1
|
Rahangdale R, Ghormode P, Tender T, Balireddy S, Birangal S, Kishore R, Mohammad FS, Pasupuleti M, Chandrashekar H R. Anti-HSV activity of nectin-1-derived peptides targeting HSV gD: an in-silico and in-vitro approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38720617 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2349525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections affect a wide range of the global population. The emergence of resistance to the existing anti-HSV therapy highlights the necessity for an innovative strategy. The interaction of HSV gD with its main host receptor nectin-1 is a potential target for new antiviral drugs. The aim of this study was to develop a peptide derived from nectin-1 targeting HSV gD using the in-silico method and evaluate them for anti-HSV activity. Residues 59-133 of the Nectin-1 V-domain constitute the interaction interface with HSV gD. Bioinformatic tools viz., PEP-FOLD3, ClusPro 2.0, HawkDock and Desmond were used to model the peptide and confirm its binding specificity with HSV gD protein. The peptides with potential interactions were custom synthesized and anti-HSV activity was evaluated in vitro against HSV-1 and HSV-2 by CPE inhibition assay. Five peptide sequences were identified as exhibiting good interaction with HSV-gD proteins. Among them, peptide N1 (residues 76-90) offered maximum protection against HSV-1 (66.57%) and HSV-2 (71.12%) infections. Modification of the identified peptide through peptidomimetic approaches may further enhance the activity and stability of the identified peptide.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Rahangdale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Parnavi Ghormode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Tenzin Tender
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sridevi Balireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sumit Birangal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Raj Kishore
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Fayaz Shaik Mohammad
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar H
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ingusci S, Hall BL, Cohen JB, Glorioso JC. Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses designed for targeted treatment of EGFR-bearing tumors. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200761. [PMID: 38596286 PMCID: PMC10869753 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) have emerged as leading cancer therapeutic agents. Effective oHSV virotherapy may ultimately require both intratumoral and systemic vector administration to target the primary tumor and distant metastases. An attractive approach to enhancing oHSV tumor specificity is engineering the virus envelope glycoproteins for selective recognition of and infection via tumor-specific cell surface proteins. We previously demonstrated that oHSVs could be retargeted to EGFR-expressing cells by the incorporation of a single-chain antibody (scFv) at the N terminus of glycoprotein D (gD). Here, we compared retargeted oHSVs generated by the insertion of scFv, affibody molecule, or VHH antibody ligands at different positions within the N terminus of gD. When compared to the scFv-directed oHSVs, VHH and affibody molecules mediated enhanced EGFR-specific tumor cell entry, spread and cell killing in vitro, and enabled long-term tumor-specific virus replication following intravenous delivery in vivo. Moreover, oHSVs retargeted via a VHH ligand reduced tumor growth upon intravenous injection and achieved complete tumor destruction after intratumoral injection. Systemic oHSV delivery is important for the treatment of metastatic disease, and our enhancements in targeted oHSV design are a critical step in creating an effective tumor-specific oHSVs for safe administration via the bloodstream.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selene Ingusci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Bonnie L. Hall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Justus B. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Joseph C. Glorioso
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
TOMIOKA Y, TAKEDA K, OZAKI K, INOUE H, YAMAMOTO S, TAKEUCHI T, ONO E. Single amino acid mutation of nectin-1 provides remarkable resistance against lethal pseudorabies virus infection in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:120-127. [PMID: 38030279 PMCID: PMC10849851 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An approach to genetically engineered resistance to pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection was examined by using a mouse model with defined point mutation in primary receptor for alphaherpesviruses, nectin-1, by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. It has become clear that phenylalanine at position 129 of nectin-1 is important for binding to viral glycoprotein D (gD), and mutation of phenylalanine 129 to alanine (F129A) prevents nectin-1 binding to gD and virus entry in vitro. Here, to assess the antiviral potential of the single amino acid mutation of nectin-1, F129A, in vivo, we generated genome-edited mutant mouse lines; F129A and 135 knockout (KO). The latter, 135 KO used as a nectin-1 knockout line for comparison, expresses a carboxy-terminal deleted polypeptide consisting of 135 amino acids without phenylalanine 129. In the challenge with 10 LD50 PRV via intranasal route, perfect protection of disease onset was induced by expression of the mutation of nectin-1, F129A (survival rate: 100% in F129A and 135 KO versus 0% in wild type mice). Neither viral DNA/antigens nor pathological changes were detected in F129A, suggesting that viral entry was prevented at the primary site in natural infection. In the challenge with 50 LD50 PRV, lower but still strong protective effect against disease onset was observed (survival rate: 57% in F129A and 75% in 135 KO versus 0% in wild type mice). The present results indicate that single amino acid mutation of nectin-1 F129A provides significant resistance against lethal pseudorabies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko TOMIOKA
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Keiko TAKEDA
- Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kinuyo OZAKI
- Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi INOUE
- Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayo YAMAMOTO
- Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi TAKEUCHI
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Etsuro ONO
- Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xie M. Virus-Induced Cell Fusion and Syncytia Formation. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:283-318. [PMID: 37996683 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Most enveloped viruses encode viral fusion proteins to penetrate host cell by membrane fusion. Interestingly, many enveloped viruses can also use viral fusion proteins to induce cell-cell fusion, both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the formation of syncytia or multinucleated giant cells (MGCs). In addition, some non-enveloped viruses encode specialized viral proteins that induce cell-cell fusion to facilitate viral spread. Overall, viruses that can induce cell-cell fusion are nearly ubiquitous in mammals. Virus cell-to-cell spread by inducing cell-cell fusion may overcome entry and post-entry blocks in target cells and allow evasion of neutralizing antibodies. However, molecular mechanisms of virus-induced cell-cell fusion remain largely unknown. Here, I summarize the current understanding of virus-induced cell fusion and syncytia formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Xie
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu J, Long Y, Sun J, Gong L. Towards a comprehensive view of the herpes B virus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281384. [PMID: 38035092 PMCID: PMC10687423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes B virus is a biosafety level 4 pathogen and widespread in its natural host species, macaques. Although most infected monkeys show asymptomatic or mild symptoms, human infections with this virus can cause serious neurological symptoms or fatal encephalomyelitis with a high mortality rate. Herpes B virus can be latent in the sensory ganglia of monkeys and humans, often leading to missed diagnoses. Furthermore, the herpes B virus has extensive antigen crossover with HSV, SA8, and HVP-2, causing false-positive results frequently. Timely diagnosis, along with methods with sensitivity and specificity, are urgent for research on the herpes B virus. The lack of a clear understanding of the host invasion and life cycle of the herpes B virus has led to slow progress in the development of effective vaccines and drugs. This review discusses the research progress and problems of the epidemiology of herpes B virus, detection methods and therapy, hoping to inspire further investigation into important factors associated with transmission of herpes B virus in macaques and humans, and arouse the development of effective vaccines or drugs, to promote the establishment of specific pathogen-free (SPF) monkeys and protect humans to effectively avoid herpes B virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yiru Long
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Likun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bagdonaite I, Marinova IN, Rudjord-Levann AM, Pallesen EMH, King-Smith SL, Karlsson R, Rømer TB, Chen YH, Miller RL, Olofsson S, Nordén R, Bergström T, Dabelsteen S, Wandall HH. Glycoengineered keratinocyte library reveals essential functions of specific glycans for all stages of HSV-1 infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7000. [PMID: 37919266 PMCID: PMC10622544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral and host glycans represent an understudied aspect of host-pathogen interactions, despite potential implications for treatment of viral infections. This is due to lack of easily accessible tools for analyzing glycan function in a meaningful context. Here we generate a glycoengineered keratinocyte library delineating human glycosylation pathways to uncover roles of specific glycans at different stages of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infectious cycle. We show the importance of cellular glycosaminoglycans and glycosphingolipids for HSV-1 attachment, N-glycans for entry and spread, and O-glycans for propagation. While altered virion surface structures have minimal effects on the early interactions with wild type cells, mutation of specific O-glycosylation sites affects glycoprotein surface expression and function. In conclusion, the data demonstrates the importance of specific glycans in a clinically relevant human model of HSV-1 infection and highlights the utility of genetic engineering to elucidate the roles of specific viral and cellular carbohydrate structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Irina N Marinova
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asha M Rudjord-Levann
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil M H Pallesen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah L King-Smith
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Karlsson
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels B Rømer
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yen-Hsi Chen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rickard Nordén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sally Dabelsteen
- Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Lima LF, Ferreira AL, Awasthi S, Torres MD, Friedman HM, Cohen GH, de Araujo WR, de la Fuente-Nunez C. Rapid and accurate detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 using a low-cost electrochemical biosensor. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2023; 4:101513. [PMID: 38239491 PMCID: PMC10795591 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, which is almost exclusively sexually transmitted, causes genital herpes. Although this lifelong and incurable infection is extremely widespread, currently there is no readily available diagnostic device that accurately detects HSV-2 antigens to a satisfactory degree. Here, we report an ultrasensitive electrochemical device that detects HSV-2 antigens within 9 min and costs just $1 (USD) to manufacture. The electrochemical biosensor is biofunctionalized with the human cellular receptor nectin-1 and detects the glycoprotein gD2, which is present within the HSV-2 viral envelope. The performance of the device is tested in a guinea pig model that mimics human biofluids, yielding 88.9% sensitivity, 100.0% specificity, and 95.0% accuracy under these conditions, with a limit of detection of 0.019 fg mL-1 for gD2 protein and 0.057 PFU mL-1 for titered viral samples. Importantly, no cross-reactions with other viruses were detected, indicating the adequate robustness and selectivity of the sensor. Our low-cost technology could facilitate more frequent testing for HSV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas F. de Lima
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
- These authors contributed equally
| | - André L. Ferreira
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sita Awasthi
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcelo D.T. Torres
