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van Dijk LLA, Rijsbergen LC, Rubio BT, Schmitz KS, Gommers L, Comvalius AD, Havelaar A, van Amerongen G, Schepp R, Lamers MM, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Haagmans BL, van Binnendijk R, de Swart RL, de Vries RD. Virus neutralization assays for human respiratory syncytial virus using airway organoids. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:267. [PMID: 38884678 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are considered a correlate of protection against severe human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) disease. Currently, HRSV neutralization assays are performed on immortalized cell lines like Vero or A549 cells. It is known that assays on these cell lines exclusively detect neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) directed to the fusion (F) protein. For the detection of nAbs directed to the glycoprotein (G), ciliated epithelial cells expressing the cellular receptor CX3CR1 are required, but generation of primary cell cultures is expensive and labor-intensive. Here, we developed a high-throughput neutralization assay based on the interaction between clinically relevant HRSV grown on primary cells with ciliated epithelial cells, and validated this assay using a panel of infant sera. To develop the high-throughput neutralization assay, we established a culture of differentiated apical-out airway organoids (Ap-O AO). CX3CR1 expression was confirmed, and both F- and G-specific monoclonal antibodies neutralized HRSV in the Ap-O AO. In a side-by-side neutralization assay on Vero cells and Ap-O AO, neutralizing antibody levels in sera from 125 infants correlated well, although titers on Ap-O AO were consistently lower. We speculate that these lower titers might be an actual reflection of the neutralizing antibody capacity in vivo. The organoid-based neutralization assay described here holds promise for further characterization of correlates of protection against HRSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L A van Dijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurine C Rijsbergen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Tello Rubio
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katharina S Schmitz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert Gommers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouskha D Comvalius
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Havelaar
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger Schepp
- Center of Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Corine H GeurtsvanKessel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Center of Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Wrotek A, Badyda A, Jackowska T. Molecular Mechanisms of N-Acetylcysteine in RSV Infections and Air Pollution-Induced Alterations: A Scoping Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6051. [PMID: 38892239 PMCID: PMC11172664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a mucolytic agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important etiological factors of lower respiratory tract infections, and exposure to air pollution appears to be additionally associated with higher RSV incidence and disease severity. We aimed to systematically review the existing literature to determine which molecular mechanisms mediate the effects of NAC in an RSV infection and air pollution, and to identify the knowledge gaps in this field. A search for original studies was carried out in three databases and a calibrated extraction grid was used to extract data on the NAC treatment (dose, timing), the air pollutant type, and the most significant mechanisms. We identified only 28 studies conducted in human cellular models (n = 18), animal models (n = 7), and mixed models (n = 3). NAC treatment improves the barrier function of the epithelium damaged by RSV and air pollution, and reduces the epithelial permeability, protecting against viral entry. NAC may also block RSV-activated phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which promotes endocytosis and facilitates cell entry. EGFR also enhances the release of a mucin gene, MUC5AC, which increases mucus viscosity and causes goblet cell metaplasia; the effects are abrogated by NAC. NAC blocks virus release from the infected cells, attenuates the cigarette smoke-induced shift from necrosis to apoptosis, and reverses the block in IFN-γ-induced antiviral gene expression caused by the inhibited Stat1 phosphorylation. Increased synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is induced by both RSV and air pollutants and is mediated by the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways that are activated in response to oxidative stress. MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and RANTES (regulated upon activation, expressed and secreted by normal T cells) partially mediate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and therapeutic (but not preventive) NAC administration reduces the inflammatory response and has been shown to reduce ozone-induced AHR. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and cellular senescence, observed during RSV infection and exposure to air pollution, can be partially reversed by NAC administration, while data on the emphysema formation are disputed. The review identified potential common molecular mechanisms of interest that are affected by NAC and may alleviate both the RSV infection and the effects of air pollution. Data are limited and gaps in knowledge include the optimal timing or dosage of NAC administration, therefore future studies should clarify these uncertainties and verify its practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Wrotek
- Department of Pediatrics, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Artur Badyda
- Faculty of Building Services, Hydro- and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Jackowska
- Department of Pediatrics, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
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3
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Kitai Y, Watanabe O, Ohmiya S, Kisu T, Ota R, Kawakami K, Katoh H, Fukuzawa K, Takeda M, Nishimura H. Detailed analysis of low temperature inactivation of respiratory syncytial virus. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11823. [PMID: 38783052 PMCID: PMC11116427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Our previous findings indicated that many respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) isolates are unstable at 4 °C compared to 20 °C. Some of the strains completely lose infectivity after 24 h at 4 °C. This study analyzed the inactivation process at 4 °C using a representative strain, RSV/Sendai/851/13. After 24 h of storage at 4 °C, the virus was completely inactivated but retained its ability to attach to and to be taken into host cells. It suggested a reduced fusion ability between the viral and cellular membranes. During storage at 4 °C, the RSV fusion (F) protein underwent a conformational change and was no longer recognized by pre-fusion form-specific antibodies. When the RSV/Sendai/851/13 strain was passaged at 4 °C, a variant with an amino acid substitution, I148T, in the F protein fusion peptide was selected. Also, an amino acid change in G protein demonstrating stability at low temperatures was obtained. These results show that the inactivation of RSV at 4 °C is due to the loss of membrane fusion activity in the F protein, which cannot maintain its pre-fusion state at 4 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kitai
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Oshi Watanabe
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Suguru Ohmiya
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kisu
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Reiko Ota
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawakami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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4
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Moumbeket Yifomnjou MH, Monamele GC, Modiyinji AF, Njankouo-Ripa M, Onana B, Njouom R. Genetic Diversity of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus during COVID-19 Pandemic in Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2020-2021. Microorganisms 2024; 12:952. [PMID: 38792782 PMCID: PMC11123827 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of severe infections of the lower respiratory system, affecting individuals of all ages. This study investigated the genetic variability of HRSV during the COVID-19 outbreak in Yaoundé; nasopharyngeal samples positive for HRSV were collected from different age groups between July 2020 and October 2021. A semi-nested RT-PCR was performed on the second hypervariable region of the G gene of detected HRSV, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic assessment. Throughout the study, 40 (37.7%) of the 106 HRSV-positive samples successfully underwent G-gene amplification. HRSV A and HRSV B co-circulated at rates of 47.5% and 52.5%, respectively. HRSV A clustered in the GA2.3.5 genetic lineage (ON1) and HRSV B clustered in the GB5.0.5a genetic lineage (BA9). Differences in circulating genotypes were observed between pre- and post-pandemic years for HRSV A. Predictions revealed potential N-glycosylation sites at positions 237-318 of HRSV A and positions 228-232-294 of HRSV B. This study reports the molecular epidemiology of HRSV in Cameroon during the COVID-19 pandemic. It describes the exclusive co-circulation of two genetic lineages. These findings highlight the importance of implementing comprehensive molecular surveillance to prevent the unexpected emergence of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moïse Henri Moumbeket Yifomnjou
- Virology Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1274, Cameroon; (M.H.M.Y.); (G.C.M.); (A.F.M.); (M.N.-R.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon;
| | - Gwladys Chavely Monamele
- Virology Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1274, Cameroon; (M.H.M.Y.); (G.C.M.); (A.F.M.); (M.N.-R.)
| | - Abdou Fatawou Modiyinji
- Virology Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1274, Cameroon; (M.H.M.Y.); (G.C.M.); (A.F.M.); (M.N.-R.)
| | - Mohamadou Njankouo-Ripa
- Virology Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1274, Cameroon; (M.H.M.Y.); (G.C.M.); (A.F.M.); (M.N.-R.)
| | - Boyomo Onana
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon;
| | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1274, Cameroon; (M.H.M.Y.); (G.C.M.); (A.F.M.); (M.N.-R.)
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5
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Bigotti MG, Klein K, Gan ES, Anastasina M, Andersson S, Vapalahti O, Katajisto P, Erdmann M, Davidson AD, Butcher SJ, Collinson I, Ooi EE, Balistreri G, Brancaccio A, Yamauchi Y. The α-dystroglycan N-terminus is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 and enveloped viruses. Antiviral Res 2024; 224:105837. [PMID: 38387750 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the need to develop effective therapeutics in preparedness for further epidemics of virus infections that pose a significant threat to human health. As a natural compound antiviral candidate, we focused on α-dystroglycan, a highly glycosylated basement membrane protein that links the extracellular matrix to the intracellular cytoskeleton. Here we show that the N-terminal fragment of α-dystroglycan (α-DGN), as produced in E. coli in the absence of post-translational modifications, blocks infection of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture, human primary gut organoids and the lungs of transgenic mice expressing the human receptor angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Prophylactic and therapeutic administration of α-DGN reduced SARS-CoV-2 lung titres and protected the mice from respiratory symptoms and death. Recombinant α-DGN also blocked infection of a wide range of enveloped viruses including the four Dengue virus serotypes, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, but not human adenovirus, a non-enveloped virus in vitro. This study establishes soluble recombinant α-DGN as a broad-band, natural compound candidate therapeutic against enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Bigotti
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Katja Klein
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Esther S Gan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Maria Anastasina
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon Andersson
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Erdmann
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian Collinson
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore; Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Brancaccio
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, Rome, Italy.
