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Hong H, Dill-McFarland KA, Simmons JD, Peterson GJ, Benchek P, Mayanja-Kizza H, Boom WH, Stein CM, Hawn TR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-dependent monocyte expression quantitative trait loci, cytokine production, and TB pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1359178. [PMID: 38515745 PMCID: PMC10954790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1359178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The heterogeneity of outcomes after Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exposure is a conundrum associated with millennia of host-pathogen co-evolution. We hypothesized that human myeloid cells contain genetically encoded, Mtb-specific responses that regulate critical steps in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. Methods We mapped genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in Mtb-infected monocytes with RNAseq from 80 Ugandan household contacts of pulmonary TB cases to identify monocyte-specific, Mtb-dependent eQTLs and their association with cytokine expression and clinical resistance to tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) conversion. Results cis-eQTLs (n=1,567) were identified in Mtb-infected monocytes (FDR<0.01), including 29 eQTLs in 16 genes which were Mtb-dependent (significant for Mtb:genotype interaction [FDR<0.1], but not classified as eQTL in uninfected condition [FDR≥0.01]). A subset of eQTLs were associated with Mtb-induced cytokine expression (n=8) and/or clinical resistance to TST/IGRA conversion (n=1). Expression of BMP6, an Mtb-dependent eQTL gene, was associated with IFNB1 induction in Mtb-infected and DNA ligand-induced cells. Network and enrichment analyses identified fatty acid metabolism as a pathway associated with eQTL genes. Discussion These findings suggest that monocyte genes contain Mtb-dependent eQTLs, including a subset associated with cytokine expression and/or clinical resistance to TST/IGRA conversion, providing insight into immunogenetic pathways regulating susceptibility to Mtb infection and TB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejeong Hong
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Jason D. Simmons
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Glenna J. Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Penelope Benchek
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - W. Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thomas R. Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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2
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Bermúdez-Hernández GA, Pérez-Martínez D, Ortiz-León MC, Muñiz-Salazar R, Licona-Cassani C, Zenteno-Cuevas R. Mutational Dynamics Related to Antibiotic Resistance in M. tuberculosis Isolates from Serial Samples of Patients with Tuberculosis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Microorganisms 2024; 12:324. [PMID: 38399727 PMCID: PMC10892438 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in tuberculosis is influenced by the host environment, patients with comorbidity, and tuberculosis-type 2 diabetes mellitus (TB-T2DM) and implies a higher risk of treatment failure and development of drug resistance. Considering the above, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of T2DM on the dynamic of polymorphisms related to antibiotic resistance in TB. Fifty individuals with TB-T2DM and TB were initially characterized, and serial isolates of 29 of these individuals were recovered on day 0 (diagnosis), 30, and 60. Genomes were sequenced, variants related to phylogeny and drug resistance analyzed, and mutation rates calculated and compared between groups. Lineage X was predominant. At day 0 (collection), almost all isolates from the TB group were sensitive, apart from four isolates from the TB-T2DM group showing the mutation katG S315T, from which one isolate had the mutations rpoB S450L, gyrA A90G, and gyrA D94G. This pattern was observed in a second isolate at day 30. The results provide a first overview of the dynamics of mutations in resistance genes from individuals with TB-T2DM, describing an early development of resistance to isoniazid and a rapid evolution of resistance to other drugs. Although preliminary, these results help to explain the increased risk of drug resistance in individuals with TB and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Bermúdez-Hernández
- Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Veracruz, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico;
| | - Damián Pérez-Martínez
- Institute of Public Health, University of Veracruz, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico; (D.P.-M.); (M.C.O.-L.)
| | - Maria Cristina Ortiz-León
- Institute of Public Health, University of Veracruz, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico; (D.P.-M.); (M.C.O.-L.)
| | - Raquel Muñiz-Salazar
- School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico;
| | - Cuauhtemoc Licona-Cassani
- Monterrey Institute of Technology, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64700, Nuevo León, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Zenteno-Cuevas
- Institute of Public Health, University of Veracruz, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico; (D.P.-M.); (M.C.O.-L.)