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harvey M. Friedman
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William R. de Araujo
- Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lead contact
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sutherland DM, Strebl M, Koehler M, Welsh OL, Yu X, Hu L, dos Santos Natividade R, Knowlton JJ, Taylor GM, Moreno RA, Wörz P, Lonergan ZR, Aravamudhan P, Guzman-Cardozo C, Kour S, Pandey UB, Alsteens D, Wang Z, Prasad BVV, Stehle T, Dermody TS. NgR1 binding to reovirus reveals an unusual bivalent interaction and a new viral attachment protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219404120. [PMID: 37276413 PMCID: PMC10268256 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219404120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgR1) binds a variety of structurally dissimilar ligands in the adult central nervous system to inhibit axon extension. Disruption of ligand binding to NgR1 and subsequent signaling can improve neuron outgrowth, making NgR1 an important therapeutic target for diverse neurological conditions such as spinal crush injuries and Alzheimer's disease. Human NgR1 serves as a receptor for mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus), but the mechanism of virus-receptor engagement is unknown. To elucidate how NgR1 mediates cell binding and entry of reovirus, we defined the affinity of interaction between virus and receptor, determined the structure of the virus-receptor complex, and identified residues in the receptor required for virus binding and infection. These studies revealed that central NgR1 surfaces form a bridge between two copies of viral capsid protein σ3, establishing that σ3 serves as a receptor ligand for reovirus. This unusual binding interface produces high-avidity interactions between virus and receptor to prime early entry steps. These studies refine models of reovirus cell-attachment and highlight the evolution of viruses to engage multiple receptors using distinct capsid components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danica M. Sutherland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Michael Strebl
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Koehler
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivia L. Welsh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Xinzhe Yu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Rita dos Santos Natividade
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jonathan J. Knowlton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Tomography Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Gwen M. Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Rodolfo A. Moreno
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Patrick Wörz
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zachery R. Lonergan
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Tomography Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Pavithra Aravamudhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Camila Guzman-Cardozo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Sukhleen Kour
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA15261
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Children’s Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Zhao Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 1300Wavre, Belgium
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - B. V. Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15219
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kremling V, Loll B, Pach S, Dahmani I, Weise C, Wolber G, Chiantia S, Wahl MC, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Crystal structures of glycoprotein D of equine alphaherpesviruses reveal potential binding sites to the entry receptor MHC-I. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1197120. [PMID: 37250020 PMCID: PMC10213783 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1197120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell entry of most alphaherpesviruses is mediated by the binding of glycoprotein D (gD) to different cell surface receptors. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and EHV-4 gDs interact with equine major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) to initiate entry into equine cells. We have characterized the gD-MHC-I interaction by solving the crystal structures of EHV-1 and EHV-4 gDs (gD1, gD4), performing protein-protein docking simulations, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, and biological assays. The structures of gD1 and gD4 revealed the existence of a common V-set immunoglobulin-like (IgV-like) core comparable to those of other gD homologs. Molecular modeling yielded plausible binding hypotheses and identified key residues (F213 and D261) that are important for virus binding. Altering the key residues resulted in impaired virus growth in cells, which highlights the important role of these residues in the gD-MHC-I interaction. Taken together, our results add to our understanding of the initial herpesvirus-cell interactions and will contribute to the targeted design of antiviral drugs and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Kremling
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Loll
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Szymon Pach
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ismail Dahmani
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- BioSupraMol Core Facility, Bio-Mass Spectrometry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Salvatore Chiantia
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Markus C. Wahl
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Macromolecular Crystallography, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Veith T, Bleicker T, Eschbach-Bludau M, Brünink S, Mühlemann B, Schneider J, Beheim-Schwarzbach J, Rakotondranary SJ, Ratovonamana YR, Tsagnangara C, Ernest R, Randriantafika F, Sommer S, Stetter N, Jones TC, Drosten C, Ganzhorn JU, Corman VM. Non-structural genes of novel lemur adenoviruses reveal codivergence of virus and host. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead024. [PMID: 37091898 PMCID: PMC10121206 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are important human and animal pathogens and are frequently used as vectors for gene therapy and vaccine delivery. Surprisingly, there are only scant data regarding primate AdV origin and evolution, especially in the most basal primate hosts. We detect and sequence AdVs from faeces of two Madagascan lemur species. Complete genome sequence analyses define a new AdV species with a particularly large gene encoding a protein of unknown function in the early gene region 3. Unexpectedly, the new AdV species is not most similar to human or other simian AdVs but to bat adenovirus C. Genome characterisation shows signals of virus-host codivergence in non-structural genes, which show lower diversity than structural genes. Outside a lemur species mixing zone, recombination less frequently separates structural genes, as in human adenovirus C. The evolutionary history of lemur AdVs likely involves both a host switch and codivergence with the lemur hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talitha Veith
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Tobias Bleicker
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Monika Eschbach-Bludau
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brünink
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Barbara Mühlemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Julia Schneider
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Jörn Beheim-Schwarzbach
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - S Jacques Rakotondranary
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Département Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’ Antananarivo, P.O. Box 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Yedidya R Ratovonamana
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Département Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’ Antananarivo, P.O. Box 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Cedric Tsagnangara
- Tropical Biodiversity and Social Enterprise SARL, Immeuble CNAPS, premier étage, Fort Dauphin 614, Madagascar
| | - Refaly Ernest
- Tropical Biodiversity and Social Enterprise SARL, Immeuble CNAPS, premier étage, Fort Dauphin 614, Madagascar
| | | | - Simone Sommer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, Ulm 89069, Germany
| | - Nadine Stetter
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Terry C Jones
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Jörg U Ganzhorn
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Labor Berlin, Charité—Vivantes GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, Berlin 13353, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gandy LA, Canning AJ, Lou H, Xia K, He P, Su G, Cairns T, Liu J, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Cohen G, Wang C. Molecular determinants of the interaction between HSV-1 glycoprotein D and heparan sulfate. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1043713. [PMID: 36419932 PMCID: PMC9678342 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1043713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature has well-established the importance of 3-O-sulfation of neuronal cell surface glycan heparan sulfate (HS) to its interaction with herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D (gD). Previous investigations of gD to its viral receptors HVEM and nectin-1 also highlighted the conformational dynamics of gD's N- and C-termini, necessary for viral membrane fusion. However, little is known on the structural interactions of gD with HS. Here, we present our findings on this interface from both the glycan and the protein perspective. We used C-terminal and N-terminal gD variants to probe the role of their respective regions in gD/HS binding. The N-terminal truncation mutants (with Δ1-22) demonstrate equivalent or stronger binding to heparin than their intact glycoproteins, indicating that the first 22 amino acids are disposable for heparin binding. Characterization of the conformational differences between C-terminal truncated mutants by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation distinguished between the "open" and "closed" conformations of the glycoprotein D, highlighting the region's modulation of receptor binding. From the glycan perspective, we investigated gD interacting with heparin, heparan sulfate, and other de-sulfated and chemically defined oligosaccharides using surface plasmon resonance and glycan microarray. The results show a strong preference of gD for 6-O-sulfate, with 2-O-sulfation becoming more important in the presence of 6-O-S. Additionally, 3-O-sulfation shifted the chain length preference of gD from longer chain to mid-chain length, reaffirming the sulfation site's importance to the gD/HS interface. Our results shed new light on the molecular details of one of seven known protein-glycan interactions with 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Gandy
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Ashley J. Canning
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Huan Lou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Peng He
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Tina Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Glycan Therapeutics, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Gary Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Herpesviruses—ubiquitous pathogens that cause persistent infections—have some of the most complex cell entry mechanisms. Entry of the prototypical herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) requires coordinated efforts of 4 glycoproteins, gB, gD, gH, and gL. The current model posits that the glycoproteins do not interact before receptor engagement and that binding of gD to its receptor causes a “cascade” of sequential pairwise interactions, first activating the gH/gL complex and subsequently activating gB, the viral fusogen. But how these glycoproteins interact remains unresolved. Here, using a quantitative split-luciferase approach, we show that pairwise HSV-1 glycoprotein complexes form before fusion, interact at a steady level throughout fusion, and do not depend on the presence of the cellular receptor. Based on our findings, we propose a revised “conformational cascade” model of HSV-1 entry. We hypothesize that all 4 glycoproteins assemble into a complex before fusion, with gH/gL positioned between gD and gB. Once gD binds to a cognate receptor, the proximity of the glycoproteins within this complex allows for efficient transmission of the activating signal from the receptor-activated gD to gH/gL to gB through sequential conformational changes, ultimately triggering the fusogenic refolding of gB. Our results also highlight previously unappreciated contributions of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains to glycoprotein interactions and fusion. Similar principles could be at play in other multicomponent viral entry systems, and the split-luciferase approach used here is a powerful tool for investigating protein-protein interactions in these and a variety of other systems.
