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Hauri KC, Schilmiller AL, Darling E, Howland AD, Douches DS, Szendrei Z. Constitutive Level of Specialized Secondary Metabolites Affects Plant Phytohormone Response to Above- and Belowground Herbivores. J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01538-2. [PMID: 39186175 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves chemically against herbivory through secondary metabolites and phytohormones. Few studies have investigated how constitutive variation in secondary metabolites contributes to systemic herbivory response. We hypothesized that plants with lower constitutive defenses would induce a stronger phytohormone response to spatially separated herbivory than plants with high constitutive defense. We used growth chamber bioassays to investigate how aboveground herbivory by Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, CPB) and belowground herbivory by northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla, RKN) altered phytohormones and glycoalkaloids in roots and shoots of two lines of wild potato (Solanum chacoense). These lines had different constitutive levels of chemical defense, particularly leptine glycoalkaloids, which are only present in aboveground tissues. We also determined how these differences influenced the preference and performance of CPB. The susceptible wild potato line responded to aboveground damage by CPB through induction of jasmonic acid (JA) and OPDA. However, when challenged by both RKN and CPB, the susceptible line retained high levels of JA, but not OPDA. Beetles gained more mass after feeding on the susceptible line compared to the resistant line, but were not affected by nematode presence. Belowground, JA, JA-Isoleucine, and OPDA were higher in the resistant line compared to the susceptible line, and some compounds demonstrated response to local herbivory. In contrast, the susceptible line did not induce phytohormone defenses belowground. These findings allow us to predict that constitutive level of defense may influence the threshold of herbivory that may lead to plant-mediated effects on spatially separated herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh C Hauri
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Anthony L Schilmiller
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Amanda D Howland
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David S Douches
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Zsofia Szendrei
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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2
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Hudson A, Mullens A, Hind S, Jamann T, Balint-Kurti P. Natural variation in the pattern-triggered immunity response in plants: Investigations, implications and applications. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13445. [PMID: 38528659 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by the recognition of microbe-derived molecules known as microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns or molecules derived from compromised host cells called damage-associated molecular patterns. Membrane-localized receptor proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much of the machinery of PTI is conserved, natural variation for the PTI response exists within and across species with respect to the components responsible for pattern recognition, activation of the response, and the strength of the response induced. This review describes what is known about this variation. We discuss how variation in the PTI response can be measured and how this knowledge might be utilized in the control of plant disease and in developing plant varieties with enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Hudson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Mullens
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Hind
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiffany Jamann
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Waszczak C, Yarmolinsky D, Leal Gavarrón M, Vahisalu T, Sierla M, Zamora O, Carter R, Puukko T, Sipari N, Lamminmäki A, Durner J, Ernst D, Winkler JB, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Fleming AJ, Andersson MX, Kollist H, Kangasjärvi J. Synthesis and import of GDP-l-fucose into the Golgi affect plant-water relations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:747-763. [PMID: 37964509 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Land plants evolved multiple adaptations to restrict transpiration. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not sufficiently understood. We used an ozone-sensitivity forward genetics approach to identify Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in gas exchange regulation. High water loss from detached leaves and impaired decrease of leaf conductance in response to multiple stomata-closing stimuli were identified in a mutant of MURUS1 (MUR1), an enzyme required for GDP-l-fucose biosynthesis. High water loss observed in mur1 was independent from stomatal movements and instead could be linked to metabolic defects. Plants defective in import of GDP-l-Fuc into the Golgi apparatus phenocopied the high water loss of mur1 mutants, linking this phenotype to Golgi-localized fucosylation events. However, impaired fucosylation of xyloglucan, N-linked glycans, and arabinogalactan proteins did not explain the aberrant water loss of mur1 mutants. Partial reversion of mur1 water loss phenotype by borate supplementation and high water loss observed in boron uptake mutants link mur1 gas exchange phenotypes to pleiotropic consequences of l-fucose and boron deficiency, which in turn affect mechanical and morphological properties of stomatal complexes and whole-plant physiology. Our work emphasizes the impact of fucose metabolism and boron uptake on plant-water relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Waszczak
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marina Leal Gavarrón
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Triin Vahisalu
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Sierla
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olena Zamora
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ross Carter
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tuomas Puukko
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sipari
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Airi Lamminmäki
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Ernst
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Hou S, Rodrigues O, Liu Z, Shan L, He P. Small holes, big impact: Stomata in plant-pathogen-climate epic trifecta. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:26-49. [PMID: 38041402 PMCID: PMC10872522 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of stomatal aperture opening and closure represents an evolutionary battle between plants and pathogens, characterized by adaptive strategies that influence both plant resistance and pathogen virulence. The ongoing climate change introduces further complexity, affecting pathogen invasion and host immunity. This review delves into recent advances on our understanding of the mechanisms governing immunity-related stomatal movement and patterning with an emphasis on the regulation of stomatal opening and closure dynamics by pathogen patterns and host phytocytokines. In addition, the review explores how climate changes impact plant-pathogen interactions by modulating stomatal behavior. In light of the pressing challenges associated with food security and the unpredictable nature of climate changes, future research in this field, which includes the investigation of spatiotemporal regulation and engineering of stomatal immunity, emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing crop resilience and contributing to climate control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Hou
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261325, China; School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China.
| | - Olivier Rodrigues
- Unité de Recherche Physiologie, Pathologie et Génétique Végétales, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INP-PURPAN, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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5
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Hu L, Kvitko B, Severns PM, Yang L. Shoot Maturation Strengthens FLS2-Mediated Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:796-804. [PMID: 37638673 PMCID: PMC10989731 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-23-0018-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Temporospatial regulation of immunity components is essential for properly activating plant defense response. Flagellin-sensing 2 (FLS2) is a surface-localized receptor that recognizes bacterial flagellin. The immune function of FLS2 is compromised in early stages of shoot development. However, the underlying mechanism for the age-dependent FLS2 signaling is not clear. Here, we show that the reduced basal immunity of juvenile leaves against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 is independent of FLS2. The flg22-induced marker gene expression and reactive oxygen species activation were comparable in juvenile and adult stages, but callose deposition was more evident in the adult stage than the juvenile stage. We further demonstrated that microRNA156, a master regulator of plant aging, does not influence the expression of FLS2 and FRK1 (Flg22-induced receptor-like kinase 1) but mildly suppresses callose deposition in juvenile leaves. Our experiments revealed an intrinsic mechanism that regulates the amplitude of FLS2-mediated resistance during aging. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxi Hu
- Department of plant pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Brian Kvitko
- Department of plant pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Paul M. Severns
- Department of plant pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Li Yang
- Department of plant pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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6
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Paasch BC, Sohrabi R, Kremer JM, Nomura K, Cheng YT, Martz J, Kvitko B, Tiedje JM, He SY. A critical role of a eubiotic microbiota in gating proper immunocompetence in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1468-1480. [PMID: 37591928 PMCID: PMC10505558 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have shown that microbes can ectopically stimulate or suppress plant immune responses, the fundamental question of whether the entire preexisting microbiota is indeed required for proper development of plant immune response remains unanswered. Using a recently developed peat-based gnotobiotic plant growth system, we found that Arabidopsis grown in the absence of a natural microbiota lacked age-dependent maturation of plant immune response and were defective in several aspects of pattern-triggered immunity. Axenic plants exhibited hypersusceptibility to infection by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Microbiota-mediated immunocompetence was suppressed by rich nutrient conditions, indicating a tripartite interaction between the host, microbiota and abiotic environment. A synthetic microbiota composed of 48 culturable bacterial strains from the leaf endosphere of healthy Arabidopsis plants was able to substantially restore immunocompetence similar to plants inoculated with a soil-derived community. In contrast, a 52-member dysbiotic synthetic leaf microbiota overstimulated the immune transcriptome. Together, these results provide evidence for a causal role of a eubiotic microbiota in gating proper immunocompetence and age-dependent immunity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Paasch
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Reza Sohrabi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James M Kremer
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kinya Nomura
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yu Ti Cheng
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Martz
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brian Kvitko
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - James M Tiedje
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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7
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Panter PE, Seifert J, Dale M, Pridgeon AJ, Hulme R, Ramsay N, Contera S, Knight H. Cell wall fucosylation in Arabidopsis influences control of leaf water loss and alters stomatal development and mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2680-2691. [PMID: 36715637 PMCID: PMC10112686 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis sensitive-to-freezing8 (sfr8) mutant exhibits reduced cell wall (CW) fucose levels and compromised freezing tolerance. To examine whether CW fucosylation also affects the response to desiccation, we tested the effect of leaf excision in sfr8 and the allelic mutant mur1-1. Leaf water loss was strikingly higher than in the wild type in these, but not other, fucosylation mutants. We hypothesized that reduced fucosylation in guard cell (GC) walls might limit stomatal closure through altering mechanical properties. Multifrequency atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements revealed a reduced elastic modulus (E'), representing reduced stiffness, in sfr8 GC walls. Interestingly, however, we discovered a compensatory mechanism whereby a concomitant reduction in the storage modulus (E'') maintained a wild-type viscoelastic time response (tau) in sfr8. Stomata in intact leaf discs of sfr8 responded normally to a closure stimulus, abscisic acid, suggesting that the time response may relate more to closure properties than stiffness does. sfr8 stomatal pore complexes were larger than those of the wild type, and GCs lacked a fully developed cuticular ledge, both potential contributors to the greater leaf water loss in sfr8. We present data that indicate that fucosylation-dependent dimerization of the CW pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan-II may be essential for normal cuticular ledge development and leaf water retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Panter
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
| | - Jacob Seifert
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Maeve Dale
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Rachel Hulme
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
| | - Nathan Ramsay
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
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8
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Hu L, Kvitko B, Yang L. Shoot maturation strengthens FLS2-mediated resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.14.528542. [PMID: 36824838 PMCID: PMC9949054 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A temporal-spatial regulation of immunity components is essential for properly activating plant defense response. Flagellin-sensing 2 (FLS2) is a surface-localized receptor that recognizes bacterial flagellin. The immune function of FLS2 is compromised in early stages of shoot development. However, the underlying mechanism for the age-dependent FLS2 signaling is not clear. Here, we show that the reduced basal immunity of juvenile leaves against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 is independent of FLS2. The flg22-induced marker gene expression and ROS activation were comparable in juvenile and adult stage, but callose deposition was more evident in the adult stage than that of juvenile stage. We further demonstrated that microRNA156, a master regulator of plant aging, suppressed callose deposition in juvenile leaves in response to flg22 but not the expression of FLS2 and FRK1 (Flg22-induced receptor-like kinase 1) . Altogether, we revealed an intrinsic mechanism that regulates the amplitude of FLS2-mediated resistance during aging.
