of parental perceptions of canine-assisted activities in schools mediated by child anxiety score and use case. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHILD CARE AND EDUCATION POLICY 2022; 16:4. [PMID: 35300319 PMCID: PMC8897139 DOI: 10.1186/s40723-022-00097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Canine-assisted activities in schools can benefit students' educational, emotional, and social needs. Furthermore, they could be an effective form of non-clinical mental health treatment for children and adolescents. In the United Kingdom, school dogs are growing in popularity, however, little is known about how parents perceive canine-assisted activities as a treatment option. This is important as parental perceptions can influence engagement, whilst lack of awareness can become a barrier to treatment. This study uses a cross-sectional design to quantitatively explore the acceptability of canine-assisted activities amongst UK-based parents (n = 318) of children aged six to 16 (M = 10.12, SD = 3.22). An online survey used a treatment evaluation to determine acceptability across three use-cases. These included a child reading to dogs to improve literacy skills, a child interacting one-to-one to foster greater self-esteem and social skills, and a classroom dog to improve student behaviour and motivation. Additionally, the scale for generalised anxiety disorder was used to rank child anxiety as high or low, where high was a score equal to or above the UK clinical borderline threshold. The results found canine-assisted activities were less acceptable for the behavioural than the reading and social use-cases. Furthermore, parents of children with high anxiety had higher acceptability scores than parents of children with low anxiety for the reading and social use-cases but not for the behavioural use case. These findings suggest that UK parents' acceptability of canine-assisted activities in schools is mediated by child anxiety score. Furthermore, that parents may be less aware of the benefits of classroom dogs than other types of school-based canine-assisted activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Irene Fynn
- University of Derby, Enterprise Centre, Bridge Street, Derby, DE1 3LA UK
| | - Jessica Runacres
- University of Derby, Enterprise Centre, Bridge Street, Derby, DE1 3LA UK
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21
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Narvekar HN, Narvekar HN. Canine-Assisted Therapy in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Scoping Review. Eur J Integr Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Flynn E, Zoller AG, Gandenberger J, Morris KN. Improving Engagement in Behavioral and Mental Health Services Through Animal-Assisted Interventions: A Scoping Review. Psychiatr Serv 2022; 73:188-195. [PMID: 34157858 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Client engagement in behavioral and mental health services has been strongly linked to improved outcomes and treatment completion. Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) are increasingly used to improve client engagement, for example, by involving a dog in therapy to support a client's sense of safety. Although existing research suggests that human-animal interactions may promote engagement, further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms, identify procedures needed for treatment fidelity, and determine the populations in which this intervention would be most effective. The aim was to identify the existing knowledge base to inform future research and practice in these areas. METHODS A review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines to answer three questions: What research has been completed regarding the use of animals to affect client engagement, including measurement of potential processes of change? How have interventions that use animals been structured and protocolized? How is engagement operationally defined by these studies? RESULTS Ten studies were identified for review. Preliminary evidence indicates that AAIs may support client engagement in behavioral and mental health services. A wide range of conceptualizations in which populations and settings could benefit from AAIs were identified, but it remains unclear who would benefit most. The review did not substantively address the efficacy of AAIs for increasing engagement or factors that may drive engagement. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to quantify the impact of AAIs on service engagement and to identify mechanisms of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Flynn
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver
| | - Alexandra G Zoller
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver
| | - Jaci Gandenberger
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver
| | - Kevin N Morris
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver
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Effects of Dog-Assisted Therapy in Adolescents with Eating Disorders: A Study Protocol for a Pilot Controlled Trial. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102784. [PMID: 34679805 PMCID: PMC8532616 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Animal-assisted therapies may lead to benefits in anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, or quality of life. These variables are commonly present among patients with eating disorders. Thus, the current pilot study will aim to evaluate the effects of a dog-assisted therapy on the eating disorders symptoms, mental, psychosocial, and physical health, quality of life, and handgrip strength of adolescents suffering from eating disorders. Thirty-two patients will participate and 16 of them will receive the intervention while the other 16 will be the control group. Both groups will continue with their treatments prescribed at the hospital, but the experimental group will participate in a dog-assisted therapy program involving 7 sessions in 7 weeks. This will be the first study to examine the effects of dog-assisted therapy in this population. Significant improvements, in the primary and secondary outcomes, may be expected based on the known benefits of AAT on self-esteem, stress, and self-control in different populations. Finally, although the program is focused on the improvement of adolescents’ health, animal welfare will be a priority in this study. Abstract Background: Eating disorders are characterized by a persistent disturbance that alters food intake and it is often accompanied by anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, or reduced functional capacity and quality of life. Animal-assisted therapies (AAT) have shown benefits in these variables in children and adult populations. Thus, the present pilot study will aim to evaluate the effects of a dog-assisted therapy on the eating disorders symptoms, mental, psychosocial, and physical health, quality of life, and handgrip strength of adolescents suffering from eating disorders. Methods: The current pilot study will involve 32 patients, who will be assigned to a control or an experimental group. Intervention will be conducted once a week for seven weeks. Neither the experimental nor the control group will discontinue their usual care. The main outcome measures will be the eating disorder symptoms and the health-related quality of life measured with standardized questionnaires, while the secondary variables will be anxiety, depression, character, behavior, strength, and body mass. Conclusions: This pilot-controlled trial will be the first to evaluate the effects of dog-assisted therapy on the physical and mental health of adolescents with eating disorders. Significant improvements, in the primary and secondary outcomes, may be expected based on the known benefits of AAT on self-esteem, stress, and self-control in different populations. Finally, although the program is focused on the improvement of adolescents’ health, animal welfare will be a priority in this study.