Collapse
|
13
|
The Role of Pyrazolopyridine Derivatives on Different Steps of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 In Vitro Replicative Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158135. [PMID: 35897709 PMCID: PMC9332599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection causes several disorders, and acyclovir is used as a reference compound. However, resistant strains are commonly observed. Herein, we investigate the effects of N-heterocyclic compounds (pyrazolopyridine derivatives), named ARA-04, ARA-05, and AM-57, on HSV-1 in vitro replication. We show that the 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of the compounds ARA-04, ARA-05, and AM-57 were 1.00 ± 0.10, 1.00 ± 0.05, and 0.70 ± 0.10 µM, respectively. These compounds presented high 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values, which resulted in a selective index (SI) of 1000, 1000, and 857.1 for ARA-04, ARA-05, and AM-57, respectively. To gain insight into which step of the HSV-1 replication cycle these molecules would impair, we performed adsorption and penetration inhibition assays and time-of-addition experiments. Our results indicated that ARA-04 and ARA-05 affected viral adsorption, while AM-57 interfered with the virus replication during its α- and γ-phases and decreased ICP27 content during initial and late events of HSV-1 replication. In addition, we also observed that AM-57 caused a strong decrease in viral gD content, which was reinforced by in silico calculations that suggested AM-57 interacts preferentially with the viral complex between a general transcription factor and virion protein (TFIIBc-VP16). In contrast, ARA-04 and ARA-05 interact preferentially in the proteins responsible for the viral adsorption process (nectin-1 and glycoprotein). Thus, our results suggest that the 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives inhibit the HSV-1 replicative cycle with a novel mechanism of action, and its scaffold can be used as a template for the synthesis of promising new molecules with antiviral effects, including to reinforce the presented data herein for a limited number of molecules.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pataki Z, Sanders EK, Heldwein EE. A surface pocket in the cytoplasmic domain of the herpes simplex virus fusogen gB controls membrane fusion. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010435. [PMID: 35767585 PMCID: PMC9275723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion during the entry of herpesviruses is carried out by the viral fusogen gB that is activated by its partner protein gH in some manner. The fusogenic activity of gB is controlled by its cytoplasmic (or intraviral) domain (gBCTD) and, according to the current model, the gBCTD is a trimeric, inhibitory clamp that restrains gB in the prefusion conformation. But how the gBCTD clamp is released by gH is unclear. Here, we identified two new regulatory elements within gB and gH from the prototypical herpes simplex virus 1: a surface pocket within the gBCTD and residue V831 within the gH cytoplasmic tail. Mutagenesis and structural modeling suggest that gH V831 interacts with the gB pocket. The gB pocket is located above the interface between adjacent protomers, and we hypothesize that insertion of the gH V831 wedge into the pocket serves to push the protomers apart, which releases the inhibitory clamp. In this manner, gH activates the fusogenic activity of gB. Both gB and gH are conserved across all herpesviruses, and this activation mechanism could be used by other gB homologs. Our proposed mechanism emphasizes a central role for the cytoplasmic regions in regulating the activity of a viral fusogen. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes lifelong infections in over a half of people and causes diseases ranging from oral or genital sores to blindness and brain inflammation. No vaccines or curative treatments are currently available. To infect cells, HSV-1 must first penetrate them by merging its lipid envelope with the membrane of the target cell. This process requires the collective actions of several viral and cellular proteins, notably, viral glycoproteins B and H (gB and gH). gH is thought to activate the fusogenic function of gB, but how the two proteins interact is unclear. Here, using mutational analysis, we have identified two new functional elements within the cytoplasmic regions of gB and gH: a surface pocket in gB and a single residue in gH, both of which are important for membrane fusion. Based on structural modeling, we propose that the gB pocket is the binding site for the gH residue, and that their interaction activates gB to cause membrane fusion. These findings extend our knowledge of the HSV-1 membrane fusion mechanism. Mechanistic understanding of HSV-1 entry is essential for understanding its pathogenesis and developing new strategies to prevent infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zemplen Pataki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erin K Sanders
- Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ekaterina E Heldwein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Spear PG. Opportunities, Technology, and the Joy of Discovery. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:1-17. [PMID: 35363539 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100520-012840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
My grandparents were immigrants. My paternal grandfather was illiterate. Yet my parents were able to complete college and to become teachers. I had a conventional upbringing in a small town in Florida, graduating from high school in 1960. I was fortunate enough to graduate cum laude from Florida State University and to earn other credentials leading to faculty positions at outstanding institutions of higher education: the University of Chicago and Northwestern University. At a time when women were rarely the leaders of research groups, I was able to establish a well-funded research program and to make contributions to our understanding of viral entry into cells. My best research was done after I became confident enough to seek productive interactions with collaborators. I am grateful for the collaborators and collaborations that moved our field forward and for my trainees who have gone on to successes in many different careers. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Spear
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tian R, Ju F, Yu M, Liang Z, Xu Z, Zhao M, Qin Y, Lin Y, Huang X, Chang Y, Li S, Ren W, Lin C, Xia N, Huang C. A potent neutralizing and protective antibody against a conserved continuous epitope on HSV glycoprotein D. Antiviral Res 2022; 201:105298. [PMID: 35341808 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) remain a serious global health issue, and the medical countermeasures available thus far are limited. Virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NAbs) are crucial tools for studying host-virus interactions and designing effective vaccines, and the discovery and development of these NAbs could be one approach to treat or prevent HSV infection. Here, we report the isolation of five HSV NAbs from mice immunized with both HSV-1 and HSV-2. Among these were two antibodies that potently cross-neutralized both HSV-1 and HSV-2 with the 50% virus-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) below 200 ng/ml, one of which (4A3) exhibited high potency against HSV-2, with an IC50 of 59.88 ng/ml. 4A3 neutralized HSV at the prebinding stage and prevented HSV infection and cell-to-cell spread. Significantly, administration of 4A3 completely prevented weight loss and improved survival of mice challenged with a lethal dose of HSV-2. Using structure-guided molecular modeling combined with alanine-scanning mutagenesis, we observed that 4A3 bound to a highly conserved continuous epitope (residues 216 to 220) within the receptor-binding domain of glycoprotein D (gD) that is essential for viral infection and the triggering of membrane fusion. Our results provide guidance for developing NAb drugs and vaccines against HSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Fei Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Mengqin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zhiqi Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zilong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yaning Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yanhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yating Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Shaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Wenfeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Chaolong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Chenghao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Identifying HSV-1 Inhibitors from Natural Compounds via Virtual Screening Targeting Surface Glycoprotein D. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030361. [PMID: 35337158 PMCID: PMC8955139 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are a worldwide health problem in need of new effective treatments. Of particular interest is the identification of antiviral agents that act via different mechanisms compared to current drugs, as these could interact synergistically with first-line antiherpetic agents to accelerate the resolution of HSV-1-associated lesions. For this study, we applied a structure-based molecular docking approach targeting the nectin-1 and herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) binding interfaces of the viral glycoprotein D (gD). More than 527,000 natural compounds were virtually screened using Autodock Vina and then filtered for favorable ADMET profiles. Eight top hits were evaluated experimentally in African green monkey kidney cell line (VERO) cells, which yielded two compounds with potential antiherpetic activity. One active compound (1-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-2-[(5Z)-2H,6H,7H,8H-[1,3] dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline-5-ylidene]ethenone) showed weak but significant antiviral activity. Although less potent than antiherpetic agents, such as acyclovir, it acted at the viral inactivation stage in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting a novel mode of action. These results highlight the feasibility of in silico approaches for identifying new antiviral compounds, which may be further optimized by medicinal chemistry approaches.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gonzalez-Del Pino GL, Heldwein EE. Well Put Together—A Guide to Accessorizing with the Herpesvirus gH/gL Complexes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020296. [PMID: 35215889 PMCID: PMC8874593 DOI: 10.3390/v14020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a variety of hosts across the animal kingdom. Nine of these establish lifelong infections in humans, for which there are no cures and few vaccine or treatment options. Like all enveloped viruses, herpesviruses enter cells by fusing their lipid envelopes with a host cell membrane. Uniquely, herpesviruses distribute the functions of receptor engagement and membrane fusion across a diverse cast of glycoproteins. Two glycoprotein complexes are conserved throughout the three herpesvirus subfamilies: the trimeric gB that functions as a membrane fusogen and the heterodimeric gH/gL, the role of which is less clearly defined. Here, we highlight the conserved and divergent functions of gH/gL across the three subfamilies of human herpesviruses by comparing its interactions with a broad range of accessory viral proteins, host cell receptors, and neutralizing or inhibitory antibodies. We propose that the intrinsic structural plasticity of gH/gL enables it to function as a signal integration machine that can accept diverse regulatory inputs and convert them into a “trigger” signal that activates the fusogenic ability of gB.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ogawa H, Fujikura D, Namba H, Yamashita N, Honda T, Yamada M. Nectin-2 Acts as a Viral Entry Mediated Molecule That Binds to Human Herpesvirus 6B Glycoprotein B. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010160. [PMID: 35062364 PMCID: PMC8779676 DOI: 10.3390/v14010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is a T-lymphotropic virus and the etiological agent of exanthem subitum. HHV-6B is present in a latent or persistent form after primary infection and is produced in the salivary glands or transmitted to this organ. Infected individuals continue to secrete the virus in their saliva, which is thus considered a source for virus transmission. HHV-6B primarily propagates in T cells because its entry receptor, CD134, is mainly expressed by activated T cells. The virus then spreads to the host’s organs, including the salivary glands, nervous system, and liver. However, CD134 expression is not detected in these organs. Therefore, HHV-6B may be entering cells via a currently unidentified cell surface molecule, but the mechanisms for this have not yet been investigated. In this study, we investigated a CD134-independent virus entry mechanism in the parotid-derived cell line HSY. First, we confirmed viral infection in CD134-membrane unanchored HSY cells. We then determined that nectin cell adhesion molecule 2 (nectin-2) mediated virus entry and that HHV-6B-insensitive T-cells transduced with nectin-2 were transformed into virus-permissive cells. We also found that virus entry was significantly reduced in nectin-2 knockout parotid-derived cells. Furthermore, we showed that HHV-6B glycoprotein B (gB) interacted with the nectin-2 V-set domain. The results suggest that nectin-2 acts as an HHV-6B entry-mediated protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Ogawa
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (H.N.); (N.Y.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.O.); (M.Y.)
