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Koprivica I, Stanisavljević S, Mićanović D, Jevtić B, Stojanović I, Miljković Đ. ILC3: a case of conflicted identity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271699. [PMID: 37915588 PMCID: PMC10616800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells type 3 (ILC3s) are the first line sentinels at the mucous tissues, where they contribute to the homeostatic immune response in a major way. Also, they have been increasingly appreciated as important modulators of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune responses, both locally and systemically. The proper identification of ILC3 is of utmost importance for meaningful studies on their role in immunity. Flow cytometry is the method of choice for the detection and characterization of ILC3. However, the analysis of ILC3-related papers shows inconsistency in ILC3 phenotypic definition, as different inclusion and exclusion markers are used for their identification. Here, we present these discrepancies in the phenotypic characterization of human and mouse ILC3s. We discuss the pros and cons of using various markers for ILC3 identification. Furthermore, we consider the possibilities for the efficient isolation and propagation of ILC3 from different organs and tissues for in-vitro and in-vivo studies. This paper calls upon uniformity in ILC3 definition, isolation, and propagation for the increased possibility of confluent interpretation of ILC3's role in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Đorđe Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Rahman MM, Liu FF, Eckel SP, Sankaranarayanan I, Shafiei-Jahani P, Howard E, Baronikian L, Sattler F, Lurmann FW, Allayee H, Akbari O, McConnell R. Near-roadway air pollution, immune cells and adipokines among obese young adults. Environ Health 2022; 21:36. [PMID: 35305663 PMCID: PMC8933931 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution has been associated with metabolic disease and obesity. Adipokines are potential mediators of these effects, but studies of air pollution-adipokine relationships are inconclusive. Macrophage and T cells in adipose tissue (AT) and blood modulate inflammation; however, the role of immune cells in air pollution-induced dysregulation of adipokines has not been studied. We examined the association between air pollution exposure and circulating and AT adipokine concentrations, and whether these relationships were modified by macrophage and T cell numbers in the blood and AT. METHODS Fasting blood and abdominal subcutaneous AT biopsies were collected from 30 overweight/obese 18-26 year-old volunteers. Flow cytometry was used to quantify T effector (Teff, inflammatory) and regulatory (Treg, anti-inflammatory) lymphocytes and M1 [inflammatory] and M2 [anti-inflammatory]) macrophage cell number. Serum and AT leptin and adiponectin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Exposure to near-roadway air pollution (NRAP) from freeway and non-freeway vehicular sources and to regional particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone were estimated for the year prior to biopsy, based on participants' residential addresses. Linear regression models were used to examine the association between air pollution exposures and adipokines and to evaluate effect modification by immune cell counts. RESULTS An interquartile increase in non-freeway NRAP exposure during 1 year prior to biopsy was associated with higher leptin levels in both serum [31.7% (95% CI: 10.4, 52.9%)] and AT [19.4% (2.2, 36.6%)]. Non-freeway NRAP exposure effect estimates were greater among participants with greater than median Teff/Treg ratio and M1/M2 ratio in blood, and with greater M1 counts in AT. No adipokine associations with regional air pollutants were found. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that NRAP may increase serum leptin levels in obese young adults, and this association may be promoted in a pro-inflammatory immune cell environment in blood and AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mostafijur Rahman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Fei Fei Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Ishwarya Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pedram Shafiei-Jahani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emily Howard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lilit Baronikian
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fred Sattler
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
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Painter JD, Akbari O. Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells: Protectors in Type 2 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727008. [PMID: 34489979 PMCID: PMC8416625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are the innate counterparts of Th2 cells and are critically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis in a variety of tissues. Instead of expressing specific antigen receptors, ILC2s respond to external stimuli such as alarmins released from damage. These cells help control the delicate balance of inflammation in adipose tissue, which is a determinant of metabolic outcome. ILC2s play a key role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through their protective effects on tissue homeostasis. A variety of crosstalk takes place between resident adipose cells and ILC2s, with each interaction playing a key role in controlling this balance. ILC2 effector function is associated with increased browning of adipose tissue and an anti-inflammatory immune profile. Trafficking and maintenance of ILC2 populations are critical for tissue homeostasis. The metabolic environment and energy source significantly affect the number and function of ILC2s in addition to affecting their interactions with resident cell types. How ILC2s react to changes in the metabolic environment is a clear determinant of the severity of disease. Treating sources of metabolic instability via critical immune cells provides a clear avenue for modulation of systemic homeostasis and new treatments of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Painter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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