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Kumar R, Chanda B, Adkins S, Kousik CS. Comparative transcriptome analysis of resistant and susceptible watermelon genotypes reveals the role of RNAi, callose, proteinase, and cell wall in squash vein yellowing virus resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1426647. [PMID: 39157511 PMCID: PMC11327015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1426647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is the third largest fruit crop in the world in term of production. However, it is susceptible to several viruses. Watermelon vine decline (WVD), caused by whitefly-transmitted squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV), is a disease that has caused over $60 million in losses in the US and continues to occur regularly in southeastern states. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to SqVYV is important for effective disease management. A time-course transcriptomic analysis was conducted on resistant (392291-VDR) and susceptible (Crimson Sweet) watermelon genotypes inoculated with SqVYV. Significantly higher levels of SqVYV were observed over time in the susceptible compared to the resistant genotype. The plasmodesmata callose binding protein (PDCB) gene, which is responsible for increased callose deposition in the plasmodesmata, was more highly expressed in the resistant genotype than in the susceptible genotype before and after inoculation, suggesting the inhibition of cell-to-cell movement of SqVYV. The potential role of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway was observed in the resistant genotype based on differential expression of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF), translin, DICER, ribosome inactivating proteins, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR), and Argonaute (AGO) genes after inoculation. The significant differential expression of hormone-related genes, including those involved in the ethylene, jasmonic acid, auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, and salicylic acid signaling pathways, was observed, emphasizing their regulatory roles in the defense response. Genes regulating pectin metabolism, cellulose synthesis, cell growth and development, xenobiotic metabolism, and lignin biosynthesis were overexpressed in the susceptible genotype, suggesting that alterations in cell wall integrity and growth processes result in disease symptom development. These findings will be helpful for further functional studies and the development of SqVYV-resistant watermelon cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (USVL), United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC, United States
- ORISE participant, USVL, USDA-ARS, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Bidisha Chanda
- Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (USVL), United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Scott Adkins
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Chandrasekar S. Kousik
- Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (USVL), United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC, United States
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Hýsková V, Bělonožníková K, Chmelík J, Hoffmeisterová H, Čeřovská N, Moravec T, Ryšlavá H. Potyviral Helper-Component Protease: Multifaced Functions and Interactions with Host Proteins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1236. [PMID: 38732454 PMCID: PMC11085613 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The best-characterized functional motifs of the potyviral Helper-Component protease (HC-Pro) responding for aphid transmission, RNA silencing suppression, movement, symptom development, and replication are gathered in this review. The potential cellular protein targets of plant virus proteases remain largely unknown despite their multifunctionality. The HC-Pro catalytic domain, as a cysteine protease, autoproteolytically cleaves the potyviral polyproteins in the sequence motif YXVG/G and is not expected to act on host targets; however, 146 plant proteins in the Viridiplantae clade containing this motif were searched in the UniProtKB database and are discussed. On the other hand, more than 20 interactions within the entire HC-Pro structure are known. Most of these interactions with host targets (such as the 20S proteasome, methyltransferase, transcription factor eIF4E, and microtubule-associated protein HIP2) modulate the cellular environments for the benefit of virus accumulation or contribute to symptom severity (interactions with MinD, Rubisco, ferredoxin) or participate in the suppression of RNA silencing (host protein VARICOSE, calmodulin-like protein). On the contrary, the interaction of HC-Pro with triacylglycerol lipase, calreticulin, and violaxanthin deepoxidase seems to be beneficial for the host plant. The strength of these interactions between HC-Pro and the corresponding host protein vary with the plant species. Therefore, these interactions may explain the species-specific sensitivity to potyviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hýsková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (K.B.); or (J.C.)
| | - Kateřina Bělonožníková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (K.B.); or (J.C.)
| | - Josef Chmelík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (K.B.); or (J.C.)
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hoffmeisterová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.H.); (N.Č.); (T.M.)
| | - Noemi Čeřovská
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.H.); (N.Č.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomáš Moravec
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.H.); (N.Č.); (T.M.)
| | - Helena Ryšlavá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (K.B.); or (J.C.)
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Wei Y, Xie H, Xu L, Cheng X, Zhu B, Zeng H, Shi H. Coat protein of cassava common mosaic virus targets RAV1 and RAV2 transcription factors to subvert immunity in cassava. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1218-1232. [PMID: 37874769 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV, genus Potexvirus) is a prevalent virus associated with cassava mosaic disease, so it is essential to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of the coevolutionary arms race between viral pathogenesis and the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) defense response. However, the molecular mechanism underlying CsCMV infection is largely unclear. Here, we revealed that coat protein (CP) acts as a major pathogenicity determinant of CsCMV via a mutant infectious clone. Moreover, we identified the target proteins of CP-related to abscisic acid insensitive3 (ABI3)/viviparous1 (VP1) (MeRAV1) and MeRAV2 transcription factors, which positively regulated disease resistance against CsCMV via transcriptional activation of melatonin biosynthetic genes (tryptophan decarboxylase 2 (MeTDC2), tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (MeT5H), N-aceylserotonin O-methyltransferase 1 (MeASMT1)) and MeCatalase6 (MeCAT6) and MeCAT7. Notably, the interaction between CP, MeRAV1, and MeRAV2 interfered with the protein phosphorylation of MeRAV1 and MeRAV2 individually at Ser45 and Ser44 by the protein kinase, thereby weakening the transcriptional activation activity of MeRAV1 and MeRAV2 on melatonin biosynthetic genes, MeCAT6 and MeCAT7 dependent on the protein phosphorylation of MeRAV1 and MeRAV2. Taken together, the identification of the CP-MeRAV1 and CP-MeRAV2 interaction module not only illustrates a molecular mechanism by which CsCMV orchestrates the host defense system to benefit its infection and development but also provides a gene network with potential value for the genetic improvement of cassava disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxie Wei
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
| | - Haoqi Xie
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
| | - Binbin Zhu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
| | - Hongqiu Zeng
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan Province 572025, China
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Mäkinen K, Aspelin W, Pollari M, Wang L. How do they do it? The infection biology of potyviruses. Adv Virus Res 2023; 117:1-79. [PMID: 37832990 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - William Aspelin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Pollari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linping Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Atabekova AK, Solovieva AD, Chergintsev DA, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Role of Plant Virus Movement Proteins in Suppression of Host RNAi Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109049. [PMID: 37240394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the systems of plant defense against viral infection is RNA silencing, or RNA interference (RNAi), in which small RNAs derived from viral genomic RNAs and/or mRNAs serve as guides to target an Argonaute nuclease (AGO) to virus-specific RNAs. Complementary base pairing between the small interfering RNA incorporated into the AGO-based protein complex and viral RNA results in the target cleavage or translational repression. As a counter-defensive strategy, viruses have evolved to acquire viral silencing suppressors (VSRs) to inhibit the host plant RNAi pathway. Plant virus VSR proteins use multiple mechanisms to inhibit silencing. VSRs are often multifunctional proteins that perform additional functions in the virus infection cycle, particularly, cell-to-cell movement, genome encapsidation, or replication. This paper summarizes the available data on the proteins with dual VSR/movement protein activity used by plant viruses of nine orders to override the protective silencing response and reviews the different molecular mechanisms employed by these proteins to suppress RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K Atabekova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D Solovieva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Chergintsev
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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Zlobin N, Taranov V. Plant eIF4E isoforms as factors of susceptibility and resistance to potyviruses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1041868. [PMID: 36844044 PMCID: PMC9950400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1041868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Potyviruses are the largest group of plant-infecting RNA viruses that affect a wide range of crop plants. Plant resistance genes against potyviruses are often recessive and encode translation initiation factors eIF4E. The inability of potyviruses to use plant eIF4E factors leads to the development of resistance through a loss-of-susceptibility mechanism. Plants have a small family of eIF4E genes that encode several isoforms with distinct but overlapping functions in cell metabolism. Potyviruses use distinct eIF4E isoforms as susceptibility factors in different plants. The role of different members of the plant eIF4E family in the interaction with a given potyvirus could differ drastically. An interplay exists between different members of the eIF4E family in the context of plant-potyvirus interactions, allowing different eIF4E isoforms to modulate each other's availability as susceptibility factors for the virus. In this review, possible molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction are discussed, and approaches to identify the eIF4E isoform that plays a major role in the plant-potyvirus interaction are suggested. The final section of the review discusses how knowledge about the interaction between different eIF4E isoforms can be used to develop plants with durable resistance to potyviruses.
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7
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A binary interaction map between turnip mosaic virus and Arabidopsis thaliana proteomes. Commun Biol 2023; 6:28. [PMID: 36631662 PMCID: PMC9834402 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that have co-evolved with their hosts to establish an intricate network of protein-protein interactions. Here, we followed a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid screening to identify 378 novel protein-protein interactions between turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and its natural host Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NIb as the viral protein with the largest number of contacts, including key salicylic acid-dependent transcription regulators. We verified a subset of 25 interactions in planta by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. We then constructed and analyzed a network comprising 399 TuMV-A. thaliana interactions together with intravirus and intrahost connections. In particular, we found that the host proteins targeted by TuMV are enriched in different aspects of plant responses to infections, are more connected and have an increased capacity to spread information throughout the cell proteome, display higher expression levels, and have been subject to stronger purifying selection than expected by chance. The proviral or antiviral role of ten host proteins was validated by characterizing the infection dynamics in the corresponding mutant plants, supporting a proviral role for the transcriptional regulator TGA1. Comparison with similar studies with animal viruses, highlights shared fundamental features in their mode of action.