| | - Yohei Yamauchi
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences (D-CHAB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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6
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Shi Q, Zhao R, Chen L, Liu T, Di T, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Wang F, Han Z, Sun J, Liu S. Newcastle disease virus activates diverse signaling pathways via Src to facilitate virus entry into host macrophages. J Virol 2024; 98:e0191523. [PMID: 38334327 PMCID: PMC10949470 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01915-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
As an intrinsic cellular mechanism responsible for the internalization of extracellular ligands and membrane components, caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CavME) is also exploited by certain pathogens for endocytic entry [e.g., Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of paramyxovirus]. However, the molecular mechanisms of NDV-induced CavME remain poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that sialic acid-containing gangliosides, rather than glycoproteins, were utilized by NDV as receptors to initiate the endocytic entry of NDV into HD11 cells. The binding of NDV to gangliosides induced the activation of a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, Src, leading to the phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (Cav1) and dynamin-2 (Dyn2), which contributed to the endocytic entry of NDV. Moreover, an inoculation of cells with NDV-induced actin cytoskeletal rearrangement through Src to facilitate NDV entry via endocytosis and direct fusion with the plasma membrane. Subsequently, unique members of the Rho GTPases family, RhoA and Cdc42, were activated by NDV in a Src-dependent manner. Further analyses revealed that RhoA and Cdc42 regulated the activities of specific effectors, cofilin and myosin regulatory light chain 2, responsible for actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, through diverse intracellular signaling cascades. Taken together, our results suggest that an inoculation of NDV-induced Src-mediated cellular activation by binding to ganglioside receptors. This process orchestrated NDV endocytic entry by modulating the activities of caveolae-associated Cav1 and Dyn2, as well as specific Rho GTPases and downstream effectors. IMPORTANCE In general, it is known that the paramyxovirus gains access to host cells through direct penetration at the plasma membrane; however, emerging evidence suggests more complex entry mechanisms for paramyxoviruses. The endocytic entry of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a representative member of the paramyxovirus family, into multiple types of cells has been recently reported. Herein, we demonstrate the binding of NDV to induce ganglioside-activated Src signaling, which is responsible for the endocytic entry of NDV through caveolae-mediated endocytosis. This process involved Src-dependent activation of the caveolae-associated Cav1 and Dyn2, as well as specific Rho GTPase and downstream effectors, thereby orchestrating the endocytic entry process of NDV. Our findings uncover a novel molecular mechanism of endocytic entry of NDV into host cells and provide novel insight into paramyxovirus mechanisms of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankai Shi
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Linna Chen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Di
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chunwei Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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7
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Kryvenko V, Vadász I. Alveolar-capillary endocytosis and trafficking in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360370. [PMID: 38533500 PMCID: PMC10963603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality but lacks specific therapeutic options. Diverse endocytic processes play a key role in all phases of acute lung injury (ALI), including the initial insult, development of respiratory failure due to alveolar flooding, as a consequence of altered alveolar-capillary barrier function, as well as in the resolution or deleterious remodeling after injury. In particular, clathrin-, caveolae-, endophilin- and glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein-mediated endocytosis, as well as, macropinocytosis and phagocytosis have been implicated in the setting of acute lung damage. This manuscript reviews our current understanding of these endocytic pathways and subsequent intracellular trafficking in various phases of ALI, and also aims to identify potential therapeutic targets for patients with ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Kryvenko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
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8
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Huong TN, Lee ZQ, Lai SK, Lee HY, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. Evidence that an interaction between the respiratory syncytial virus F and G proteins at the distal ends of virus filaments mediates efficient multiple cycle infection. Virology 2024; 591:109985. [PMID: 38227992 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.109985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Evidence for a stable interaction between the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F and G proteins on the surface of virus filaments was provided using antibody immunoprecipitation studies on purified RSV particles, and by the in situ analysis on the surface of RSV-infected cells using the proximity ligation assay. Imaging of the F and G protein distribution on virus filaments suggested that this protein complex was localised at the distal ends of the virus filaments, and suggested that this protein complex played a direct role in mediating efficient localised cell-to-cell virus transmission. G protein expression was required for efficient localised cell-to-cell transmission of RSV in cell monolayers which provided evidence that this protein complex mediates efficient multiple cycle infection. Collectively, these data provide evidence that F and G proteins form a complex on the surface of RSV particles, and that a role for this protein complex in promoting virus transmission is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra Nguyen Huong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhi Qi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Soak Kuan Lai
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hsin Yee Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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9
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De Ávila-Arias M, Villarreal-Camacho JL, Cadena-Cruz C, Hurtado-Gómez L, Costello HM, Rodriguez A, Burgos-Florez F, Bettin A, Kararoudi MN, Muñoz A, Peeples ME, San-Juan-Vergara H. Exploring the secrets of virus entry: the first respiratory syncytial virus carrying beta lactamase. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1339569. [PMID: 38455070 PMCID: PMC10919290 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1339569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) presents a significant health threat, especially to young children. In-depth understanding of RSV entry mechanisms is essential for effective antiviral development. This study introduces an innovative RSV variant, featuring the fusion of the beta-lactamase (BlaM) enzyme with the RSV-P phosphoprotein, providing a versatile tool for dissecting viral entry dynamics. Methods Using the AlphaFold2 algorithm, we modeled the tertiary structure of the P-BlaM chimera, revealing structural similarities with both RSV-P and BlaM. Functional assessments, utilizing flow cytometry, quantified beta-lactamase activity and GFP expression in infected bronchial epithelial cells. Western blot analysis confirmed the integrity of P-BlaM within virions. Results The modeled P-BlaM chimera exhibited structural parallels with RSV-P and BlaM. Functional assays demonstrated robust beta-lactamase activity in recombinant virions, confirming successful P-BlaM incorporation as a structural protein. Quercetin, known for its antiviral properties, impeded viral entry by affecting virion fusion. Additionally, Ulixertinib, an ERK-1/2 inhibitor, significantly curtailed viral entry, implicating ERK-1/2 pathway signaling. Conclusions Our engineered RSV-P-BlaM chimera emerges as a valuable tool, illuminating RSV entry mechanisms. Structural and functional analyses unveil potential therapeutic targets. Quercetin and Ulixertinib, identified as distinct stage inhibitors, show promise for targeted antiviral strategies. Time-of-addition assays pinpoint quercetin's specific interference stage, advancing our comprehension of RSV entry and guiding future antiviral developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio De Ávila-Arias
- Departamento de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jose Luis Villarreal-Camacho
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Christian Cadena-Cruz
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Leidy Hurtado-Gómez
- Departamento de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Heather M. Costello
- Genomics Services Laboratory, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Rodriguez
- Departamento de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Francisco Burgos-Florez
- Programa de regencia en farmacia, grupo de investigación creatividad e innovación tecnológica, Corporación tecnológica Indoamérica, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Escuela de Pregrado, Dirección Académica, Vicerrectoría de Sede, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede La Paz, Cesar, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Bettin
- Departamento de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Meisam Naeimi Kararoudi
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amner Muñoz
- Departamento de Química y Biología, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abagail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Homero San-Juan-Vergara
- Departamento de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
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10
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Schaerlaekens S, Jacobs L, Stobbelaar K, Cos P, Delputte P. All Eyes on the Prefusion-Stabilized F Construct, but Are We Missing the Potential of Alternative Targets for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Design? Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:97. [PMID: 38250910 PMCID: PMC10819635 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) poses a significant global health concern as a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Over the last few years, substantial efforts have been directed towards developing vaccines and therapeutics to combat RSV, leading to a diverse landscape of vaccine candidates. Notably, two vaccines targeting the elderly and the first maternal vaccine have recently been approved. The majority of the vaccines and vaccine candidates rely solely on a prefusion-stabilized conformation known for its highly neutralizing epitopes. Although, so far, this antigen design appears to be successful for the elderly, our current understanding remains incomplete, requiring further improvement and refinement in this field. Pediatric vaccines still have a long journey ahead, and we must ensure that vaccines currently entering the market do not lose efficacy due to the emergence of mutations in RSV's circulating strains. This review will provide an overview of the current status of vaccine designs and what to focus on in the future. Further research into antigen design is essential, including the exploration of the potential of alternative RSV proteins to address these challenges and pave the way for the development of novel and effective vaccines, especially in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Schaerlaekens
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Lotte Jacobs
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Kim Stobbelaar
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
- Pediatrics Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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11
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Letafati A, Ardekani OS, Naderisemiromi M, Norouzi M, Shafiei M, Nik S, Mozhgani SH. Unraveling the dynamic mechanisms of natural killer cells in viral infections: insights and implications. Virol J 2024; 21:18. [PMID: 38216935 PMCID: PMC10785350 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses pose a constant threat to human well-being, necessitating the immune system to develop robust defenses. Natural killer (NK) cells, which play a crucial role in the immune system, have become recognized as vital participants in protecting the body against viral infections. These remarkable innate immune cells possess the unique ability to directly recognize and eliminate infected cells, thereby contributing to the early control and containment of viral pathogens. However, recent research has uncovered an intriguing phenomenon: the alteration of NK cells during viral infections. In addition to their well-established role in antiviral defense, NK cells undergo dynamic changes in their phenotype, function, and regulatory mechanisms upon encountering viral pathogens. These alterations can significantly impact the effectiveness of NK cell responses during viral infections. This review explores the multifaceted role of NK cells in antiviral immunity, highlighting their conventional effector functions as well as the emerging concept of NK cell alteration in the context of viral infections. Understanding the intricate interplay between NK cells and viral infections is crucial for advancing our knowledge of antiviral immune responses and could offer valuable information for the creation of innovative therapeutic approaches to combat viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Letafati
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Salahi Ardekani
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Naderisemiromi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soheil Nik
- School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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12
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Le Rouzic A, Fix J, Vinck R, Kappler-Gratias S, Volmer R, Gallardo F, Eléouët JF, Keck M, Cintrat JC, Barbier J, Gillet D, Galloux M. A New Derivative of Retro-2 Displays Antiviral Activity against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:415. [PMID: 38203585 PMCID: PMC10778932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in newborns, with all children being infected before the age of two. Reinfections are very common throughout life and can cause severe respiratory infections in the elderly and immunocompromised adults. Although vaccines and preventive antibodies have recently been licensed for use in specific subpopulations of patients, there is still no therapeutic treatment commonly available for these infections. Here, we investigated the potential antiviral activity of Retro-2.2, a derivative of the cellular retrograde transport inhibitor Retro-2, against hRSV. We show that Retro-2.2 inhibits hRSV replication in cell culture and impairs the ability of hRSV to form syncytia. Our results suggest that Retro-2.2 treatment affects virus spread by disrupting the trafficking of the viral de novo synthetized F and G glycoproteins to the plasma membrane, leading to a defect in virion morphogenesis. Taken together, our data show that targeting intracellular transport may be an effective strategy against hRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Le Rouzic
- INRAE Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay-Versailles St Quentin, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.L.R.); (J.F.); (J.-F.E.)
- CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (R.V.); (M.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Jenna Fix
- INRAE Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay-Versailles St Quentin, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.L.R.); (J.F.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Robin Vinck
- CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (R.V.); (M.K.); (J.B.)
- CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | | | - Romain Volmer
- INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France;
| | - Franck Gallardo
- NeoVirTech SAS, 1 Place Pierre Potier, 31000 Toulouse, France; (S.K.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- INRAE Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay-Versailles St Quentin, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.L.R.); (J.F.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Mathilde Keck
- CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (R.V.); (M.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Cintrat
- CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Julien Barbier
- CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (R.V.); (M.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Daniel Gillet
- CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (R.V.); (M.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Marie Galloux
- INRAE Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Paris-Saclay-Versailles St Quentin, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.L.R.); (J.F.); (J.-F.E.)
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13
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So CW, Sourisseau M, Sarwar S, Evans MJ, Randall G. Roles of epidermal growth factor receptor, claudin-1 and occludin in multi-step entry of hepatitis C virus into polarized hepatoma spheroids. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011887. [PMID: 38157366 PMCID: PMC10756512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The multi-step process of hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry is facilitated by various host factors, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the tight junction proteins claudin-1 (CLDN1) and occludin (OCLN), which are thought to function at later stages of the HCV entry process. Using single particle imaging of HCV infection of polarized hepatoma spheroids, we observed that EGFR performs multiple functions in HCV entry, both phosphorylation-dependent and -independent. We previously observed, and in this study confirmed, that EGFR is not required for HCV migration to the tight junction. EGFR is required for the recruitment of clathrin to HCV in a phosphorylation-independent manner. EGFR phosphorylation is required for virion internalization at a stage following the recruitment of clathrin. HCV entry activates the RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway downstream of EGFR phosphorylation. This signaling pathway regulates the sorting and maturation of internalized HCV into APPL1- and EEA1-associated early endosomes, which form the site of virion uncoating. The tight junction proteins, CLDN1 and OCLN, function at two distinct stages of HCV entry. Despite its appreciated function as a "late receptor" in HCV entry, CLDN1 is required for efficient HCV virion accumulation at the tight junction. Huh-7.5 cells lacking CLDN1 accumulate HCV virions primarily at the initial basolateral surface. OCLN is required for the late stages of virion internalization. This study produced further insight into the unusually complex HCV endocytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui-Wa So
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marion Sourisseau
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shamila Sarwar
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Evans
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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14
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Sasivimolrattana T, Bhattarakosol P. Impact of actin polymerization and filopodia formation on herpes simplex virus entry in epithelial, neuronal, and T lymphocyte cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1301859. [PMID: 38076455 PMCID: PMC10704452 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1301859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been known as a common viral pathogen that can infect several parts of the body, leading to various clinical manifestations. According to this diverse manifestation, HSV-1 infection in many cell types was demonstrated. Besides the HSV-1 cell tropism, e.g., fibroblast, epithelial, mucosal cells, and neurons, HSV-1 infections can occur in human T lymphocyte cells, especially in activated T cells. In addition, several studies found that actin polymerization and filopodia formation support HSV-1 infection in diverse cell types. Hence, the goal of this review is to explore the mechanism of HSV-1 infection in various types of cells involving filopodia formation and highlight potential future directions for HSV-1 entry-related research. Moreover, this review covers several strategies for possible anti-HSV drugs focused on the entry step, offering insights into potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvapan Bhattarakosol
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Kieser QJ, Granoski MJ, McClelland RD, Griffiths C, Bilawchuk LM, Stojic A, Elawar F, Jamieson K, Proud D, Marchant DJ. Actin cytoskeleton remodeling disrupts physical barriers to infection and presents entry receptors to respiratory syncytial virus. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001923. [PMID: 38015055 PMCID: PMC10768689 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RSV is the leading cause of infant hospitalizations and a significant cause of paediatric and geriatric morbidity worldwide. Recently, we reported that insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) was a receptor for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in airway epithelial cells and that activation of IGF1R recruited the coreceptor, nucleolin (NCL), to the cell surface. Cilia and mucus that line the airways pose a significant barrier to viral and bacterial infection. The cortical actin cytoskeleton has been shown by others to mediate RSV entry, so we studied the roles of the RSV receptors and actin remodelling during virus entry. We found that IGF1R expression and phosphorylation were associated with the ability of RSV to infect cells. Confocal immunofluorescence imaging showed that actin projections, a hallmark of macropinocytosis, formed around viral particles 30 min after infection. Consistent with prior reports we also found that virus particles were internalized into early endosome antigen-1 positive endosomes within 90 min. Inhibiting actin polymerization significantly reduced viral titre by approximately ten-fold. Inhibiting PI3 kinase and PKCζ in stratified air-liquid interface (ALI) models of the airway epithelium had similar effects on reducing the actin remodelling observed during infection and attenuating viral entry. Actin projections were associated with NCL interacting with RSV particles resting on apical cilia of the ALIs. We conclude that macropinocytosis-like actin projections protrude through normally protective cilia and mucus layers of stratified airway epithelium that helps present the IGF1R receptor and the NCL coreceptor to RSV particles waiting at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinten J. Kieser
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Madison J. Granoski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Ryley D. McClelland
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Cameron Griffiths
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908,, USA
| | - Leanne M. Bilawchuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Stojic
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Farah Elawar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Kyla Jamieson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - David J. Marchant
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
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16
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Langedijk AC, Bont LJ. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and novel interventions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:734-749. [PMID: 37438492 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The large global burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) respiratory tract infections in young children and older adults has gained increased recognition in recent years. Recent discoveries regarding the neutralization-specific viral epitopes of the pre-fusion RSV glycoprotein have led to a shift from empirical to structure-based design of RSV therapeutics, and controlled human infection model studies have provided early-stage proof of concept for novel RSV monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and antiviral drugs. The world's first vaccines and first monoclonal antibody to prevent RSV among older adults and all infants, respectively, have recently been approved. Large-scale introduction of RSV prophylactics emphasizes the need for active surveillance to understand the global impact of these interventions over time and to timely identify viral mutants that are able to escape novel prophylactics. In this Review, we provide an overview of RSV interventions in clinical development, highlighting global disease burden, seasonality, pathogenesis, and host and viral factors related to RSV immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annefleur C Langedijk
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Louis J Bont
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- ReSViNET Foundation, Zeist, the Netherlands.
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17
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Liu M, Lu B, Li Y, Yuan S, Zhuang Z, Li G, Wang D, Ma L, Zhu J, Zhao J, Chan CCS, Poon VKM, Chik KKH, Zhao Z, Xian H, Zhao J, Zhao J, Chan JFW, Zhang Y. P21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1)-mediated cytoskeleton rearrangement promotes SARS-CoV-2 entry and ACE2 autophagic degradation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:385. [PMID: 37806990 PMCID: PMC10560660 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has had a significant impact on healthcare systems and economies worldwide. The continuous emergence of new viral strains presents a major challenge in the development of effective antiviral agents. Strategies that possess broad-spectrum antiviral activities are desirable to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. ACE2, an angiotensin-containing enzyme that prevents the overactivation of the renin angiotensin system, is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 interacts with the spike protein and facilitates viral attachment and entry into host cells. Yet, SARS-CoV-2 infection also promotes ACE2 degradation. Whether restoring ACE2 surface expression has an impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection is yet to be determined. Here, we show that the ACE2-spike complex is endocytosed and degraded via autophagy in a manner that depends on clathrin-mediated endocytosis and PAK1-mediated cytoskeleton rearrangement. In contrast, free cellular spike protein is selectively cleaved into S1 and S2 subunits in a lysosomal-dependent manner. Importantly, we show that the pan-PAK inhibitor FRAX-486 restores ACE2 surface expression and suppresses infection by different SARS-CoV-2 strains. FRAX-486-treated Syrian hamsters exhibit significantly decreased lung viral load and alleviated pulmonary inflammation compared with untreated hamsters. In summary, our findings have identified novel pathways regulating viral entry, as well as therapeutic targets and candidate compounds for controlling the emerging strains of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingtai Lu
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuheyi Ma
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianheng Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinglu Zhao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chris Chung-Sing Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent Kwok-Man Poon
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenn Ka-Heng Chik
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyao Zhao
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huifang Xian
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China.
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
- Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China.