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3
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Zhao L, Fan K, Sun X, Li W, Qin F, Shi L, Gao F, Zheng C. Host-directed therapy against mycobacterium tuberculosis infections with diabetes mellitus. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1305325. [PMID: 38259491 PMCID: PMC10800548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and is one of the principal reasons for mortality and morbidity worldwide. Currently, recommended anti-tuberculosis drugs include isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. TB treatment is lengthy and inflicted with severe side-effects, including reduced patient compliance with treatment and promotion of drug-resistant strains. TB is also prone to other concomitant diseases such as diabetes and HIV. These drug-resistant and complex co-morbid characteristics increase the complexity of treating MTB. Host-directed therapy (HDT), which effectively eliminates MTB and minimizes inflammatory tissue damage, primarily by targeting the immune system, is currently an attractive complementary approach. The drugs used for HDT are repositioned drugs in actual clinical practice with relative safety and efficacy assurance. HDT is a potentially effective therapeutic intervention for the treatment of MTB and diabetic MTB, and can compensate for the shortcomings of current TB therapies, including the reduction of drug resistance and modulation of immune response. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art roles and mechanisms of HDT in immune modulation and treatment of MTB, with a special focus on the role of HDT in diabetic MTB, to emphasize the potential of HDT in controlling MTB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Fan
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuezhi Sun
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fenfen Qin
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liwen Shi
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunlan Zheng
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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4
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Hong H, Dill-McFarland KA, Simmons JD, Peterson GJ, Benchek P, Mayanja-Kizza H, Boom WH, Stein CM, Hawn TR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-dependent Monocyte Expression Quantitative Trait Loci and Tuberculosis Pathogenesis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.08.28.23294698. [PMID: 37693490 PMCID: PMC10491362 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.23294698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of outcomes after Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exposure is a conundrum associated with millennia of host-pathogen co-evolution. We hypothesized that human myeloid cells contain genetically encoded, Mtb-specific responses that regulate critical steps in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. We mapped genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in Mtb-infected monocytes with RNAseq from 80 Ugandan household contacts of pulmonary TB cases to identify monocyte-specific, Mtb-dependent eQTLs and their association with cytokine expression and clinical resistance to tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) conversion. cis-eQTLs (n=1,567) were identified in Mtb-infected monocytes (FDR<0.01), including 29 eQTLs in 16 genes which were Mtb-dependent (significant for Mtb:genotype interaction [FDR<0.1], but not classified as eQTL in media condition [FDR≥0.01]). A subset of eQTLs were associated with Mtb-induced cytokine expression (n=8) and/or clinical resistance to TST/IGRA conversion (n=1). Expression of BMP6, an Mtb-dependent eQTL gene, was associated with IFNB1 induction in Mtb-infected and DNA ligand-induced cells. Network and enrichment analyses identified fatty acid metabolism as a pathway associated with eQTL genes. These findings suggest that monocyte genes contain Mtb-dependent eQTLs, including a subset associated with cytokine expression and/or clinical resistance to TST/IGRA conversion, providing insight into immunogenetic pathways regulating susceptibility to Mtb infection and TB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejeong Hong
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jason D. Simmons
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Penelope Benchek
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - W. Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas R. Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Chauvin C, Alvarez-Simon D, Radulovic K, Boulard O, Laine W, Delacre M, Waldschmitt N, Segura E, Kluza J, Chamaillard M, Poulin LF. NOD2 in monocytes negatively regulates macrophage development through TNFalpha. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181823. [PMID: 37415975 PMCID: PMC10320732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective It is believed that intestinal recruitment of monocytes from Crohn's Disease (CD) patients who carry NOD2 risk alleles may repeatedly give rise to recruitment of pathogenic macrophages. We investigated an alternative possibility that NOD2 may rather inhibit their differentiation from intravasating monocytes. Design The monocyte fate decision was examined by using germ-free mice, mixed bone marrow chimeras and a culture system yielding macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs). Results We observed a decrease in the frequency of mo-DCs in the colon of Nod2-deficient mice, despite a similar abundance of monocytes. This decrease was independent of the changes in the gut microbiota and dysbiosis caused by Nod2 deficiency. Similarly, the pool of mo-DCs was poorly reconstituted in a Nod2-deficient mixed bone marrow (BM) chimera. The use of pharmacological inhibitors revealed that activation of NOD2 during monocyte-derived cell development, dominantly inhibits mTOR-mediated macrophage differentiation in a TNFα-dependent manner. These observations were supported by the identification of a TNFα-dependent response to muramyl dipeptide (MDP) that is specifically lost when CD14-expressing blood cells bear a frameshift mutation in NOD2. Conclusion NOD2 negatively regulates a macrophage developmental program through a feed-forward loop that could be exploited for overcoming resistance to anti-TNF therapy in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Chauvin
- U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ. Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Centre Hospitalo- Universitaire Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Alvarez-Simon
- U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ. Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Centre Hospitalo- Universitaire Lille, Lille, France
| | - Katarina Radulovic
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier de Valenciennes, Valenciennes CEDEX, France
| | | | - William Laine
- UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Myriam Delacre
- U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ. Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Centre Hospitalo- Universitaire Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nadine Waldschmitt
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Elodie Segura
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Kluza
- UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, University Lille, Lille, France