| | - Daisuke Fujikura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada 034-8628, Japan;
| | - Hikaru Namba
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (H.N.); (N.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Nobuko Yamashita
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (H.N.); (N.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (H.N.); (N.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Masao Yamada
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (H.N.); (N.Y.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.O.); (M.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Characterization of Host Cell Potential Proteins Interacting with OsHV-1 Membrane Proteins. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122518. [PMID: 34960787 PMCID: PMC8705437 DOI: 10.3390/v13122518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between viral membrane associate proteins and host cellular surface molecules should facilitate the attachment and entry of OsHV-1 into host cells. Thus, blocking the putative membrane proteins ORF25 and ORF72 of OsHV-1 with antibodies that have previously been reported to subdue OsHV-1 replication in host cells, especially ORF25. In this study, prey proteins in host hemocytes were screened by pull-down assay with recombinant baits ORF25 and ORF72, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of these prey proteins revealed that most of them were mainly associated with binding, structural molecule activity and transport activity in the molecular function category. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of the prey proteins was constructed by STRING and clustered via K-means. For both ORF25 and ORF72, three clusters of these prey proteins were distinguished that were mainly associated with cytoskeleton assembly, energy metabolism and nucleic acid processing. ORF25 tended to function in synergy with actins, while ORF72 functioned mainly with tubulins. The above results suggest that these two putative membrane proteins, ORF25 and ORF72, might serve a role in the transport of viral particles with the aid of a cytoskeleton inside cells.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) maintains lifelong latency in neurons following initial infection and can subsequently be reactivated to result in herpes zoster or severe neurological manifestations such as encephalitis. Mechanisms of VZV neuropathogenesis have been challenging to study due to the strict human tropism of the virus. Although neuronal entry mediators of other herpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus, have been identified, little is known regarding how VZV enters neurons. Here, we utilize a human stem cell-based neuronal model to characterize cellular factors that mediate entry. Through transcriptional profiling of infected cells, we identify the cell adhesion molecule nectin-1 as a candidate mediator of VZV entry. Nectin-1 is highly expressed in the cell bodies and axons of neurons. Either knockdown of endogenous nectin-1 or incubation with soluble forms of nectin-1 produced in mammalian cells results in a marked decrease in infectivity of neurons. Notably, while addition of soluble nectin-1 during viral infection inhibits infectivity, addition after infection has no effect on infectivity. Ectopic expression of human nectin-1 in a cell line resistant to productive VZV infection confers susceptibility to infection. In summary, we have identified nectin-1 as a neuronal entry mediator of VZV. IMPORTANCE Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox, gains access to neurons during primary infection where it resides lifelong, and can later be reactivated. Reactivation is associated with shingles and postherpetic neuralgia, as well as with severe neurologic complications, including vasculitis and encephalitis. Although the varicella vaccine substantially decreases morbidity and mortality associated with primary infection, the vaccine cannot prevent the development of neuronal latency, and vaccinated populations are still at risk for reactivation. Furthermore, immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk for VZV reactivation and associated complications. Little is known regarding how VZV enters neurons. Here, we identify nectin-1 as an entry mediator of VZV in human neurons. Identification of nectin-1 as a neuronal VZV entry mediator could lead to improved treatments and preventative measures to reduce VZV related morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
|
22
|
Huang Y, Song Y, Li J, Lv C, Chen ZS, Liu Z. Receptors and ligands for herpes simplex viruses: Novel insights for drug targeting. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:185-195. [PMID: 34678489 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) belong to the Herpesviridae family. At present, no vaccine or curative treatment is available for the prevention of HSV infections. Here, we review the cell surface receptors that are recognized by HSV's glycoprotein B, glycoprotein C, glycoprotein D, and the glycoprotein H - glycoprotein L complex to facilitate entry into host cells. These receptors include heparan sulfate (HS), herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), and nectin-1/-2, 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Huang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yuyun Song
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Jichen Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Changning Lv
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Leroy H, Han M, Woottum M, Bracq L, Bouchet J, Xie M, Benichou S. Virus-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9644. [PMID: 33348900 PMCID: PMC7767094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion between eukaryotic cells is a general process involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, including infections by bacteria, parasites, and viruses. As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses use intracellular machineries and pathways for efficient replication in their host target cells. Interestingly, certain viruses, and, more especially, enveloped viruses belonging to different viral families and including human pathogens, can mediate cell-cell fusion between infected cells and neighboring non-infected cells. Depending of the cellular environment and tissue organization, this virus-mediated cell-cell fusion leads to the merge of membrane and cytoplasm contents and formation of multinucleated cells, also called syncytia, that can express high amount of viral antigens in tissues and organs of infected hosts. This ability of some viruses to trigger cell-cell fusion between infected cells as virus-donor cells and surrounding non-infected target cells is mainly related to virus-encoded fusion proteins, known as viral fusogens displaying high fusogenic properties, and expressed at the cell surface of the virus-donor cells. Virus-induced cell-cell fusion is then mediated by interactions of these viral fusion proteins with surface molecules or receptors involved in virus entry and expressed on neighboring non-infected cells. Thus, the goal of this review is to give an overview of the different animal virus families, with a more special focus on human pathogens, that can trigger cell-cell fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Leroy
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France; (H.L.); (M.H.); (M.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, University of Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Mingyu Han
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France; (H.L.); (M.H.); (M.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, University of Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France; (H.L.); (M.H.); (M.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, University of Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Bracq
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Jérôme Bouchet
- Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies UR2496, University of Paris, 92120 Montrouge, France;
| | - Maorong Xie
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France; (H.L.); (M.H.); (M.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, University of Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lermyte F. Roles, Characteristics, and Analysis of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins: A Minireview. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E320. [PMID: 33266184 PMCID: PMC7761095 DOI: 10.3390/life10120320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing understanding that a significant fraction of the eukaryotic proteome is intrinsically disordered, and that these conformationally dynamic proteins play a myriad of vital biological roles in both normal and pathological states. In this review, selected examples of intrinsically disordered proteins are highlighted, with particular attention for a few which are relevant in neurological disorders and in viral infection. Next, the underlying causes for the intrinsic disorder are discussed, along with computational methods used to predict whether a given amino acid sequence is likely to adopt a folded or unfolded state in the solution. Finally, biophysical methods for the analysis of intrinsically disordered proteins will be discussed, as well as the unique challenges they pose in this context due to their highly dynamic nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Lermyte
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Menotti L, Avitabile E. Herpes Simplex Virus Oncolytic Immunovirotherapy: The Blossoming Branch of Multimodal Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218310. [PMID: 33167582 PMCID: PMC7664223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are smart therapeutics against cancer due to their potential to replicate and produce the needed therapeutic dose in the tumor, and to their ability to self-exhaust upon tumor clearance. Oncolytic virotherapy strategies based on the herpes simplex virus are reaching their thirties, and a wide variety of approaches has been envisioned and tested in many different models, and on a range of tumor targets. This huge effort has culminated in the primacy of an oncolytic HSV (oHSV) being the first oncolytic virus to be approved by the FDA and EMA for clinical use, for the treatment of advanced melanoma. The path has just been opened; many more cancer types with poor prognosis await effective and innovative therapies, and oHSVs could provide a promising solution, especially as combination therapies and immunovirotherapies. In this review, we analyze the most recent advances in this field, and try to envision the future ahead of oHSVs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Singh VK, Kumar S, Dhaked RK, Ansari AS, Lohiya NK, Tapryal S. Generation of oligomers of subunit vaccine candidate glycoprotein D of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 expressed in fusion with IgM Fc domain(s) in Escherichia coli: A strategy to enhance the immunogenicity of the antigen. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:463. [PMID: 33047090 PMCID: PMC7541101 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein D (gD) of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 is used as an antigen in various anti-herpes subunit vaccines owing to its involvement in binding the host cell receptors for host infectivity. However, most of these monomeric protein based candidates have shown low immunogenicity in animal models. To enhance the immunogenicity of gD, a fresh approach of fusing its ectodomain with the Fc domain(s) of IgM has been adopted to oligomerize the viral antigen and to exploite the immune-modulating potential of IgM Fc. Six vaccine constructs, generated by fusing three gD-ectodomain-length-variants with the Ig µ-chain domain 4 (µCH4) and µCH3-CH4 fragment, were cloned in Escherichia coli using pET28b( +) vector. The vaccine proteins were expressed in the form of inclusion bodies (IBs) and were in vitro refolded into protein oligomers of high stoichiometries of ~ 15–24, with 70–80% refolding yields. The conformations of gD and Fc components of the refolded oligomers were analyzed by ELISA and CD spectroscopy and were found to be native-like. The sizes and profiles of the size-distribution of oligomers were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The candidate C2 (gD-μCH3-CH4), showing the most compact oligomer size and uniform distribution of its particles was chosen as the suitable candidate for mice immunization studies to assess the immunogenicity of the antigen gD. The C2 oligomer stimulated a strong anti-gD humoral response with an antibody titer of 102,400 and a strong, biased Th1 immune response in C57BL/6 mice, indicating its potential as a strong immunogen which may serve as an effective vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