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18
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Yuan X, Zhang X, Wang H, Mao X, Sun Y, Tan L, Song C, Qiu X, Ding C, Liao Y. The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Facilitates Membrane Fusion and Uncoating during Coronavirus Entry. Viruses 2023; 15:2001. [PMID: 37896778 PMCID: PMC10610886 DOI: 10.3390/v15102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in several coronavirus-productive infections has been reported, whether the UPS is required for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infections is unclear. In this study, the role of UPS in the IBV and PEDV life cycles was investigated. When the UPS was suppressed by pharmacological inhibition at the early infection stage, IBV and PEDV infectivity were severely impaired. Further study showed that inhibition of UPS did not change the internalization of virus particles; however, by using R18 and DiOC-labeled virus particles, we found that inhibition of UPS prevented the IBV and PEDV membrane fusion with late endosomes or lysosomes. In addition, proteasome inhibitors blocked the degradation of the incoming viral protein N, suggesting the uncoating process and genomic RNA release were suppressed. Subsequently, the initial translation of genomic RNA was blocked. Thus, UPS may target the virus-cellular membrane fusion to facilitate the release of incoming viruses from late endosomes or lysosomes, subsequently blocking the following virus uncoating, initial translation, and replication events. Similar to the observation of proteasome inhibitors, ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 inhibitor PYR-41 also impaired the entry of IBV, enhanced the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, and depleted mono-ubiquitin. In all, this study reveals an important role of UPS in coronavirus entry by preventing membrane fusion and identifies UPS as a potential target for developing antiviral therapies for coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yuan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Xiang Mao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
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19
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Miles MA, Liong S, Liong F, Coward-Smith M, Trollope GS, Oseghale O, Erlich JR, Brooks RD, Logan JM, Hickey S, Wang H, Bozinovski S, O’Leary JJ, Brooks DA, Selemidis S. TLR7 promotes chronic airway disease in RSV-infected mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240552. [PMID: 37795093 PMCID: PMC10545951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) commonly infects the upper respiratory tract (URT) of humans, manifesting with mild cold or flu-like symptoms. However, in infants and the elderly, severe disease of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) often occurs and can develop into chronic airway disease. A better understanding of how an acute RSV infection transitions to a LRT chronic inflammatory disease is critically important to improve patient care and long-term health outcomes. To model acute and chronic phases of the disease, we infected wild-type C57BL/6 and toll-like receptor 7 knockout (TLR7 KO) mice with RSV and temporally assessed nasal, airway and lung inflammation for up to 42 days post-infection. We show that TLR7 reduced viral titers in the URT during acute infection but promoted pronounced pathogenic and chronic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in the LRT. This study defines a hitherto unappreciated molecular mechanism of lower respiratory pathogenesis to RSV, highlighting the potential of TLR7 modulation to constrain RSV pathology to the URT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Miles
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Stella Liong
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Felicia Liong
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Madison Coward-Smith
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Gemma S. Trollope
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Osezua Oseghale
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan R. Erlich
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert D. Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jessica M. Logan
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shane Hickey
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - John J. O’Leary
- Discipline of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Sir Patrick Dun’s Laboratory, Central Pathology Laboratory, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Doug A. Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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20
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Cadena-Cruz C, Villarreal Camacho JL, De Ávila-Arias M, Hurtado-Gomez L, Rodriguez A, San-Juan-Vergara H. Respiratory syncytial virus entry mechanism in host cells: A general overview. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:341-350. [PMID: 37537859 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes acute respiratory infections in neonates and older adults. To infect host cells, the attachment glycoprotein (G) interacts with a cell surface receptor. This interaction determines the specific cell types that are susceptible to infection. RSV possesses a type I fusion protein F. Type I fusion proteins are metastable when rearrangement of the prefusion F occurs; the fusion peptide is exposed transforming the protein into postfusion form. The transition between the prefusion form and its postfusion form facilitates the viral envelope and the host cell membrane to fuse, enabling the virus to enter the host cell. Understanding the entry mechanism employed by RSV is crucial for developing effective antiviral therapies. In this review, we will discuss the various types of viral fusion proteins and explore the potential entry mechanisms utilized by RSV. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms will provide valuable insights for the development of novel approaches to treat RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cadena-Cruz
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Programa de Medicina, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J L Villarreal Camacho
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Programa de Medicina, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Marcio De Ávila-Arias
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Leidy Hurtado-Gomez
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Alexander Rodriguez
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
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21
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Ou L, Chen SJ, Teng IT, Yang L, Zhang B, Zhou T, Biju A, Cheng C, Kong WP, Morano NC, Stancofski ESD, Todd JP, Tsybovsky Y, Wang S, Zheng CY, Mascola JR, Shapiro L, Woodward RA, Buchholz UJ, Kwong PD. Structure-based design of a single-chain triple-disulfide-stabilized fusion-glycoprotein trimer that elicits high-titer neutralizing responses against human metapneumovirus. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011584. [PMID: 37738240 PMCID: PMC10516418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pneumoviridae family of viruses includes human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The closely related Paramyxoviridae family includes parainfluenza viruses (PIVs). These three viral pathogens cause acute respiratory tract infections with substantial disease burden in the young, the elderly, and the immune-compromised. While promising subunit vaccines are being developed with prefusion-stabilized forms of the fusion glycoproteins (Fs) of RSV and PIVs, for which neutralizing titers elicited by the prefusion (pre-F) conformation of F are much higher than for the postfusion (post-F) conformation, with HMPV, pre-F and post-F immunogens described thus far elicit similar neutralizing responses, and it has been unclear which conformation, pre-F or post-F, would be the most effective HMPV F-vaccine immunogen. Here, we investigate the impact of further stabilizing HMPV F in the pre-F state. We replaced the furin-cleavage site with a flexible linker, creating a single chain F that yielded increased amounts of pre-F stabilized trimers, enabling the generation and assessment of F trimers stabilized by multiple disulfide bonds. Introduced prolines could increase both expression yields and antigenic recognition by the pre-F specific antibody, MPE8. The cryo-EM structure of a triple disulfide-stabilized pre-F trimer with the variable region of antibody MPE8 at 3.25-Å resolution confirmed the formation of designed disulfides and provided structural details on the MPE8 interface. Immunogenicity assessments in naïve mice showed the triple disulfide-stabilized pre-F trimer could elicit high titer neutralization, >10-fold higher than elicited by post-F. Immunogenicity assessments in pre-exposed rhesus macaques showed the triple disulfide-stabilized pre-F could recall high neutralizing titers after a single immunization, with little discrimination in the recall response between pre-F and post-F immunogens. However, the triple disulfide-stabilized pre-F adsorbed HMPV-directed responses from commercially available pooled human immunoglobulin more fully than post-F. Collectively, these results suggest single-chain triple disulfide-stabilized pre-F trimers to be promising HMPV-vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrea Biju
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas C. Morano
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shuishu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Yan Zheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruth A. Woodward
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ursula J. Buchholz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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22
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Laajala M, Zwaagstra M, Martikainen M, Nekoua MP, Benkahla M, Sane F, Gervais E, Campagnola G, Honkimaa A, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Hyöty H, Ojha R, Bailliot M, Balistreri G, Peersen O, Hober D, Van Kuppeveld F, Marjomäki V. Vemurafenib Inhibits Acute and Chronic Enterovirus Infection by Affecting Cellular Kinase Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Type IIIβ. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0055223. [PMID: 37436162 PMCID: PMC10433971 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00552-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are one of the most abundant viruses causing mild to serious acute infections in humans and also contributing to chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes. Presently, there are no approved antiviral drugs against enteroviruses. Here, we studied the potency of vemurafenib, an FDA-approved RAF kinase inhibitor for treating BRAFV600E mutant-related melanoma, as an antiviral against enteroviruses. We showed that vemurafenib prevented enterovirus translation and replication at low micromolar dosage in an RAF/MEK/ERK-independent manner. Vemurafenib was effective against group A, B, and C enteroviruses, as well as rhinovirus, but not parechovirus or more remote viruses such as Semliki Forest virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. The inhibitory effect was related to a cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIβ (PI4KB), which has been shown to be important in the formation of enteroviral replication organelles. Vemurafenib prevented infection efficiently in acute cell models, eradicated infection in a chronic cell model, and lowered virus amounts in pancreas and heart in an acute mouse model. Altogether, instead of acting through the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, vemurafenib affects the cellular PI4KB and, hence, enterovirus replication, opening new possibilities to evaluate further the potential of vemurafenib as a repurposed drug in clinical care. IMPORTANCE Despite the prevalence and medical threat of enteroviruses, presently, there are no antivirals against them. Here, we show that vemurafenib, an FDA-approved RAF kinase inhibitor for treating BRAFV600E mutant-related melanoma, prevents enterovirus translation and replication. Vemurafenib shows efficacy against group A, B, and C enteroviruses, as well as rhinovirus, but not parechovirus or more remote viruses such as Semliki Forest virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. The inhibitory effect acts through cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIβ (PI4KB), which has been shown to be important in the formation of enteroviral replication organelles. Vemurafenib prevents infection efficiently in acute cell models, eradicates infection in a chronic cell model, and lowers virus amounts in pancreas and heart in an acute mouse model. Our findings open new possibilities to develop drugs against enteroviruses and give hope for repurposing vemurafenib as an antiviral drug against enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marleen Zwaagstra
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mari Martikainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Mehdi Benkahla
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emily Gervais
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Grace Campagnola
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anni Honkimaa
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Amir-Babak Sioofy-Khojine
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ravi Ojha
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie Bailliot
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olve Peersen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frank Van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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23
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Xie E, Ahmad S, Smyth RP, Sieben C. Advanced fluorescence microscopy in respiratory virus cell biology. Adv Virus Res 2023; 116:123-172. [PMID: 37524480 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are a major public health burden across all age groups around the globe, and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. They can be transmitted by multiple routes, including physical contact or droplets and aerosols, resulting in efficient spreading within the human population. Investigations of the cell biology of virus replication are thus of utmost importance to gain a better understanding of virus-induced pathogenicity and the development of antiviral countermeasures. Light and fluorescence microscopy techniques have revolutionized investigations of the cell biology of virus infection by allowing the study of the localization and dynamics of viral or cellular components directly in infected cells. Advanced microscopy including high- and super-resolution microscopy techniques available today can visualize biological processes at the single-virus and even single-molecule level, thus opening a unique view on virus infection. We will highlight how fluorescence microscopy has supported investigations on virus cell biology by focusing on three major respiratory viruses: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2. We will review our current knowledge of virus replication and highlight how fluorescence microscopy has helped to improve our state of understanding. We will start by introducing major imaging and labeling modalities and conclude the chapter with a perspective discussion on remaining challenges and potential opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyu Xie
- Nanoscale Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shazeb Ahmad
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Redmond P Smyth
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Sieben
- Nanoscale Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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24