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Martin M, deVisch A, Boudehen YM, Barthe P, Gutierrez C, Turapov O, Aydogan T, Heriaud L, Gracy J, Neyrolles O, Mukamolova GV, Letourneur F, Cohen-Gonsaud M. A Mycobacterium tuberculosis Effector Targets Mitochondrion, Controls Energy Metabolism, and Limits Cytochrome c Exit. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0106623. [PMID: 37036353 PMCID: PMC10269737 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01066-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Host metabolism reprogramming is a key feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection that enables the survival of this pathogen within phagocytic cells and modulates the immune response facilitating the spread of the tuberculosis disease. Here, we demonstrate that a previously uncharacterized secreted protein from Mtb, Rv1813c, manipulates the host metabolism by targeting mitochondria. When expressed in eukaryotic cells, the protein is delivered to the mitochondrial intermembrane space and promotes the enhancement of host ATP production by boosting the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway. Furthermore, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, an early apoptotic event in response to short-term oxidative stress, is delayed in Rv1813c-expressing cells. This study reveals a novel class of mitochondria targeting effectors from Mtb that might participate in host cell metabolic reprogramming and apoptosis control during Mtb infections. IMPORTANCE In this article, using a combination of techniques (bioinformatics, structural biology, and cell biology), we identified and characterized a new class of effectors present only in intracellular mycobacteria. These proteins specifically target host cell mitochondria when ectopically expressed in cells. We showed that one member of this family (Rv1813c) affects mitochondria metabolism in a way that might twist the immune response. This effector also inhibits the cytochrome c exit from mitochondria, suggesting that it might alter normal host cell apoptotic capacities, one of the first defenses of immune cells against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Martin
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Angelique deVisch
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves-Marie Boudehen
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Barthe
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claude Gutierrez
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Obolbek Turapov
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Talip Aydogan
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurène Heriaud
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome Gracy
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Galina V. Mukamolova
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - François Letourneur
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Cohen-Gonsaud
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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7
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Sarmah DT, Parveen R, Kundu J, Chatterjee S. Latent tuberculosis and computational biology: A less-talked affair. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 178:17-31. [PMID: 36781150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a pervasive and devastating air-borne disease caused by the organisms belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex. Currently, it is the global leader in infectious disease-related death in adults. The proclivity of TB to enter the latent state has become a significant impediment to the global effort to eradicate TB. Despite decades of research, latent tuberculosis (LTB) mechanisms remain poorly understood, making it difficult to develop efficient treatment methods. In this review, we seek to shed light on the current understanding of the mechanism of LTB, with an accentuation on the insights gained through computational biology. We have outlined various well-established computational biology components, such as omics, network-based techniques, mathematical modelling, artificial intelligence, and molecular docking, to disclose the crucial facets of LTB. Additionally, we highlighted important tools and software that may be used to conduct a variety of systems biology assessments. Finally, we conclude the article by addressing the possible future directions in this field, which might help a better understanding of LTB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanka Tanu Sarmah
- Complex Analysis Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Rubi Parveen
- Complex Analysis Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Jayendrajyoti Kundu
- Complex Analysis Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Samrat Chatterjee
- Complex Analysis Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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8
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Wang J, Li Y, Wang N, Wu J, Ye X, Jiang Y, Tang L. Functions of exosomal non-coding RNAs to the infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127214. [PMID: 37033928 PMCID: PMC10073540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major infectious disease induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) which causes the world's dominant fatal bacterial contagious disease. Increasing studies have indicated that exosomes may be a novel option for the diagnosis and treatment of TB. Exosomes are nanovesicles (30-150 nm) containing lipids, proteins and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) released from various cells, and can transfer their cargos and communicate between cells. Furthermore, exosomal ncRNAs exhibit diagnosis potential in bacterial infections, including TB. Additionally, differential exosomal ncRNAs regulate the physiological and pathological functions of M. tb-infected cells and act as diagnostic markers for TB. This current review explored the potential biological roles and the diagnostic application prospects of exosomal ncRNAs, and included recent information on their pathogenic and therapeutic functions in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lijun Tang, ; Jianjun Wang,
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Yibiao Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Lijun Tang, ; Jianjun Wang,
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9
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Korotetskaya MV, Rubakova EI. Metabolic biological markers for diagnosing and monitoring the course of tuberculosis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-mbm-1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The international biomedical community has been currently facing a need to find a simple and most accessible type of analysis that helps to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) with the maximum reliability even before the onset of clinical manifestations. Tuberculosis results in more deaths than any other pathogen, second only to pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but the majority of infected people remain asymptomatic. In addition, it is important to develop methods to distinguish various forms of tuberculosis infection course at early stages and to reliably stratify patients into appropriate groups (persons with a rapidly progressing infection, chronic course, latent infection carriers). Immunometabolism investigates a relationship between bioenergetic pathways and specific functions of immune cells that has recently become increasingly important in scientific research. The host anti-mycobacteria immune response in tuberculosis is regulated by a number of metabolic networks that can interact both cooperatively and antagonistically, influencing an outcome of the disease. The balance between inflammatory and immune reactions limits the spread of mycobacteria in vivo and protects from developing tuberculosis. Cytokines are essential for host defense, but if uncontrolled, some mediators may contribute to developing disease and pathology. Differences in plasma levels of metabolites between individuals with advanced infection, LTBI and healthy individuals can be detected long before the onset of the major related clinical signs. Changes in amino acid and cortisol level may be detected as early as 12 months before the onset of the disease and become more prominent at verifying clinical diagnosis. Assessing serum level of certain amino acids and their ratios may be used as additional diagnostic markers of active pulmonary TB. Metabolites, including serum fatty acids, amino acids and lipids may contribute to detecting active TB. Metabolic profiles indicate about increased indolamine 2.3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activity, decreased phospholipase activity, increased adenosine metabolite level, and fibrous lesions in active vs. latent infection. TB treatment can be adjusted based on individual patient metabolism and biomarker profiles. Thus, exploring immunometabolism in tuberculosis is necessary for development of new therapeutic strategies.