| | - Rajeev Kumar Dhaked
- Department of Zoology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan India 302004
| | - Abdul S. Ansari
- Department of Zoology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan India 302004
| | - Nirmal K. Lohiya
- Indian Society for the Study of Reproduction and Fertility, Department of Zoology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan India 302004
| | - Suman Tapryal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous, double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses that establish lifelong infections and cause a range of diseases. Entry into host cells requires binding of the virus to specific receptors, followed by the coordinated action of multiple viral entry glycoproteins to trigger membrane fusion. Although the core fusion machinery is conserved for all herpesviruses, each species uses distinct receptors and receptor-binding glycoproteins. Structural studies of the prototypical herpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) entry glycoproteins have defined the interaction sites for glycoprotein complexes and receptors, and have revealed conformational changes that occur on receptor binding. Recent crystallography and electron microscopy studies have refined our model of herpesvirus entry into cells, clarifying both the conserved features and the unique features. In this Review, we discuss recent insights into herpesvirus entry by analysing the structures of entry glycoproteins, including the diverse receptor-binding glycoproteins (HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD), EBV glycoprotein 42 (gp42) and HCMV gH-gL-gO trimer and gH-gL-UL128-UL130-UL131A pentamer), as well gH-gL and the fusion protein gB, which are conserved in all herpesviruses.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ishino R, Kawase Y, Kitawaki T, Sugimoto N, Oku M, Uchida S, Imataki O, Matsuoka A, Taoka T, Kawakami K, van Kuppevelt TH, Todo T, Takaori-Kondo A, Kadowaki N. Oncolytic Virus Therapy with HSV-1 for Hematological Malignancies. Mol Ther 2020; 29:762-774. [PMID: 33038943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been investigated to expand its application to various malignancies. Because hematopoietic cells are resistant to HSV-1, its application to hematological malignancies has been rare. Here, we show that the third generation oncolytic HSV-1, T-01, infected and killed 18 of 26 human cell lines and 8 of 15 primary cells derived from various lineages of hematological malignancies. T-01 replicated at low levels in the cell lines. Viral entry and the oncolytic effect were positively correlated with the expression level of nectin-1 and to a lesser extent 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate, receptors for glycoprotein D of HSV-1, on tumor cells. Transfection of nectin-1 into nectin-1-negative tumor cells made them susceptible to T-01. The oncolytic effects did not appear to correlate with the expression or phosphorylation of antiviral molecules in the cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and PKR-eIF2α pathways. In an immunocompetent mouse model, intratumoral injection of T-01 into lymphoma induced regression of injected, as well as non-injected, contralateral tumors accompanied by abundant infiltration of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. These data suggest that intratumoral injection of oncolytic HSV-1 may be applicable to systemic hematological malignancies. Nectin-1 expression may be the most useful biomarker for optimal efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ishino
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yumi Kawase
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Kitawaki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maki Oku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shumpei Uchida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Osamu Imataki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Akihito Matsuoka
- Division of Internal Medicine, Sakaide City Hospital, Sakaide, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Taoka
- Division of Internal Medicine, Sakaide City Hospital, Sakaide, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Kawakami
- Division of Hematology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Kadowaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Localization of the Interaction Site of Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein D (gD) on the Membrane Fusion Regulator, gH/gL. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00983-20. [PMID: 32759318 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00983-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A cascade of protein-protein interactions between four herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoproteins (gD, gH/gL, and gB) drive fusion between the HSV envelope and host membrane, thereby allowing for virus entry and infection. Specifically, binding of gD to one of its receptors induces a conformational change that allows gD to bind to the regulatory complex gH/gL, which then activates the fusogen gB, resulting in membrane fusion. Using surface plasmon resonance and a panel of anti-gD monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that sterically blocked the interaction, we previously showed that gH/gL binds directly to gD at sites distinct from the gD receptor binding site. Here, using an analogous strategy, we first evaluated the ability of a panel of uncharacterized anti-gH/gL MAbs to block binding to gD and/or inhibit fusion. We found that the epitopes of four gD-gH/gL-blocking MAbs were located within flexible regions of the gH N terminus and the gL C terminus, while the fifth was placed around gL residue 77. Taken together, our data localized the gD binding region on gH/gL to a group of gH and gL residues at the membrane distal region of the heterodimer. Surprisingly, a second set of MAbs did not block gD-gH/gL binding but instead stabilized the complex by altering the kinetic binding. However, despite this prolonged gD-gH/gL interaction, "stabilizing" MAbs also inhibited cell-cell fusion, suggesting a unique mechanism by which the fusion process is halted. Our findings support targeting the gD-gH/gL interaction to prevent fusion in both therapeutic and vaccine strategies against HSV.IMPORTANCE Key to developing a human HSV vaccine is an understanding of the virion glycoproteins involved in entry. HSV employs multiple glycoproteins for attachment, receptor interaction, and membrane fusion. Determining how these proteins function was resolved, in part, by structural biology coupled with immunological and biologic evidence. After binding, virion gD interacts with a receptor to activate the regulator gH/gL complex, triggering gB to drive fusion. Multiple questions remain, one being the physical location of each glycoprotein interaction site. Using protective antibodies with known epitopes, we documented the long-sought interaction between gD and gH/gL, detailing the region on gD important to create the gD-gH/gL triplex. Now, we have identified the corresponding gD contact sites on gH/gL. Concurrently we discovered a novel mechanism whereby gH/gL antibodies stabilize the complex and inhibit fusion progression. Our model for the gD-gH/gL triplex provides a new framework for studying fusion, which identifies targets for vaccine development.
Collapse
|
30
|
Brooks BD, Closmore A, Yang J, Holland M, Cairns T, Cohen GH, Bailey-Kellogg C. Characterizing Epitope Binding Regions of Entire Antibody Panels by Combining Experimental and Computational Analysis of Antibody: Antigen Binding Competition. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163659. [PMID: 32796656 PMCID: PMC7464469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines and immunotherapies depend on the ability of antibodies to sensitively and specifically recognize particular antigens and specific epitopes on those antigens. As such, detailed characterization of antibody-antigen binding provides important information to guide development. Due to the time and expense required, high-resolution structural characterization techniques are typically used sparingly and late in a development process. Here, we show that antibody-antigen binding can be characterized early in a process for whole panels of antibodies by combining experimental and computational analyses of competition between monoclonal antibodies for binding to an antigen. Experimental "epitope binning" of monoclonal antibodies uses high-throughput surface plasmon resonance to reveal which antibodies compete, while a new complementary computational analysis that we call "dock binning" evaluates antibody-antigen docking models to identify why and where they might compete, in terms of possible binding sites on the antigen. Experimental and computational characterization of the identified antigenic hotspots then enables the refinement of the competitors and their associated epitope binding regions on the antigen. While not performed at atomic resolution, this approach allows for the group-level identification of functionally related monoclonal antibodies (i.e., communities) and identification of their general binding regions on the antigen. By leveraging extensive epitope characterization data that can be readily generated both experimentally and computationally, researchers can gain broad insights into the basis for antibody-antigen recognition in wide-ranging vaccine and immunotherapy discovery and development programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Brooks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
- Inovan Inc., Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.C.); (G.H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-435-222-1403
| | - Adam Closmore
- Department of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
| | - Juechen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA; (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Michael Holland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA; (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Tina Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.C.); (G.H.C.)