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Saunders JL, Daniels IA, Edwards TL, Relich RF, Zhao Y, Smith LA, Gaston BM, Davis MD. Effects of pH alteration on respiratory syncytial virus in human airway epithelial cells. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00404-2022. [PMID: 37465558 PMCID: PMC10351676 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00404-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory distress and hospitalisation in the paediatric population. Low airway surface pH impairs antimicrobial host defence and worsens airway inflammation. Inhaled Optate safely raises airway surface pH in humans and raises intracellular pH in primary human airway epithelial cells (HAECs) in vitro. We aimed to determine whether raising intracellular pH with Optate would decrease infection and replication of RSV in primary HAECs. Methods We cultured HAECs from healthy subjects in both air-liquid interface and submerged conditions. We infected HAECs with green fluorescent protein-labelled RSV (GFP-RSV; multiplicity of infection=1) and treated them with Optate or PBS control. We collected supernatant after a 4-h incubation and then every 24 h. We used fluorescence intensity, fluorescent particle counts, plaque assays, Western blots and ELISA to quantitate infection. Results In submerged culture, fluorescence intensity decreased in Optate-treated cells (48 h p=0.0174, 72 h p≤0.001). Similarly, Optate treatment resulted in decreased fluorescent particle count (48 h p=0.0178, 72 h p=0.0019) and plaque-forming units (48 h p=0.0011, 72 h p=0.0148) from cell culture supernatant. In differentiated HAECs cultured at ALI, Optate treatment decreased fluorescence intensity (p≤0.01), GFP via Western blot and ELISA (p<0.0001), and RSV-fusion protein via ELISA (p=0.001). Additionally, RSV infection decreased as Optate concentration increased in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.001). Conclusions Optate inhibits RSV infection in primary HAECs in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that Optate may have potential as an inhaled therapeutic for patients with RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Saunders
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ivana A. Daniels
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Taiya L. Edwards
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ryan F. Relich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Laura A. Smith
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Gaston
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael D. Davis
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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25
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Rezende W, Neal HE, Dutch RE, Piedra PA. The RSV F p27 peptide: current knowledge, important questions. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1219846. [PMID: 37415824 PMCID: PMC10320223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1219846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a leading cause of hospitalizations and death for young children and adults over 65. The worldwide impact of RSV has prioritized the search for an RSV vaccine, with most targeting the critical fusion (F) protein. However, questions remain about the mechanism of RSV entry and RSV F triggering and fusion promotion. This review highlights these questions, specifically those surrounding a cleaved 27 amino acids long peptide within F, p27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Rezende
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hadley E. Neal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Rebecca E. Dutch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Pedro A. Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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26
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Tosheva II, Saygan KS, Mijnhardt SM, Russell CJ, Fraaij PLA, Herfst S. Hemagglutinin stability as a key determinant of influenza A virus transmission via air. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101335. [PMID: 37307646 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To cause pandemics, zoonotic respiratory viruses need to adapt to replication in and spread between humans, either via (indirect or direct) contact or through the air via droplets and aerosols. To render influenza A viruses transmissible via air, three phenotypic viral properties must change, of which receptor-binding specificity and polymerase activity have been well studied. However, the third adaptive property, hemagglutinin (HA) acid stability, is less understood. Recent studies show that there may be a correlation between HA acid stability and virus survival in the air, suggesting that a premature conformational change of HA, triggered by low pH in the airways or droplets, may render viruses noninfectious before they can reach a new host. We here summarize available data from (animal) studies on the impact of HA acid stability on airborne transmission and hypothesize that the transmissibility of other respiratory viruses may also be impacted by an acidic environment in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona I Tosheva
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kain S Saygan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Center, Delft, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Ma Mijnhardt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Center, Delft, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pieter LA Fraaij
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Center, Delft, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Center, Delft, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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27
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Rezende W, Ye X, Angelo LS, Carisey AF, Avadhanula V, Piedra PA. The Efficiency of p27 Cleavage during In Vitro Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection Is Cell Line and RSV Subtype Dependent. J Virol 2023; 97:e0025423. [PMID: 37133390 PMCID: PMC10231215 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00254-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (F) is highly conserved between subtypes A and B (RSV/A and RSV/B). To become fully active, F precursor undergoes enzymatic cleavage to yield F1 and F2 subunits and releases a 27-amino-acid peptide (p27). Virus-cell fusion occurs when RSV F undergoes a conformational change from pre-F to post-F. Previous data show that p27 is detected on RSV F, but questions remain regarding if and how p27 affects the conformation of mature RSV F. Monoclonal antibodies against p27, site Ø (pre-F specific), and site II were used to monitor RSV F conformation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and imaging flow cytometry. Pre-F to post-F conformational change was induced by a temperature stress test. We found that p27 cleavage efficiency was lower on sucrose-purified RSV/A (spRSV/A) than on spRSV/B. In addition, cleavage of RSV F was cell line dependent: HEp-2 cells had higher retention of p27 than did A549 cells when infected with RSV. Higher levels of p27 were also found on RSV/A-infected cells than on RSV/B-infected cells. We observed that RSV/A F with higher p27 levels could better sustain the pre-F conformation during the temperature stress challenge in both spRSV- and RSV-infected cell lines. Our findings suggest that despite F sequence similarity, p27 of RSV subtypes was cleaved with different efficiencies, which were also dependent on the cell lines used for infection. Importantly, the presence of p27 was associated with greater stability of the pre-F conformation, supporting the possibility that RSV has more than one mechanism for fusion to the host cell. IMPORTANCE RSV fusion protein (F) plays an important role in entry and viral fusion to the host cell. The F undergoes proteolytic cleavages releasing a 27-amino-acid peptide (p27) to become fully functional. The role of p27 in viral entry and the function of the partially cleaved F containing p27 has been overlooked. p27 is thought to destabilize the F trimers, and thus, there is need for a fully cleaved F. In this study, we detected p27 on purified RSV virions and on the surface of virus-infected HEp-2 and A549 cells for circulating RSV strains of both subtypes. Higher levels of partially cleaved F containing p27 better sustained the pre-F conformation during the temperature stress challenge. Our findings highlight that the cleavage efficiency of p27 is different between RSV subtypes and among cell lines and that the presence of p27 contributes to the stability of the pre-F conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Rezende
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xunyan Ye
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Avance Biosciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Laura S. Angelo
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandre F. Carisey
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vasanthi Avadhanula
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pedro A. Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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28
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Chen XN, Liang YF, Weng ZJ, Quan WP, Hu C, Peng YZ, Sun YS, Gao Q, Huang Z, Zhang GH, Gong L. Porcine Enteric Alphacoronavirus Entry through Multiple Pathways (Caveolae, Clathrin, and Macropinocytosis) Requires Rab GTPases for Endosomal Transport. J Virol 2023; 97:e0021023. [PMID: 36975780 PMCID: PMC10134835 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00210-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV) is a new bat HKU2-like porcine coronavirus, and its endemic outbreak has caused severe economic losses to the pig industry. Its broad cellular tropism suggests a potential risk of cross-species transmission. A limited understanding of PEAV entry mechanisms may hinder a rapid response to potential outbreaks. This study analyzed PEAV entry events using chemical inhibitors, RNA interference, and dominant-negative mutants. PEAV entry into Vero cells depended on three endocytic pathways: caveolae, clathrin, and macropinocytosis. Endocytosis requires dynamin, cholesterol, and a low pH. Rab5, Rab7, and Rab9 GTPases (but not Rab11) regulate PEAV endocytosis. PEAV particles colocalize with EEA1, Rab5, Rab7, Rab9, and Lamp-1, suggesting that PEAV translocates into early endosomes after internalization, and Rab5, Rab7, and Rab9 regulate trafficking to lysosomes before viral genome release. PEAV enters porcine intestinal cells (IPI-2I) through the same endocytic pathway, suggesting that PEAV may enter various cells through multiple endocytic pathways. This study provides new insights into the PEAV life cycle. IMPORTANCE Emerging and reemerging coronaviruses cause severe human and animal epidemics worldwide. PEAV is the first bat-like coronavirus to cause infection in domestic animals. However, the PEAV entry mechanism into host cells remains unknown. This study demonstrates that PEAV enters into Vero or IPI-2I cells through caveola/clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis, which does not require a specific receptor. Subsequently, Rab5, Rab7, and Rab9 regulate PEAV trafficking from early endosomes to lysosomes, which is pH dependent. The results advance our understanding of the disease and help to develop potential new drug targets against PEAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, People’s Republic of China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-fan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-jun Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-peng Quan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-zhao Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-shuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, People’s Republic of China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gui-hong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Ma L, Brecher M, Soufal A, Gaiotto T, Tian S, Chandramouli S, Dewar V, Ferrant L, Zhang M, Zhou X, Roy V. Structural interrogation of a trimeric prefusion RSV fusion protein vaccine candidate by a camelid nanobody. Vaccine 2023; 41:3308-3316. [PMID: 37085457 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, camelid nanobodies have been developed for multiple applications, including immuno-imaging, cancer immunotherapy, and antiviral therapeutics. Despite the prevalence of these approaches, nanobodies have rarely been used to assess the potency of vaccine antigen candidates, which are primarily based on mAb binding approaches. In this work, we demonstrate that a nanobody-based ELISA method is suitable for characterization of a leading respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine candidate, RSVPreF3. This nanobody, F-VHH-L66, compares similarly with AM14, an antibody well-known to be specific for the prefusion form of the RSV surface fusion glycoprotein, RSV F. ELISA assays based on F-VHH-L66 were specific for the trimeric, prefusion form of RSV F, the antigen conformation that best generates neutralizing antibodies. Additionally, the F-VHH-L66-based ELISA proved accurate, linear, and stability-indicating. Statistical analysis of 65 independent F-VHH-L66-based ELISA experiments indicated assay performance similar to that of ELISA assays based on AM14. Moreover, the binding kinetics of F-VHH-L66 to RSVPreF3 are comparable to those of AM14 when measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Finally, F-VHH-L66 neutralized RSV(A) with similar efficacy as AM14; this bioactivity data further supports its use as an alternative to AM14 for pre-fusion specific structural characterization of RSVPreF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- GSK, Rockville Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Matthew Brecher
- GSK, Rockville Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | - Allison Soufal
- GSK, Rockville Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | | | - Sai Tian
- GSK, Rockville Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Sumana Chandramouli
- GSK, Rockville Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | | | | | - Meng Zhang
- GSK, Rockville Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Xianzhi Zhou
- GSK, Rockville Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Varnika Roy
- GSK, Rockville Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
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30
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Talukdar SN, Osan J, Ryan K, Grove B, Perley D, Kumar BD, Yang S, Dallman S, Hollingsworth L, Bailey KL, Mehedi M. RSV-induced expanded ciliated cells contribute to bronchial wall thickening. Virus Res 2023; 327:199060. [PMID: 36746339 PMCID: PMC10007709 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), causes inflammation in the bronchiolar airways (bronchial wall thickening, also known as bronchiolitis). This bronchial wall thickening is a common pathophysiological feature in RSV infection, but it causes more fatalities in infants than in children and adults. However, the molecular mechanism of RSV-induced bronchial wall thickening remains unknown, particularly in healthy adults. Using highly differentiated pseudostratified airway epithelium generated from primary human bronchial epithelial cells, we revealed RSV-infects primarily ciliated cells. The infected ciliated cells expanded substantially without compromising epithelial membrane integrity and ciliary functions and contributed to the increased height of the airway epithelium. Furthermore, we identified multiple factors, e.g., cytoskeletal (ARP2/3-complex-driven actin polymerization), immunological (IP10/CXCL10), and viral (NS2), contributing to RSV-induced uneven epithelium height increase in vitro. Thus, RSV-infected expanded cells contribute to a noncanonical inflammatory phenotype, which contributes to bronchial wall thickening in the airway, and is termed cytoskeletal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattya N Talukdar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Jaspreet Osan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Ken Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Bryon Grove
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Danielle Perley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Bony D Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Shirley Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Sydney Dallman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Lauren Hollingsworth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Kristina L Bailey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep and Allergy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Masfique Mehedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States.