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Santaniello A, Cimmino I, Dipineto L, Agognon AL, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Fioretti A, Menna LF, Oriente F. Zoonotic Risk of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Animal-Assisted Interventions: Laboratory Strategies for the Diagnosis of Infections in Humans and Animals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179333. [PMID: 34501921 PMCID: PMC8430659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of animals for therapeutic purposes has very ancient roots. To date, it is clear that animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), in addition to ensuring the replacement of missing or deficient affects, improves psychophysiological parameters connected to human health. However, AAI could potentially present risks related to the transmission of infectious agents from animals to humans. Among these microorganisms, E. cuniculi is a microspore which induces pathological effects (fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, breathlessness, respiratory symptoms, and weakness) in both humans and animals. Consequently, an accurate and fast diagnosis of E. cuniculi infection, as well as the identification of new diagnostic approaches, is of fundamental importance. This literature review was carried out to provide an extensive and comprehensive analysis of the most recent diagnostic techniques to prevent and care for E. cuniculi-associated risks in the AAI field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.D.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (L.F.M.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Ilaria Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (P.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Ayewa Lawoe Agognon
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (P.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (P.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (P.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.D.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (L.F.M.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Francesco Oriente
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (P.F.); (F.O.)
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McMichael MA, Singletary M. Assistance, Service, Emotional Support, and Therapy Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:961-973. [PMID: 34059267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the areas where harnessing the canine's trainability, mobility, and sociability enables their use for aiding and augmenting humans. This area, which is rapidly expanding, has provided life-changing solutions for persons affected by various impairments and disabilities (eg, visual, hearing, physical, mental).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A McMichael
- Emergency & Critical Care, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois.
| | - Melissa Singletary
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Benevides TW, Shore SM, Palmer K, Duncan P, Plank A, Andresen ML, Caplan R, Cook B, Gassner D, Hector BL, Morgan L, Nebeker L, Purkis Y, Rankowski B, Wittig K, Coughlin SS. Listening to the autistic voice: Mental health priorities to guide research and practice in autism from a stakeholder-driven project. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 24:822-833. [PMID: 32429818 PMCID: PMC7787673 DOI: 10.1177/1362361320908410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Autistic adults commonly experience mental health conditions. However, research rarely involves autistic adults in deciding priorities for research on mental healthcare approaches that might work for them. The purpose of this article is to describe a stakeholder-driven project that involved autistic adults in co-leading and designing research about priorities to address mental health needs. Through a large online survey, two large meetings, and three face-to-face focus group discussions involving over 350 stakeholders, we identified five priorities for mental health research desired by autistic adults. These priorities and preferred outcomes should be used to guide research and practice for autistic adults.
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Van Buiten H, Flynn E, Morris KN. Dog training as a complementary intervention to support Veteran mental health and well-being: A scoping review. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 44:101425. [PMID: 34174750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military veterans in the United States face a number of complex issues and barriers to successful civilian reintegration. Dog training programs offered to these individuals are being used as a complementary intervention to support multiple aspects of veteran reintegration. This scoping review explored the existing literature on dog training programs as a support for veteran mental health and well-being. METHODS A scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to analyze the existing research on this topic. RESULTS Five overarching themes were identified, including improvements to mental health, social benefits, a developed sense of purpose, differing impacts of training methods, and potential negative outcomes associated with stressful demands of training. CONCLUSION The results of this review suggested dog training programs have potentially positive effects on veteran mental health but also revealed a few potential negative impacts and the need for further research on this animal-assisted intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Van Buiten
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, USA.
| | - Erin Flynn
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, USA.
| | - Kevin N Morris
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, USA.