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.C.); (G.H.C.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Su X, Wang Q, Wen Y, Jiang S, Lu L. Protein- and Peptide-Based Virus Inactivators: Inactivating Viruses Before Their Entry Into Cells. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1063. [PMID: 32523582 PMCID: PMC7261908 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other highly pathogenic enveloped viruses, have threatened the global public health. Most antiviral drugs act as passive defenders to inhibit viral replication inside the cell, while a few of them function as gate keepers to combat viruses outside the cell, including fusion inhibitors, e.g., enfuvirtide, and receptor antagonists, e.g., maraviroc, as well as virus inactivators (including attachment inhibitors). Different from fusion inhibitors and receptor antagonists that must act in the presence of target cells, virus inactivators can actively inactivate cell-free virions in the blood, through interaction with one or more sites in the envelope glycoproteins (Envs) on virions. Notably, a number of protein- and peptide-based virus inactivators (PPVIs) under development are expected to have a better utilization rate than the current antiviral drugs and be safer for in vivo human application than the chemical-based virus inactivators. Here we have highlighted recent progress in developing PPVIs against several important enveloped viruses, including HIV, influenza virus, Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus (DENV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV), and the potential use of PPVIs for urgent treatment of infection by newly emerging or re-emerging viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Su
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yue D, Chen Z, Yang F, Ye F, Lin S, He B, Cheng Y, Wang J, Chen Z, Lin X, Yang J, Chen H, Zhang Z, You Y, Sun H, Wen A, Wang L, Zheng Y, Cao Y, Li Y, Lu G. Crystal structure of bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D bound to nectin-1 reveals the basis for its low-affinity binding to the receptor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba5147. [PMID: 32426511 PMCID: PMC7220272 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) has received increasing attention for its potential oncolytic applications. BHV-1 recognizes nectin-1 for cell entry via viral glycoprotein D (gD) but represents a low-affinity nectin-1 binding virus. The molecular basis underlying this low receptor-binding affinity, however, remains unknown. Here, the crystal structures of BHV-1 gD in the free and nectin-1-bound forms are presented. While showing an overall resembled nectin-1 binding mode to other alphaherpesvirus gDs, BHV-1 gD has a unique G-strand/α2-helix interloop that disturbs gD/nectin-1 interactions. Residue R188 residing in this loop is observed to otherwise cause strong steric hindrance with the bound receptor, making a large conformational change of the loop a prerequisite for nectin-1 engagement. Subsequently, substitution of R188 with glycine markedly enhances the affinity of the BHV-1-gD/nectin-1 interaction (by about fivefold). These structural and functional data delineate the receptor-recognition basis for BHV-1, which might facilitate BHV-1-based oncolytic design in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yue
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhujun Chen
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Fanli Yang
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Fei Ye
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bin He
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yanwei Cheng
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Emergency, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jichao Wang
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zimin Chen
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xi Lin
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jing Yang
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hua Chen
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhang
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu You
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Honglu Sun
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ao Wen
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu Cao
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Disaster Medicine Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China.,Corresponding author. (Y.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Guangwen Lu
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Corresponding author. (Y.L.); (G.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tailoring Uptake Efficacy of HSV-1 gD Derived Carrier Peptides. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050721. [PMID: 32384673 PMCID: PMC7277387 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regions of the Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) were chosen to design carrier peptides based on the known tertiary structure of the virus entry receptor complexes. These complexes consist of the following: HSV-1 gD–nectin-1 and HSV-1 gD–herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM). Three sets of peptides were synthesised with sequences covering the (i) N-terminal HVEM- and nectin-1 binding region -5–42, (ii) the 181–216 medium region containing nectin-1 binding sequences and (iii) the C-terminal nectin-1 binding region 214–255. The carrier candidates were prepared with acetylated and 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein labelled N-termini. The peptides were chemically characterised and their conformational features in solution were also determined. In vitro internalisation profile and intracellular localisation were evaluated on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Peptide originated from the C-terminal region 224–247 of the HSV-1 gD showed remarkable internalisation compared to the other peptides with low to moderate entry. Electronic circular dichroism secondary structure studies of the peptides revealed that the most effectively internalised peptides exhibit high helical propensity at increasing TFE concentrations. We proved that oligopeptides derived from the nectin-1 binding region are promising candidates—with possibility of Lys237Arg and/or Trp241Phe substitutions—for side-reaction free conjugation of bioactive compounds—drugs or gene therapy agents—as cargos.
Collapse
|
34
|
Jayawardena N, Poirier JT, Burga LN, Bostina M. Virus-Receptor Interactions and Virus Neutralization: Insights for Oncolytic Virus Development. Oncolytic Virother 2020; 9:1-15. [PMID: 32185149 PMCID: PMC7064293 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s186337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are replication competent agents that selectively target cancer cells. After penetrating the tumor cell, viruses replicate and eventually trigger cell lysis, releasing the new viral progeny, which at their turn will attack and kill neighbouring cells. The ability of OVs to self-amplify within the tumor while sparing normal cells can provide several advantages including the capacity to encode and locally produce therapeutic protein payloads, and to prime the host immune system. OVs targeting of cancer cells is mediated by host factors that are differentially expressed between normal tissue and tumors, including viral receptors and internalization factors. In this review article, we will discuss the evolution of oncolytic viruses that have reached the stage of clinical trials, their mechanisms of oncolysis, cellular receptors, strategies for targeting cancers, viral neutralization and developments to bypass virus neutralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadishka Jayawardena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John T Poirier
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Burga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
White EM, Stampfer SD, Heldwein EE. Expression, Purification, and Crystallization of HSV-1 Glycoproteins for Structure Determination. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2060:377-393. [PMID: 31617192 PMCID: PMC9903252 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9814-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses utilize glycoproteins displayed on the viral envelope to perform a variety of functions in the viral infectious cycle. Structural and functional studies of these viral glycoproteins can benefit from biochemical, biophysical, and structural analysis of purified proteins. Here, we describe a general protocol for expression and purification of viral glycoproteins from insect cells based on those developed for the HSV-1 gB and HSV-2 gH/gL ectodomains as well as the protocol for crystallization of these glycoproteins. This protocol can be used for generating milligram amounts of wild-type (WT) or mutant gB and gH/gL ectodomains or can be adapted to produce purified ectodomains of glycoproteins from HSV or other herpesviruses for biochemical and structural studies.
Collapse
|
36
|
Cooper RS, Heldwein EE. Expression, Purification, and Crystallization of Full-Length HSV-1 gB for Structure Determination. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2060:395-407. [PMID: 31617193 PMCID: PMC10167678 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9814-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
HSV glycoproteins play important roles in the viral life cycle, particularly viral cell entry. Here we describe the protocol for expression, purification, and crystallization of full-length HSV-1 glycoprotein B. The protocol provides a framework for incorporating transmembrane domain-stabilizing amphipols into the crystallization setup and can be adapted to isolate other complete HSV glycoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Cooper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ekaterina E Heldwein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jayawardena N, Burga LN, Poirier JT, Bostina M. Virus-Receptor Interactions: Structural Insights For Oncolytic Virus Development. Oncolytic Virother 2019; 8:39-56. [PMID: 31754615 PMCID: PMC6825474 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s218494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in oncolytic virotherapy commend a special attention to developing new strategies for targeting cancer cells with oncolytic viruses (OVs). Modifications of the viral envelope or coat proteins serve as a logical mean of repurposing viruses for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss how detailed structural knowledge of the interactions between OVs and their natural receptors provide valuable insights into tumor specificity of some viruses and re-targeting of alternate receptors for broad tumor tropism or improved tumor selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadishka Jayawardena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Laura N Burga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Krishnan R, Qadiri SSN, Oh MJ. Functional characterization of seven-band grouper immunoglobulin like cell adhesion molecule, Nectin4 as a cellular receptor for nervous necrosis virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:720-725. [PMID: 31404634 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nectin-4/PVRL4 belonging to the family of immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules was identified as a potential cellular receptor for several animal viruses. Here we show that nervous necrosis virus that causes viral nervous necrosis in teleosts uses the same receptor in its life cycle. Transfection of SSN-1 cell lines with an expression vector encoding Nectin-4 rendered them to be more susceptible to NNV. Immunofluorescence microscopy on Nectin-4 expressing cells revealed that the protein interacted with NNV specifically. A virus binding assay indicated that Nectin-4 was a bonafide receptor that supported virus attachment to the host cell whereas siRNA directed against Nectin-4 blocked NNV infections in grouper primary brain cells. Results of the present study will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of NNV infection and provide a target for the development of novel antiviral interventions in marine finfish aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Krishnan
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Glycine 29 Is Critical for Conformational Changes of the Spike Glycoprotein of Mouse Hepatitis Virus A59 Triggered by either Receptor Binding or High pH. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01046-19. [PMID: 31375571 PMCID: PMC6798120 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01046-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) uses its N-terminal domain (NTD) of the viral spike (S) protein to bind the host receptor mouse carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1a (mCEACAM1a) and mediate virus entry. Our previous crystal structure study of the MHV NTD/mCEACAM1a complex (G. Peng, D. Sun, K. R. Rajashankar, Z. Qian, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:10696-10701, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1104306108) reveals that there are 14 residues in the NTD interacting with the receptor. However, their contribution to receptor binding and virus entry has not been fully investigated. Here we analyzed 13 out of 14 contact residues by mutagenesis and identified I22 as being essential for receptor binding and virus entry. Unexpectedly, we found that G29 was critical for the conformational changes of the S protein triggered by either receptor binding or high pH. Replacement of G29 with A, D, F, K, M, and T, to different extents, caused spontaneous dissociation of S1 from the S protein, resulting in an enhancement of high-pH-triggered receptor-independent syncytium (RIS) formation in HEK293T cells, compared to the wild type (WT). In contrast, replacement of G29 with P, a turn-prone residue with a strict conformation, hindered virus entry and conformational changes of the S protein triggered by either receptor binding or pH 8.0, suggesting that the structural turn around G29 and its flexibility are critical. Finally, stabilization of the NTD by G29P had almost no effect on pH-independent RIS induced by the Y320A mutation in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the S1 subunit, indicating that there might be an absence of cross talk between the NTD and CTD during conformational changes of the S protein. Our study will aid in better understanding the mechanism of how conformational changes of the S protein are triggered.IMPORTANCE Binding of the MHV S protein to the receptor mCEACAM1a triggers conformational changes of S proteins, leading to the formation of a six-helix bundle and viral and cellular membrane fusion. However, the mechanism by which the conformational change of the S protein is initiated after receptor binding has not been determined. In this study, we showed that while replacement of G29, a residue at the edge of the receptor binding interface and the center of the structural turn after the β1-sheet of the S protein, with D or T triggered spontaneous conformational changes of the S protein and pH-independent RIS, the G29P mutation significantly impeded the conformational changes of S proteins triggered by either receptor binding or pH 8.0. We reason that this structural turn might be critical for conformational changes of the S protein and that altering this structural turn could initiate conformational changes of the S protein, leading to membrane fusion.