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Liu C, Zhang J, Wang J, Liu W, Wang K, Chen X, Wen Y, Tian S, Pu Y, Fan G, Ma X, Sun X. Tobacco mosaic virus hijacks its coat protein-interacting protein IP-L to inhibit NbCML30, a calmodulin-like protein, to enhance its infection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:677-693. [PMID: 36087000 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is an important plant immune signal that is essential for activating host resistance, but how RNA viruses manipulate calcium signals to promote their infections remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP)-interacting protein L (IP-L) associates with calmodulin-like protein 30 (NbCML30) in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and can suppress its expression at the nucleic acid and protein levels. NbCML30, which lacks the EF-hand conserved domain and cannot bind to Ca2+ , was located in the cytoplasm and nucleus and was downregulated by TMV infection. NbCML30 silencing promoted TMV infection, while its overexpression inhibited TMV infection by activating Ca2+ -dependent oxidative stress in plants. NbCML30-mediated resistance to TMV mainly depends on IP-L regulation as the facilitation of TMV infection by silencing NbCML30 was canceled by co-silencing NbCML30 and IP-L. Overall, these findings indicate that in the absence of any reported silencing suppressor activity, TMV CP manipulates IP-L to inhibit NbCML30, influencing its Ca2+ -dependent role in the oxidative stress response. These results lay a theoretical foundation that will enable us to engineer tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) with improved TMV resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Weina Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Wen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaorui Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Yundan Pu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjin Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhou Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
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Zhang C, Wang X, Li H, Wang J, Zeng Q, Huang W, Huang H, Xie Y, Yu S, Kan Q, Wang Q, Cheng Y. GLRaV-2 protein p24 suppresses host defenses by interaction with a RAV transcription factor from grapevine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1848-1865. [PMID: 35485966 PMCID: PMC9237672 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) is a prevalent virus associated with grapevine leafroll disease, but the molecular mechanism underlying GLRaV-2 infection is largely unclear. Here, we report that 24-kDa protein (p24), an RNA-silencing suppressor (RSS) encoded by GLRaV-2, promotes GLRaV-2 accumulation via interaction with the B3 DNA-binding domain of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) RELATED TO ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3/VIVIPAROUS1 (VvRAV1), a transcription factor belonging to the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) superfamily. Salicylic acid-inducible VvRAV1 positively regulates the grapevine pathogenesis-related protein 1 (VvPR1) gene by directly binding its promoter, indicating that VvRAV1 may function in the regulation of host basal defense responses. p24 hijacks VvRAV1 to the cytoplasm and employs the protein to sequester 21-nt double-stranded siRNA together, thereby enhancing its own RSS activity. Moreover, p24 enters the nucleus via interaction with VvRAV1 and weakens the latter's binding affinity to the VvPR1 promoter, leading to decreased expression of VvPR1. Our results provide a mechanism by which a viral RSS interferes with both the antiviral RNA silencing and the AP2/ERF-mediated defense responses via the targeting of one specific host factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xianyou Wang
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanwei Li
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinying Wang
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haoqiang Huang
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinshuai Xie
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shangzhen Yu
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Kan
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Agaoua A, Rittener V, Troadec C, Desbiez C, Bendahmane A, Moquet F, Dogimont C. A single substitution in Vacuolar protein sorting 4 is responsible for resistance to Watermelon mosaic virus in melon. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4008-4021. [PMID: 35394500 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In plants, introgression of genetic resistance is a proven strategy for developing new resistant lines. While host proteins involved in genome replication and cell to cell movement are widely studied, other cell mechanisms responsible for virus infection remain under investigated. Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) play a key role in membrane trafficking in plants and are involved in the replication of several plant RNA viruses. In this work, we describe the role of the ESCRT protein CmVPS4 as a new susceptibility factor to the Potyvirus Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) in melon. Using a worldwide collection of melons, we identified three different alleles carrying non-synonymous substitutions in CmVps4. Two of these alleles were shown to be associated with WMV resistance. Using a complementation approach, we demonstrated that resistance is due to a single non-synonymous substitution in the allele CmVps4P30R. This work opens up new avenues of research on a new family of host factors required for virus infection and new targets for resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimeric Agaoua
- Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables (GAFL-INRAE), 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Vincent Rittener
- Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables (GAFL-INRAE), 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Christelle Troadec
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Dogimont
- Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables (GAFL-INRAE), 84000 Avignon, France
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11
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Xu Y, Ji X, Xu Z, Yuan Y, Chen X, Kong D, Zhang Y, Sun D. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals a Petunia Transcription Factor, PhCOL4, Contributing to Antiviral RNA Silencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:876428. [PMID: 35498675 PMCID: PMC9047179 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.876428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is a common antiviral mechanism in eukaryotic organisms. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanism that controls the RNA silencing process remains elusive. Here, we performed high-depth transcriptome analysis on petunia (Petunia hybrida) leaves infected with tobacco rattle virus (TRV) strain PPK20. A total of 7,402 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Of them, some RNA silencing-related transcripts, such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs), Dicer-like RNase III enzymes (DCLs), and Argonautes (AGOs), were induced by viral attack. Furthermore, we performed TRV-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay on 39 DEGs encoding putative transcription factors (TFs), using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and phytoene desaturase (PhPDS) as reporters. Results showed that the down-regulation of PhbHLH41, PhbHLH93, PhZPT4-3, PhCOL4, PhHSF-B3A, PhNAC90, and PhWRKY75 led to enhanced TRV accumulation and inhibited PhPDS-silenced photobleaching phenotype. In contrast, silencing of PhERF22 repressed virus accumulation and promoted photobleaching development. Thus, these TFs were identified as potential positive and negative regulators of antiviral RNA silencing, respectively. One positive regulator PhCOL4, belonging to the B-box zinc finger family, was selected for further functional characterization. Silencing and transient overexpression of PhCOL4 resulted in decreased and increased expression of several RNA silencing-related genes. DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis revealed that PhCOL4 targeted PhRDR6 and PhAGO4. Dual luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays determined the binding of PhCOL4 to the PhRDR6 and PhAGO4 promoters. Our findings suggest that TRV-GFP-PhPDS-based VIGS could be helpful to identify transcriptional regulators of antiviral RNA silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingru Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanping Yuan
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiling Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Derong Kong
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Daoyang Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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12
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Jin L, Chen M, Xiang M, Guo Z. RNAi-Based Antiviral Innate Immunity in Plants. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020432. [PMID: 35216025 PMCID: PMC8875485 DOI: 10.3390/v14020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple antiviral immunities were developed to defend against viral infection in hosts. RNA interference (RNAi)-based antiviral innate immunity is evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes and plays a vital role against all types of viruses. During the arms race between the host and virus, many viruses evolve viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) to inhibit antiviral innate immunity. Here, we reviewed the mechanism at different stages in RNAi-based antiviral innate immunity in plants and the counteractions of various VSRs, mainly upon infection of RNA viruses in model plant Arabidopsis. Some critical challenges in the field were also proposed, and we think that further elucidating conserved antiviral innate immunity may convey a broad spectrum of antiviral strategies to prevent viral diseases in the future.