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9
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Uddin S, Bae D, Cha JY, Ahn G, Kim WY, Kim MG. Coronatine Induces Stomatal Reopening by Inhibiting Hormone Signaling Pathways. JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:403-411. [DOI: 10.1007/s12374-022-09362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
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10
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Abstract
Water-use efficiency (WUE) is the ratio of biomass produced per unit of water consumed; thus, it can be altered by genetic factors that affect either side of the ratio. In the present study, we exploited natural variation for WUE to discover loci affecting either biomass accumulation or water use as factors affecting WUE. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using integrated WUE measured through carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C) of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions identified genomic regions associated with WUE. Reverse genetic analysis of 70 candidate genes selected based on the GWAS results and transcriptome data identified 25 genes affecting WUE as measured by gravimetric and δ13C analyses. Mutants of four genes had higher WUE than wild type, while mutants of the other 21 genes had lower WUE. The differences in WUE were caused by either altered biomass or water consumption (or both). Stomatal density (SD) was not a primary cause of altered WUE in these mutants. Leaf surface temperatures indicated that transpiration differed for mutants of 16 genes, but generally biomass accumulation had a greater effect on WUE. The genes we identified are involved in diverse cellular processes, including hormone and calcium signaling, meristematic activity, photosynthesis, flowering time, leaf/vasculature development, and cell wall composition; however, none of them had been previously linked to WUE. Thus, our study successfully identified effectors of WUE that can be used to understand the genetic basis of WUE and improve crop productivity.
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Lokdarshi A, von Arnim AG. Review: Emerging roles of the signaling network of the protein kinase GCN2 in the plant stress response. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 320:111280. [PMID: 35643606 PMCID: PMC9197246 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pan-eukaryotic protein kinase GCN2 (General Control Nonderepressible2) regulates the translation of mRNAs in response to external and metabolic conditions. Although GCN2 and its substrate, translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) α, and several partner proteins are substantially conserved in plants, this kinase has assumed novel functions in plants, including in innate immunity and retrograde signaling between the chloroplast and cytosol. How exactly some of the biochemical paradigms of the GCN2 system have diverged in the green plant lineage is only partially resolved. Specifically, conflicting data underscore and cast doubt on whether GCN2 regulates amino acid biosynthesis; also whether phosphorylation of eIF2α can in fact repress global translation or activate mRNA specific translation via upstream open reading frames; and whether GCN2 is controlled in vivo by the level of uncharged tRNA. This review examines the status of research on the eIF2α kinase, GCN2, its function in the response to xenobiotics, pathogens, and abiotic stress conditions, and its rather tenuous role in the translational control of mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansul Lokdarshi
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA.
| | - Albrecht G von Arnim
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1939, USA; UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1939, USA.
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12
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Song Z, Zhang C, Jin P, Tetteh C, Dong X, Luo S, Zhang S, Li X, Liu Y, Zhang H. The cell-type specific role of Arabidopsis bZIP59 transcription factor in plant immunity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1843-1861. [PMID: 35199374 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movement participates in plant immunity by directly affecting the invasion of bacteria, but the genes that regulate stomatal immunity have not been well identified. Here, we characterised the function of the bZIP59 transcription factor from Arabidopsis thaliana, which is constitutively expressed in guard cells. The bzip59 mutant is partially impaired in stomatal closure induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain (Pst) DC3000 and is more susceptible to Pst DC3000 infection. By contrast, the line overexpressing bZIP59 enhances resistance to Pst DC3000 infection. Furthermore, the bzip59 mutant is also partially impaired in stomatal closure induced by flagellin flg22 derived from Pst DC3000, and epistasis analysis revealed that bZIP59 acts upstream of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and downstream of salicylic acid signalling in flg22-induced stomatal closure. In addition, the bzip59 mutant showed resistance and sensitivity to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Tobacco mosaic virus that do not invade through stomata, respectively. Collectively, our results demonstrate that bZIP59 plays an important role in the stomatal immunity and reveal that the same transcription factor can positively and negatively regulate disease resistance against different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Pinyuan Jin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Charles Tetteh
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueshuo Dong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Luo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Siyi Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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13
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Interplay between Ca 2+/Calmodulin-Mediated Signaling and AtSR1/CAMTA3 during Increased Temperature Resulting in Compromised Immune Response in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042175. [PMID: 35216293 PMCID: PMC8880272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing temperatures are known to affect plant–microbe interactions; however, the molecular mechanism involved in plant disease resistance is not well understood. Here, we report the effects of a moderate change in temperature on plant immune response through Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated signaling. At 30 °C, Pst DC3000 triggered significantly weak and relatively slow Ca2+ influx in plant cells, as compared to that at 18 °C. Increased temperature contributed to an enhanced disease susceptibility in plants; the enhanced disease susceptibility is the result of the compromised stomatal closure induced by pathogens at high temperature. A Ca2+ receptor, AtSR1, contributes to the decreased plant immunity at high temperatures and the calmodulin-binding domain (CaMBD) is required for its function. Furthermore, both salicylic acid biosynthesis (ICS) and salicylic acid receptor (NPR1) are involved in this process. In addition to stomatal control, AtSR1 is involved in high temperature-compromised apoplastic immune response through the salicylic acid signaling pathway. The qRT-PCR data revealed that AtSR1 contributed to increased temperatures-mediated susceptible immune response by regulating SA-related genes in atsr1, such as PR1, ICS1, NPR1, as well as EDS1. Our results indicate that Ca2+ signaling has broad effects on the molecular interplay between changing temperatures as well as plant defense during plant–pathogen interactions.
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Ou X, Li T, Zhao Y, Chang Y, Wu L, Chen G, Day B, Jiang K. Calcium-dependent ABA signaling functions in stomatal immunity by regulating rapid SA responses in guard cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153585. [PMID: 34894596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal immunity is mediated by ABA, an osmotic stress-responsive phytohormone that closes stomata via calcium-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. However, the functional involvement of ABA signal transducers in stomatal immunity remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that stomatal immunity was compromised in mutants of the ABA signaling core. We also found that it is a subset of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPK4/5/6), but not the calcium-independent kinase OST1, that relay the stomatal immune signaling. Surface-inoculated bacteria caused an endogenous ABA-dependent induction of local SA responses, whilst expression of the ABA biosynthetic genes and the ABA levels were not affected in leaf epidermis. Furthermore, flg22-elicited ROS burst was attenuated by mutations in CPK4 and CPK5, and pathogen-induced SA production in leaf epidermis was compromised in cpk4, cpk5, and cpk6 mutants. Our results suggest that CPKs function in stomatal immunity through fine-tuning apoplastic ROS levels as well as reinforcing the localized SA signal in guard cells. It is also envisioned that ABA mediates stomatal responses to biotic and abiotic stresses via two distinct but partially overlapping signaling modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Ou
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization for Biological Resources and Ecological Restoration, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, Gansu Province, 745000, China
| | - Tianqi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yuankai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Lihong Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Guoqingzi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Kun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.