Collapse
|
40
|
Hotop SK, Abd El Wahed A, Beutling U, Czerny F, Sievers C, Diederichsen U, Frank R, Stahl-Hennig C, Brönstrup M, Fritz HJ. Serological Analysis of Herpes B Virus at Individual Epitope Resolution: From Two-Dimensional Peptide Arrays to Multiplex Bead Flow Assays. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11030-11037. [PMID: 31365232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macacine herpesvirus or B Virus (BV) is a zoonotic agent that leads to high mortality rates in humans if transmitted and untreated. Here, BV is used as a test case to establish a two-step procedure for developing high throughput serological assays based on synthetic peptides. In step 1, peptide microarray analysis of 42 monkey sera (30 of them tested BV positive by ELISA) revealed 1148 responses against 369 different peptides. The latter could be grouped into 142 different antibody target regions (ATRs) in six different glycoproteins (gB, gC, gD, gG, gH, and gL) of BV. The high number of newly detected ATRs was made possible inter alia by a new preanalytical protocol that reduced unspecific binding of serum components to the cellulose-based matrix of the microarray. In step 2, soluble peptides corresponding to eight ATRs of particularly high antigenicity were synthesized and coupled to fluorescently labeled beads, which were subsequently employed in immunochemical bead flow assays. Their outcome mirrored the ELISA results used as reference. Hence, convenient, fast, and economical screening of arbitrarily large macaque colonies for BV infection is now possible. The study demonstrates that a technology platform switch from two-dimensional high-resolution peptide arrays used for epitope discovery to a readily available bead array platform for serology applications is feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Kevin Hotop
- Department of Chemical Biology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) , 38124 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene , Georg-August-University , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Ulrike Beutling
- Department of Chemical Biology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) , 38124 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Florian Czerny
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry , Georg-August-University , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Claudia Sievers
- Department for Epidemiology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , 38124 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Ulf Diederichsen
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry , Georg-August-University , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Ronald Frank
- AIMS Scientific Products GmbH , 13187 Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) , 38124 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Fritz
- Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen , Theaterstr. 7 , 37073 Göttingen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Surface Plasmon Resonance Reveals Direct Binding of Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoproteins gH/gL to gD and Locates a gH/gL Binding Site on gD. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00289-19. [PMID: 31092568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00289-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) requires fusion between the viral envelope and host membrane. Four glycoproteins, gD, gH/gL, and gB, are essential for this process. To initiate fusion, gD binds its receptor and undergoes a conformational change that hypothetically leads to activation of gH/gL, which in turn triggers the fusion protein gB to undergo rearrangements leading to membrane fusion. Our model predicts that gD must interact with both its receptor and gH/gL to promote fusion. In support of this, we have shown that gD is structurally divided into two "faces": one for the binding receptor and the other for its presumed interaction with gH/gL. However, until now, we have been unable to demonstrate a direct interaction between gD and gH/gL. Here, we used surface plasmon resonance to show that the ectodomain of gH/gL binds directly to the ectodomain of gD when (i) gD is captured by certain anti-gD monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that are bound to a biosensor chip, (ii) gD is bound to either one of its receptors on a chip, and (iii) gD is covalently bound to the chip surface. To localize the gH/gL binding site on gD, we used multiple anti-gD MAbs from six antigenic communities and determined which ones interfered with this interaction. MAbs from three separate communities block gD-gH/gL binding, and their epitopes encircle a geographical area on gD that we propose comprises the gH/gL binding domain. Together, our results show that gH/gL interacts directly with gD, supporting a role for this step in HSV entry.IMPORTANCE HSV entry is a multistep process that requires the actions of four glycoproteins, gD, gH/gL, and gB. Our current model predicts that gD must interact with both its receptor and gH/gL to promote viral entry. Although we know a great deal about how gD binds its receptors, until now we have been unable to demonstrate a direct interaction between gD and gH/gL. Here, we used a highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance technique to clearly demonstrate that gD and gH/gL interact. Furthermore, using multiple MAbs with defined epitopes, we have delineated a domain on gD that is independent of that used for receptor binding and which likely represents the gH/gL interaction domain. Targeting this interaction to prevent fusion may enhance both therapeutic and vaccine strategies.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kumar V, Yadav K, Kumar R, Chaudhary N, Kumar S. Glycoprotein D peptide-based diagnostic approach for the detection of avian infectious laryngotracheitis antibodies. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:602-609. [PMID: 31199165 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1631444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens, pheasants, and peafowl. It is caused by the alpha herpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Glycoprotein D (gD) of ILTV is immunogenic and helps in its binding to the susceptible host cell receptor. In the present study, a recombinant gD protein was expressed in a prokaryotic system to develop a single serum dilution ELISA. In addition, two immunogenic peptides, corresponding to regions 77-89 and 317-328, were identified in gD protein. The peptides were synthesized using solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified using reversed-phase HPLC, and characterized using mass spectrometry. The peptides displayed a good titre and were found to be promising antigens to coat the ELISA plate to detect the ILTV antibodies in the serum sample. The developed ELISA showed 96.9% sensitivity, 87.5% specificity, and 95.3% accuracy as compared to OIE referenced standard indirect ILTV ELISA (whole viral coated). The assay may not differentiate vaccinated from infected birds when the flocks are administered with live attenuated vaccines. However, the assay could be useful to detect the disease condition in birds vaccinated with recombinant vaccine expressing glycoproteins other than gD. The developed ILTV single serum dilution ELISA could be an alternative to the existing diagnostics for the detection of ILTV antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam , India
| | - Karamchandra Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam , India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam , India
| | - Nitin Chaudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam , India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam , India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vallbracht M, Backovic M, Klupp BG, Rey FA, Mettenleiter TC. Common characteristics and unique features: A comparison of the fusion machinery of the alphaherpesviruses Pseudorabies virus and Herpes simplex virus. Adv Virus Res 2019; 104:225-281. [PMID: 31439150 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is a fundamental biological process that allows different cellular compartments delimited by a lipid membrane to release or exchange their respective contents. Similarly, enveloped viruses such as alphaherpesviruses exploit membrane fusion to enter and infect their host cells. For infectious entry the prototypic human Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2, collectively termed HSVs) and the porcine Pseudorabies virus (PrV) utilize four different essential envelope glycoproteins (g): the bona fide fusion protein gB and the regulatory heterodimeric gH/gL complex that constitute the "core fusion machinery" conserved in all members of the Herpesviridae; and the subfamily specific receptor binding protein gD. These four components mediate attachment and fusion of the virion envelope with the host cell plasma membrane through a tightly regulated sequential activation process. Although PrV and the HSVs are closely related and employ the same set of glycoproteins for entry, they show remarkable differences in the requirements for fusion. Whereas the HSVs strictly require all four components for membrane fusion, PrV can mediate cell-cell fusion without gD. Moreover, in contrast to the HSVs, PrV provides a unique opportunity for reversion analyses of gL-negative mutants by serial cell culture passaging, due to a limited cell-cell spread capacity of gL-negative PrV not observed in the HSVs. This allows a more direct analysis of the function of gH/gL during membrane fusion. Unraveling the molecular mechanism of herpesvirus fusion has been a goal of fundamental research for years, and yet important mechanistic details remain to be uncovered. Nevertheless, the elucidation of the crystal structures of all key players involved in PrV and HSV membrane fusion, coupled with a wealth of functional data, has shed some light on this complex puzzle. In this review, we summarize and discuss the contemporary knowledge on the molecular mechanism of entry and membrane fusion utilized by the alphaherpesvirus PrV, and highlight similarities but also remarkable differences in the requirements for fusion between PrV and the HSVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Vallbracht
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Marija Backovic
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, UMR3569 (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Felix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, UMR3569 (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu XQ, Xin HY, Lyu YN, Ma ZW, Peng XC, Xiang Y, Wang YY, Wu ZJ, Cheng JT, Ji JF, Zhong JX, Ren BX, Wang XW, Xin HW. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus tumor targeting and neutralization escape by engineering viral envelope glycoproteins. Drug Deliv 2019; 25:1950-1962. [PMID: 30799657 PMCID: PMC6282442 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1534895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) have been approved for clinical usage and become more and more popular for tumor virotherapy. However, there are still many issues for the oHSVs used in clinics and clinical trials. The main issues are the limited anti-tumor effects, intratumor injection, and some side effects. To overcome such challenges, here we review the genetic engineering of the envelope glycoproteins for oHSVs to target tumors specifically, and at the same time we summarize the many neutralization antibodies against the envelope glycoproteins and align the neutralization epitopes with functional domains of the respective glycoproteins for future identification of new functions of the glycoproteins and future engineering of the epitopes to escape from host neutralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Liu
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,d Department of Nursing and Medical Imaging Technology , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Hong-Yi Xin
- e Star Array Pte Ltd , JTC Medtech Hub , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Yan-Ning Lyu
- f Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control , Beijing , China
| | - Zhao-Wu Ma
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,g Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Ying Xiang
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Zi-Jun Wu
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,d Department of Nursing and Medical Imaging Technology , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Jia-Fu Ji
- h Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute , Haidian , Beijing , China
| | - Ji-Xin Zhong
- i Cardiovascular Research Institute , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Bo-Xu Ren
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,d Department of Nursing and Medical Imaging Technology , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Xian-Wang Wang
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,j Faculty of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Blevins TP, Yu Y, Belshe RB, Bellamy AR, Morrison LA. Correlation between herpes simplex virus neutralizing antibody titers determined by ELVIS cell and traditional plaque reduction assays. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214467. [PMID: 30946751 PMCID: PMC6448825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventive viral vaccine efficacy trials require large-scale sample analysis to quantitate immune responses and their correlation with infection outcomes. Traditional plaque reduction assays measure a functionally important form of humoral immunity, neutralizing antibody titer. These assays, however, are time-consuming and laborious. We previously developed a higher throughput assay of neutralizing antibody to herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (Blevins et al., PLOS ONE, 10(12), e0144738) using the enzyme-linked virus inducible system (ELVIS) cell line; this cell line produces β-galactosidase in response to HSV infection. Here, serum samples from recipients of an investigational vaccine in the Herpevac Trial for Women were used to compare the ELVIS cell assay with the lower throughput, traditional plaque reduction assay. We demonstrate that neutralizing antibody titers to HSV-1 or HSV-2 determined using ELVIS cells positively correlate with neutralizing antibody titers determined by traditional plaque reduction assay, thus validating a higher throughput alternative for large-scale sample analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara P. Blevins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yinyi Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Belshe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Abbie R. Bellamy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Emmes Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynda A. Morrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Interaction between nectin-1 and the human natural killer cell receptor CD96. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212443. [PMID: 30759143 PMCID: PMC6373967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of Natural Killer (NK) cell activity is achieved by the integration of both activating and inhibitory signals acquired at the immunological synapse with potential target cells. NK cells express paired receptors from the immunoglobulin family which share common ligands from the nectin family of adhesion molecules. The activating receptor CD226 (DNAM-1) binds to nectin-2 and CD155, which are also recognized by the inhibitory receptor TIGIT. The third receptor in this family is CD96, which is less well characterized and may have different functions in human and mouse models. Human CD96 interacts with CD155 and ligation of this receptor activates NK cells, while in mice the presence of CD96 correlates with decreased NK cell activation. Mouse CD96 also binds nectin-1, but the effect of this interaction has not yet been determined. Here we show that human nectin-1 directly interacts with CD96 in vitro. The binding site for CD96 is located on the nectin-1 V-domain, which comprises a canonical interface that is shared by nectins to promote cell adhesion. The affinity of nectin-1 for CD96 is lower than for other nectins such as nectin-3 and nectin-1 itself. However, the affinity of nectin-1 for CD96 is similar to its affinity for herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D (HSV gD), which binds the nectin-1 V-domain during virus entry. The affinity of human CD96 for nectin-1 is lower than for its known activating ligand CD155. We also found that human erythroleukemia K562 cells, which are commonly used as susceptible targets to assess NK cell cytotoxicity did not express nectin-1 on their surface and were resistant to HSV infection. When expressed in K562 cells, nectin-1-GFP accumulated at cell contacts and allowed HSV entry. Furthermore, overexpression of nectin-1-GFP led to an increased susceptibility of K562 cells to NK-92 cell cytotoxicity.