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28
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Hahn SA, Hinton J, Hallyburton A. Emotional Support Animals: An Overview of Practical and Legal Issues for Social Workers. HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK 2021; 45:276-283. [PMID: 33313668 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited literature exists to guide social workers in the effective and ethical use of emotional support animals (ESAs) in practice. This article deals with practical issues these professionals face in dealing with requests for ESA authorization. The article provides an overview of relevant U.S. regulations (as of mid-2019) governing housing, travel, workplaces, and higher education; examines the uses, efficacy, and special concerns regarding ESAs; and presents recommendations for the use of ESAs in social work practice. Ethical implications for social workers dealing with client assessment and ESA authorization are discussed. The authors also address the intrinsic nature of human and ESA well-being and its relevance to client-centered social work practice. In addition, the authors discuss opportunities for incorporating ESAs into social work education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sur Ah Hahn
- associate professor, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC
| | - Jennifer Hinton
- associate professor and recreational therapy program director, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC
| | - Ann Hallyburton
- associate professor and research and instruction librarian, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC
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29
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Santaniello A, Varriale L, Dipineto L, Borrelli L, Pace A, Fioretti A, Menna LF. Presence of Campylobacterjejuni and C. coli in Dogs under Training for Animal-Assisted Therapies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3717. [PMID: 33918252 PMCID: PMC8038157 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the presence of Campylobacter (C.) jejuni and C. coli in dogs at five dog training centers in Southern Italy. A total of 550 animals were sampled by collecting rectal swabs. The samples were processed to detect thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. by culture and molecular methods. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 135/550 (24.5-95% confidence interval) dogs. A total of 84 C. jejuni (62.2%) and 51 C. coli (37.8%) isolates were identified using conventional PCR. The dog data (age, sex, breed, and eating habits) were examined by two statistical analyses using the C. jejuni and C. coli status (positive or negative) as dependent variables. Dogs fed home-cooked food showed a higher risk of being positive for C. jejuni than dogs fed dry or canned meat for dogs (50.0%; p < 0.01). Moreover, purebred dogs had a significantly higher risk than crossbred dogs for C. coli positivity (16.4%; p < 0.01). This is the first study on the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli in dogs frequenting dog training centers for animal-assisted therapies (AATs). Our findings emphasize the potential zoonotic risk for patients and users involved in AATs settings and highlight the need to carry out ad hoc health checks and to pay attention to the choice of the dog, as well as eating habits, in order to minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Lorena Varriale
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Antonino Pace
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
- Marine Turtle Research Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
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30
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Hartwig E, Signal T. Attachment to companion animals and loneliness in Australian adolescents. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hartwig
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia,
| | - Tania Signal
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia,
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31
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Mueller MK, Anderson EC, King EK, Urry HL. Null effects of therapy dog interaction on adolescent anxiety during a laboratory-based social evaluative stressor. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2021; 34:365-380. [PMID: 33650444 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2021.1892084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) are increasingly popular as treatments to reduce anxiety. However, there is little empirical evidence testing the mechanisms of action in AAIs, especially among adolescents. We examined whether two possible mechanisms, social interaction and/or physical contact with a therapy dog, might reduce anxiety during a social stressor. DESIGN AND METHODS To test these mechanisms, we randomly assigned 75 adolescents with low, middle, and high levels of social anxiety to complete a laboratory-based social evaluative stressor in one of three conditions: social interaction with a therapy dog (no physical interaction), social plus physical interaction with a therapy dog, or no interaction with a therapy dog. We measured self-reported anxiety and autonomic reactivity during the social stressor to assess the effects of contact with a therapy dog. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that the presence of a real dog, with or without the opportunity to touch it, reduced anxiety or autonomic reactivity or improved cognitive performance relative to the presence of a stuffed dog in the control condition, regardless of levels of preexisting social anxiety.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03249116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Mueller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA.,Tisch College of Civic Life at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Eric C Anderson
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin K King
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA.,Tisch College of Civic Life at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Heather L Urry
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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32