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31
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Cable J, Sun J, Cheon IS, Vaughan AE, Castro IA, Stein SR, López CB, Gostic KM, Openshaw PJM, Ellebedy AH, Wack A, Hutchinson E, Thomas MM, Langlois RA, Lingwood D, Baker SF, Folkins M, Foxman EF, Ward AB, Schwemmle M, Russell AB, Chiu C, Ganti K, Subbarao K, Sheahan TP, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Eddens T. Respiratory viruses: New frontiers-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1522:60-73. [PMID: 36722473 PMCID: PMC10580159 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are a common cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Viruses like influenza, RSV, and most recently SARS-CoV-2 can rapidly spread through a population, causing acute infection and, in vulnerable populations, severe or chronic disease. Developing effective treatment and prevention strategies often becomes a race against ever-evolving viruses that develop resistance, leaving therapy efficacy either short-lived or relevant for specific viral strains. On June 29 to July 2, 2022, researchers met for the Keystone symposium "Respiratory Viruses: New Frontiers." Researchers presented new insights into viral biology and virus-host interactions to understand the mechanisms of disease and identify novel treatment and prevention approaches that are effective, durable, and broad.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Sun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine; Department of Immunology; and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Carter Immunology Center and Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - In Su Cheon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine; Department of Immunology; and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Carter Immunology Center and Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew E Vaughan
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Italo A Castro
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sydney R Stein
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center and Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katelyn M Gostic
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs; and Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ryan A Langlois
- Center for Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven F Baker
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Melanie Folkins
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen F Foxman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alistair B Russell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ketaki Ganti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy P Sheahan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Taylor Eddens
- Pediatric Scientist Development Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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32
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Zhang D, Zhao Y, You X, He S, Li E. Repurposing Axl Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0148722. [PMID: 36853000 PMCID: PMC10019287 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01487-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection persists as a common pathogen of pulmonary infection in infants and in the elderly with high morbidity and mortality. However, no specific therapeutics are available. Axl, a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk) family receptor kinases, is a pleiotropic inhibitor of the innate immune response and functions as a negative regulator of interferon pathway activation. In this report, we investigated Axl inhibitors for their effects against RSV infection. Axl inhibition with kinase inhibitors, including BMS-777607, R428, and TP-0903, or Axl ablation resulted in a significant reduction of RSV infection in cell-based assays. In an animal model of pulmonary RSV infection, treatment with BMS-777607, R428, or TP-0903 ameliorated pulmonary pathology with a significant reduction of RSV titers in the lung tissues and, consequently, decreased the expression of proinflammatory genes. The host promotes ISG expression for the antiviral response and for viral clearance. We found that Axl inhibition led to more robust IFN-β expression and antiviral gene induction. Thus, the results of this study imply that Axl kinase inhibitors may possess a broad spectrum of antiviral effects by promoting ISG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Yancheng Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Yancheng People's 1st Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxin You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Susu He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Yancheng Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Yancheng People's 1st Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Medical Virology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, China
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33
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Huong TN, Ravi Iyer L, Lui J, Wang DY, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. The respiratory syncytial virus SH protein is incorporated into infectious virus particles that form on virus-infected cells. Virology 2023; 580:28-40. [PMID: 36746062 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The association of the SH protein with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) particles was examined in HEp2 cells and human ciliated nasal epithelial cells. Imaging of infected cells demonstrated the presence of the SH protein in virus filaments, and analysis of purified RSV particles revealed a SH protein species whose size was consistent with the glycosylated SH protein. Although the SH protein was detected in virus filaments it was not required for virus filament formation. Analysis of RSV-infected ciliated cells also revealed that the SH protein was trafficked into the cilia, and this correlated with reduced cilia density on these cells. Reduced cilia loss was not observed on ciliated cells infected with a RSV isolate that failed to express the SH protein. These data provide direct evidence that the SH protein is trafficked into virus particles, and suggests that the SH protein may also promote cilia dysfunction on nasal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra Nguyen Huong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Laxmi Ravi Iyer
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jing Lui
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Biological Defence Program, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Republic of Singapore; LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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Ayyar BV, Ettayebi K, Salmen W, Karandikar UC, Neill FH, Tenge VR, Crawford SE, Bieberich E, Prasad BVV, Atmar RL, Estes MK. CLIC and membrane wound repair pathways enable pandemic norovirus entry and infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1148. [PMID: 36854760 PMCID: PMC9974061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, most cases of gastroenteritis are caused by pandemic GII.4 human norovirus (HuNoV) strains with no approved therapies or vaccines available. The cellular pathways that these strains exploit for cell entry and internalization are unknown. Here, using nontransformed human jejunal enteroids (HIEs) that recapitulate the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, we show that infectious GII.4 virions and virus-like particles are endocytosed using a unique combination of endosomal acidification-dependent clathrin-independent carriers (CLIC), acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)-mediated lysosomal exocytosis, and membrane wound repair pathways. We found that besides the known interaction of the viral capsid Protruding (P) domain with host glycans, the Shell (S) domain interacts with both galectin-3 (gal-3) and apoptosis-linked gene 2-interacting protein X (ALIX), to orchestrate GII.4 cell entry. Recognition of the viral and cellular determinants regulating HuNoV entry provides insight into the infection process of a non-enveloped virus highlighting unique pathways and targets for developing effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wilhelm Salmen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Umesh C Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria R Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 and VAMC, Lexington, KY, 40502, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Winter SL, Chlanda P. The Art of Viral Membrane Fusion and Penetration. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:113-152. [PMID: 38159225 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As obligate pathogens, viruses have developed diverse mechanisms to deliver their genome across host cell membranes to sites of virus replication. While enveloped viruses utilize viral fusion proteins to accomplish fusion of their envelope with the cellular membrane, non-enveloped viruses rely on machinery that causes local membrane ruptures and creates an opening through which the capsid or viral genome is released. Both membrane fusion and membrane penetration take place at the plasma membrane or in intracellular compartments, often involving the engagement of the cellular machinery and antagonism of host restriction factors. Enveloped and non-enveloped viruses have evolved intricate mechanisms to enable virus uncoating and modulation of membrane fusion in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. This chapter summarizes and discusses the current state of understanding of the mechanisms of viral membrane fusion and penetration. The focus is on the role of lipids, viral scaffold uncoating, viral membrane fusion inhibitors, and host restriction factors as physicochemical modulators. In addition, recent advances in visualizing and detecting viral membrane fusion and penetration using cryo-electron microscopy methods are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Winter
- Schaller Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr Chlanda
- Schaller Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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PIK-24 Inhibits RSV-Induced Syncytium Formation via Direct Interaction with the p85α Subunit of PI3K. J Virol 2022; 96:e0145322. [PMID: 36416586 PMCID: PMC9749462 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01453-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling regulates many cellular processes, including cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, cytoskeleton reorganization, and apoptosis. The actin cytoskeleton regulated by PI3K signaling plays an important role in plasma membrane rearrangement. Currently, it is known that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection requires PI3K signaling. However, the regulatory pattern or corresponding molecular mechanism of PI3K signaling on cell-to-cell fusion during syncytium formation remains unclear. This study synthesized a novel PI3K inhibitor PIK-24 designed with PI3K as a target and used it as a molecular probe to investigate the involvement of PI3K signaling in syncytium formation during RSV infection. The results of the antiviral mechanism revealed that syncytium formation required PI3K signaling to activate RHO family GTPases Cdc42, to upregulate the inactive form of cofilin, and to increase the amount of F-actin in cells, thereby causing actin cytoskeleton reorganization and membrane fusion between adjacent cells. PIK-24 treatment significantly abolished the generation of these events by blocking the activation of PI3K signaling. Moreover, PIK-24 had an obvious binding activity with the p85α regulatory subunit of PI3K. The anti-RSV effect similar to PIK-24 was obtained after knockdown of p85α in vitro or knockout of p85α in vivo, suggesting that PIK-24 inhibited RSV infection by targeting PI3K p85α. Most importantly, PIK-24 exerted a potent anti-RSV activity, and its antiviral effect was stronger than that of the classic PI3K inhibitor LY294002, PI-103, and broad-spectrum antiviral drug ribavirin. Thus, PIK-24 has the potential to be developed into a novel anti-RSV agent targeting cellular PI3K signaling. IMPORTANCE PI3K protein has many functions and regulates various cellular processes. As an important regulatory subunit of PI3K, p85α can regulate the activity of PI3K signaling. Therefore, it serves as the key target for virus infection. Indeed, p85α-regulated PI3K signaling facilitates various intracellular plasma membrane rearrangement events by modulating the actin cytoskeleton, which may be critical for RSV-induced syncytium formation. In this study, we show that a novel PI3K inhibitor inhibits RSV-induced PI3K signaling activation and actin cytoskeleton reorganization by targeting the p85α protein, thereby inhibiting syncytium formation and exerting a potent antiviral effect. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common respiratory pathogens, causing enormous morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Currently, no effective antiviral drugs or vaccines exist for RSV infection. This study contributes to understanding the molecular mechanism by which PI3K signaling regulates syncytium formation and provides a leading compound for anti-RSV infection drug development.