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13
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Chen R, Tu Z, He C, Nie X, Li K, Fei S, Song B, Nie B, Xie C. Susceptibility factor StEXA1 interacts with StnCBP to facilitate potato virus Y accumulation through the stress granule-dependent RNA regulatory pathway in potato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac159. [PMID: 36204208 PMCID: PMC9531334 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses recruit multiple host factors for translation, replication, and movement in the infection process. The loss-of-function mutation of the susceptibility genes will lead to the loss of susceptibility to viruses, which is referred to as 'recessive resistance'. Essential for potexvirus Accumulation 1 (EXA1) has been identified as a susceptibility gene required for potexvirus, lolavirus, and bacterial and oomycete pathogens. In this study, EXA1 knockdown in potato (StEXA1) was found to confer novel resistance to potato virus Y (PVY, potyvirus) in a strain-specific manner. It significantly compromised PVYO accumulation but not PVYN:O and PVYNTN. Further analysis revealed that StEXA1 is associated with the HC-Pro of PVY through a member of eIF4Es (StnCBP). HC-ProO and HC-ProN, two HC-Pro proteins from PVYO and PVYN, exhibited strong and weak interactions with StnCBP, respectively, due to their different spatial conformation. Moreover, the accumulation of PVYO was mainly dependent on the stress granules (SGs) induced by StEXA1 and StnCBP, whereas PVYN:O and PVYNTN could induce SGs by HC-ProN independently through an unknown mechanism. These results could explain why StEXA1 or StnCBP knockdown conferred resistance to PVYO but not to PVYN:O and PVYNTN. In summary, our results for the first time demonstrate that EXA1 can act as a susceptibility gene for PVY infection. Finally, a hypothetical model was proposed for understanding the mechanism by which StEXA1 interacts with StnCBP to facilitate PVY accumulation in potato through the SG-dependent RNA regulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- ERC for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhen Tu
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Changzheng He
- ERC for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xianzhou Nie
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 4Z7,
Canada
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sitian Fei
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | | | - Conghua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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14
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Karami M, Fatahi N, Lohrasebi T, Razavi K. RAV transcription factor regulatory function in response to salt stress in two Iranian wheat landraces. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:121-136. [PMID: 34853907 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Amongst the transcription factor groups, the AP2/ERF (Apetala2/Ethylene Response Factor) superfamily is one of the main groups in plants and plays an essential role in tolerating abiotic and biotic stresses. The AP2/ERF superfamily consists of ERF, AP2, RAV, and Soloist families based on the AP2 domain number. The RAV (Related to ABI3/VP1) family members have been revealed to be stimulate by a number of biotic and abiotic environmental incentives; including pathogen infection, salicylic acid, osmotic stress, cold, high salinity, wounding, and exogenous hormone application. However, limited data are available on the contributions of RAV transcription factors in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the present study, a total of 26 RAV genes were identified in wheat from a genome-wide search against the latest wheat genome data. Phylogenetic and sequence alignment analyses divided the wheat RAV genes into 4 clusters, I, II, III and IV. Chromosomal distribution, gene structure and motif composition were subsequently investigated. The 26 TaRAV genes were unevenly distributed on 21 chromosomes. After cloning and sequencing of 7 TaRAVs candidate genes the expression levels of two TaRAVs, TaRAV4 and TaRAV5, were validated through qPCR analyses in two salt-tolerant Iranian landraces of wheat. Our results showed that the TaRAV4 and TaRAV5 were co-expressed in wheat tissues and were highly correlated to salt tolerance indices such as the K+/Na+ ratio. Protein interaction revealed that the TaRAV4 and TaRAV5 were related to vital proteins such as PK4 and PP2C, and MYB and Zinc finger transcription factors, and Gigantea proteins. This study improved our knowledge of the RAV gene family function in wheat and the probable role of RAVs in salt tolerance mechanisms to improve crop production under changing environments. Also, the two relatively salt-tolerant landraces of wheat that were examined in this study could be suitable candidates for future breeding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Karami
- Agriculture Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Narjes Fatahi
- Tehranshargh, Science Faculty, Payamnoor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Lohrasebi
- Agriculture Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Razavi
- Agriculture Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Rahman A, Sinha KV, Sopory SK, Sanan-Mishra N. Influence of virus-host interactions on plant response to abiotic stress. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2225-2245. [PMID: 34050797 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors play a significant role in controlling growth, development and defense responses of plants. Changes in the abiotic environment not only significantly alter the physiological and molecular pathways in plants, but also result in attracting the insect pests that carry a payload of viruses. Invasion of plants by viruses triggers the RNA silencing based defense mechanism in plants. In counter defense the viruses have gained the ability to suppress the host RNA silencing activities. A new paradigm has emerged, with the recognition that plant viruses also have the intrinsic capacity to modulate host plant response to environmental cues, in an attempt to favour their own survival. Thus, plant-virus interactions provide an excellent system to understand the signals in crosstalk between biotic (virus) and abiotic stresses. In this review, we have summarized the basal plant defense responses to pathogen invasion while emphasizing on the role of RNA silencing as a front line of defense response to virus infection. The emerging knowledge indicates overlap between RNA silencing with the innate immune responses during antiviral defense. The suppressors of RNA silencing serve as Avr proteins, which can be recognized by the host R proteins. The defense signals also function in concert with the phytohormones to influence plant responses to abiotic stresses. The current evidence on the role of virus induced host tolerance to abiotic stresses is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Rahman
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kumari Veena Sinha
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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16
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Field S, Conner WC, Roberts DM. Arabidopsis CALMODULIN-LIKE 38 Regulates Hypoxia-Induced Autophagy of SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING 3 Bodies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:722940. [PMID: 34567037 PMCID: PMC8456008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.722940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During the energy crisis associated with submergence stress, plants restrict mRNA translation and rapidly accumulate stress granules that act as storage hubs for arrested mRNA complexes. One of the proteins associated with hypoxia-induced stress granules in Arabidopsis thaliana is the calcium-sensor protein CALMODULIN-LIKE 38 (CML38). Here, we show that SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING 3 (SGS3) is a CML38-binding protein, and that SGS3 and CML38 co-localize within hypoxia-induced RNA stress granule-like structures. Hypoxia-induced SGS3 granules are subject to turnover by autophagy, and this requires both CML38 as well as the AAA+-ATPase CELL DIVISION CYCLE 48A (CDC48A). CML38 also interacts directly with CDC48A, and CML38 recruits CDC48A to CML38 granules in planta. Together, this work demonstrates that SGS3 associates with stress granule-like structures during hypoxia stress that are subject to degradation by CML38 and CDC48-dependent autophagy. Further, the work identifies direct regulatory targets for the hypoxia calcium-sensor CML38, and suggest that CML38 association with stress granules and associated regulation of autophagy may be part of the RNA regulatory program during hypoxia stress.
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17
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Yang X, Li Y, Wang A. Research Advances in Potyviruses: From the Laboratory Bench to the Field. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:1-29. [PMID: 33891829 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potyviruses (viruses in the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) constitute the largest group of known plant-infecting RNA viruses and include many agriculturally important viruses that cause devastating epidemics and significant yield losses in many crops worldwide. Several potyviruses are recognized as the most economically important viral pathogens. Therefore, potyviruses are more studied than other groups of plant viruses. In the past decade, a large amount of knowledge has been generated to better understand potyviruses and their infection process. In this review, we list the top 10 economically important potyviruses and present a brief profile of each. We highlight recent exciting findings on the novel genome expression strategy and the biological functions of potyviral proteins and discuss recent advances in molecular plant-potyvirus interactions, particularly regarding the coevolutionary arms race. Finally, we summarize current disease control strategies, with a focus on biotechnology-based genetic resistance, and point out future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada;
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada;
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada;
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18
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Decle-Carrasco S, Rodríguez-Zapata LC, Castano E. Plant viral proteins and fibrillarin: the link to complete the infective cycle. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4677-4686. [PMID: 34036480 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between viruses with the nucleolus is already a well-defined field of study in plant virology. This interaction is not restricted to those viruses that replicate in the nucleus, in fact, RNA viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm express proteins that localize in the nucleolus. Some positive single stranded RNA viruses from animals and plants have been reported to interact with the main nucleolar protein, Fibrillarin. Among nucleolar proteins, Fibrillarin is an essential protein that has been conserved in sequence and function throughout evolution. Fibrillarin is a methyltransferase protein with more than 100 methylation sites in the pre-ribosomal RNA, involved in multiple cellular processes, including initiation of transcription, oncogenesis, and apoptosis, among others. Recently, it was found that AtFib2 shows a ribonuclease activity. In plant viruses, Fibrillarin is involved in long-distance movement and cell-to-cell movement, being two highly different processes. The mechanism that Fibrillarin performs is still unknown. However, and despite belonging to very different viral families, the majority comply with the following. (1) They are positive single stranded RNA viruses; (2) encode different types of viral proteins that partially localize in the nucleolus; (3) interacts with Fibrillarin exporting it to the cytoplasm; (4) the viral protein-Fibrillarin interaction forms an RNP complex with the viral RNA and; (5) Fibrillarin depletion affects the infective cycle of the virus. Here we review the relationship of those plant viruses with Fibrillarin interaction, with special focus on the molecular processes of the virus to sequester Fibrillarin to complete its infective cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Decle-Carrasco
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luis Carlos Rodríguez-Zapata
- Unidad de Biotecnología. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Enrique Castano
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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19
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Decle-Carrasco S, Rodríguez-Zapata LC, Castano E. Plant viral proteins and fibrillarin: the link to complete the infective cycle. Mol Biol Rep 2021. [PMID: 34036480 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06401-1/tables/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between viruses with the nucleolus is already a well-defined field of study in plant virology. This interaction is not restricted to those viruses that replicate in the nucleus, in fact, RNA viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm express proteins that localize in the nucleolus. Some positive single stranded RNA viruses from animals and plants have been reported to interact with the main nucleolar protein, Fibrillarin. Among nucleolar proteins, Fibrillarin is an essential protein that has been conserved in sequence and function throughout evolution. Fibrillarin is a methyltransferase protein with more than 100 methylation sites in the pre-ribosomal RNA, involved in multiple cellular processes, including initiation of transcription, oncogenesis, and apoptosis, among others. Recently, it was found that AtFib2 shows a ribonuclease activity. In plant viruses, Fibrillarin is involved in long-distance movement and cell-to-cell movement, being two highly different processes. The mechanism that Fibrillarin performs is still unknown. However, and despite belonging to very different viral families, the majority comply with the following. (1) They are positive single stranded RNA viruses; (2) encode different types of viral proteins that partially localize in the nucleolus; (3) interacts with Fibrillarin exporting it to the cytoplasm; (4) the viral protein-Fibrillarin interaction forms an RNP complex with the viral RNA and; (5) Fibrillarin depletion affects the infective cycle of the virus. Here we review the relationship of those plant viruses with Fibrillarin interaction, with special focus on the molecular processes of the virus to sequester Fibrillarin to complete its infective cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Decle-Carrasco
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luis Carlos Rodríguez-Zapata
- Unidad de Biotecnología. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Enrique Castano
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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20
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Veluthambi K, Sunitha S. Targets and Mechanisms of Geminivirus Silencing Suppressor Protein AC2. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:645419. [PMID: 33897657 PMCID: PMC8062710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.645419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are plant DNA viruses that infect a wide range of plant species and cause significant losses to economically important food and fiber crops. The single-stranded geminiviral genome encodes a small number of proteins which act in an orchestrated manner to infect the host. The fewer proteins encoded by the virus are multifunctional, a mechanism uniquely evolved by the viruses to balance the genome-constraint. The host-mediated resistance against incoming virus includes post-transcriptional gene silencing, transcriptional gene silencing, and expression of defense responsive genes and other cellular regulatory genes. The pathogenicity property of a geminiviral protein is linked to its ability to suppress the host-mediated defense mechanism. This review discusses what is currently known about the targets and mechanism of the viral suppressor AC2/AL2/transcriptional activator protein (TrAP) and explore the biotechnological applications of AC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppannan Veluthambi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Sukumaran Sunitha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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21
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Overexpression of an insect virus encoded silencing suppressor does not enhance plants' susceptibility to its natural virus. Virusdisease 2021; 32:338-342. [PMID: 34350319 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing plays a key role in shielding plant and animal hosts against viral invasion and infection. Viruses encode RNA silencing suppressors (RSS) to block small RNA guided silencing of viral transcripts. The B2 protein encoded by Flock House virus (FHV) is a well-characterized RSS that facilitates infection in insects. It has been shown to act as a functional RSS in plants. FHVB2 over-expressing tobacco plants were used to study the effect of RSS on plant susceptibility to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), its natural pathogen. The major symptoms observed in TMV-infected transgenic plants were greenish mosaic, puckering and distortion of leaves, but the infected transgenic leaves were able to resist chlorophyll loss. The infected leaves of transgenic plants showed no significant difference in accumulation of virus when compared with that of the wild type plants. FHVB2 plants showed higher levels of H2O2 and the ROS scavenging enzymes, APX and SOD. This suggests that interference of FHVB2 with RNA silencing machinery may activate alternative defense pathways in the plants so that they are not overly sensitive to TMV infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-020-00644-5.