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He J, Zhang L, He SY, Ryser ET, Li H, Zhang W. Stomata facilitate foliar sorption of silver nanoparticles by Arabidopsis thaliana. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118448. [PMID: 34728324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Application of nanopesticides may substantially increase surface attachment and internalization of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in food crops. This study investigated the role of stomata in the internalization of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive ecotypes (Ler and Col-7) and ABA-insensitive mutants (ost1-2 and scord7) of Arabidopsis thaliana in batch sorption experiments, in combination with microscopic visualization. Compared with those of the ABA-free control, stomatal apertures were significantly smaller for the Ler and Col-7 ecotypes (p ˂ 0.05) but remained unchanged for the ost1-2 and scord7 mutants, after exposure to 10 μM ABA for 1 h. Generally Ag NP sorption to the leaves of the Ler and Col-7 ecotypes treated with 10 μM ABA was lower than that in the ABA-free control, mainly due to ABA-induced stomatal closure. The difference in Ag NP sorption with and without ABA was less pronounced for Col-7 than for Ler, suggesting different sorption behaviors between these two ecotypes. In contrast, there was no significant difference in foliar sorption of Ag NPs by the ost1-2 and scord7 mutants with and without ABA treatment. Ag NPs were widely attached to the Arabidopsis leaf surface, and found at cell membrane, cytoplasm, and plasmodesmata, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. These results highlight the important role of stomata in the internationalization of ENPs in plants and may have broad implications in foliar application of nanopesticides and minimizing contamination of food crops by ENPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhou He
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Elliot T Ryser
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States; Environmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States.
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Zhang C, Song Z, Jin P, Zhou X, Zhang H. Xylooligosaccharides induce stomatal closure via salicylic acid signaling-regulated reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1908-1918. [PMID: 33755206 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are the major coproducts of biofuel production and the most representative functional sugar enhancing animal physiology. However, little is known regarding the biological relevance of XOS to plants. Here, we found XOS triggered stomatal closure in Arabidopsis in a dose-dependent manner. Pamarcological data showed that XOS-induced stomatal closure was markedly inhibited by catalase (CAT, a reactive oxygen species [ROS] scavenger), salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, a peroxidase inhibitor), and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO, a nitric oxide [NO] scavenger). Moreover, XOS induced the production of ROS and NO in guard cells of Arabidopsis. ROS production was strongly restricted by CAT and SHAM, but was unaffected by treatment with diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor) or cPTIO. NO production was suppressed by CAT, SHAM, and cPTIO, but not by DPI. The elevation of ROS level mediated by SHAM-sensitive peroxidases occurred upstream of NO. Additionally, XOS-triggered stomatal closure and ROS and NO accumulation were significantly impaired in npr1 (salicylic acid signaling) mutant plants, but were not in jar1 (jasmonic acid signaling) or ein2 (ethylene signaling) mutant plants. Furthermore, XOS-induced stomatal closure was unaffected in both ost1 and atrbohD atrbohF (abscisic acid [ABA] signaling) mutant plants. Therefore, these results indicated that the biotic sugar, XOS, can elicit stomatal closure via salicylic acid signaling-mediated production of ROS and NO, in a manner independent of ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhiqiang Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pinyuan Jin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, Anhui, China
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David L, Kang J, Dufresne D, Zhu D, Chen S. Multi-Omics Revealed Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Guard Cell Systemic Acquired Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010191. [PMID: 33375472 PMCID: PMC7795379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) improves immunity of plant systemic tissue after local exposure to a pathogen. Guard cells that form stomatal pores on leaf surfaces recognize bacterial pathogens via pattern recognition receptors, such as Flagellin Sensitive 2 (FLS2). However, how SAR affects stomatal immunity is not known. In this study, we aim to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying the guard cell response to SAR using multi-omics of proteins, metabolites and lipids. Arabidopsis plants previously exposed to pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) exhibit an altered stomatal response compared to control plants when they are later exposed to the bacteria. Reduced stomatal apertures of SAR primed plants lead to decreased number of bacteria in leaves. Multi-omics has revealed molecular components of SAR response specific to guard cells functions, including potential roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and fatty acid signaling. Our results show an increase in palmitic acid and its derivative in the primed guard cells. Palmitic acid may play a role as an activator of FLS2, which initiates stomatal immune response. Improved understanding of how SAR signals affect stomatal immunity can aid biotechnology and marker-based breeding of crops for enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa David
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (L.D.); (J.K.); (D.Z.)
- Genetics Institute (UFGI), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jianing Kang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (L.D.); (J.K.); (D.Z.)
- Genetics Institute (UFGI), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Daniel Dufresne
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA;
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (L.D.); (J.K.); (D.Z.)
- Genetics Institute (UFGI), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (L.D.); (J.K.); (D.Z.)
- Genetics Institute (UFGI), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research (ICBR), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-352-273-8330
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VanderWeide J, Tombesi S, Castellarin SD, Sabbatini P. Canopy architecture and fruit microclimate, not ripening-related phytohormones, control phenylpropanoid accumulation in response to early leaf removal in 'Merlot' (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:291-302. [PMID: 33157421 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Early leaf removal (ELR) applied in the grapevine cluster zone at bloom or pre-bloom (PB) is a vineyard practice commonly utilized to reduce fruit disease and yield. In addition, the literature reports that ELR enhances fruit quality, however, little research has deciphered the potential factors regulating this response. In this work, the objective was to understand whether the increase in fruit quality in response to manual or mechanical leaf removal is due to changes in fruit-zone microclimate, vine physiology, or ripening/stress related hormone biosynthesis. In 'Merlot' (Vitis vinifera L.) vines, 60% of leaf area was removed from shoots in three ways: 1) manual removal of 5 leaves (PB-MA), 2) mechanical removal (PB-ME), and 3) simulated mechanical removal (PB-SIM), which was implemented by removing the distal portion of leaves on the first eight nodes to understand whether PB-ME improves fruit quality via enhanced microclimate conditions or plant stress. Yield was reduced in PB-ME and PB-SIM, while total soluble solids was not different at harvest; meaning that ELR decreased the partitioning of carbohydrates to fruit. Anthocyanins and flavonols were enhanced by PB-ME, however neither ABA nor ethylene were similarly altered. Instead, the leaf area at nodes above the fruit-zone was lower in PB-ME compared to non-defoliated ones, which increased post-veraison fruit temperature (+2.8 °C). These parameters correlated with anthocyanins at harvest. In conclusion, skin phenylpropanoid concentrations were influenced by canopy density above the fruit-zone. Additionally, ripening-related phytohormones were not involved in the response of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in vine subjected to ELR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua VanderWeide
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sergio Tombesi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 20122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Paolo Sabbatini
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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19
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Zhang J, Coaker G, Zhou JM, Dong X. Plant Immune Mechanisms: From Reductionistic to Holistic Points of View. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1358-1378. [PMID: 32916334 PMCID: PMC7541739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
After three decades of the amazing progress made on molecular studies of plant-microbe interactions (MPMI), we have begun to ask ourselves "what are the major questions still remaining?" as if the puzzle has only a few pieces missing. Such an exercise has ultimately led to the realization that we still have many more questions than answers. Therefore, it would be an impossible task for us to project a coherent "big picture" of the MPMI field in a single review. Instead, we provide our opinions on where we would like to go in our research as an invitation to the community to join us in this exploration of new MPMI frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Advanced Agricutural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Advanced Agricutural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, PO Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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20
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Pang Q, Zhang T, Zhang A, Lin C, Kong W, Chen S. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics revealed molecular networks of stomatal immune responses. PLANTA 2020; 252:66. [PMID: 32979085 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic protein and phosphoprotein profiles uncovered the overall regulation of stomata movement against pathogen invasion and phosphorylation states of proteins involved in ABA, SA, calcium and ROS signaling, which may modulate the stomatal immune response. Stomatal openings represent a major route of pathogen entry into the plant, and plants have evolved mechanisms to regulate stomatal aperture as innate immune response against bacterial invasion. However, the mechanisms underlying stomatal immunity are not fully understood. Taking advantage of high-throughput liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we performed label-free proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of enriched guard cells in response to a bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. In total, 495 proteins and 1229 phosphoproteins were identified as differentially regulated. These proteins are involved in a variety of signaling pathways, including abscisic acid and salicylic acid hormone signaling, calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling. We also showed that dynamic changes of phosphoprotein WRKY transcription factors may play a crucial role in regulating stomata movement in plant immunity. The identified proteins/phosphoproteins and the pathways form interactive molecular networks to regulate stomatal immunity. This study has provided new insights into the multifaceted mechanisms of stomatal immunity. The differential proteins and phosphoproteins are potential targets for engineering or breeding of crops for enhanced pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Pang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuwei Lin
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wenwen Kong