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Esperante S, Alvarez-Paggi D, Salgueiro M, Desimone M, de Oliveira G, Arán M, García-Pardo J, Aptekmann A, Ventura S, Alonso L, de Prat-Gay G. A finely tuned interplay between calcium binding, ionic strength and pH modulates conformational and oligomerization equilibria in the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix (M) protein. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 731:109424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Talukdar SN, Osan J, Ryan K, Grove B, Perley D, Kumar BD, Yang S, Dallman S, Hollingsworth L, Bailey KL, Mehedi M. RSV-induced Expanded Ciliated Cells Contribute to Bronchial Wall Thickening.. [DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.31.514471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractViral infection, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), causes inflammation in the bronchiolar airways (bronchial wall thickening, also known as bronchiolitis), reducing airflow through the bronchioles. This bronchial wall thickening is a common pathophysiological feature in RSV infection, but it causes more fatalities in infants than in children and adults. However, the molecular mechanism of RSV-induced bronchial wall thickening remains unknown, particularly in healthy adults. RSV infection in the airway epithelium of healthy adult bronchial cells reveals RSV-infects primarily ciliated cells. RSV infection expands the cell cytoskeleton substantially without compromising epithelial membrane integrity and ciliary functions. The RSV-induced actin cytoskeleton expansion increases ununiformly epithelial height, and cytoskeletal (actin polymerization), immunological (INF-L1, TNF-α, IP10/CXCL10), and viral (NS2) factors are probably responsible. Interestingly, RSV-infected cell cytoskeleton’s expansion resembles a noncanonical inflammatory phenotype, which contributes to bronchial wall thickening, and is termed cytoskeletal inflammation.Author SummaryRSV infects everyone. Although RSV-induced fatal pathophysiology (e.g., bronchiolitis) is more common in infants than adults, this bronchiolitis (or bronchial wall thickening) is common in the lower respiratory tract due to RSV infection in all ages. To determine the molecular mechanism of RSV-induced bronchial wall thickening, we infectedin vitroadult airway epithelium with RSV. We found that RSV-infection induced a substantial actin-cytoskeleton expansion, consequently increased the height of the epithelium. We identified actin polymerization, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and viral proteins contribute to the RSV-induced cytoskeletal expansion. Our results suggest that RSV-induces a novel noncanonical epithelial host response termed cytoskeletal inflammation, which may contribute to bronchial wall thickening.
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Matozo T, Kogachi L, de Alencar BC. Myosin motors on the pathway of viral infections. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2022; 79:41-63. [PMID: 35842902 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors are microscopic machines that use energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to generate movement. While kinesins and dynein are molecular motors associated with microtubule tracks, myosins bind to and move on actin filaments. Mammalian cells express several myosin motors. They power cellular processes such as endo- and exocytosis, intracellular trafficking, transcription, migration, and cytokinesis. As viruses navigate through cells, they may take advantage or be hindered by host components and machinery, including the cytoskeleton. This review delves into myosins' cell roles and compares them to their reported functions in viral infections. In most cases, the previously described myosin functions align with their reported role in viral infections, although not in all cases. This opens the possibility that knowledge obtained from studying myosins in viral infections might shed light on new physiological roles for myosins in cells. However, given the high number of myosins expressed and the variety of viruses investigated in the different studies, it is challenging to infer whether the interactions found are specific to a single virus or can be applied to other viruses with the same characteristics. We conclude that the participation of myosins in viral cycles is still a largely unexplored area, especially concerning unconventional myosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais Matozo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Kogachi
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cunha de Alencar
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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The Process of Filopodia Induction during HPV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061150. [PMID: 35746622 PMCID: PMC9231133 DOI: 10.3390/v14061150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) infects mucosal and epithelial cells and has been identified as a high-risk HPV type that is an etiologic agent of human cancers. The initial infectious process, i.e., the binding of the virus particle and its entry into the host cell, has been studied extensively, although it is not fully understood. There is still a gap in understanding the steps by which the virus is able to cross the plasma membrane after receptor binding. In this study, we demonstrate that after HPV16 comes into contact with a plasma membrane receptor, there are cytoskeletal changes resulting in an increase of filopodia numbers. This increase in filopodia numbers was transient and was maintained during the first two hours after virus addition. Our data show that there is a statistically significant increase in infection when filopodia numbers are increased by the addition of drug and virus simultaneously, and a decrease in virus infection when filopodia formation is inhibited. We describe that HPV16 binding results in the activation of Cdc42 GTPase that in turn results in an increase in filopodia. siRNA directed at Cdc42 GTPase resulted in a statistically significant reduction of infection and a corresponding lack of filopodia induction.
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Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection by Small Non-Coding RNA Fragments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115990. [PMID: 35682669 PMCID: PMC9180592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. As the only current specific treatment options for RSV are monoclonal antibodies, there is a need for efficacious antiviral treatments against RSV to be developed. We have previously shown that a group of synthetic non-coding single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides with lengths of 25–40 nucleotides can inhibit RSV infection in vitro and in vivo. Based on this, herein, we investigate whether naturally occurring single-stranded small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) fragments present in the airways have antiviral effects against RSV infection. From publicly available sequencing data, we selected sncRNA fragments such as YRNAs, tRNAs and rRNAs present in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from healthy individuals. We utilized a GFP-expressing RSV to show that pre-treatment with the selected sncRNA fragments inhibited RSV infection in A549 cells in vitro. Furthermore, by using a flow cytometry-based binding assay, we demonstrate that these naturally occurring sncRNAs fragments inhibit viral infection most likely by binding to the RSV entry receptor nucleolin and thereby preventing the virus from binding to host cells, either directly or via steric hindrance. This finding highlights a new function of sncRNAs and displays the possibility of using naturally occurring sncRNAs as treatments against RSV.
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Urvashi, Senthil Kumar JB, Das P, Tandon V. Development of Azaindole-Based Frameworks as Potential Antiviral Agents and Their Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6454-6495. [PMID: 35477274 PMCID: PMC9063994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The azaindole (AI) framework continues to play a significant role in the design of new antiviral agents. Modulating the position and isosteric replacement of the nitrogen atom of AI analogs notably influences the intrinsic physicochemical properties of lead compounds. The intra- and intermolecular interactions of AI derivatives with host receptors or viral proteins can also be fine tuned by carefully placing the nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic core. This wide-ranging perspective article focuses on AIs that have considerable utility in drug discovery programs against RNA viruses. The inhibition of influenza A, human immunodeficiency, respiratory syncytial, neurotropic alpha, dengue, ebola, and hepatitis C viruses by AI analogs is extensively reviewed to assess their plausible future potential in antiviral drug discovery. The binding interaction of AIs with the target protein is examined to derive a structural basis for designing new antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - J. B. Senthil Kumar
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute
of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
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Abstract
Emerging zoonotic viral pathogens threaten global health, and there is an urgent need to discover host and viral determinants influencing infection. We performed a loss-of-function genome-wide CRISPR screen in a human lung cell line using HCoV-OC43, a human betacoronavirus. One candidate gene, VPS29, a component of the retromer complex, was required for infection by HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV-2, other endemic- and pandemic-threat coronaviruses, as well as ebolavirus. Notably, we observed a heightened requirement for VPS29 by the recently described Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 compared to the ancestral variant. However, VPS29 deficiency had no effect on certain other viruses that enter cells via endosomes and had an opposing, enhancing effect on influenza A virus infection. Deficiency in VPS29 or other retromer components caused changes in endosome morphology and acidity and attenuated the activity of endosomal proteases. These changes in endosome properties caused incoming coronavirus, but not influenza virus particles, to become entrapped therein. Overall, these data show how host regulation of endosome characteristics can influence cellular susceptibility to viral infection and identify a host pathway that could serve as a pharmaceutical target for intervention in zoonotic viral diseases.