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22
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Jin Y, Zhao JH, Guo HS. Recent advances in understanding plant antiviral RNAi and viral suppressors of RNAi. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 46:65-72. [PMID: 33360834 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular plant-virus interactions provide an excellent model to understanding host antiviral immunity and viral counter-defense mechanisms. The primary antiviral defense is triggered inside the infected plant cell by virus-derived small-interfering RNAs, which guide homology-dependent RNA interference (RNAi) and/or RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) to target RNA and DNA viruses. In counter-defense, plant viruses have independently evolved viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs) to specifically antagonize antiviral RNAi. Recent studies have shown that plant antiviral responses are regulated by endogenous small silencing RNAs, RNA decay and autophagy and that some known VSRs of plant RNA and DNA viruses also target these newly recognized defense responses to promote infection. This review focuses on these recent advances that have revealed multilayered regulation of plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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23
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Han K, Huang H, Zheng H, Ji M, Yuan Q, Cui W, Zhang H, Peng J, Lu Y, Rao S, Wu G, Lin L, Song X, Sun Z, Li J, Zhang C, Lou Y, Chen J, Yan F. Rice stripe virus coat protein induces the accumulation of jasmonic acid, activating plant defence against the virus while also attracting its vector to feed. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1647-1653. [PMID: 32969146 PMCID: PMC7694675 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The jasmonic acid (JA) pathway plays crucial roles in plant defence against pathogens and herbivores. Rice stripe virus (RSV) is the type member of the genus Tenuivirus. It is transmitted by the small brown planthopper (SBPH) and causes damaging epidemics in East Asia. The role(s) that JA may play in the tripartite interaction against RSV, its host, and vector are poorly understood. Here, we found that the JA pathway was induced by RSV infection and played a defence role against RSV. The coat protein (CP) was the major viral component responsible for inducing the JA pathway. Methyl jasmonate treatment attracted SBPHs to feed on rice plants while a JA-deficient mutant was less attractive than wild-type rice. SBPHs showed an obvious preference for feeding on transgenic rice lines expressing RSV CP. Our results demonstrate that CP is an inducer of the JA pathway that activates plant defence against RSV while also attracting SBPHs to feed and benefitting viral transmission. This is the first report of the function of JA in the tripartite interaction between RSV, its host, and its vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelei Han
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Haijian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Mengfei Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Weijun Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Hehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Xuemei Song
- School of MedicineNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Junmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Chuanxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
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Wu C, Kannan S, Verma CS, Swaminathan K, Wong SM. Molecular modeling and interaction between Arabidopsis sulfite oxidase and the GW motif of Turnip crinkle virus coat protein. Virology 2020; 551:64-74. [PMID: 33038689 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous study has shown that Hibiscus sulfite oxidase (SO) interacts with Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV) coat protein (CP) and triggers sulfur enhanced defense (SED). In this study, we show the interaction of Arabidopsis SO (AtSO) and Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) CP in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. We identified the binding sites of TCV CP (W274) and AtSO (D223) using bioinformatics and confirmed it experimentally. Mutation of binding site W274 to A274 in TCV CP resulted in failure of TCV infection. TCV accumulation in SO over-expression (SO_OE) plants was lower than that in wild-type (WT) and SO knock-out (SO_KO) plants at 7 dpi but reached a level similar to that of WT and SO_KO plants at 10 dpi. AtSO competed with Argonaute 1 (AGO1) for TCV CP binding in vitro. AtSO may serve as an anti-viral factor through sequestering TCV CP for binding with AGO1 and confers virus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore
| | | | - Chandra S Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis St, 07-01 Matrix, 138671, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, 637551, Singapore
| | - Kunchithapadam Swaminathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore.
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link Road, 117604, Singapore; National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
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25
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De S, Pollari M, Varjosalo M, Mäkinen K. Association of host protein VARICOSE with HCPro within a multiprotein complex is crucial for RNA silencing suppression, translation, encapsidation and systemic spread of potato virus A infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008956. [PMID: 33045020 PMCID: PMC7581364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the significance of a conserved five-amino acid motif 'AELPR' in the C-terminal region of helper component-proteinase (HCPro) for potato virus A (PVA; genus Potyvirus) infection. This motif is a putative interaction site for WD40 domain-containing proteins, including VARICOSE (VCS). We abolished the interaction site in HCPro by replacing glutamic acid (E) and arginine (R) with alanines (A) to generate HCProWD. These mutations partially eliminated HCPro-VCS co-localization in cells. We have earlier described potyvirus-induced RNA granules (PGs) in which HCPro and VCS co-localize and proposed that they have a role in RNA silencing suppression. We now demonstrate that the ability of HCProWD to induce PGs, introduce VCS into PGs, and suppress RNA silencing was impaired. Accordingly, PVA carrying HCProWD (PVAWD) infected Nicotiana benthamiana less efficiently than wild-type PVA (PVAWT) and HCProWD complemented the lack of HCPro in PVA gene expression only partially. HCPro was purified from PVA-infected leaves as part of high molecular weight (HMW) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. These complexes were more stable when associated with wild-type HCPro than with HCProWD. Moreover, VCS and two viral components of the HMW-complexes, viral protein genome-linked and cylindrical inclusion protein were specifically decreased in HCProWD-containing HMW-complexes. A VPg-mediated boost in translation of replication-deficient PVA (PVAΔGDD) was observed only if viral RNA expressed wild-type HCPro. The role of VCS-VPg-HCPro coordination in PVA translation was further supported by results from VCS silencing and overexpression experiments and by significantly elevated PVA-derived Renilla luciferase vs PVA RNA ratio upon VPg-VCS co-expression. Finally, we found that PVAWD was unable to form virus particles or to spread systemically in the infected plant. We highlight the role of HCPro-VCS containing multiprotein assemblies associated with PVA RNA in protecting it from degradation, ensuring efficient translation, formation of stable virions and establishment of systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnalok De
- University of Helsinki, Department of Microbiology and Viikki Plant Science Centre, Finland
| | - Maija Pollari
- University of Helsinki, Department of Microbiology and Viikki Plant Science Centre, Finland
| | | | - Kristiina Mäkinen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Microbiology and Viikki Plant Science Centre, Finland
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26
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Kumar S, Karmakar R, Gupta I, Patel AK. Interaction of potyvirus helper component-proteinase (HcPro) with RuBisCO and nucleosome in viral infections of plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:313-322. [PMID: 32251956 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) causes severe disease in Phaseolus vulgaris plants. One of its non structural protein, the helper-component proteinase (HcPro) involves in multiple roles in aphid transmission, RNA binding, suppression of gene silencing and protease activity. The multifunctional role of HcPro hint towards its regulation at multiple host cellular sites. The mechanisms of these regulatory activities are poorly understood. Therefore, it is very important to study the molecular level interaction of HcPro with different cellular components. In this study, we demonstrate that the HcPro interacts with RuBisCo, an enzyme of chloroplast origin which might plays a crucial role in virus infection. A further line of experiments were carried out with factors of nuclear origin. Due to nucleic acid binding activity of HcPro, it showed interaction with dsDNA of nucleosome, as ascertained through electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Interestingly, HcPro interacts with host nucleoprotein histones, H3 and H4. The gel-overlay assay and native electrophoresis-western blot analysis (NEWeB) revealed a direct interaction of BCMV HcPro with host nucleosome and with histones. These findings suggest that the BCMV through HcPro, not only utilize the host cytoplasmic components but also use host nuclear factors for its propagation and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Ruma Karmakar
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 10016, India
| | - Ishu Gupta
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Patel
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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27
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Hyodo K, Okuno T. Hijacking of host cellular components as proviral factors by plant-infecting viruses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:37-86. [PMID: 32711734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses are important pathogens that cause serious crop losses worldwide. They are obligate intracellular parasites that commandeer a wide array of proteins, as well as metabolic resources, from infected host cells. In the past two decades, our knowledge of plant-virus interactions at the molecular level has exploded, which provides insights into how plant-infecting viruses co-opt host cellular machineries to accomplish their infection. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how plant viruses divert cellular components from their original roles to proviral functions. One emerging theme is that plant viruses have versatile strategies that integrate a host factor that is normally engaged in plant defense against invading pathogens into a viral protein complex that facilitates viral infection. We also highlight viral manipulation of cellular key regulatory systems for successful virus infection: posttranslational protein modifications for fine control of viral and cellular protein dynamics; glycolysis and fermentation pathways to usurp host resources, and ion homeostasis to create a cellular environment that is beneficial for viral genome replication. A deeper understanding of viral-infection strategies will pave the way for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Hyodo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Okuno
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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28
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Differential Accumulation of Innate- and Adaptive-Immune-Response-Derived Transcripts during Antagonism between Papaya Ringspot Virus and Papaya Mosaic Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020230. [PMID: 32092910 PMCID: PMC7077339 DOI: 10.3390/v12020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), a common potyvirus infecting papaya plants worldwide, can lead to either antagonism or synergism in mixed infections with Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV), a potexvirus. These two unrelated viruses produce antagonism or synergism depending on their order of infection in the plant. When PRSV is inoculated first or at the same time as PapMV, the viral interaction is synergistic. However, an antagonistic response is observed when PapMV is inoculated before PRSV. In the antagonistic condition, PRSV is deterred from the plant and its drastic effects are overcome. Here, we examine differences in gene expression by high-throughput RNA sequencing, focused on immune system pathways. We present the transcriptomic expression of single and mixed inoculations of PRSV and PapMV leading to synergism and antagonism. Upregulation of dominant and hormone-mediated resistance transcripts suggests that the innate immune system participates in synergism. In antagonism, in addition to innate immunity, upregulation of RNA interference-mediated resistance transcripts suggests that adaptive immunity is involved.