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Caruana JC, Dhar N, Raina R. Overexpression of Arabidopsis microRNA167 induces salicylic acid-dependent defense against Pseudomonas syringae through the regulation of its targets ARF6 and ARF8. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00270. [PMID: 33005858 PMCID: PMC7510475 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs are powerful regulators of growth, development, and stress responses in plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana microRNA miR167 was previously found to regulate diverse processes including flower development, root development, and response to osmotic stress by controlling the patterns of expression of its target genes AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ARF6), ARF8, and IAA-Ala RESISTANT 3. Here, we report that miR167 also modulates defense against pathogens through ARF6 and ARF8. miR167 is differentially expressed in response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, and overexpression of miR167 confers very high levels of resistance. This resistance appears to be due to suppression of auxin responses and is partially dependent upon salicylic acid signaling, and also depends upon altered stomatal behavior in these plants. Closure of stomata upon the detection of P. syringae is an important aspect of the basal defense response, as it prevents bacterial cells from entering the leaf interior and causing infection. Plants overexpressing miR167 constitutively maintain small stomatal apertures, resulting in very high resistance when the pathogen is inoculated onto the leaf surface. Additionally, the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response is severely compromised in plants overexpressing miR167, in agreement with previous work showing that the activation of SAR requires intact auxin signaling responses. This work highlights a new role for miR167, and also emphasizes the importance of hormonal balance in short- and long-term defense and of stomata as an initial barrier to pathogen entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Caruana
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
- Naval Research LaboratoryWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Nikhilesh Dhar
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, SalinasCAUSA
| | - Ramesh Raina
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
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Lee KP, Liu K, Kim EY, Medina-Puche L, Dong H, Duan J, Li M, Dogra V, Li Y, Lv R, Li Z, Lozano-Duran R, Kim C. PLANT NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE A and Its Putative Receptor PNP-R2 Antagonize Salicylic Acid-Mediated Signaling and Cell Death. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2237-2250. [PMID: 32409317 PMCID: PMC7346577 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant stress hormone salicylic acid (SA) participates in local and systemic acquired resistance, which eventually leads to whole-plant resistance to bacterial pathogens. However, if SA-mediated signaling is not appropriately controlled, plants incur defense-associated fitness costs such as growth inhibition and cell death. Despite its importance, to date only a few components counteracting the SA-primed stress responses have been identified in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). These include other plant hormones such as jasmonic acid and abscisic acid, and proteins such as LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1, a transcription coregulator. Here, we describe PLANT NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE A (PNP-A), a functional analog to vertebrate atrial natriuretic peptides, that appears to antagonize the SA-mediated plant stress responses. While loss of PNP-A potentiates SA-mediated signaling, exogenous application of synthetic PNP-A or overexpression of PNP-A significantly compromises the SA-primed immune responses. Moreover, we identify a plasma membrane-localized receptor-like protein, PNP-R2, that interacts with PNP-A and is required to initiate the PNP-A-mediated intracellular signaling. In summary, our work identifies a peptide and its putative cognate receptor as counteracting both SA-mediated signaling and SA-primed cell death in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Pyo Lee
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaiwei Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Eun Yu Kim
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Laura Medina-Puche
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haihong Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jianli Duan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengping Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yingrui Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruiqing Lv
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zihao Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Guzman AR, Kim JG, Taylor KW, Lanver D, Mudgett MB. Tomato Atypical Receptor Kinase1 Is Involved in the Regulation of Preinvasion Defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:1306-1318. [PMID: 32385090 PMCID: PMC7333691 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tomato Atypical Receptor Kinase 1 (TARK1) is a pseudokinase required for postinvasion immunity. TARK1 was originally identified as a target of the Xanthomonas euvesicatoria effector protein Xanthomonas outer protein N (XopN), a suppressor of early defense signaling. How TARK1 participates in immune signal transduction is not well understood. To gain insight into TARK1's role in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immunity, we used a proteomics approach to isolate and identify TARK1-associated immune complexes formed during infection. We found that TARK1 interacts with proteins predicted to be associated with stomatal movement. TARK1 CRISPR mutants and overexpression (OE) lines did not display differences in light-induced stomatal opening or abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure; however, they did show altered stomatal movement responses to bacteria and biotic elicitors. Notably, we found that TARK1 CRISPR plants were resistant to Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato strain DC3000-induced stomatal reopening, and TARK1 OE plants were insensitive to P syringae pathovar tomato strain DC3118 (coronatine deficit)-induced stomatal closure. We also found that TARK1 OE in leaves resulted in increased susceptibility to bacterial invasion. Collectively, our results indicate that TARK1 functions in stomatal movement only in response to biotic elicitors and support a model in which TARK1 regulates stomatal opening postelicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Guzman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Jung-Gun Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Kyle W Taylor
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Daniel Lanver
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Mary Beth Mudgett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
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24
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Chan C, Panzeri D, Okuma E, Tõldsepp K, Wang YY, Louh GY, Chin TC, Yeh YH, Yeh HL, Yekondi S, Huang YH, Huang TY, Chiou TJ, Murata Y, Kollist H, Zimmerli L. STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2 Regulates Arabidopsis Stomatal Immunity through Phosphorylation of the Anion Channel SLAC1. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2216-2236. [PMID: 32327536 PMCID: PMC7346559 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Upon recognition of microbes, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activate pattern-triggered immunity. FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) form a typical PRR complex that senses bacteria. Here, we report that the kinase activity of the malectin-like receptor-like kinase STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2 (SIF2) is critical for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resistance to bacteria by regulating stomatal immunity. SIF2 physically associates with the FLS2-BAK1 PRR complex and interacts with and phosphorylates the guard cell SLOW ANION CHANNEL1 (SLAC1), which is necessary for abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stomatal closure. SIF2 is also required for the activation of ABA-induced S-type anion currents in Arabidopsis protoplasts, and SIF2 is sufficient to activate SLAC1 anion channels in Xenopus oocytes. SIF2-mediated activation of SLAC1 depends on specific phosphorylation of Ser 65. This work reveals that SIF2 functions between the FLS2-BAK1 initial immunity receptor complex and the final actuator SLAC1 in stomatal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Chan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Dario Panzeri
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | - Ya-Yun Wang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Louh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chuan Chin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Yeh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ling Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shweta Yekondi
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - You-Huei Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yuan Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | - Laurent Zimmerli
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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25
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Wang HQ, Sun LP, Wang LX, Fang XW, Li ZQ, Zhang FF, Hu X, Qi C, He JM. Ethylene mediates salicylic-acid-induced stomatal closure by controlling reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 294:110464. [PMID: 32234220 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Both salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene induce stomatal closure and positively regulate stomatal immunity, but their interactions in guard cell signaling are unclear. Here, we observed that SA induced the expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes; the production of ethylene, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO); and stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, SA-induced stomatal closure was inhibited by an ethylene biosynthetic inhibitor and mutations in ethylene biosynthetic genes, ethylene-signaling genes [RESPONSE TO ANTAGONIST 1 (RAN1), ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1 (ETR1), ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2), EIN3 and ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 (ARR2)], NADPH oxidase genes [ATRBOHD and ATRBOHF], and nitrate reductase genes (NIA1 and NIA2). Furthermore, SA-triggered ROS production in guard cells was impaired in ran1, etr1, AtrbohD and AtrbohF, but not in ein2, ein3 or arr2. SA-triggered NO production was impaired in all ethylene-signaling mutants tested and in nia1 and nia2. The stomata of mutants for CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) showed constitutive ROS and NO production and closure. These results indicate that ethylene mediates SA-induced stomatal closure by activating ATRBOHD/F-mediated ROS synthesis in an RAN1-, ETR1- and CTR1-dependent manner. This in turn induces NIA1/2-mediated NO production and subsequent stomatal closure via the ETR1, EIN2, EIN3 and ARR2-dependent pathway(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Li-Xiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhong-Qi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Fang-Fang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xin Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Cheng Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jun-Min He
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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26
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Opposing influences of TAC1 and LAZY1 on Lateral Shoot Orientation in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6051. [PMID: 32269265 PMCID: PMC7142156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TAC1 and LAZY1 are members of a gene family that regulates lateral shoot orientation in plants. TAC1 promotes outward orientations in response to light, while LAZY1 promotes upward shoot orientations in response to gravity via altered auxin transport. We performed genetic, molecular, and biochemical assays to investigate possible interactions between these genes. In Arabidopsis they were expressed in similar tissues and double mutants revealed the wide-angled lazy1 branch phenotype, indicating it is epistatic to the tac1 shoot phenotype. Surprisingly, the lack of TAC1 did not influence gravitropic shoot curvature responses. Combined, these results suggest TAC1 might negatively regulate LAZY1 to promote outward shoot orientations. However, additional results revealed that TAC1- and LAZY1 influence on shoot orientation is more complex than a simple direct negative regulatory pathway. Transcriptomes of Arabidopsis tac1 and lazy1 mutants compared to wild type under normal and gravistimulated conditions revealed few overlapping differentially expressed genes. Overexpression of each gene did not result in major branch angle differences. Shoot tip hormone levels were similar between tac1, lazy1, and Col, apart from exceptionally elevated levels of salicylic acid in lazy1. The data presented here provide a foundation for future study of TAC1 and LAZY1 regulation of shoot architecture.