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10
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Jeong EK, Lee HJ, Jung YJ. Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:1291. [PMID: 36365041 PMCID: PMC9697779 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, consistently threatening public health. Conventional tuberculosis treatment requires a long-term treatment regimen and is associated with side effects. The efficacy of antitubercular drugs has decreased with the emergence of drug-resistant TB; therefore, the development of new TB treatment strategies is urgently needed. In this context, we present host-directed therapy (HDT) as an alternative to current tuberculosis therapy. Unlike antitubercular drugs that directly target Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, HDT is an approach for treating TB that appropriately modulates host immune responses. HDT primarily aims to enhance the antimicrobial activity of the host in order to control Mtb infection and attenuate excessive inflammation in order to minimize tissue damage. Recently, research based on the repositioning of drugs for use in HDT has been in progress. Based on the overall immune responses against Mtb infection and the immune-evasion mechanisms of Mtb, this review examines the repositioned drugs available for HDT and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Kwon Jeong
- BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hyo-Ji Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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11
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Wang X, Liu Y. Offense and Defense in Granulomatous Inflammation Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:797749. [PMID: 35846773 PMCID: PMC9277142 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.797749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous inflammation (GI) diseases are a group of chronic inflammation disorders characterized by focal collections of multinucleated giant cells, epithelioid cells and macrophages, with or without necrosis. GI diseases are closely related to microbes, especially virulent intracellular bacterial infections are important factors in the progression of these diseases. They employ a range of strategies to survive the stresses imposed upon them and persist in host cells, becoming the initiator of the fighting. Microbe-host communication is essential to maintain functions of a healthy host, so defense capacity of hosts is another influence factor, which is thought to combine to determine the result of the fighting. With the development of gene research technology, many human genetic loci were identified to be involved in GI diseases susceptibility, providing more insights into and knowledge about GI diseases. The current review aims to provide an update on the most recent progress in the identification and characterization of bacteria in GI diseases in a variety of organ systems and clinical conditions, and examine the invasion and escape mechanisms of pathogens that have been demonstrated in previous studies, we also review the existing data on the predictive factors of the host, mainly on genetic findings. These strategies may improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying GI diseases, and open new avenues for the study of the associated conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Wang
- Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Histology and Pathology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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12
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Pérez-Martínez DE, Bermúdez-Hernández GA, Madrazo-Moya CF, Cancino-Muñoz I, Montero H, Licona-Cassani C, Muñiz-Salazar R, Comas I, Zenteno-Cuevas R. SNPs in Genes Related to DNA Damage Repair in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: Their Association with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Drug Resistance. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040609. [PMID: 35456415 PMCID: PMC9029044 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes related to DNA damage repair in Mycobacterium tuberculosis are critical for survival and genomic diversification. The aim of this study is to compare the presence of SNPs in genes related to DNA damage repair in sensitive and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis genomes isolated from patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We collected 399 M. tuberculosis L4 genomes from several public repositories; 224 genomes belonging to hosts without T2DM, of which 123 (54.9%) had drug sensitive tuberculosis (TB) and 101 (45.1%) had drug resistance (DR)-TB; and 175 genomes from individuals with T2DM, of which 100 (57.1%) had drug sensitive TB and 75 (42.9%) had DR-TB. The presence of SNPs in the coding regions of 65 genes related to DNA damage repair was analyzed and compared with the resistance profile and the presence/absence of T2DM in the host. The results show the phylogenetic relationships of some SNPS and L4 sub-lineages, as well as differences in the distribution of SNPs present in DNA damage repair-related genes related to the resistance profile of the infecting strain and the presence of T2DM in the host. Given these differences, it was possible to generate two discriminant functions to distinguish between drug sensitive and drug resistant genomes, as well as patients with or without T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián E. Pérez-Martínez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis, Dr. Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa 91190, Mexico; (D.E.P.-M.); (G.A.B.-H.)
| | - Gustavo A. Bermúdez-Hernández
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis, Dr. Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa 91190, Mexico; (D.E.P.-M.); (G.A.B.-H.)
| | - Carlos F. Madrazo-Moya
- Biomedical Institute of Valencia IBV-CSIC, C. de Jaume Roig, 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.M.-M.); (I.C.-M.); (I.C.)
| | - Irving Cancino-Muñoz
- Biomedical Institute of Valencia IBV-CSIC, C. de Jaume Roig, 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.M.-M.); (I.C.-M.); (I.C.)