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29
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Cui C, Wang JJ, Zhao JH, Fang YY, He XF, Guo HS, Duan CG. A Brassica miRNA Regulates Plant Growth and Immunity through Distinct Modes of Action. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:231-245. [PMID: 31794845 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, high disease resistance often results in a reduction of yield. Therefore, breeding crops with balanced yield and disease resistance has become a major challenge. Recently, microRNA (miRNA)-mediated R gene turnover has been shown to be a protective mechanism used by plants to prevent autoimmunity in the absence of pathogens. However, whether these miRNAs play a role in plant growth and how miRNA-mediated R gene turnover responds to pathogen infection have rarely been explored. Here, we found that a Brassica miRNA, miR1885, targets both an immune receptor gene and a development-related gene for negative regulation through distinct modes of action. MiR1885 directly silences the TIR-NBS-LRR class of R gene BraTNL1 but represses the expression of the photosynthesis-related gene BraCP24 by targeting the Trans-Acting Silencing (TAS) gene BraTIR1 for trans-acting small interfering RNAs (tasiRNAs)-mediated silencing. We found that, under natural conditions, miR1885 was kept at low levels to maintain normal development and basal immunity but peaked during the floral transition to promote flowering. Interestingly, upon Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection, miR1885-dependent trans-acting silencing of BraCP24 was enhanced to speed up the floral transition, whereas miR1885-mediated R gene turnover was overcome by TuMV-induced BraTNL1 expression, reflecting precise regulation of the arms race between plants and pathogens. Collectively, our results demonstrate that a single Brassica miRNA dynamically regulates both innate immunity and plant growth and responds to viral infection, revealing that Brassica plants have developed a sophisticated mechanism in modulating the interplay between growth, immunity, and pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang-Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Cheng-Guo Duan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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Wang S, Guo T, Wang Z, Kang J, Yang Q, Shen Y, Long R. Expression of Three Related to ABI3/VP1 Genes in Medicago truncatula Caused Increased Stress Resistance and Branch Increase in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:611. [PMID: 32523590 PMCID: PMC7261895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Related to ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3)/VIVIPAROUS1(VP1)(RAV) transcription factors, which encode a B3 domain and an APETALA2(AP2) domain, belong to the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding factor(AP2/ERF) or B3 superfamily and play an important role in regulating plant growth and development and responding to abiotic stress. Although there have been many functional studies on RAV, the functional differences between RAVs are not clear. Therefore, in this study, the functional differences of RAVs of Medicago truncatula were analyzed. Based on sequence data from the plant transcription factor database and the M. truncatula genome database, we cloned three RAV genes from M. truncatula, named MtRAV1, MtRAV2, and MtRAV3. The cis-acting elements of these genes promoters were predicted, and the expression patterns of MtRAVs under exogenous conditions (4°C, NaCl, Polyethylene Glycol, Abscisic acid) were analyzed. MtRAVs transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana were obtained and subjected to adversity treatment. Subcellular localization results indicated that MtRAVs were located in the nucleus. A much lower expression level was observed for MtRAV3 than the levels of MtRAV1 and MtRAV2 in M. truncatula for growth in normal conditions, but under 4°C or PEG and NaCl treatment, the expression level of MtRAV3 was significantly increased. Only the MtRAV3 overexpression transgenic plants showed strong cold resistance, but the overexpressed MtRAV1 and MtRAV2 transgenic plants showed no difference from wild type plants. MtRAV transgenic plants exhibited similar response to exogenous mannitol, NaCl, and ABA, and the expression of some adverse-related marker genes were up-regulated, such as COLD REGULATED 414 THYLAKOID MEMBRANE 1 (COR414-TM1), Arabidopsis thaliana drought-induced 21 (AtDI21), and Arabidopsis thaliana phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (ATPLC). MtRAVs transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana exhibited increasing of branch number. These results indicated that there was some function redundancy during MtRAVs proteins of M. truncatula, and MtRAV3 has increased function compared to the other two genes. The results of this study should provide the foundation for future application of MtRAVs in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Wang
- College of Agro-Grassland Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Guo
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Shen
- College of Agro-Grassland Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yixin Shen,
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ruicai Long,
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31
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Kamal H, Minhas FUAA, Tripathi D, Abbasi WA, Hamza M, Mustafa R, Khan MZ, Mansoor S, Pappu HR, Amin I. βC1, pathogenicity determinant encoded by Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite, interacts with calmodulin-like protein 11 (Gh-CML11) in Gossypium hirsutum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225876. [PMID: 31794580 PMCID: PMC6890265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses interfere with host plant machinery to evade host defense mechanism by interacting with plant proteins. In the old world, this group of viruses are usually associated with betasatellite that induces severe disease symptoms by encoding a protein, βC1, which is a pathogenicity determinant. Here, we show that βC1 encoded by Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) requires Gossypium hirsutum calmodulin-like protein 11 (Gh-CML11) to infect cotton. First, we used the in silico approach to predict the interaction of CLCuMB-βC1 with Gh-CML11. A number of sequence- and structure-based in-silico interaction prediction techniques suggested a strong putative binding of CLCuMB-βC1 with Gh-CML11 in a Ca+2-dependent manner. In-silico interaction prediction was then confirmed by three different experimental approaches: The Gh-CML11 interaction was confirmed using CLCuMB-βC1 in a yeast two hybrid system and pull down assay. These results were further validated using bimolecular fluorescence complementation system showing the interaction in cytoplasmic veins of Nicotiana benthamiana. Bioinformatics and molecular studies suggested that CLCuMB-βC1 induces the overexpression of Gh-CML11 protein and ultimately provides calcium as a nutrient source for virus movement and transmission. This is the first comprehensive study on the interaction between CLCuMB-βC1 and Gh-CML11 proteins which provided insights into our understating of the role of βC1 in cotton leaf curl disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Kamal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Wajid Arshad Abbasi
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamza
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Roma Mustafa
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Diao P, Zhang Q, Sun H, Ma W, Cao A, Yu R, Wang J, Niu Y, Wuriyanghan H. miR403a and SA Are Involved in NbAGO2 Mediated Antiviral Defenses Against TMV Infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E526. [PMID: 31336929 PMCID: PMC6679004 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi (RNA interference) is an important defense response against virus infection in plants. The core machinery of the RNAi pathway in plants include DCL (Dicer Like), AGO (Argonaute) and RdRp (RNA dependent RNA polymerase). Although involvement of these RNAi components in virus infection responses was demonstrated in Arabidopsis thaliana, their contribution to antiviral immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana, a model plant for plant-pathogen interaction studies, is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of N. benthamiana NbAGO2 gene against TMV (Tomato mosaic virus) infection. Silencing of NbAGO2 by transient expression of an hpRNA construct recovered GFP (Green fluorescent protein) expression in GFP-silenced plant, demonstrating that NbAGO2 participated in RNAi process in N. benthamiana. Expression of NbAGO2 was transcriptionally induced by both MeSA (Methylsalicylate acid) treatment and TMV infection. Down-regulation of NbAGO2 gene by amiR-NbAGO2 transient expression compromised plant resistance against TMV infection. Inhibition of endogenous miR403a, a predicted regulatory microRNA of NbAGO2, reduced TMV infection. Our study provides evidence for the antiviral role of NbAGO2 against a Tobamovirus family virus TMV in N. benthamiana, and SA (Salicylic acid) mediates this by induction of NbAGO2 expression upon TMV infection. Our data also highlighted that miR403a was involved in TMV defense by regulation of target NbAGO2 gene in N. Benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Diao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Qimeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Aiping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Ruonan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Yiding Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China.
| | - Hada Wuriyanghan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China.