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Hediger K, Wagner J, Künzi P, Haefeli A, Theis F, Grob C, Pauli E, Gerger H. Effectiveness of animal-assisted interventions for children and adults with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1879713. [PMID: 34377357 PMCID: PMC8330800 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1879713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Animal-assisted interventions (AAI) are increasingly applied for people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms albeit its effectiveness is unclear.Objectives: To examine the effectiveness of AAI for treating PTSD symptoms.Method: We searched 11 major electronic databases for studies reporting quantitative data on effects of AAI for children and adults with PTSD symptoms. Of 22'211 records identified, we included 41 studies with 1111 participants in the systematic review comprising eight controlled studies with 469 participants in the meta-analysis. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses with all controlled studies based on standardized mean differences (SMD), and calculated standardized mean change (SMC) as effect sizes for studies with a pre-post one-group design. Two independent researchers assessed the quality of the included studies using the NIH Study Quality Assessment Tools. The primary outcome was PTSD or depression symptom severity measured via a standardized measurement at pre- and post-intervention assessments.Results: There was a small but not statistically significant superiority of AAI over standard PTSD psychotherapy (SMD = -0.26, 95% CI: -0.56 to 0.04) in reducing PTSD symptom severity while AAI was superior to waitlist (SMD = -0.82, 95% CI: -1.56 to 0.08). Getting a service dog was superior to waiting for a service dog (SMD = -0.58, 95% CI: -0.88 to -0.28). AAI led to comparable effects in reducing depression as standard PTSD psychotherapy (SMD = -0.03, CI: -0.88 to 0.83). Pre-post comparisons showed large variation for the reduction in PTSD symptom severity, with SMCs ranging from -0.38 to -1.64, and for depression symptom severity, ranging from 0.01 to -2.76. Getting a service dog lowered PTSD symptoms between -0.43 and -1.10 and depression with medium effect size of -0.74.Conclusions: The results indicate that AAI are efficacious in reducing PTSD symptomatology and depression. Future studies with robust study designs and large samples are needed for valid conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hediger
- Faculty of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,REHAB Basel, Clinic for Neurorehabilitation and Paraplegiology, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Human and Animal Health Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on the Human-Animal Relationship Switzerland, c/o Swiss TPH, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Wagner
- Faculty of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Künzi
- REHAB Basel, Clinic for Neurorehabilitation and Paraplegiology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Haefeli
- Faculty of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felicitas Theis
- Faculty of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carmina Grob
- Faculty of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Pauli
- Faculty of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heike Gerger
- Faculty of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Panzera M, Alberghina D, Statelli A. Ethological and Physiological Parameters Assessment in Donkeys Used in Animal Assisted Interventions. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1867. [PMID: 33066258 PMCID: PMC7602119 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have been performed to identify objective indicators for the selection of therapeutic donkeys or to assess their welfare during animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the response to the ethological test and the modifications of physiological parameters in donkeys subjected to AAI sessions. METHODS Thirteen donkeys were subjected to a behavioral evaluation during an AAI session. Heart rate, heart rate variability, and root mean square of successive difference values were detected. RESULTS Statistically significant changes in the tested parameters were observed during AAI sessions. CONCLUSIONS In donkeys, there was a neurovegetative involvement during AAI sessions. Our data give a contribution to the evaluation of donkey welfare during AAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Panzera
- Centro Universitario Specializzato per gli Interventi Assistiti con gli Animali, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Daniela Alberghina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Statelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
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Stern C, Lizarondo L, Carrier J, Godfrey C, Rieger K, Salmond S, Apóstolo J, Kirkpatrick P, Loveday H. Impact of canine-assisted interventions on the health and well-being of older people residing in long-term care: a mixed methods systematic review protocol. JBI Evid Synth 2020; 18:2140-2147. [PMID: 33038126 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to synthesize and integrate the best available evidence on the impact of canine-assisted interventions on the health and well-being of older people residing in long-term care. INTRODUCTION Canine-assisted interventions are commonly used as an adjunct therapy to enhance health and well-being, and are often implemented in long-term care facilities. The number of studies undertaken in this area has increased substantially over the previous five years; therefore, an update of two previous systematic reviews is warranted. INCLUSION CRITERIA This review will consider older people who reside in long-term care facilities and who receive canine-assisted interventions. For the quantitative component, canine-assisted interventions will be compared to usual care, alternative therapeutic interventions, or no interventions, and outcomes will be grouped under the following headings: biological, psychological, and social. For the qualitative component, the experiences of older people receiving canine-assisted interventions, as well as the views of people directly or indirectly involved in delivering canine-assisted interventions, will be explored. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies published from 2009 to the present will be considered. METHODS A search of 10 bibliographic databases and other resources for published and unpublished English language studies will be undertaken. Study selection, critical appraisal, data extraction, and data synthesis will be undertaken by two independent reviewers following the segregated JBI approach to mixed methods reviews. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42020161235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Stern