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, 08908 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hilda Montero
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, A.P. 57, Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa 91190, Mexico;
| | - Cuauhtemoc Licona-Cassani
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
- Red Multidisciplinaria de Investigación en Tuberculosis, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
- Division of Integrative Biology, The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Raquel Muñiz-Salazar
- Red Multidisciplinaria de Investigación en Tuberculosis, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Epidemiología y Ecología Molecular, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22890, Mexico
| | - Iñaki Comas
- Biomedical Institute of Valencia IBV-CSIC, C. de Jaume Roig, 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.M.-M.); (I.C.-M.); (I.C.)
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, 08908 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Zenteno-Cuevas
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, A.P. 57, Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa 91190, Mexico;
- Red Multidisciplinaria de Investigación en Tuberculosis, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Osei-Wusu S, Morgan P, Asare P, Adams G, Musah AB, Siam IM, Gillespie SH, Sabiiti W, Yeboah-Manu D. Bacterial Load Comparison of the Three Main Lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in West Africa. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:719531. [PMID: 34777274 PMCID: PMC8578714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.719531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown an association between bacterial load and virulence; however, not much is known about the diversity in this phenotypic characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). This study was therefore aimed to determine the differences in bacterial load of the three most prevalent MTBC genotypes (L4, L5, and L6) in West Africa at the time of diagnosis. A total of 170 paired fresh sputum samples were collected; one part in guanidinium thiocyanate (GTC) was used for RNA extraction and tuberculosis molecular bacterial load assay (TB-MBLA), and the other part without GTC was confirmed for TB positivity using GeneXpert MTB/RIF, smear microscopy grading, and culture on Löwenstein-Jensen media slants. The 170 sputum samples comprised 155 new cases, three follow-up cases, and 12 TB negative sputum samples. The time-to-culture positivity (TTP) and degree of culture positivity (DCP) were recorded. All 122 isolates obtained were spoligotyped for lineage (L) classification, but spoligotypes were obtained from 120 isolates. Of the typed isolates, 70.0, 10.8, 10.8, 4.2, 2.5, 0.8, and 0.8% were lineages 4, 5, 6, 2, 3, 1, and Mycobacterium bovis, respectively. Further analysis of the three most prevalent lineages showed significantly shorter TTP and higher DCP by L4 compared to L5 and L6, respectively: TTP 20.8, vs. 26.5, and 28.2 days; p-value = 0.005 and DCP 1.27, vs. 0.81 and 0.29, p < 0.001. The average TB-MBLA measured bacterial load of L4 was 3.82 Log10eCFU/ml which was not significantly different from 3.81 and 3.80 Log10eCFU/ml of L5 and L6, respectively, p = 0.84. Degrees of smear microscopy L4 = 1.20, L5 = 1.20, and L6 = 0.92 and GeneXpert Cq values L4 = 17.08, L5 = 18.37, and L6 = 17.59 showed no significant difference between the lineages, p = 0.72 and p = 0.48, respectively. Retrospective analysis of a larger sample confirmed the difference in TTP, p < 0.001. In conclusion, the observed shorter TTP and high DCP of L4 could signify high growth rate in culture that is independent of total bacterial load at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Osei-Wusu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Portia Morgan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prince Asare
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godfrey Adams
- Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul Basit Musah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ishaque Mintah Siam
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen Henry Gillespie
- Division of Infection and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Wilber Sabiiti
- Division of Infection and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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14
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Restraint of Fumarate Accrual by HIF-1α Preserves miR-27a-Mediated Limitation of Interleukin 10 during Infection of Macrophages by Histoplasma capsulatum. mBio 2021; 12:e0271021. [PMID: 34749531 PMCID: PMC8576535 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02710-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) regulates the immunometabolic phenotype of macrophages, including the orchestration of inflammatory and antimicrobial processes. Macrophages deficient in HIF-1α produce excessive quantities of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) during infection with the intracellular fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum (R. A. Fecher, M. C. Horwath, D. Friedrich, J. Rupp, G. S. Deepe, J Immunol 197:565–579, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1600342). Thus, the macrophage fails to become activated in response to proinflammatory cytokines and remains the intracellular niche of the pathogen. Here, we identify the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolite fumarate as the driver of IL-10 during macrophage infection with H. capsulatum in the absence of HIF-1α. Accumulation of fumarate reduced expression of a HIF-1α-dependent microRNA (miRNA), miR-27a, known to mediate decay of Il10 mRNA. Inhibition of fumarate accrual in vivo limited IL-10 and fungal growth. Our data demonstrate the critical role of HIF-1α in shaping appropriate TCA cycle activity in response to infection and highlight the consequences of a dysregulated immunometabolic response.