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Wang S, Han K, Peng J, Zhao J, Jiang L, Lu Y, Zheng H, Lin L, Chen J, Yan F. NbALD1 mediates resistance to turnip mosaic virus by regulating the accumulation of salicylic acid and the ethylene pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:990-1004. [PMID: 31012537 PMCID: PMC6589722 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
AGD2-LIKE DEFENCE RESPONSE PROTEIN 1 (ALD1) triggers plant defence against bacterial and fungal pathogens by regulating the salicylic acid (SA) pathway and an unknown SA-independent pathway. We now show that Nicotiana benthamiana ALD1 is involved in defence against a virus and that the ethylene pathway also participates in ALD1-mediated resistance. NbALD1 was up-regulated in plants infected with turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Silencing of NbALD1 facilitated TuMV infection, while overexpression of NbALD1 or exogenous application of pipecolic acid (Pip), the downstream product of ALD1, enhanced resistance to TuMV. The SA content was lower in NbALD1-silenced plants and higher where NbALD1 was overexpressed or following Pip treatments. SA mediated resistance to TuMV and was required for NbALD1-mediated resistance. However, on NahG plants (in which SA cannot accumulate), Pip treatment still alleviated susceptibility to TuMV, further demonstrating the presence of an SA-independent resistance pathway. The ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC), accumulated in NbALD1-silenced plants but was reduced in plants overexpressing NbALD1 or treated with Pip. Silencing of ACS1, a key gene in the ethylene pathway, alleviated the susceptibility of NbALD1-silenced plants to TuMV, while exogenous application of ACC compromised the resistance of Pip-treated or NbALD1 transgenic plants. The results indicate that NbALD1 mediates resistance to TuMV by positively regulating the resistant SA pathway and negatively regulating the susceptible ethylene pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Kelei Han
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Lin Lin
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Fei Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
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Huang X, Yu R, Li W, Geng L, Jing X, Zhu C, Liu H. Identification and characterisation of a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein as an endogenous suppressor of RNA silencing from Nicotiana glutinosa. PLANTA 2019; 249:1811-1822. [PMID: 30840177 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study shows that NgRBP suppresses both local and systemic RNA silencing induced by sense- or double-stranded RNA, and the RNA binding activity is essential for its function. To counteract host defence, many plant viruses encode viral suppressors of RNA silencing targeting various stages of RNA silencing. There is increasing evidence that the plants also encode endogenous suppressors of RNA silencing (ESR) to regulate this pathway. In this study, using Agrobacterium infiltration assays, we characterized NgRBP, a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein from Nicotiana glutinosa, as an ESR. Our results indicated that NgRBP suppressed both local and systemic RNA silencing induced by sense- or double-stranded RNA. We also demonstrated that NgRBP could promote Potato Virus X (PVX) infection in N. benthamiana. NgRBP knockdown by virus-induced gene silencing enhanced PVX and Cucumber mosaic virus resistance in N. glutinosa. RNA immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that NgRBP bound to GFP mRNA, dsRNA rather than siRNA. These findings provide the evidence that NgRBP acts as an ESR and the RNA affinity of NgRBP plays the key role in its ESR activity. NgRBP responds to multiple signals such as ABA, MeJA, SA, and Tobacco mosaic virus infection. Therefore, it could participate in the regulation of gene expression under specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Ru Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Liwei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuli Jing
- Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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RNA Interference: A Natural Immune System of Plants to Counteract Biotic Stressors. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010038. [PMID: 30634662 PMCID: PMC6356646 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interactions, plants have to defend the living transposable elements from pathogens. In response to such elements, plants activate a variety of defense mechanisms to counteract the aggressiveness of biotic stressors. RNA interference (RNAi) is a key biological process in plants to inhibit gene expression both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally, using three different groups of proteins to resist the virulence of pathogens. However, pathogens trigger an anti-silencing mechanism through the expression of suppressors to block host RNAi. The disruption of the silencing mechanism is a virulence strategy of pathogens to promote infection in the invaded hosts. In this review, we summarize the RNA silencing pathway, anti-silencing suppressors, and counter-defenses of plants to viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogens.
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Paudel DB, Sanfaçon H. Exploring the Diversity of Mechanisms Associated With Plant Tolerance to Virus Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1575. [PMID: 30450108 PMCID: PMC6224807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance is defined as an interaction in which viruses accumulate to some degree without causing significant loss of vigor or fitness to their hosts. Tolerance can be described as a stable equilibrium between the virus and its host, an interaction in which each partner not only accommodate trade-offs for survival but also receive some benefits (e.g., protection of the plant against super-infection by virulent viruses; virus invasion of meristem tissues allowing vertical transmission). This equilibrium, which would be associated with little selective pressure for the emergence of severe viral strains, is common in wild ecosystems and has important implications for the management of viral diseases in the field. Plant viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that divert the host cellular machinery to complete their infection cycle. Highjacking/modification of plant factors can affect plant vigor and fitness. In addition, the toxic effects of viral proteins and the deployment of plant defense responses contribute to the induction of symptoms ranging in severity from tissue discoloration to malformation or tissue necrosis. The impact of viral infection is also influenced by the virulence of the specific virus strain (or strains for mixed infections), the host genotype and environmental conditions. Although plant resistance mechanisms that restrict virus accumulation or movement have received much attention, molecular mechanisms associated with tolerance are less well-understood. We review the experimental evidence that supports the concept that tolerance can be achieved by reaching the proper balance between plant defense responses and virus counter-defenses. We also discuss plant translation repression mechanisms, plant protein degradation or modification pathways and viral self-attenuation strategies that regulate the accumulation or activity of viral proteins to mitigate their impact on the host. Finally, we discuss current progress and future opportunities toward the application of various tolerance mechanisms in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Babu Paudel
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
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Paudel DB, Ghoshal B, Jossey S, Ludman M, Fatyol K, Sanfaçon H. Expression and antiviral function of ARGONAUTE 2 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with two isolates of tomato ringspot virus with varying degrees of virulence. Virology 2018; 524:127-139. [PMID: 30195250 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ARGONAUTEs (notably AGO1 and AGO2) are effectors of plant antiviral RNA silencing. AGO1 was shown to be required for the temperature-dependent symptom recovery of Nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with tomato ringspot virus (isolate ToRSV-Rasp1) at 27 °C. In this study, we show that symptom recovery from isolate ToRSV-GYV shares similar hallmarks of antiviral RNA silencing but occurs at a wider range of temperatures (21-27 °C). At 21 °C, an early spike in AGO2 mRNAs accumulation was observed in plants infected with either ToRSV-Rasp1 or ToRSV-GYV but the AGO2 protein was only consistently detected in ToRSV-GYV infected plants. Symptom recovery from ToRSV-GYV at 21 °C was not prevented in an ago2 mutant or by silencing of AGO1 or AGO2. We conclude that other factors (possibly other AGOs) contribute to symptom recovery under these conditions. The results also highlight distinct expression patterns of AGO2 in response to ToRSV isolates and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Babu Paudel
- Dept of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Basudev Ghoshal
- Dept of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Sushma Jossey
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 5000, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, BC, Canada V0H 1Z0
| | - Marta Ludman
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Karoly Fatyol
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 5000, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, BC, Canada V0H 1Z0.
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Garcia-Ruiz H. Susceptibility Genes to Plant Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E484. [PMID: 30201857 PMCID: PMC6164914 DOI: 10.3390/v10090484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses use cellular factors and resources to replicate and move. Plants respond to viral infection by several mechanisms, including innate immunity, autophagy, and gene silencing, that viruses must evade or suppress. Thus, the establishment of infection is genetically determined by the availability of host factors necessary for virus replication and movement and by the balance between plant defense and viral suppression of defense responses. Host factors may have antiviral or proviral activities. Proviral factors condition susceptibility to viruses by participating in processes essential to the virus. Here, we review current advances in the identification and characterization of host factors that condition susceptibility to plant viruses. Host factors with proviral activity have been identified for all parts of the virus infection cycle: viral RNA translation, viral replication complex formation, accumulation or activity of virus replication proteins, virus movement, and virion assembly. These factors could be targets of gene editing to engineer resistance to plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA.