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Feng Z, Xu L, Xie Z. Receptors for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Host Factors Regulating the Life Cycle of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858629. [PMID: 35281439 PMCID: PMC8913501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections and responsible for a large proportion of mortality in children and the elderly. There are no licensed vaccines available to date. Prophylaxis and therapeutic RSV-specific antibodies are limited to populations at high risk owing to high cost and uncertain clinical value. Receptors and host factors are two determinants important for virus entry and establishment of infection in vivo. The identification and understanding of viral receptors and host factors can help us to gain insight into the pathogenesis of RSV infection. Herein, we reviewed receptors and host factors that have been reported thus far. RSV could bind to CX3C chemokine receptor 1 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans via the G protein, and to nucleolin, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, epidermal growth factor, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 via the F protein. Seven host restriction factors and 13 host factors essential for RSV infection were reviewed. We characterized the functions and their roles in the life cycle of RSV, trying to provide an update on the information of RSV-related receptors and host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Xu,
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chida-Nagai A, Sato H, Sato I, Shiraishi M, Sasaki D, Izumi G, Yamazawa H, Cho K, Manabe A, Takeda A. Risk factors for hospitalisation due to respiratory syncytial virus infection in children receiving prophylactic palivizumab. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:539-547. [PMID: 34417646 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common pathogen that causes extremely severe respiratory symptoms in the first few weeks and months of life. In infants with cardiopulmonary diseases, RSV infections have a significant clinical impact. Palivizumab, a humanised monoclonal antibody for RSV, has been shown to significantly reduce the rate of hospitalisation of high-risk infants diagnosed with RSV. However, we have experienced a significant number of RSV infections in our institution that required hospitalisation or intensive care, despite the administration of palivizumab. This study aimed to analyse the risk factors associated with severe RSV despite the use of palivizumab. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 688 patients who visited or were admitted to our hospital and received palivizumab. Thirty-seven (5.4%) patients required hospitalisation for RSV, despite receiving palivizumab. In addition, 31 of these patients (83.8%) required hospitalisation out of season for palivizumab injection. Preterm birth (≤ 28-week gestation), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and trisomy 21 were risk factors for RSV-related hospitalisation in infected patients, despite receiving palivizumab. Furthermore, subgroup analysis of 69 patients with RSV revealed that hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (CHD) was also a risk factor for RSV-related hospitalisation.Conclusion: Preterm birth (≤ 28 weeks of gestation), BPD, trisomy 21, hemodynamically significant CHD, and CHD requiring surgery or cardiac catheterisation/intervention during infancy could be considered when determining whether year-round administration of palivizumab is appropriate. What is Known: • Respiratory syncytial virus causes severe respiratory symptoms in infants, particularly those with cardiopulmonary diseases. • The use of palivizumab has reduced the rate of hospitalisation of infants diagnosed with RSV. Despite this, the rate of hospitalisation is still high. What is New: • We identified that preterm birth (≤ 28-week gestation), bronchopulmonary dysplasia, trisomy 21, and hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease were risk factors for RSV-related hospitalisation, even after receiving palivizumab treatment. • High-risk infants should be closely monitored and the prolonged use of palivizumab should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Chida-Nagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University, Kita14, Nishi5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Oita University, Oita, Japan.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Itsumi Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University, Kita14, Nishi5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University, Kita14, Nishi5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University, Kita14, Nishi5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Gaku Izumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University, Kita14, Nishi5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Hirokuni Yamazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University, Kita14, Nishi5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Cho
- Maternity and Perinatal Care Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Manabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University, Kita14, Nishi5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Takeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University, Kita14, Nishi5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8648, Japan.
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Lassa virus glycoprotein complex review: insights into its unique fusion machinery. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230708. [PMID: 35088070 PMCID: PMC8844875 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), an arenavirus endemic to West Africa, causes Lassa fever—a lethal hemorrhagic fever. Entry of LASV into the host cell is mediated by the glycoprotein complex (GPC), which is the only protein located on the viral surface and comprises three subunits: glycoprotein 1 (GP1), glycoprotein 2 (GP2), and a stable signal peptide (SSP). The LASV GPC is a class one viral fusion protein, akin to those found in viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, Ebola virus (EBOV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). These viruses are enveloped and utilize membrane fusion to deliver their genetic material to the host cell. Like other class one fusion proteins, LASV-mediated membrane fusion occurs through an orchestrated sequence of conformational changes in its GPC. The receptor-binding subunit, GP1, first engages with a host cell receptor then undergoes a unique receptor switch upon delivery to the late endosome. The acidic pH and change in receptor result in the dissociation of GP1, exposing the fusion subunit, GP2, such that fusion can occur. These events ultimately lead to the formation of a fusion pore so that the LASV genetic material is released into the host cell. Interestingly, the mature GPC retains its SSP as a third subunit—a feature that is unique to arenaviruses. Additionally, the fusion domain contains two separate fusion peptides, instead of a standard singular fusion peptide. Here, we give a comprehensive review of the LASV GPC components and their unusual features.
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47
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Blunck BN, Aideyan L, Ye X, Avadhanula V, Ferlic-Stark L, Zechiedrich L, Gilbert BE, Piedra PA. Antibody responses of healthy adults to the p27 peptide of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. Vaccine 2022; 40:536-543. [PMID: 34903371 PMCID: PMC8755595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein undergoes two furin-cleavage events to become fusion competent, resulting in the release of a twenty-seven amino acid peptide (p27). Recent studies indicate that the p27 region of the F protein was an immunodominant antigen in young children. In this study, we evaluated the kinetics of the serum antibody response to the p27 peptide following natural RSV reinfection in adults. Nineteen healthy adults under sixty-five years of age were enrolled during the 2018-2019 RSV season in Houston, TX. Blood was collected at three study visits and RSV infection status was defined by changes in neutralizing antibody resulting in three groups: uninfected (n = 12), acutely infected (n = 4), and recently infected (n = 3). Serum IgG and IgA antibodies against RSV/A and RSV/B p27 peptides were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and serum p27-like antibodies were detected by a p27 competitive antibody assay. Anti-p27 antibodies were detected in all subjects at each study visit. The measured IgG and IgA anti-p27 antibody levels followed the same pattern as other RSV site-specific and neutralizing antibody responses described for this cohort previously: the uninfected group had stable responses for the duration of the study period, the acutely infected group had a significant increase following RSV infection, and the recently infected group had a decrease in anti-p27 antibody during the study period. These results indicate that antibodies to the p27 region of the F protein are generated following natural RSV reinfection and suggest that some of the F protein is potentially in a partially cleaved state on the surface of virions, expanding on the previous assumption that all of p27 is post-translationally released and not present on mature F. Additionally, antibody responses were significantly lower (1.4-1.5-fold) toward RSV/B than to RSV/A p27 at each study visit, despite being an RSV/B dominant outbreak. Understanding the mechanism for the differences in the magnitude of the RSV/A and RSV/B p27 antibody response may enhance our understanding of the intracellular processing of the F protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittani N. Blunck
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Letisha Aideyan
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Xunyan Ye
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Vasanthi Avadhanula
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Laura Ferlic-Stark
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Lynn Zechiedrich
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Brian E. Gilbert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Pedro A. Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA,Corresponding Author: Pedro A. Piedra,
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48
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Lee J, Lee Y, Klenow L, Coyle EM, Tang J, Ravichandran S, Golding H, Khurana S. Protective antigenic sites identified in respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein reveals importance of p27 domain. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e13847. [PMID: 34750984 PMCID: PMC8749483 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines primarily focused on surface fusion (F) protein are under development. Therefore, to identify RSV-F protective epitopes, we evaluated 14 antigenic sites recognized following primary human RSV infection. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with F peptides, F proteins, or RSV-A2, followed by rA2-Line19F challenge. F peptides generated binding antibodies with minimal in vitro neutralization titers. However, several F peptides (including Site II) reduced lung viral loads and lung pathology scores in animals, suggesting partial protection from RSV disease. Interestingly, animals vaccinated with peptides (aa 101-121 and 110-136) spanning the F-p27 sequence, which is only present in unprocessed F0 protein, showed control of viral loads with significantly reduced pathology compared with mock-vaccinated controls. Furthermore, we observed F-p27 expression on the surface of RSV-infected cells as well as lungs from RSV-infected mice. The anti-p27 antibodies demonstrated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of RSV-infected A549 cells. These findings suggest that p27-mediated immune response may play a role in control of RSV disease in vivo, and F-p27 should be considered for inclusion in an effective RSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehyun Lee
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Youri Lee
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Laura Klenow
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Elizabeth M Coyle
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Juanjie Tang
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Supriya Ravichandran
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
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49
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Rios Guzman E, Hultquist JF. Clinical and biological consequences of respiratory syncytial virus genetic diversity. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2022; 9:20499361221128091. [PMID: 36225856 PMCID: PMC9549189 DOI: 10.1177/20499361221128091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common etiological agents of global acute respiratory tract infections with a disproportionate burden among infants, individuals over the age of 65, and immunocompromised populations. The two major subtypes of RSV (A and B) co-circulate with a predominance of either group during different epidemic seasons, with frequently emerging genotypes due to RSV's high genetic variability. Global surveillance systems have improved our understanding of seasonality, disease burden, and genomic evolution of RSV through genotyping by sequencing of attachment (G) glycoprotein. However, the integration of these systems into international infrastructures is in its infancy, resulting in a relatively low number (~2200) of publicly available RSV genomes. These limitations in surveillance hinder our ability to contextualize RSV evolution past current canonical attachment glycoprotein (G)-oriented understanding, thus resulting in gaps in understanding of how genetic diversity can play a role in clinical outcome, therapeutic efficacy, and the host immune response. Furthermore, utilizing emerging RSV genotype information from surveillance and testing the impact of viral evolution using molecular techniques allows us to establish causation between the clinical and biological consequences of arising genotypes, which subsequently aids in informed vaccine design and future vaccination strategy. In this review, we aim to discuss the findings from current molecular surveillance efforts and the gaps in knowledge surrounding the consequence of RSV genetic diversity on disease severity, therapeutic efficacy, and RSV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefany Rios Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL,
USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial
Evolution, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg
School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judd F. Hultquist
- Robert H. Lurie Medical Research Center,
Northwestern University, 9-141, 303 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611,
USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL,
USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial
Evolution, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg
School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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50
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Manti S, Piedimonte G. An overview on the RSV-mediated mechanisms in the onset of non-allergic asthma. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:998296. [PMID: 36204661 PMCID: PMC9530042 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.998296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is recognized as an important risk factor for wheezing and asthma, since it commonly affects babies during lung development. While the role of RSV in the onset of atopic asthma is widely recognized, its impact on the onset of non-atopic asthma, mediated via other and independent causal pathways, has long been also suspected, but the association is less clear. Following RSV infection, the release of local pro-inflammatory molecules, the dysfunction of neural pathways, and the compromised epithelial integrity can become chronic and influence airway development, leading to bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma, regardless of atopic status. After a brief review of the RSV structure and its interaction with the immune system and neuronal pathways, this review summarizes the current evidence about the RSV-mediated pathogenic pathways in predisposing and inducing airway dysfunction and non-allergic asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Manti
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood Gaetano Barresi, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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