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27
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Chen Y, Bendix C, Lewis JD. Comparative Genomics Screen Identifies Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns from ' Candidatus Liberibacter' spp. That Elicit Immune Responses in Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:539-552. [PMID: 31790346 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-19-0309-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), caused by phloem-limited 'Candidatus Liberibacter' bacteria, is a destructive disease threatening the worldwide citrus industry. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are poorly understood and no efficient strategy is available to control HLB. Here, we used a comparative genomics screen to identify candidate microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from 'Ca. Liberibacter' spp. We identified the core genome from multiple 'Ca. Liberibacter' pathogens, and searched for core genes with signatures of positive selection. We hypothesized that genes encoding putative MAMPs would evolve to reduce recognition by the plant immune system, while retaining their essential functions. To efficiently screen candidate MAMP peptides, we established a high-throughput microtiter plate-based screening assay, particularly for citrus, that measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which is a common immune response in plants. We found that two peptides could elicit ROS production in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. One of these peptides elicited ROS production and defense gene expression in HLB-tolerant citrus genotypes, and induced MAMP-triggered immunity against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Our findings identify MAMPs that boost immunity in citrus and could help prevent or reduce HLB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, U.S.A
| | - Claire Bendix
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer D Lewis
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, U.S.A
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28
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Prodhan Y, Issak M, Munemasa S, Nakamura Y, Murata Y. Salicylic acid receptor NPR1 is involved in guard cell chitosan signaling. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:963-969. [PMID: 31983298 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1718485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan (CHT) induces stomatal closure and thus plays a crucial role in plants to adapt to the adverse environments. Our previous results of a SA-deficient mutant nahG suggest that endogenous salicylic acid (SA) is involved in the CHT signaling in guard cells. Here in order to make the involvement definite, we examined stomatal responses to CHT of another SA-deficient mutant, sid2, and an SA receptor mutant, npr1-3. The sid2 mutation impaired CHT-induced stomatal closure and reactive oxygen species production and both impairments were complemented with exogenous SA application. Moreover, the CHT-induced stomatal closure is disrupted in the npr1-3 mutant. These results suggest that endogenous SA is involved in the CHT-induced stomatal closure via the SA receptor, NPR1.Abbreviations: SA: salicylic acid; ABA: abscisic acid; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NPR1: nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related genes1; CHT: chitosan; DAB: 3,3'-diaminobenzidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeasin Prodhan
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mohammad Issak
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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29
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David L, Kang J, Chen S. Targeted Metabolomics of Plant Hormones and Redox Metabolites in Stomatal Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2085:79-92. [PMID: 31734918 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0142-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones and redox metabolites are important molecules in a number of biological processes related to plant growth, development, and stress responses. Understanding how these metabolites are involved in abiotic and biotic stress is a frequent topic of plant biology research. However, many factors, such as low physiological concentrations and the inherent complexity of plant samples, make identification and quantification of these important metabolites difficult. Here, we describe a method for metabolite extraction from whole leaves and guard cell-enriched samples and a targeted metabolomics strategy for the identification and quantification of specific hormone- and redox-related metabolites. In our experiment, we used the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana infected with the biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringe pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, and examined the changes in hormone and redox metabolites in systemic leaves, using the targeted metabolomics strategy in order to investigate potential functions of these metabolites in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) during a plant's immune responses. The methods reported here can be expanded to other metabolites and other biological systems beyond plants and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa David
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute (UFGI), Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jianing Kang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute (UFGI), Gainesville, FL, USA.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,University of Florida Genetics Institute (UFGI), Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research (ICBR), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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30
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Yan J, Yu H, Li B, Fan A, Melkonian J, Wang X, Zhou T, Hua J. Cell autonomous and non-autonomous functions of plant intracellular immune receptors in stomatal defense and apoplastic defense. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008094. [PMID: 31652291 PMCID: PMC6834285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal closure defense and apoplastic defense are two major immunity mechanisms restricting the entry and propagation of microbe pathogens in plants. Surprisingly, activation of plant intracellular immune receptor NLR genes, while enhancing whole plant disease resistance, was sometimes linked to a defective stomatal defense in autoimmune mutants. Here we report the use of high temperature and genetic chimera to investigate the inter-dependence of stomatal and apoplastic defenses in autoimmunity. High temperature inhibits both stomatal and apoplastic defenses in the wild type, suppresses constitutive apoplastic defense responses and rescues the deficiency of stomatal closure response in autoimmune mutants. Chimeric plants have been generated to activate NLR only in guard cells or the non-guard cells. NLR activation in guard cells inhibits stomatal closure defense response in a cell autonomous manner likely through repressing ABA responses. At the same time, it leads to increased whole plant resistance accompanied by a slight increase in apoplastic defense. In addition, NLR activation in both guard and non-guard cells affects stomatal aperture and water potential. This study thus reveals that NLR activation has a differential effect on immunity in a cell type specific matter, which adds another layer of immune regulation with spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapei Yan
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Huiyun Yu
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.,Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Applied Physics and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Anqi Fan
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.,State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jeffrey Melkonian
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Hua
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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31
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Tomas-Grau RH, Di Peto P, Chalfoun NR, Grellet-Bournonville CF, Martos GG, Debes M, Arias ME, Díaz-Ricci JC. Colletotrichum acutatum M11 can suppress the defence response in strawberry plants. PLANTA 2019; 250:1131-1145. [PMID: 31172342 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum acutatum M11 produces a diffusible compound that suppresses the biochemical, physiological, molecular and anatomical events associated with the defence response induced by the plant defence elicitor AsES. The fungal pathogen Colletotrichum acutatum, the causal agent of anthracnose disease, causes important economical losses in strawberry crop worldwide and synthetic agrochemicals are used to control it. In this context, the control of the disease using bioproducts is gaining reputation as an alternative of those toxic and pollutant agrochemicals. However, the success of the strategies using bioproducts can be seriously jeopardized in the presence of biological agents exerting a defence suppression effect. In this report, we show that the response defence induced in plant by the elicitor AsES from the fungus Acremonium strictum can be suppressed by a diffusible compound produced by isolate M11 of C. acutatum. Results revealed that strawberry plants treated with conidia of the isolated M11 or the culture supernatant of the isolate M11 suppress: ROS accumulation (e.g., H2O2, O2·- and NO), cell wall reinforcement (e.g., lignin and callose), and the up-regulation of defence-related genes (e.g., FaPR1, FaCHI23, FaPDF1.2, FaCAT, FaCDPK, FaCML39) induced by the elicitor AsES. Additionally, we show that the defence suppressing effect causes a systemic sensitization of plants. Results presented here highlights the necessity to make an integral study of the microbiome present in soils and plant biosphere before applying defence activation bioproducts to control crop diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo H Tomas-Grau
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Pia Di Peto
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Nadia R Chalfoun
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Carlos F Grellet-Bournonville
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Gustavo G Martos
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mario Debes
- Cátedra de Anatomía Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Marta E Arias
- Cátedra de Anatomía Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Juan C Díaz-Ricci
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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32
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Liu X, Afrin T, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. Arabidopsis GCN2 kinase contributes to ABA homeostasis and stomatal immunity. Commun Biol 2019; 2:302. [PMID: 31428690 PMCID: PMC6687712 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
General Control Non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that modulates amino acid homeostasis in response to nutrient deprivation in yeast, human and other eukaryotes. However, the GCN2 signaling pathway in plants remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis, bacterial infection activates AtGCN2-mediated phosphorylation of eIF2α and promotes TBF1 translational derepression. Consequently, TBF1 regulates a subset of abscisic acid signaling components to modulate pre-invasive immunity. We show that GCN2 fine-tunes abscisic acid accumulation and signaling during both pre-invasive and post-invasive stages of an infection event. Finally, we also demonstrate that AtGCN2 participates in signaling triggered by phytotoxin coronatine secreted by P. syringae. During the preinvasive phase, AtGCN2 regulates stomatal immunity by affecting pathogen-triggered stomatal closure and coronatine-mediated stomatal reopening. Our conclusions support a conserved role of GCN2 in various forms of immune responses across kingdoms, highlighting GCN2's importance in studies on both plant and mammalian immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
- Present Address: Bayer Crop Science, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd., Creve Coeur, MO 63144 USA
| | - Taiaba Afrin
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
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33