Collapse
|
47
|
Structure of the heterophilic interaction between the nectin-like 4 and nectin-like 1 molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2068-2077. [PMID: 30674679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810969116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nectin-like (Necl) molecules are Ca2+-independent Ig-like transmembrane cell adhesion molecules that participate in junctions between different cell types. The specific cell-cell adhesions mediated by Necl proteins are important in neural development and have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we present the crystal structure of the mouse Necl-4 full ectodomain and the structure of the heterophilic Necl ectodomain complex formed by the mNecl-4 and mNecl-1 ectodomains. We demonstrate that, while the ectodomain of mNecl-4 is monomeric, it forms a stable heterodimer with Ig1 of mNecl-1, with an affinity significantly higher than that observed for self-dimerization of the mNecl-1 ectodomain. We validated our structural characterizations by performing a surface plasmon resonance assay and an Fc fusion protein binding assay in mouse primary dorsal root ganglia neurites and Schwann cells and identified a selection of residues important for heterophilic interactions. Finally, we proposed a model of Necl binding specificity that involves an induced-fit conformational change at the dimerization interface.
Collapse
|
48
|
Atanasiu D, Saw WT, Lazear E, Whitbeck JC, Cairns TM, Lou H, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH. Using Antibodies and Mutants To Localize the Presumptive gH/gL Binding Site on Herpes Simplex Virus gD. J Virol 2018; 92:e01694-18. [PMID: 30282715 PMCID: PMC6258950 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01694-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HSV virus-cell and cell-cell fusion requires multiple interactions between four essential virion envelope glycoproteins, gD, gB, gH, and gL, and between gD and a cellular receptor, nectin-1 or herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM). Current models suggest that binding of gD to receptors induces a conformational change that leads to activation of gH/gL and consequent triggering of the prefusion form of gB to promote membrane fusion. Since protein-protein interactions guide each step of fusion, identifying the sites of interaction may lead to the identification of potential therapeutic targets that block this process. We have previously identified two "faces" on gD: one for receptor binding and the other for its presumed interaction with gH/gL. We previously separated the gD monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) into five competition communities. MAbs from two communities (MC2 and MC5) neutralize virus infection and block cell-cell fusion but do not block receptor binding, suggesting that they block binding of gD to gH/gL. Using a combination of classical epitope mapping of gD mutants with fusion and entry assays, we identified two residues (R67 and P54) on the presumed gH/gL interaction face of gD that allowed for fusion and viral entry but were no longer sensitive to inhibition by MC2 or MC5, yet both were blocked by other MAbs. As neutralizing antibodies interfere with essential steps in the fusion pathway, our studies strongly suggest that these key residues block the interaction of gD with gH/gL.IMPORTANCE Virus entry and cell-cell fusion mediated by HSV require gD, gH/gL, gB, and a gD receptor. Neutralizing antibodies directed against any of these proteins bind to residues within key functional sites and interfere with an essential step in the fusion pathway. Thus, the epitopes of these MAbs identify critical, functional sites on their target proteins. Unlike many anti-gD MAbs, which block binding of gD to a cellular receptor, two, MC2 and MC5, block a separate, downstream step in the fusion pathway which is presumed to be the activation of the modulator of fusion, gH/gL. By combining epitope mapping of a panel of gD mutants with fusion and virus entry assays, we have identified residues that are critical in the binding and function of these two MAbs. This new information helps to define the site of the presumptive interaction of gD with gH/gL, of which we have limited knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doina Atanasiu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wan Ting Saw
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Lazear
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Charles Whitbeck
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tina M Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Huan Lou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roselyn J Eisenberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gary H Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sabir AJ, Adams TE, O'Rourke D, Devlin JM, Noormohammadi AH. Investigation onto the correlation between systemic antibodies to surface glycoproteins of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and protective immunity. Vet Microbiol 2018; 228:252-258. [PMID: 30593375 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes upper respiratory tract disease in chickens and significant losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Both antibody and cell-mediated responses are generated against ILTV infection; however, the correlation of humoral immune response with protection against ILTV infection is debatable. To examine if whether antibody responses to individual ILTV glycoproteins are correlated with disease and protection, four ILTV glycoproteins (gD, gE, gG and gJ) were expressed as recombinant proteins and used in conjunction with commercially available recombinant gC and gI in indirect ELISAs to measure post-vaccination and/or post-challenge chicken serum antibodies. Serum optical density (OD) values detected by the whole virus, gC, gI and gJ were significantly higher in birds vaccinated with the Serva vaccine strain compared to the SA2 vaccine strain. However, the mean ODs detected by gD, gE and gG were not significantly different between the vaccine strains. Examination of post-ILTV vaccination sera found that gE was the most antigenic glycoprotein and that gC ODs were strongly correlated with those of gI and gJ, while ODs to gG had a relatively poor correlation with those of other glycoproteins. Moderate to poor correlations were found between microscopic tracheal lesion scores and ODs to individual glycoproteins. Examination of post-vaccination pre-challenge antibodies to individual glycoproteins did not find a strong correlation with protective immunity as measured by the severity of clinical signs, gross lesions, and tracheal viral load. Results from this study demonstrated that systemic antibody titers to individual ILTV glycoproteins C, D, E, G, I and J had a relatively poor correlation to protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad J Sabir
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
| | - Timothy E Adams
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Denise O'Rourke
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC,3010, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang H, Cong F, Guan J, Xiao L, Zhu Y, Lian Y, Huang R, Chen M, Guo P. Development of a sensitive and specific xMAP assay for detection of antibodies against infectious laryngotracheitis and bronchitis viruses. Virol J 2018; 15:146. [PMID: 30241540 PMCID: PMC6151043 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A serological method to simultaneously detect antibodies against infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is imperative for the differential diagnosis and evaluation of antibodies titers after vaccination. METHOD The microspheres coated with purified recombinant glycoprotein D (gD) of ILTV or nucleocapsid (N) protein of IBV were incubated with serum samples. The simultaneous quantification of ILTV and IBV antibodies were achieved through the interrogation of microspheres by Luminex 200 detection system. . RESULTS This xMAP detection demonstrated no nonspecific reactions with avian influenza virus (AIV), avian leukosis virus (ALV), newcastle disease virus (NDV), and Marek's disease virus (MDV). The results also demonstrated that the xMAP assay was four times more sensitive than the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for ILTV detection and two times more sensitive for IBV detection. A total of 90 chicken serum samples from a chicken farm were tested by xMAP and ELISA assays. The results showed that the coincidence rates were 84.44 and 100% for ILTV and IBV detection, respectively. CONCLUSION This study exhibited an opportunity for the differential diagnosis through simultaneous detection of multiplex antibodies in serum and can be used for the multiplex antibodies evaluation after vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jianchi Guan
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yujun Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuexiao Lian
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ren Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Meili Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Pengju Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|