- JBI, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lucylynn Lizarondo
- JBI, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Judith Carrier
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
- The Wales Centre for Evidence Based Care: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Christina Godfrey
- School of Nursing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Queen's Collaboration for Health Care Quality: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kendra Rieger
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Susan Salmond
- School of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- The Northeast Institute for Evidence Synthesis and Translation (NEST): A JBI Centre of Excellence, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - João Apóstolo
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portugal Centre for Evidence Based Practice: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pamela Kirkpatrick
- Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland
- The Scottish Centre for Evidence-based, Multi-professional Practice: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Heather Loveday
- Richard Wells Research Centre, College of Nursing, Midwifery and Healthcare, University of West London, London, England
- The University of West London Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare: A JBI Affiliated Group, London, England
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35
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Wanser SH, Simpson AC, MacDonald M, Udell MAR. Considering Family Dog Attachment Bonds: Do Dog-Parent Attachments Predict Dog-Child Attachment Outcomes in Animal-Assisted Interventions? Front Psychol 2020; 11:566910. [PMID: 32982902 PMCID: PMC7488352 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAI) have become more prevalent in recent years, with dog-assisted interventions among the most popular. The literature suggests that a variety of dog-human interventions have the potential for beneficial outcomes for human participants and owners, however, critical gaps in knowledge still exist. Research addressing intervention outcomes for dogs, and the impact of AAI on the dog-human bond, has lagged behind. Even less is known about how dogs perceive child partners in AAI settings. The current study, which involved AAI for youth with developmental disabilities and their family dog, aimed to determine if the dog's style of attachment to a primary adult caretaker in the home was predictive of dog-child attachment style pre-and post-intervention. Using a Secure Base Test (SBT), the attachment style of the family dog toward an adult owner/parent was evaluated, and the attachment style of the dog toward the participating child was assessed before and after the dog-assisted interventions. The dog's attachment style to the child was then compared to the dog-parent attachment style. The findings show that all dogs with a secure attachment to the child at the initial assessment also had a secure attachment to the parent. It was also demonstrated that AAI has the potential to change the attachment style between a family dog and child to a more secure attachment, and that the dog-parent attachment style is a significant predictor of which dogs were able to develop a secure attachment to the child over the course of the AAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby H. Wanser
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Amelia Chloe Simpson
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Megan MacDonald
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Monique A. R. Udell
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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36
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Flynn E, Denson EB, Mueller MK, Gandenberger J, Morris KN. Human-animal-environment interactions as a context for youth social-emotional health and wellbeing: Practitioners' perspectives on processes of change, implementation, and challenges. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 41:101223. [PMID: 32823146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human-animal-environment interactions (HAEIs) are increasingly used in interventions for youth with psychosocial challenges, yet research is limited. Staff from an exemplary program that use HAEIs have unique perspectives on the processes involved in youth outcomes. The aim of this study was to elucidate processes of change that may underly HAEIs and key implementation considerations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A phenomenological approach was used to ascertain HAEI staff perspectives of how they have seen HAEIs impact youth. Semi-structured interviews were completed with 24 staff at a mental health treatment program that utilizes HAEIs. RESULTS Six themes were identified, including views that HAEIs had challenges, afforded youth with valuable opportunities, improved mood, facilitated relationships and self-regulation, and strengthened self-conception. CONCLUSION Findings will inform program development; and future research to assess mediating variables and best practices in implementation of HAEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Flynn
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 South High Street, Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
| | - Emma Brandl Denson
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 South High Street, Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
| | - Megan K Mueller
- Tufts Institute for Human-Animal Interaction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine and Jonathan M. Tisch College of Civic Life at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
| | - Jaci Gandenberger
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 South High Street, Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
| | - Kevin N Morris
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 South High Street, Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
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37