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Roberts R, Mainiero S, Powell AF, Liu AE, Shi K, Hind SR, Strickler SR, Collmer A, Martin GB. Natural variation for unusual host responses and flagellin-mediated immunity against Pseudomonas syringae in genetically diverse tomato accessions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:447-461. [PMID: 30861136 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between tomato and Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) is a well-developed model for investigating the molecular basis of the plant immune system. There is extensive natural variation in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) but it has not been fully leveraged to enhance our understanding of the tomato-Pst pathosystem. We screened 216 genetically diverse accessions of cultivated tomato and a wild tomato species for natural variation in their response to three strains of Pst. The host response to Pst was investigated using multiple Pst strains, tomato accessions with available genome sequences, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays, reporter genes and bacterial population measurements. The screen uncovered a broad range of previously unseen host symptoms in response to Pst, and one of these, stem galls, was found to be simply inherited. The screen also identified tomato accessions that showed enhanced responses to flagellin in bacterial population assays and in ROS assays upon exposure to flagellin-derived peptides, flg22 and flgII-28. Reporter genes confirmed that the host responses were due primarily to pattern recognition receptor-triggered immunity. This study revealed extensive natural variation in tomato for susceptibility and resistance to Pst and will enable elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying these host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Roberts
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Adrian F Powell
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alexander E Liu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kai Shi
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sarah R Hind
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Alan Collmer
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gregory B Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Zhang L, Paasch BC, Chen J, Day B, He SY. An important role of l-fucose biosynthesis and protein fucosylation genes in Arabidopsis immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:981-994. [PMID: 30552820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants mount coordinated immune responses to defend themselves against pathogens. However, the cellular components required for plant immunity are not fully understood. The jasmonate-mimicking coronatine (COR) toxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 functions to overcome plant immunity. We previously isolated eight Arabidopsis (scord) mutants that exhibit increased susceptibility to a COR-deficient mutant of PstDC3000. Among them, the scord6 mutant exhibits defects both in stomatal closure response and in restricting bacterial multiplication inside the apoplast. However, the identity of SCORD6 remained elusive. In this study, we aim to identify the SCORD6 gene. We identified SCORD6 via next-generation sequencing and found it to be MURUS1 (MUR1), which is involved in the biosynthesis of GDP-l-fucose. Discovery of SCORD6 as MUR1 led to a series of experiments that revealed a multi-faceted role of l-fucose biosynthesis in stomatal and apoplastic defenses as well as in pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity, including glycosylation of pattern-recognition receptors. Furthermore, compromised stomatal and/or apoplastic defenses were observed in mutants of several fucosyltransferases with specific substrates (e.g. O-glycan, N-glycan or the DELLA transcriptional repressors). Collectively, these results uncover a novel and broad role of l-fucose and protein fucosylation in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bradley C Paasch
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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35
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Bourdais G, McLachlan DH, Rickett LM, Zhou J, Siwoszek A, Häweker H, Hartley M, Kuhn H, Morris RJ, MacLean D, Robatzek S. The use of quantitative imaging to investigate regulators of membrane trafficking in Arabidopsis stomatal closure. Traffic 2019; 20:168-180. [PMID: 30447039 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of gene families facilitates robustness and evolvability of biological processes but impedes functional genetic dissection of signalling pathways. To address this, quantitative analysis of single cell responses can help characterize the redundancy within gene families. We developed high-throughput quantitative imaging of stomatal closure, a response of plant guard cells, and performed a reverse genetic screen in a group of Arabidopsis mutants to five stimuli. Focussing on the intersection between guard cell signalling and the endomembrane system, we identified eight clusters based on the mutant stomatal responses. Mutants generally affected in stomatal closure were mostly in genes encoding SNARE and SCAMP membrane regulators. By contrast, mutants in RAB5 GTPase genes played specific roles in stomatal closure to microbial but not drought stress. Together with timed quantitative imaging of endosomes revealing sequential patterns in FLS2 trafficking, our imaging pipeline can resolve non-redundant functions of the RAB5 GTPase gene family. Finally, we provide a valuable image-based tool to dissect guard cell responses and outline a genetic framework of stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gildas Bourdais
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Deirdre H McLachlan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lydia M Rickett
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ji Zhou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Heidrun Häweker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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36
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Song GQ, Walworth A, Lin T, Chen Q, Han X, Irina Zaharia L, Zhong GY. VcFT-induced mobile florigenic signals in transgenic and transgrafted blueberries. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:105. [PMID: 31645960 PMCID: PMC6804590 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) can promote early flowering in annual species, but such role has not been well demonstrated in woody species. We produced self and reciprocal grafts involving non-transgenic blueberry (NT) and transgenic blueberry (T) carrying a 35S-driven blueberry FT (VcFT-OX). We demonstrated that the transgenic VcFT-OX rootstock promoted flowering of non-transgenic blueberry scions in the NT (scion):T (rootstock) grafts. We further analyzed RNA-Seq profiles and six groups of phytohormones in both NT:T and NT:NT plants. We observed content changes of several hormone metabolites, in a descending order, in the transgenic NT:T, non-transgenic NT:T, and non-transgenic NT:NT leaves. By comparing differential expression transcripts (DETs) of these tissues in relative to their control, we found that the non-transgenic NT:T leaves had many DETs shared with the transgenic NT:T leaves, but very few with the transgenic NT:T roots. Interestingly, a number of these shared DETs belong to hormone pathway genes, concurring with the content changes of hormone metabolites in both transgenic and non-transgenic leaves of the NT:T plants. These results suggest that phytohormones induced by VcFT-OX in the transgenic leaves might serve as part of the signals that resulted in early flowering in both transgenic plants and the non-transgenic NT:T scions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-qing Song
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Aaron Walworth
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Tianyi Lin
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Qiuxia Chen
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Xiumei Han
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9 Canada
| | - L. Irina Zaharia
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9 Canada
| | - Gan-yuan Zhong
- Grape Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
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37
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Lin T, Walworth A, Zong X, Danial GH, Tomaszewski EM, Callow P, Han X, Irina Zaharia L, Edger PP, Zhong GY, Song GQ. VcRR2 regulates chilling-mediated flowering through expression of hormone genes in a transgenic blueberry mutant. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:96. [PMID: 31645954 PMCID: PMC6804727 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying dormancy release and the induction of flowering remains poorly understood in woody plants. Mu-legacy is a valuable blueberry mutant, in which a transgene insertion caused increased expression of a RESPONSE REGULATOR 2-like gene (VcRR2). Mu-legacy plants, compared with nontransgenic 'Legacy' plants, show dwarfing, promotion of flower bud formation, and can flower under nonchilling conditions. We conducted transcriptomic comparisons in leaves, chilled and nonchilled flowering buds, and late-pink buds, and analyzed a total of 41 metabolites of six groups of hormones in leaf tissues of both Mu-legacy and 'Legacy' plants. These analyses uncovered that increased VcRR2 expression promotes the expression of a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana ENT-COPALYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE 1 (VcGA1), which induces new homeostasis of hormones, including increased gibberellin 4 (GA4) levels in Mu-legacy leaves. Consequently, increased expression of VcRR2 and VcGA1, which function in cytokinin responses and gibberellin synthesis, respectively, initiated the reduction in plant height and the enhancement of flower bud formation of the Mu-legacy plants through interactions of multiple approaches. In nonchilled flower buds, 29 differentially expressed transcripts of 17 genes of five groups of hormones were identified in transcriptome comparisons between Mu-legacy and 'Legacy' plants, of which 22 were chilling responsive. Thus, these analyses suggest that increased expression of VcRR2 was collectively responsible for promoting flower bud formation in highbush blueberry under nonchilling conditions. We report here for the first time the importance of VcRR2 to induce a suite of downstream hormones that promote flowering in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Lin
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Aaron Walworth
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Xiaojuan Zong
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Gharbia H. Danial
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Elise M. Tomaszewski
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Pete Callow
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Xiumei Han
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9 Canada
| | - L. Irina Zaharia
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9 Canada
| | - Patrick P. Edger
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Gan-yuan Zhong
- Grape Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
| | - Guo-qing Song
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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38
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David L, Harmon AC, Chen S. Plant immune responses - from guard cells and local responses to systemic defense against bacterial pathogens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:e1588667. [PMID: 30907231 PMCID: PMC6512940 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1588667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
When plants are infected by pathogens two distinct responses can occur, the early being a local response in the infected area, and later a systemic response in non-infected tissues. Closure of stomata has recently been found to be a local response to bacterial pathogens. Stomata closure is linked to both salicylic acid (SA), an essential hormone in local responses and systemic acquired resistance (SAR), and absisic acid (ABA) a key regulator of drought and other abiotic stresses. SAR reduces the effects of later infections. In this review we discuss recent research elucidating the role of guard cells in local and systemic immune responses, guard cell interactions with abiotic and hormone signals, as well as putative functions and interactions between long-distance SAR signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa David