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15
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Dysregulated expression of microRNAs in aqueous humor from intraocular tuberculosis patients. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:97-107. [PMID: 34677715 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection alters microRNA's expression that controls cellular processes and modulates host defense mechanisms. However, the role of miRNAs in intraocular tuberculosis (IOTB) remains unknown. Therefore, this study aims to identify dysregulated miRNAs in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with IOTB. METHODS AH from intraocular tuberculosis patients (n = 2) and cataract controls (n = 2) were used for small RNA deep sequencing using HiSeq Illumina sequencing platform. Differentially expressed miRNAs and their targets were identified by the bioinformatics approach, and their regulatory functions were predicted by pathway enrichment analysis. The expression of selected miRNAs and their binding targets were further validated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS In total, we identified 56 differentially expressed miRNAs in the AH of intraocular tuberculosis (IOTB) patients compared to controls. We selected four significantly dysregulated miRNAs (miR-423-5p, miR-328-3p, miR-21-5p, and miR-16-5p) based on the RT-qPCR validation and predicted their gene targets. We developed a miRNA-targets regulatory network by combining pathways of interest and genes associated with TB. We identified that these four miRNAs might play an important role in IOTB pathogenesis via tuberculosis-associated pathways; PI3K-Akt signaling, autophagy and MAPK pathway. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, this study identifies the dysregulation of four miRNAs in the AH of IOTB patients using the ultra-low input small-RNA sequencing approach. Further target prediction and validation identify the role of these miRNAs in tuberculosis pathogenesis via tuberculosis-related pathways. This study identifies miRNAs as potentially ideal biomarkers in the aqueous humor of IOTB patients.
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16
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Interception of host fatty acid metabolism by mycobacteria under hypoxia to suppress anti-TB immunity. Cell Discov 2021; 7:90. [PMID: 34608123 PMCID: PMC8490369 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria induce the formation of hypoxic granulomas during latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, in which the immune system contains, but fails to eliminate the mycobacteria. Fatty acid metabolism-related genes are relatively overrepresented in the mycobacterial genome and mycobacteria favor host-derived fatty acids as nutrient sources. However, whether and how mycobacteria modulate host fatty acid metabolism to drive granuloma progression remains unknown. Here, we report that mycobacteria under hypoxia markedly secrete the protein Rv0859/MMAR_4677 (Fatty-acid degradation A, FadA), which is also enriched in tuberculous granulomas. FadA acts as an acetyltransferase that converts host acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA. The reduced acetyl-CoA level suppresses H3K9Ac-mediated expression of the host proinflammatory cytokine Il6, thus promoting granuloma progression. Moreover, supplementation of acetate increases the level of acetyl-CoA and inhibits the formation of granulomas. Our findings suggest an unexpected mechanism of a hypoxia-induced mycobacterial protein suppressing host immunity via modulation of host fatty acid metabolism and raise the possibility of a novel therapeutic strategy for TB infection.
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17
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Salmonella Typhimurium impairs glycolysis-mediated acidification of phagosomes to evade macrophage defense. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009943. [PMID: 34555129 PMCID: PMC8491875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cellular metabolism is now recognized as a crucial mechanism for the activation of innate and adaptive immune cells upon diverse extracellular stimuli. Macrophages, for instance, increase glycolysis upon stimulation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Conceivably, pathogens also counteract these metabolic changes for their own survival in the host. Despite this dynamic interplay in host-pathogen interactions, the role of immunometabolism in the context of intracellular bacterial infections is still unclear. Here, employing unbiased metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches, we investigated the role of metabolic adaptations of macrophages upon Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infections. Importantly, our results suggest that S. Typhimurium abrogates glycolysis and its modulators such as insulin-signaling to impair macrophage defense. Mechanistically, glycolysis facilitates glycolytic enzyme aldolase A mediated v-ATPase assembly and the acidification of phagosomes which is critical for lysosomal degradation. Thus, impairment in the glycolytic machinery eventually leads to decreased bacterial clearance and antigen presentation in murine macrophages (BMDM). Collectively, our results highlight a vital molecular link between metabolic adaptation and phagosome maturation in macrophages, which is targeted by S. Typhimurium to evade cell-autonomous defense.