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Vidal R, Vidal L, Ristol F, Domènec E, Segú M, Vico C, Gomez-Barros N, Ramos-Quiroga JA. Dog-Assisted Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders a Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1080. [PMID: 32528389 PMCID: PMC7264372 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The rationale of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dog-assisted therapy (DAT) combined with pharmacological treatment in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Method We conducted a randomized, rater-blinded, controlled pilot trial in a cohort of 33 children and adolescents with FASD. Participants were randomly assigned either to DAT group (n = 17) or Treatment as Usual (TAU control group) (n = 16). Results Of the initial 39 participants enrolled, 33 completed treatment. A mixed-effects model analysis revealed that participants who were assigned to the DAT group experienced significantly improvements on social skills (SSIS-P social skills: p = 0.02, d = 0.8), reductions on externalizing symptoms (CBCL externalizing: p = 0.03; d = 0.56), and lower scores on FASD severity (CGI-S clinician: p = 0.001, d = 0.5). Conclusion DAT is a promising adjunctive treatment for children and adolescents with FASD. Clinical Trial Registration Dog-assisted therapy for children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled pilot study; http://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT04038164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vidal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vidal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eva Domènec
- Centre de Terapia Assistida amb Cans, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Núria Gomez-Barros
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Santaniello A, Sansone M, Fioretti A, Menna LF. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Occurrence of ESKAPE Bacteria Group in Dogs, and the Related Zoonotic Risk in Animal-Assisted Therapy, and in Animal-Assisted Activity in the Health Context. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093278. [PMID: 32397230 PMCID: PMC7246456 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal-assisted interventions are widely implemented in different contexts worldwide. Particularly, animal-assisted therapies and animal-assisted activities are often implemented in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and other health facilities. These interventions bring several benefits to patients but can also expose them to the risk of infection with potentially zoonotic agents. The dog is the main animal species involved used in these interventions. Therefore, we aimed at collecting data regarding the occurrence of the pathogens ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp.) in dogs, in order to draft guidelines concerning the possible monitoring of dogs involved in animal-assisted therapies and animal-assisted activities in healthcare facilities. We performed a literature search using the PRISMA guidelines to examine three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Out of 2604 records found, 52 papers were identified as eligible for inclusion in the review/meta-analysis. Sixteen papers reported data on E. faecium; 16 on S. aureus; nine on K. pneumoniae; four on A. baumannii; eight on P. aeruginosa; and six on Enterobacter spp. This work will contribute to increased awareness to the potential zoonotic risks posed by the involvement of dogs in animal-assisted therapies, and animal-assisted activities in healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-253-6134
| | - Mario Sansone
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Federico II University of Naples, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
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Santaniello A, Dicé F, Claudia Carratú R, Amato A, Fioretti A, Menna LF. Methodological and Terminological Issues in Animal-Assisted Interventions: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050759. [PMID: 32349351 PMCID: PMC7277107 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) include a wide range of activities aimed at improving the health and well-being of people with the help of pets. Although there have been many studies on the effects of these interventions on animal and human wellbeing and health, univocal data on the methodological aspects, regarding type and duration of intervention, operators, involved animal species, and so on, are still lacking. In this regard, several systematic reviews in the scientific literature have already explored and outlined some methodological aspects of animal-assisted interventions. Therefore, we developed an umbrella review (UR) which summarizes the data of a set of suitable systematic reviews (SRs), in order to clarify how these Interventions are carried out. From our results, it is shown that there is a widespread heterogeneity in the scientific literature concerning the study and implementation of these interventions. These results highlight the need for the development and, consequently, the diffusion of protocols (not only operational, but also research approaches) providing for a univocal use of globally recognized terminologies and facilitating comparison between the numerous experiences carried out and reported in the field. Abstract Recently, animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), which are defined as psychological, educational, and rehabilitation support activities, have become widespread in different contexts. For many years, they have been a subject of interest in the international scientific community and are at the center of an important discussion regarding their effectiveness and the most appropriate practices for their realization. We carried out an umbrella review (UR) of systematic reviews (SRs), created for the purpose of exploring the literature and aimed at deepening the terminological and methodological aspects of AAIs. It is created by exploring the online databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. The SRs present in the high-impact indexed search engines Web of Sciences and Scopus are selected. After screening, we selected 15 SRs that met the inclusion criteria. All papers complained of the poor quality of AAIs; some considered articles containing interventions that did not always correspond to the terminology they have explored and whose operating practices were not always comparable. This stresses the need for the development and consequent diffusion of not only operational protocols, but also research protocols which provide for the homogeneous use of universally recognized terminologies, thus facilitating the study, deepening, and comparison between the numerous experiences described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0812536134
| | - Francesca Dicé
- University Centre SinAPSi, Federico II University of Naples, via G.C. Cortese, 29-80133 Naples, Italy; (F.D.); (R.C.C.)
| | - Roberta Claudia Carratú
- University Centre SinAPSi, Federico II University of Naples, via G.C. Cortese, 29-80133 Naples, Italy; (F.D.); (R.C.C.)