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute (UFGI), Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alice C. Harmon
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute (UFGI), Gainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute (UFGI), Gainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research (ICBR), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- CONTACT Sixue Chen Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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39
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Han TT, Liu WC, Lu YT. General control non-repressible 20 (GCN20) functions in root growth by modulating DNA damage repair in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:274. [PMID: 30419826 PMCID: PMC6233562 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most ABC transporters are engaged in transport of various compounds, but its subfamily F lacks transmembrane domain essential for chemical transportation. Thus the function of subfamily F remains further elusive. RESULTS Here, we identified General Control Non-Repressible 20 (GCN20), a member of subfamily F, as new factor for DNA damage repair in root growth. While gcn20-1 mutant had a short primary root with reduced meristem size and cell number, similar primary root lengths were assayed in both wild-type and GCN20::GCN20 gcn20-1 plants, indicating the involvement of GCN20 in root elongation. Further experiments with EdU incorporation and comet assay demonstrated that gcn20-1 displays increased cell cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint and accumulates more damaged DNA. This is possible due to impaired ability of DNA repair in gcn20-1 since gcn20-1 seedlings are hypersensitive to DNA damage inducers MMC and MMS compared with the wild type plants. This note was further supported by the observation that gcn20-1 is more sensitive than the wild type when subjected to UV treatment in term of changes of both fresh weight and survival rate. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that GCN20 functions in primary root growth by modulating DNA damage repair in Arabidopsis. Our study will be useful to understand the functions of non-transporter ABC proteins in plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
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40
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Lai YS, Stefano G, Zemelis-Durfee S, Ruberti C, Gibbons L, Brandizzi F. Systemic signaling contributes to the unfolded protein response of the plant endoplasmic reticulum. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3918. [PMID: 30254194 PMCID: PMC6156401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) of the endoplasmic reticulum constitutes a conserved and essential cytoprotective pathway designed to survive biotic and abiotic stresses that alter the proteostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum. The UPR is typically considered cell-autonomous and it is yet unclear whether it can also act systemically through non-cell autonomous signaling. We have addressed this question using a genetic approach coupled with micro-grafting and a suite of molecular reporters in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that the UPR has a non-cell autonomous component, and we demonstrate that this is partially mediated by the intercellular movement of the UPR transcription factor bZIP60 facilitating systemic UPR signaling. Therefore, in multicellular eukaryotes such as plants, non-cell autonomous UPR signaling relies on the systemic movement of at least a UPR transcriptional modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Shiuan Lai
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Giovanni Stefano
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Starla Zemelis-Durfee
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Cristina Ruberti
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lizzie Gibbons
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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41
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Lovelace AH, Smith A, Kvitko BH. Pattern-Triggered Immunity Alters the Transcriptional Regulation of Virulence-Associated Genes and Induces the Sulfur Starvation Response in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:750-765. [PMID: 29460676 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-18-0008-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) can confer broad defense against diverse microbes and pathogens with disparate lifestyles through the detection of microbial extracellular signatures by surface-exposed pattern recognition receptors. However, unlike recognition of pathogen effectors by cytosolic resistance proteins, PTI is typically not associated with a host-cell programmed cell death response. Although host PTI signaling has been extensively studied, the mechanisms by which it restricts microbial colonization are poorly understood. We sought to gain insight into the mechanisms of PTI action by using bacterial transcriptomics analysis during exposure to PTI. Here, we describe a method for bacterial cell extraction from inoculated leaves that was used to analyze a time course of genome-wide transcriptional responses in the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 during early naïve host infection and exposure to pre-induced PTI in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our analysis revealed early transcriptional regulation of important bacterial metabolic processes and host interaction pathways. We observed peak induction of P. syringae virulence genes at 3 h postinoculation and that exposure to PTI was associated with significant reductions in the expression of virulence genes. We also observed the induction of P. syringae sulfur starvation response genes such as sulfate and sulfonate importers only during exposure to PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia H Lovelace
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A.; and
| | - Amy Smith
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A.; and
| | - Brian H Kvitko
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A.; and
- 2 The Plant Center, University of Georgia
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42
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Izquierdo Y, Kulasekaran S, Benito P, López B, Marcos R, Cascón T, Hamberg M, Castresana C. Arabidopsis nonresponding to oxylipins locus NOXY7 encodes a yeast GCN1 homolog that mediates noncanonical translation regulation and stress adaptation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1438-1452. [PMID: 29499090 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Stress adaptation and translational regulation was studied using noxy7 (nonresponding to oxylipins7) from a series of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. We identified the noxy7 mutation in At1g64790, which encodes a homolog of the yeast translational regulator General Control Nonderepressible1 (GCN1) that activates the GCN2 kinase; GCN2 in turn phosphorylates the α subunit of the translation initiation factor eIF2. This regulatory circuit is conserved in yeast and mammals, in which phosphorylated eIF2α (P-eIF2α) facilitates stress adaptation by inhibiting protein synthesis. In phenotypic and de novo protein synthesis studies with Arabidopsis mutants, we found that NOXY7/GCN1 and GCN2 mediate P-eIF2α formation and adaptation to amino acid deprivation; however, P-eIF2α formation is not linked to general protein synthesis arrest. Additional evidence suggested that NOXY7/GCN1 but not GCN2 regulates adaptation to mitochondrial dysfunction, high boron concentration, and activation of plant immunity to infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst). In these responses, NOXY7/GCN1 acts with GCN20 to regulate translation in a noncanonical pathway independently of GCN2 and P-eIF2α. These results show the lesser functional relevance of GCN2 and P-eIF2α in plants relative to other eukaryotes and highlight the prominent role of NOXY7/GCN1 and GCN20 in regulation of translation and stress adaptation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovanny Izquierdo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Satish Kulasekaran
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Pablo Benito
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Bran López
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Ruth Marcos
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Tomás Cascón
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, S-171 77, Sweden
| | - Carmen Castresana
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
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43
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Abulfaraj AA, Mariappan K, Bigeard J, Manickam P, Blilou I, Guo X, Al-Babili S, Pflieger D, Hirt H, Rayapuram N. The Arabidopsis homolog of human G3BP1 is a key regulator of stomatal and apoplastic immunity. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800046. [PMID: 30456348 PMCID: PMC6238584 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis homolog of human G3BP1 negatively regulates plant immunity and defense responses. Atg3bp1 mutant lines show constitutive stomata closure, expression of a number of key defense marker genes, and accumulate salicylic acid. Mammalian Ras-GTPase–activating protein SH3-domain–binding proteins (G3BPs) are a highly conserved family of RNA-binding proteins that link kinase receptor-mediated signaling to RNA metabolism. Mammalian G3BP1 is a multifunctional protein that functions in viral immunity. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of human G3BP1 negatively regulates plant immunity. Arabidopsis g3bp1 mutants showed enhanced resistance to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Pathogen resistance was mediated in Atg3bp1 mutants by altered stomatal and apoplastic immunity. Atg3bp1 mutants restricted pathogen entry into stomates showing insensitivity to bacterial coronatine–mediated stomatal reopening. AtG3BP1 was identified as a negative regulator of defense responses, which correlated with moderate up-regulation of salicylic acid biosynthesis and signaling without growth penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aala A Abulfaraj
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biology, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiruthiga Mariappan
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Prabhu Manickam
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiujie Guo
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Delphine Pflieger
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, BIG-BGE, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, BIG-BGE FR3425, Grenoble, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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44
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Salicylic acid-independent role of NPR1 is required for protection from proteotoxic stress in the plant endoplasmic reticulum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5203-E5212. [PMID: 29760094 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802254115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an ancient signaling pathway designed to protect cells from the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Because misregulation of the UPR is potentially lethal, a stringent surveillance signaling system must be in place to modulate the UPR. The major signaling arms of the plant UPR have been discovered and rely on the transcriptional activity of the transcription factors bZIP60 and bZIP28 and on the kinase and ribonuclease activity of IRE1, which splices mRNA to activate bZIP60. Both bZIP28 and bZIP60 modulate UPR gene expression to overcome ER stress. In this study, we demonstrate at a genetic level that the transcriptional role of bZIP28 and bZIP60 in ER-stress responses is antagonized by nonexpressor of PR1 genes 1 (NPR1), a critical redox-regulated master regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent responses to pathogens, independently of its role in SA defense. We also establish that the function of NPR1 in the UPR is concomitant with ER stress-induced reduction of the cytosol and translocation of NPR1 to the nucleus where it interacts with bZIP28 and bZIP60. Our results support a cellular role for NPR1 as well as a model for plant UPR regulation whereby SA-independent ER stress-induced redox activation of NPR1 suppresses the transcriptional role of bZIP28 and bZIP60 in the UPR.