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39
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Li F, Wang A. RNA decay is an antiviral defense in plants that is counteracted by viral RNA silencing suppressors. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007228. [PMID: 30075014 PMCID: PMC6101400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exonuclease-mediated RNA decay in plants is known to be involved primarily in endogenous RNA degradation, and several RNA decay components have been suggested to attenuate RNA silencing possibly through competing for RNA substrates. In this paper, we report that overexpression of key cytoplasmic 5'-3' RNA decay pathway gene-encoded proteins (5'RDGs) such as decapping protein 2 (DCP2) and exoribonuclease 4 (XRN4) in Nicotiana benthamiana fails to suppress sense transgene-induced post-transcriptional gene silencing (S-PTGS). On the contrary, knock-down of these 5'RDGs attenuates S-PTGS and supresses the generation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). We show that 5'RDGs degrade transgene transcripts via the RNA decay pathway when the S-PTGS pathway is disabled. Thus, RNA silencing and RNA decay degrade exogenous gene transcripts in a hierarchical and coordinated manner. Moreover, we present evidence that infection by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) activates RNA decay and 5'RDGs also negatively regulate TuMV RNA accumulation. We reveal that RNA silencing and RNA decay can mediate degradation of TuMV RNA in the same way that they target transgene transcripts. Furthermore, we demonstrate that VPg and HC-Pro, the two known viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) of potyviruses, bind to DCP2 and XRN4, respectively, and the interactions compromise their antiviral function. Taken together, our data highlight the overlapping function of the RNA silencing and RNA decay pathways in plants, as evidenced by their hierarchical and concerted actions against exogenous and viral RNA, and VSRs not only counteract RNA silencing but also subvert RNA decay to promote viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Lim H, Paek SH, Oh SE. Effect of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-induced ethylene on cellulose synthase A (CesA) genes in flax (Linum usitatissimum L. 'Nike') seedlings. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:1237-1248. [PMID: 30032481 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellulose microfibril is a major cell wall polymer that plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. The gene cellulose synthase A (CesA), encoding cellulose synthases, is involved in the synthesis of cellulose microfibrils. However, the regulatory mechanism of CesA gene expression is not well understood, especially during the early developmental stages. OBJECTIVE To identify factor(s) that regulate the expression of CesA genes and ultimately control seedling growth and development. METHODS The presence of cis-elements in the promoter region of the eight CesA genes identified in flax (Linum usitatissimum L. 'Nike') seedlings was verified, and three kinds of ethylene-responsive cis-elements were identified in the promoters. Therefore, the effect of ethylene on the expression of four selected CesA genes classified into Clades 1 and 6 after treatment with 10-4 and 10-3 M 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) was examined in the hypocotyl of 4-6-day-old flax seedlings. RESULTS ACC-induced ethylene either up- or down-regulated the expression of the CesA genes depending on the clade to which these genes belonged, age of seedlings, part of the hypocotyl, and concentration of ACC. CONCLUSION Ethylene might be one of the factors regulating the expression of CesA genes in flax seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Paek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Valli AA, Gallo A, Rodamilans B, López‐Moya JJ, García JA. The HCPro from the Potyviridae family: an enviable multitasking Helper Component that every virus would like to have. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:744-763. [PMID: 28371183 PMCID: PMC6638112 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses have very compact genomes and so provide a unique opportunity to study how evolution works to optimize the use of very limited genomic information. A widespread viral strategy to solve this issue concerning the coding space relies on the expression of proteins with multiple functions. Members of the family Potyviridae, the most abundant group of RNA viruses in plants, offer several attractive examples of viral factors which play roles in diverse infection-related pathways. The Helper Component Proteinase (HCPro) is an essential and well-characterized multitasking protein for which at least three independent functions have been described: (i) viral plant-to-plant transmission; (ii) polyprotein maturation; and (iii) RNA silencing suppression. Moreover, multitudes of host factors have been found to interact with HCPro. Intriguingly, most of these partners have not been ascribed to any of the HCPro roles during the infectious cycle, supporting the idea that this protein might play even more roles than those already established. In this comprehensive review, we attempt to summarize our current knowledge about HCPro and its already attributed and putative novel roles, and to discuss the similarities and differences regarding this factor in members of this important viral family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Araiz Gallo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB‐CSIC)Madrid28049Spain
| | | | - Juan José López‐Moya
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG‐CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB), Campus UABBellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
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Chen L, Yan Z, Xia Z, Cheng Y, Jiao Z, Sun B, Zhou T, Fan Z. A Violaxanthin Deepoxidase Interacts with a Viral Suppressor of RNA Silencing to Inhibit Virus Amplification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1774-1794. [PMID: 29021224 PMCID: PMC5717725 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing plays a critical role against viral infection. To counteract this antiviral silencing, viruses have evolved various RNA silencing suppressors. Meanwhile, plants have evolved counter-counter defense strategies against RNA silencing suppression (RSS). In this study, the violaxanthin deepoxidase protein of maize (Zea mays), ZmVDE, was shown to interact specifically with the helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro; a viral RNA silencing suppressor) of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) via its mature protein region by yeast two-hybrid assay, which was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. It was demonstrated that amino acids 101 to 460 in HC-Pro and the amino acid glutamine-292 in ZmVDE mature protein were essential for this interaction. The mRNA levels of ZmVDE were down-regulated 75% to 65% at an early stage of SCMV infection. Interestingly, ZmVDE, which normally localized in the chloroplasts and cytoplasm, could relocalize to HC-Pro-containing aggregate bodies in the presence of HC-Pro alone or SCMV infection. In addition, ZmVDE could attenuate the RSS activity of HC-Pro in a specific protein interaction-dependent manner. Subsequently, transient silencing of the ZmVDE gene facilitated SCMV RNA and coat protein accumulation. Taken together, our results suggest that ZmVDE interacts with SCMV HC-Pro and attenuates its RSS activity, contributing to decreased SCMV accumulation. This study demonstrates that a host factor can be involved in secondary defense responses against viral infection in monocot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaoling Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuqin Cheng
- Department of Pomology/Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits-Key Laboratory of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Biao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhao S, Hong W, Wu J, Wang Y, Ji S, Zhu S, Wei C, Zhang J, Li Y. A viral protein promotes host SAMS1 activity and ethylene production for the benefit of virus infection. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28994391 PMCID: PMC5634785 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene plays critical roles in plant development and biotic stress response, but the mechanism of ethylene in host antiviral response remains unclear. Here, we report that Rice dwarf virus (RDV) triggers ethylene production by stimulating the activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS), a key component of the ethylene synthesis pathway, resulting in elevated susceptibility to RDV. RDV-encoded Pns11 protein specifically interacted with OsSAMS1 to enhance its enzymatic activity, leading to higher ethylene levels in both RDV-infected and Pns11-overexpressing rice. Consistent with a counter-defense role for ethylene, Pns11-overexpressing rice, as well as those overexpressing OsSAMS1, were substantially more susceptible to RDV infection, and a similar effect was observed in rice plants treated with an ethylene precursor. Conversely, OsSAMS1-knockout mutants, as well as an osein2 mutant defective in ethylene signaling, resisted RDV infection more robustly. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism which RDV manipulates ethylene biosynthesis in the host plants to achieve efficient infection. Rice provides food for billions of people all over the world, but diseases caused by plant-infecting viruses cause serious risks to the production of rice. As a result, there is an urgent demand for developing new and impactful ways to help defend rice plants from harmful viruses. Toward this goal, it will be important to better understand how viruses actually cause diseases in plants. Plants make chemicals known as hormones to control their own development, and hormone production is often disturbed when viruses infect rice plants. Many viruses cause infected plants to make more of a gaseous hormone called ethylene, which benefits the viruses. Yet, it is still not known how virus infection induces the production of more ethylene. Zhao, Hong et al. have exposed rice plants to infection with a virus called rice dwarf virus. Infected plants made more ethylene than normal, which did indeed help the virus to infect. Further experiments then showed that an enzyme that makes one of the building blocks needed to produce ethylene became more active after infection with this virus. Next, Zhao, Hong et al. engineered rice plants to make more or less of this building block – which is known as S-adenosyl-L-methionine or SAM for short. Plants with too much SAM were less able to defend themselves against the virus, while plants that lacked SAM were better able to fight off viral infection. Zhao, Hong et al. suggest that engineering rice plants to make less of the SAM-producing enzyme could make them more resistant to viruses. Further work will also be needed to find out why ethylene benefits viral infection, and to confirm whether ethylene also performs similar roles when rice is infected with other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Geng C, Wang H, Liu J, Yan Z, Tian Y, Yuan X, Gao R, Li X. Transcriptomic changes in Nicotiana benthamiana plants inoculated with the wild-type or an attenuated mutant of Tobacco vein banding mosaic virus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1175-1188. [PMID: 27539720 PMCID: PMC6638280 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV) is a potyvirus which mainly infects solanaceous crops. The helper component proteinase (HCpro) of a potyvirus is an RNA silencing suppressor protein and determines the severity of disease symptoms caused by different potyviruses, including TVBMV. It has been shown that substitution mutations introduced into the HCpro open reading frame (ORF) in a TVBMV infectious clone result in changes of Asp189 to Lys or Ile250 -Gln251 to Asp-Glu (Asp, aspartic acid; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamic acid; Ile, isoleucine). These amino acid changes eliminate the RNA silencing suppression activity of the mutant HCpro (HCm) and attenuate the disease symptoms caused by the mutant TVBMV (T-HCm) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Here, we used RNA-sequencing technology to compare gene expression in plants inoculated with the wild-type TVBMV (T-WT) with that in plants inoculated with T-HCm at 1, 2 and 10 days post-agroinfiltration (dpai). At 1 and 2 dpai, N. benthamiana genes related to the translation machinery were up-regulated, whereas genes related to lipid biosynthesis and metabolism or to responses to extracellular/external stimuli were down-regulated in leaves inoculated with T-WT or T-HCm. At 10 dpai, T-WT infection repressed photosynthesis-related genes. T-WT and T-HCm infections differentially perturbed the genes involved in the RNA silencing pathway. The salicylic acid and ethylene signalling pathways were induced, but the jasmonic acid signalling pathway was repressed after T-WT infection. Infections of T-WT and T-HCm also differentially regulated the genes involved in auxin signalling transduction, which is known to associate with the stunting phenotypes caused by TVBMV. These results illustrate the dynamic nature of TVBMV infection in N. benthamiana at the transcriptomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Geng
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural MicrobiologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
| | - Hong‐Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural MicrobiologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
| | - Zhi‐Yong Yan
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural MicrobiologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
| | - Yan‐Ping Tian
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural MicrobiologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
| | - Xue‐Feng Yuan
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural MicrobiologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
| | - Rui Gao
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
| | - Xiang‐Dong Li
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural MicrobiologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandong271018China