| | - Alessia Amato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
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Sahlin E, Johansson B, Karlsson PO, Loberg J, Niklasson M, Grahn P. Improved Wellbeing for Both Caretakers and Users from A Zoo-Related Nature Based Intervention-A Study at Nordens Ark Zoo, Sweden. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4929. [PMID: 31817472 PMCID: PMC6950239 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based interventions have been proposed to promote physical and mental health and give stress reduction. Little attention has been given to the potential of zoos for human health and wellbeing. A disadvantaged group in Sweden regarding access to nature are individuals with disabilities who consequently do not have the same access to these health benefits as other groups. To increase awareness and knowledge regarding spending time in nature and with animals, courses directed at caretakers for persons with disabilities and their users were held at Nordens Ark, a zoo in Sweden. To explore if the courses had led to increased nature activities, and if participating in the courses had affected caretakers' and their users' health and wellbeing, questionnaires and interviews for evaluating the courses were used. The results showed improved quality in nature visits because of course participation as well as positive effects for the wellbeing, sustainability for the caregivers and users in their working lives, and relationships were positively affected. The conclusion from this study is that nature and animal-based education should be more frequent to provide opportunities for a disadvantaged group to have the positive effects of nature of which most other groups have obvious access to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sahlin
- Department of Work Science, Business Economics and Environmental Psychology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O.Box.88, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden;
| | - Björn Johansson
- Nordens Ark Foundation, Åby Säteri, SE-456 93 Hunnebostrand, Sweden; (B.J.); (P.-O.K.); (J.L.); (M.N.)
| | - Per-Olof Karlsson
- Nordens Ark Foundation, Åby Säteri, SE-456 93 Hunnebostrand, Sweden; (B.J.); (P.-O.K.); (J.L.); (M.N.)
| | - Jenny Loberg
- Nordens Ark Foundation, Åby Säteri, SE-456 93 Hunnebostrand, Sweden; (B.J.); (P.-O.K.); (J.L.); (M.N.)
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 234, SE-532 23 Skara, Sweden
| | - Mats Niklasson
- Nordens Ark Foundation, Åby Säteri, SE-456 93 Hunnebostrand, Sweden; (B.J.); (P.-O.K.); (J.L.); (M.N.)
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 49, SE-232 52 Alnarp, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 100, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Grahn
- Department of Work Science, Business Economics and Environmental Psychology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O.Box.88, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden;
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Leaving A Mark, An Animal-Assisted Intervention Programme for Children Who Have Been Exposed to Gender-Based Violence: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214084. [PMID: 31652894 PMCID: PMC6862676 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Gender-based violence is one of the most serious social and health problems faced by women around the world. Importantly, it has a negative impact not only on the woman’s physical and mental health, but also on all members of the family system in which it takes place. The aims of this study were to implement Leaving a Mark, an animal-assisted intervention (AAI) programme for children who have been exposed to gender-based violence, and to examine its effect on their associated clinical symptoms. The participants were 19 children (13 boys and 6 girls; Mage = 8.89, SD = 2.23) who had been exposed to domestic violence perpetrated either by their father or their mother’s intimate partner. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). After taking part in the AAI programme, the children showed a reduction in internalizing symptoms and in symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. However, no significant changes were observed in externalizing symptoms or in affective and behavioural dysregulation (CBCL-Dysregulation Profile). These results provide preliminary support for the use of the Leaving a Mark programme with children who have been exposed to domestic violence. However, further studies with a larger sample and more rigorous design are required.
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Maurelli MP, Santaniello A, Fioretti A, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L, Menna LF. The Presence of Toxocara Eggs on Dog's Fur as Potential Zoonotic Risk in Animal-Assisted Interventions: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E827. [PMID: 31635019 PMCID: PMC6826609 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) usually contribute to the well-being and health of users/patients, but it is essential that the animals involved in these activities do not represent a source of zoonoses. This systematic review focused on the evaluation of the potential risk of the transmission of Toxocara by dogs' fur, considering their involvement as the main animal species in AAIs. Three databases were considered: MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, and the PRISMA guidelines were used. Out of 162 articles found, 14 papers were identified as eligible for inclusion in the review. Although the findings were very heterogeneous, they showed that regular parasitological surveillance to plan effective control programs is strongly needed to guarantee the health of pets and consequently the public health, according to the concept of One Health. Since AAIs involve patients and/or users potentially susceptible, it is very important to appropriately treat dogs enrolled in these interventions after an accurate diagnosis of parasitic zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Maurelli
- Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antonio Santaniello
- Unit of Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Unit of Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Unit of Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Napoli, Italy.