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Faus I, Niñoles R, Kesari V, Llabata P, Tam E, Nebauer SG, Santiago J, Hauser MT, Gadea J. Arabidopsis ILITHYIA protein is necessary for proper chloroplast biogenesis and root development independent of eIF2α phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 224-225:173-182. [PMID: 29680783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the main mechanisms blocking translation after stress situations is mediated by phosphorylation of the α-subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), performed in Arabidopsis by the protein kinase GCN2 which interacts and is activated by ILITHYIA(ILA). ILA is involved in plant immunity and its mutant lines present phenotypes not shared by the gcn2 mutants. The functional link between these two genes remains elusive in plants. In this study, we show that, although both ILA and GCN2 genes are necessary to mediate eIF2α phosphorylation upon treatments with the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis inhibitor glyphosate, their mutants develop distinct root and chloroplast phenotypes. Electron microscopy experiments reveal that ila mutants, but not gcn2, are affected in chloroplast biogenesis, explaining the macroscopic phenotype previously observed for these mutants. ila3 mutants present a complex transcriptional reprogramming affecting defense responses, photosynthesis and protein folding, among others. Double mutant analyses suggest that ILA has a distinct function which is independent of GCN2 and eIF2α phosphorylation. These results suggest that these two genes may have common but also distinct functions in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Faus
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - R Niñoles
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - V Kesari
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - P Llabata
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - E Tam
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - S G Nebauer
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - J Santiago
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M T Hauser
- Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (IAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Gadea
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Yekondi S, Liang FC, Okuma E, Radziejwoski A, Mai HW, Swain S, Singh P, Gauthier M, Chien HC, Murata Y, Zimmerli L. Nonredundant functions of Arabidopsis LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 in controlling stomatal immunity and jasmonate-mediated stomatal closure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:253-268. [PMID: 29250804 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal immunity restricts bacterial entry to leaves through the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and downstream abscisic acid and salicylic acid signaling. Through a reverse genetics approach, we characterized the function of the L-type lectin receptor kinase-V.2 (LecRK-V.2) and -VII.1 (LecRK-VII.1). Analyses of interactions with the PRR FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) were performed by co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation and whole-cell patch-clamp analyses were used to evaluate guard cell Ca2+ -permeable cation channels. The Arabidopsis thaliana LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 and notably their kinase activities were required for full activation of stomatal immunity. Knockout lecrk-V.2 and lecrk-VII.1 mutants were hyper-susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae infection and showed defective stomatal closure in response to bacteria or to the MAMPs flagellin and EF-Tu. By contrast, Arabidopsis over-expressing LecRK-V.2 or LecRK-VII.1 demonstrated a potentiated stomatal immunity. LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 are shown to be part of the FLS2 PRR complex. In addition, LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 were critical for methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-mediated stomatal closure, notably for MeJA-induced activation of guard cell Ca2+ -permeable cation channels. This study highlights the role of LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 in stomatal immunity at the FLS2 PRR complex and in MeJA-mediated stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Yekondi
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chun Liang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Amandine Radziejwoski
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Wei Mai
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Swadhin Swain
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Mathieu Gauthier
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chiao Chien
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Laurent Zimmerli
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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Chakravarthy S, Worley JN, Montes‐Rodriguez A, Collmer A. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 polymutants deploying coronatine and two type III effectors produce quantifiable chlorotic spots from individual bacterial colonies in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:935-947. [PMID: 28677296 PMCID: PMC6637995 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Primary virulence factors of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 include the phytotoxin coronatine (COR) and a repertoire of 29 effector proteins injected into plant cells by the type III secretion system (T3SS). DC3000 derivatives differentially producing COR, the T3SS machinery and subsets of key effectors were constructed and assayed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Bacteria were inoculated by the dipping of whole plants and assayed for population growth and the production of chlorotic spots on leaves. The strains fell into three classes. Class I strains are T3SS+ but functionally effectorless, grow poorly in planta and produce faint chlorotic spots only if COR+ . Class II strains are T3SS- or, if T3SS+ , also produce effectors AvrPtoB and HopM1. Class II strains grow better than class I strains in planta and, if COR+ , produce robust chlorotic spots. Class III strains are T3SS+ and minimally produce AvrPtoB, HopM1 and three other effectors encoded in the P. syringae conserved effector locus. These strains differ from class II strains in growing better in planta, and produce chlorotic spots without COR if the precursor coronafacic acid is produced. Assays for chlorotic spot formation, in conjunction with pressure infiltration of low-level inoculum and confocal microscopy of fluorescent protein-labelled bacteria, revealed that single bacteria in the apoplast are capable of producing colonies and associated leaf spots in a 1 : 1 : 1 manner. However, COR makes no significant contribution to the bacterial colonization of the apoplast, but, instead, enables a gratuitous, semi-quantitative, surface indicator of bacterial growth, which is determined by the strain's effector composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suma Chakravarthy
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA
- Present address:
University of Maryland and Food and Drug Administration Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied NutritionCollege ParkMD 20742USA
| | - Jay N. Worley
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA
- Present address:
United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Section of Biotechnology Regulatory ServicesRiverdaleMD 20737USA
| | - Adriana Montes‐Rodriguez
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA
- Present address:
Department of Cell BiologyFriedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐NurembergBavariaGermany
| | - Alan Collmer
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA
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Smith A, Lovelace AH, Kvitko BH. Validation of RT-qPCR Approaches to Monitor Pseudomonas syringae Gene Expression During Infection and Exposure to Pattern-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:410-419. [PMID: 29436925 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-17-0270-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 is an important model plant pathogen, with a fully annotated genome and multiple compatible plant hosts. Very few studies have examined the regulation of DC3000 gene expression in vivo. We developed a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay to monitor transcriptional changes in DC3000 inoculated into Arabidopsis thaliana leaves during disease and exposure to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In our approach, bacterial RNA concentrations in total tissue RNA are standardized using P. syringae-specific 16S ribosomal RNA primers. We validated multiple stable reference genes for normalization in calculating the relative expression of genes of interest. We used empirically derived rates of amplification efficiency to calculate relative expression of key marker genes for virulence-associated regulation. We demonstrated that exposure to PTI alters DC3000 expression of type III secretion system, coronatine synthesis genes, and flagellar marker genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Smith
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A.; and
| | - Amelia H Lovelace
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A.; and
| | - Brian H Kvitko
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A.; and
- 2 The Plant Center, University of Georgia
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49
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Ficarra FA, Grandellis C, Garavaglia BS, Gottig N, Ottado J. Bacterial and plant natriuretic peptides improve plant defence responses against pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:801-811. [PMID: 28401640 PMCID: PMC6638127 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant natriuretic peptides (PNPs) have been implicated in the regulation of ions and water homeostasis, and their participation in the plant immune response has also been proposed. Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri contains a gene encoding a PNP-like protein (XacPNP) which has no homologues in other bacteria. XacPNP mimics its Arabidopsis thaliana homologue AtPNP-A by modifying host responses to create favourable conditions for pathogen survival. However, the ability of XacPNP to induce plant defence responses has not been investigated. In order to study further the role of XacPNP in vivo, A. thaliana lines over-expressing XacPNP, lines over-expressing AtPNP-A and AtPNP-A-deficient plants were generated. Plants over-expressing XacPNP or AtPNP-A showed larger stomatal aperture and were more resistant to saline or oxidative stress than were PNP-deficient lines. In order to study further the role of PNP in biotic stress responses, A. thaliana leaves were infiltrated with pure recombinant XacPNP, and showed enhanced expression of genes related to the defence response and a higher resistance to pathogen infections. Moreover, AtPNP-A expression increased in A. thaliana on Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) infection. This evidence led us to analyse the responses of the transgenic plants to pathogens. Plants over-expressing XacPNP or AtPNP-A were more resistant to Pst infection than control plants, whereas PNP-deficient plants were more susceptible and showed a stronger hypersensitive response when challenged with non-host bacteria. Therefore, XacPNP, acquired by horizontal gene transfer, is able to mimic PNP functions, even with an increase in plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia A. Ficarra
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda2000, RosarioArgentina
| | - Carolina Grandellis
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda2000, RosarioArgentina
| | - Betiana S. Garavaglia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda2000, RosarioArgentina
| | - Natalia Gottig
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda2000, RosarioArgentina
| | - Jorgelina Ottado
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda2000, RosarioArgentina
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50
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Huot B, Castroverde CDM, Velásquez AC, Hubbard E, Pulman JA, Yao J, Childs KL, Tsuda K, Montgomery BL, He SY. Dual impact of elevated temperature on plant defence and bacterial virulence in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1808. [PMID: 29180698 PMCID: PMC5704021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions profoundly affect plant disease development; however, the underlying molecular bases are not well understood. Here we show that elevated temperature significantly increases the susceptibility of Arabidopsis to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 independently of the phyB/PIF thermosensing pathway. Instead, elevated temperature promotes translocation of bacterial effector proteins into plant cells and causes a loss of ICS1-mediated salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. Global transcriptome analysis reveals a major temperature-sensitive node of SA signalling, impacting ~60% of benzothiadiazole (BTH)-regulated genes, including ICS1 and the canonical SA marker gene, PR1. Remarkably, BTH can effectively protect Arabidopsis against Pst DC3000 infection at elevated temperature despite the lack of ICS1 and PR1 expression. Our results highlight the broad impact of a major climate condition on the enigmatic molecular interplay between temperature, SA defence and function of a central bacterial virulence system in the context of a widely studied susceptible plant–pathogen interaction. Temperature is known to influence plant disease development. Here Huot et al. show that elevated temperature can enhance Pseudomonas syringae effector delivery into plant cells and suppress SA biosynthesis while also finding a temperature-sensitive branch of the SA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Huot
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Christian Danve M Castroverde
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - André C Velásquez
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Emily Hubbard
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jane A Pulman
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Center for Genomics Enabled Plant Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Center for Genomics Enabled Plant Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48933, USA.
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