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Del Toro FJ, Donaire L, Aguilar E, Chung BN, Tenllado F, Canto T. Potato Virus Y HCPro Suppression of Antiviral Silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana Plants Correlates with Its Ability To Bind In Vivo to 21- and 22-Nucleotide Small RNAs of Viral Sequence. J Virol 2017; 91:e00367-17. [PMID: 28381573 PMCID: PMC5446643 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00367-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated short and small RNAs (sRNAs) that were bound to a biologically active hexahistidine-tagged Potato virus Y (PVY) HCPro suppressor of silencing, expressed from a heterologous virus vector in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, and purified under nondenaturing conditions. We found that RNAs in purified preparations were differentially enriched in 21-nucleotide (nt) and, to a much lesser extent, 22-nt sRNAs of viral sequences (viral sRNAs [vsRNAs]) compared to those found in a control plant protein background bound to nickel resin in the absence of HCPro or in a purified HCPro alanine substitution mutant (HCPro mutB) control that lacked suppressor-of-silencing activity. In both controls, sRNAs were composed almost entirely of molecules of plant sequence, indicating that the resin-bound protein background had no affinity for vsRNAs and also that HCPro mutB failed to bind to vsRNAs. Therefore, PVY HCPro suppressor activity correlated with its ability to bind to 21- and 22-nt vsRNAs. HCPro constituted at least 54% of the total protein content in purified preparations, and we were able to calculate its contribution to the 21- and the 22-nt pools of sRNAs present in the purified samples and its binding strength relative to the background. We also found that in the 21-nt vsRNAs of the HCPro preparation, 5'-terminal adenines were overrepresented relative to the controls, but this was not observed in vsRNAs of other sizes or of plant sequences.IMPORTANCE It was previously shown that HCPro can bind to long RNAs and small RNAs (sRNAs) in vitro and, in the case of Turnip mosaic virus HCPro, also in vivo in arabidopsis AGO2-deficient plants. Our data show that PVY HCPro binds in vivo to sRNAs during infection in wild-type Nicotiana benthamiana plants when expressed from a heterologous virus vector. Using a suppression-of-silencing-deficient HCPro mutant that can accumulate in this host when expressed from a virus vector, we also show that sRNA binding correlates with silencing suppression activity. We demonstrate that HCPro binds at least to sRNAs with viral sequences of 21 nucleotides (nt) and, to a much lesser extent, of 22 nt, which were are also differentially enriched in 5'-end adenines relative to the purified controls. Together, our results support the physical binding of HCPro to vsRNAs of 21 and 22 nt as a means to interfere with antiviral silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Del Toro
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Livia Donaire
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bong-Nam Chung
- National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Agricultural Research Center for Climate Change, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Canto
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Robles Luna G, Reyes CA, Peña EJ, Ocolotobiche E, Baeza C, Borniego MB, Kormelink R, García ML. Identification and characterization of two RNA silencing suppressors encoded by ophioviruses. Virus Res 2017; 235:96-105. [PMID: 28428007 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrus psorosis virus and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus are two members of the genus Ophiovirus, family Ophioviridae. So far, how these viruses can interfere in the antiviral RNA silencing pathway is not known. In this study, using a local GFP silencing assay on Nicotiana benthamiana, the 24K-25K and the movement protein (MP) of both viruses were identified as RNA silencing suppressor proteins. Upon their co-expression with GFP in N. benthamiana 16c plants, the proteins also showed to suppress systemic RNA (GFP) silencing. The MPCPsV and 24KCPsV proteins bind long (114 nucleotides) but not short-interfering (21 nt) dsRNA, and upon transgenic expression, plants showed developmental abnormalities that coincided with an altered miRNA accumulation pattern. Furthermore, both proteins were able to suppress miRNA-induced silencing of a GFP-sensor construct and the co-expression of MPCPsV and 24KCPsV exhibited a stronger effect, suggesting they act at different stages of the RNAi pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Robles Luna
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina A Reyes
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo J Peña
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Ocolotobiche
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Baeza
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Belén Borniego
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - María Laura García
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Walsh E, Elmore JM, Taylor CG. Root-Knot Nematode Parasitism Suppresses Host RNA Silencing. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:295-300. [PMID: 28402184 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-16-0160-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes damage crops around the world by developing complex feeding sites from normal root cells of their hosts. The ability to initiate and maintain this feeding site (composed of individual "giant cells") is essential to their parasitism process. RNA silencing pathways in plants serve a diverse set of functions, from directing growth and development to defending against invading pathogens. Influencing a host's RNA silencing pathways as a pathogenicity strategy has been well-documented for viral plant pathogens, but recently, it has become clear that silencing pathways also play an important role in other plant pathosystems. To determine if RNA silencing pathways play a role in nematode parasitism, we tested the susceptibility of plants that express a viral suppressor of RNA silencing. We observed an increase in susceptibility to nematode parasitism in plants expressing viral suppressors of RNA silencing. Results from studies utilizing a silenced reporter gene suggest that active suppression of RNA silencing pathways may be occurring during nematode parasitism. With these studies, we provide further evidence to the growing body of plant-biotic interaction research that suppression of RNA silencing is important in the successful interaction between a plant-parasitic animal and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Walsh
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, U.S.A.; and
| | - J M Elmore
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - C G Taylor
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, U.S.A.; and
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48
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Zhang L, Zhang F, Melotto M, Yao J, He SY. Jasmonate signaling and manipulation by pathogens and insects. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1371-1385. [PMID: 28069779 PMCID: PMC6075518 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize jasmonates (JAs) in response to developmental cues or environmental stresses, in order to coordinate plant growth, development or defense against pathogens and herbivores. Perception of pathogen or herbivore attack promotes synthesis of jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), which binds to the COI1-JAZ receptor, triggering the degradation of JAZ repressors and induction of transcriptional reprogramming associated with plant defense. Interestingly, some virulent pathogens have evolved various strategies to manipulate JA signaling to facilitate their exploitation of plant hosts. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the mechanism underlying the enigmatic switch between transcriptional repression and hormone-dependent transcriptional activation of JA signaling. We also discuss various strategies used by pathogens and insects to manipulate JA signaling and how interfering with this could be used as a novel means of disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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49
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Cheng X, Wang A. The Potyvirus Silencing Suppressor Protein VPg Mediates Degradation of SGS3 via Ubiquitination and Autophagy Pathways. J Virol 2017; 91:e01478-16. [PMID: 27795417 PMCID: PMC5165207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01478-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing is an innate antiviral immunity response of plants and animals. To counteract this host immune response, viruses have evolved an effective strategy to protect themselves by the expression of viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). Most potyviruses encode two VSRs, helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) and viral genome-linked protein (VPg). The molecular biology of the former has been well characterized, whereas how VPg exerts its function in the suppression of RNA silencing is yet to be understood. In this study, we show that infection by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) causes reduced levels of suppressor of gene silencing 3 (SGS3), a key component of the RNA silencing pathway that functions in double-stranded RNA synthesis for virus-derived small interfering RNA (vsiRNA) production. We also demonstrate that among 11 TuMV-encoded viral proteins, VPg is the only one that interacts with SGS3. We furthermore present evidence that the expression of VPg alone, independent of viral infection, is sufficient to induce the degradation of SGS3 and its intimate partner RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6). Moreover, we discover that the VPg-mediated degradation of SGS3 occurs via both the 20S ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy pathways. Taken together, our data suggest a role for VPg-mediated degradation of SGS3 in suppression of silencing by VPg. IMPORTANCE Potyviruses represent the largest group of known plant viruses and cause significant losses of many agriculturally important crops in the world. In order to establish infection, potyviruses must overcome the host antiviral silencing response. A viral protein called VPg has been shown to play a role in this process, but how it works is unclear. In this paper, we found that the VPg protein of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), which is a potyvirus, interacts with a host protein named SGS3, a key protein in the RNA silencing pathway. Moreover, this interaction leads to the degradation of SGS3 and its interacting and functional partner RDR6, which is another essential component of the RNA silencing pathway. We also identified the cellular pathways that are recruited for the VPg-mediated degradation of SGS3. Therefore, this work reveals a possible mechanism by which VPg sabotages host antiviral RNA silencing to promote virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Cheng
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Mlotshwa S, Pruss GJ, MacArthur JL, Reed JW, Vance V. Developmental Defects Mediated by the P1/HC-Pro Potyviral Silencing Suppressor Are Not Due to Misregulation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 8. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1853-1861. [PMID: 27688620 PMCID: PMC5100759 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant viral suppressors of RNA silencing induce developmental defects similar to those caused by mutations in genes involved in the microRNA pathway. A recent report has attributed viral suppressor-mediated developmental defects to up-regulation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 8 (ARF8), a target of miR167. The key piece of evidence was that the developmental defects in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) expressing viral suppressors were greatly alleviated in the F1 progeny of a cross with plants carrying the arf8-6 mutation. Arf8-6 is a SALK line T-DNA insertion mutant, a class of mutations prone to inducing transcriptional silencing of transgenes expressed from the 35S promoter. We have reinvestigated the role of ARF8 in viral suppressor-mediated developmental defects, using two independent arf8 mutations and the P1/HC-Pro potyviral suppressor of silencing. Progeny of a cross between P1/HC-Pro transgenic Arabidopsis and the arf8-6 T-DNA insertion mutant showed little effect on the P1/HC-Pro phenotype in the F1 generation, but almost all arf8-6/P1/HC-Pro progeny had lost the phenotype in the F2 generation. However, the loss of phenotype in the F2 generation was not correlated with the number of functional copies of the ARF8 gene. Instead, it reflected transcriptional silencing of the P1/HC-Pro transgene, as evidenced by a pronounced decrease in P1/HC-Pro mRNA and the appearance of 35S promoter small interfering RNAs. Furthermore, an independent loss-of-function point mutation, Arf8-8, had no detectable effects on P1/HC-Pro phenotype in either the F1 or F2 generations. Together, these data argue against the previously reported role of increased ARF8 expression in developmental defects caused by P1/HC-Pro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizolwenkosi Mlotshwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 (S.M., G.J.P., J.L.M., V.V.); and
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.W.R.)
| | - Gail J Pruss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 (S.M., G.J.P., J.L.M., V.V.); and
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.W.R.)
| | - John L MacArthur
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 (S.M., G.J.P., J.L.M., V.V.); and
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.W.R.)
| | - Jason W Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 (S.M., G.J.P., J.L.M., V.V.); and
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.W.R.)
| | - Vicki Vance
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 (S.M., G.J.P., J.L.M., V.V.); and
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.W.R.)
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