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Hediger K, Petignat M, Marti R, Hund-Georgiadis M. Animal-assisted therapy for patients in a minimally conscious state: A randomized two treatment multi-period crossover trial. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222846. [PMID: 31574106 PMCID: PMC6772068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate if animal-assisted therapy (AAT) leads to higher consciousness in patients in a minimally conscious state during a therapy session, measured via behavioral reactions, heart rate and heart rate variability. Methods In a randomized two treatment multi-period crossover trial, 10 patients in a minimally conscious state participated in eight AAT sessions and eight paralleled conventional therapy sessions, leading to 78 AAT and 73 analyzed control sessions. Patients’ responses during sessions were assessed via behavioral video coding and the Basler Vegetative State Assessment (BAVESTA), heart rate and heart rate variability (SDNN, RMSSD, HF and LF). Data were analyzed with generalized linear mixed models. Results Patients showed more eye movements (IRR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.23 to 1.40, p < 0.001) and active movements per tactile input during AAT compared to control sessions (IRR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.25, p = 0.018). No difference was found for positive emotions. With BAVESTA, patients’ overall behavioral reactions were rated higher during AAT (b = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.22, p = 0.038). AAT led to significantly higher LF (b = 5.82, 95% CI: 0.55 to 11.08, p = 0.031) and lower HF (b = -5.80, 95% CI: -11.06 to -0.57, p = 0.030), while heart rate, SDNN, RMSSD did not differ. Conclusions Patients in a minimally conscious state showed more behavioral reactions and increased physiological arousal during AAT compared to control sessions. This might indicate increased consciousness during therapeutic sessions in the presence of an animal. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02629302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hediger
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- REHAB Basel, Clinic for neurorehabilitation and paraplegiology, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Human and Animal Health Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on the Human-Animal Relationship Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Milena Petignat
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- REHAB Basel, Clinic for neurorehabilitation and paraplegiology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Marti
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- REHAB Basel, Clinic for neurorehabilitation and paraplegiology, Basel, Switzerland
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Animal-Assisted Intervention Improves Pain Perception in Polymedicated Geriatric Patients with Chronic Joint Pain: A Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162843. [PMID: 31395808 PMCID: PMC6721103 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic joint pain is associated to an increase in the consumption of medication and decrease in life quality in elderly people, which requires developing non-pharmacological treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectivity of a group intervention, based on animal-assisted therapy and applied to elderly people with chronic joint pain and polymedication, regarding the decrease of chronic pain, use of analgesics and improvement of life quality. A randomized controlled trial, two arms and open-label was conducted in a Primary Health Center. Twelve weekly sessions of kinesitherapy; in the EG, these exercises were performed with the additional assistance of the therapy dog. A total of 52 participants (22 Control Group (CG), 30 EG), average age 77.50 (±7.3), women 90.4%. A significant reduction on post-intervention values of pain β = −0.67(−1.27, −0.08), p = 0.03 and pain induced insomnia β = −0.53(−1.01, −0.05), p = 0.03 was found in EG for increasing baseline values. Animal-assisted therapy leads to an additional reduction in the perception of pain and pain induced insomnia in individuals with higher baseline severity. The presence of the dog improves the attachment to intervention and the satisfaction of the participants.
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Menna LF, Santaniello A, Amato A, Ceparano G, Di Maggio A, Sansone M, Formisano P, Cimmino I, Perruolo G, Fioretti A. Changes of Oxytocin and Serotonin Values in Dialysis Patients after Animal Assisted Activities (AAAs) with a Dog—A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E526. [PMID: 31382576 PMCID: PMC6721151 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to measure the levels of serotonin and oxytocin in patients affected by end-stage renal disease (ESRD), undergoing dialysis and participating in a program of animal-assisted activities (AAAs) with a dog. Ten patients with comparable levels of ESRD were enrolled. A blood sample was taken before the start of the study in order to establish basal levels. Eleven meetings were held once a week for 3 months during the last hour of dialysis, and blood samples were collected before and after AAAs. Two more meetings, one month apart from each other, were held two months later without the dog but with the same veterinarian zootherapist. Blood was drawn at the beginning and at the end of each meeting. The samples were then processed for the measurement of serotonin and oxytocin, and data obtained were analysed using analysis of variance with mixed effect models. The results show an increasing level of both serotonin and oxytocin between subsequent meetings with the dog and an increasing trend of inter-intervention levels. Overall, the results suggest that AAAs lead to modifications of serotonin and oxytocin levels, which are also accompanied by behavioural changes of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Francesca Menna
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Santaniello
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Amato
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Sansone
- Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Federico II University of Naples, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
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Fodstad JC, Bauers J, Sexton M, Butler M, Karlsson C, Neff M. Development of an animal-assisted activity program on a pediatric behavioral health unit. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2019; 36:153-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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