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18
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Mirzaei R, Sholeh M, Jalalifar S, Zafari E, Kazemi S, Rasouli-Saravani A, Karampoor S, Yousefimashouf R. Immunometabolism in human brucellosis: An emerging field of investigation. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105115. [PMID: 34332069 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, extreme attention has been focused on the role of immunometabolism in the regulation of immune cell responses in healthy individuals during infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. In the infection biology area, it has been shown that there is a close relationship between the immune system and the host metabolic changes. Brucella species is an intracellular coccobacillus that infects humans and mammals, which led to brucellosis. Brucella species with host-specific evolutionary mechanisms allow it to hide from or manipulate cellular immunity and achieve intracellular persistence. Intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Brucella species also employ host cell resources to replicate and persist inside the host. Targeting these host systems is one promising strategy for developing novel antimicrobials to tackle intracellular infections. This study will summarize the role of metabolic reprogramming in immune cells and their relationship to brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Jalalifar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Zafari
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Kazemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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19
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Simmons JD, Van PT, Stein CM, Chihota V, Ntshiqa T, Maenetje P, Peterson GJ, Reynolds A, Benchek P, Velen K, Fielding KL, Grant AD, Graustein AD, Nguyen FK, Seshadri C, Gottardo R, Mayanja-Kizza H, Wallis RS, Churchyard G, Boom WH, Hawn TR. Monocyte metabolic transcriptional programs associate with resistance to tuberculin skin test/interferon-γ release assay conversion. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e140073. [PMID: 34111032 DOI: 10.1172/jci140073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After extensive exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), most individuals acquire latent Mtb infection (LTBI) defined by a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). To identify mechanisms of resistance to Mtb infection, we compared transcriptional profiles from highly exposed contacts who resist TST/IGRA conversion (resisters, RSTRs) and controls with LTBI using RNAseq. Gene sets related to carbon metabolism and free fatty acid (FFA) transcriptional responses enriched across 2 independent cohorts suggesting RSTR and LTBI monocytes have distinct activation states. We compared intracellular Mtb replication in macrophages treated with FFAs and found that palmitic acid (PA), but not oleic acid (OA), enhanced Mtb intracellular growth. This PA activity correlated with its inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines in Mtb-infected cells. Mtb growth restriction in PA-treated macrophages was restored by activation of AMP kinase (AMPK), a central host metabolic regulator known to be inhibited by PA. Finally, we genotyped AMPK variants and found 7 SNPs in PRKAG2, which encodes the AMPK-γ subunit, that strongly associated with RSTR status. Taken together, RSTR and LTBI phenotypes are distinguished by FFA transcriptional programs and by genetic variation in a central metabolic regulator, which suggests immunometabolic pathways regulate TST/IGRA conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Simmons
- TB Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Phu T Van
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Catherine M Stein
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences and.,Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Violet Chihota
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,The Aurum Institute, Parktown, South Africa
| | | | | | - Glenna J Peterson
- TB Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony Reynolds
- TB Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Katherine L Fielding
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison D Grant
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Africa Health Research Institute, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrew D Graustein
- TB Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Felicia K Nguyen
- TB Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- TB Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | - W Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas R Hawn
- TB Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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20
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Brink JTR, Fourie R, Sebolai O, Albertyn J, Pohl CH. The role of lipid droplets in microbial pathogenesis. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34184983 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonpolar lipids present in cells are mainly triacylglycerols and steryl esters. When cells are provided with an abundance of nutrients, these storage lipids accumulate. As large quantities of nonpolar lipids cannot be integrated into membranes, they are isolated from the cytosolic environment in lipid droplets. As specialized, inducible cytoplasmic organelles, lipid droplets have functions beyond the regulation of lipid metabolism, in cell signalling and activation, membrane trafficking and control of inflammatory mediator synthesis and secretion. Pathogens, including fungi, viruses, parasites, or intracellular bacteria can induce and may benefit from lipid droplets in infected cells. Here we review biogenesis of lipid droplets as well as the role of lipid droplets in the pathogenesis of selected viruses, bacteria, protists and yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus T R Brink
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ruan Fourie
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Olihile Sebolai
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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21
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Kundu J, Verma A, Verma I, Bhadada SK, Sharma S. Molecular mechanism of interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with host macrophages under high glucose conditions. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100997. [PMID: 33997314 PMCID: PMC8091876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has the potential to escape various cellular defense mechanisms for its survival which include various oxidative stress responses, inhibition of phagosome-lysosomes fusion and alterations in cell death mechanisms of host macrophages that are crucial for its infectivity and dissemination. Diabetic patients are more susceptible to developing tuberculosis because of impairement of innate immunity and prevailing higher glucose levels. Our earlier observations have demonstrated alterations in the protein profile of M. tuberculosis exposed to concurrent high glucose and tuberculosis conditions suggesting a crosstalk between host and pathogen under high glucose conditions. Since high glucose environment plays crucial role in the interaction of mycobacterium with host macrophages which provide a niche for the survival of M. tuberculosis, it is important to understand various interactive mechanisms under such conditions. Initial phagocytosis and containment of M. tuberculosis by macrophages, mode of macrophage cell death, respiratory burst responses, Mycobacterium and lysosomal co-localization were studied in M. tuberculosis H37Rv infected cells in the presence of varied concentrations of glucose in order to mimic diabetes like conditions. It was observed that initial attachment, phagocytosis and later containment were less effective under high glucose conditions in comparison to normal glucose. Mycobacterium infected cells showed more necrosis than apoptosis as cell death mechanism during the course of infection under high glucose concentrations. Co-localization and respiratory burst assay also indicated evasion strategies adopted by M. tuberculosis under such conditions. This study by using THP1 macrophage model of tuberculosis and high glucose conditions showed immune evasion strategies adapted during co-pathogenesis of tuberculosis and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arpana Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay K. Bhadada
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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22
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Mirzaei R, Babakhani S, Ajorloo P, Ahmadi RH, Hosseini-Fard SR, Keyvani H, Ahmadyousefi Y, Teimoori A, Zamani F, Karampoor S, Yousefimashouf R. The emerging role of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mol Med 2021; 27:34. [PMID: 33794771 PMCID: PMC8017856 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has been the world's driving fatal bacterial contagious disease globally. It continues a public health emergency, and around one-third of the global community has been affected by latent TB infection (LTBI). This is mostly due to the difficulty in diagnosing and treating patients with TB and LTBI. Exosomes are nanovesicles (40-100 nm) released from different cell types, containing proteins, lipids, mRNA, and miRNA, and they allow the transfer of one's cargo to other cells. The functional and diagnostic potential of exosomal miRNAs has been demonstrated in bacterial infections, including TB. Besides, it has been recognized that cells infected by intracellular pathogens such as Mtb can be secreting an exosome, which is implicated in the infection's fate. Exosomes, therefore, open a unique viewpoint on the investigative process of TB pathogenicity. This study explores the possible function of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic biomarker. Moreover, we include the latest data on the pathogenic and therapeutic role of exosomal miRNAs in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Babakhani
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ajorloo
- Department of Biology, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Heidari Ahmadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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23
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Park JH, Shim D, Kim KES, Lee W, Shin SJ. Understanding Metabolic Regulation Between Host and Pathogens: New Opportunities for the Development of Improved Therapeutic Strategies Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:635335. [PMID: 33796480 PMCID: PMC8007978 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.635335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes chronic granulomatous lung disease in humans. Recently, novel strategies such as host-directed therapeutics and adjunctive therapies that enhance the effect of existing antibiotics have emerged to better control Mtb infection. Recent advances in understanding the metabolic interplay between host immune cells and pathogens have provided new insights into how their interactions ultimately influence disease outcomes and antibiotic-treatment efficacy. In this review, we describe how metabolic cascades in immune environments and relevant metabolites produced from immune cells during Mtb infection play critical roles in the progression of diseases and induction of anti-Mtb protective immunity. In addition, we introduce how metabolic alterations in Mtb itself can lead to the development of persister cells that are resistant to host immunity and can eventually evade antibiotic attacks. Further understanding of the metabolic link between host cells and Mtb may contribute to not only the prevention of Mtb persister development but also the optimization of host anti-Mtb immunity together with enhanced efficacy of existing antibiotics. Overall, this review highlights novel approaches to improve and develop host-mediated therapeutic strategies against Mtb infection by restoring and switching pathogen-favoring metabolic conditions with host-favoring conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hae Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dahee Shim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keu Eun San Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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24
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Gautam K, Negi S, Saini V. Targeting endogenous gaseous signaling molecules as novel host-directed therapies against tuberculosis infection. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:655-670. [PMID: 33641567 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1892091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the complexity of disease and its continuous global spread, there is an urgent need to improvise the strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The current anti-TB regimen lasts for months and warrants strict compliance to clear infection and to minimize the risk of development of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis. This underscores the need to have new and improved therapeutics for TB treatment. Several studies have highlighted the unique ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to exploit host factors to support its survival inside the intracellular environment. One of the key players to mycobacterial disease susceptibility and infection are endogenous gases such as oxygen, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide as the physiological gaseous messengers are considered important to the outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The role of hydrogen sulfide in human tuberculosis is yet not fully elucidated, but this gas has been shown to play a significant role in bacterial respiration, growth and pathogenesis. This review will focus on the host factors majorly endogenous gaseous signaling molecules which contributes to Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival inside the intracellular environment and highlight the potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini Gautam
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Sheetal Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Vikram Saini
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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25
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Gupta A, Kumar A, Anand R, Bairagi N, Chatterjee S. Genome scale metabolic model driven strategy to delineate host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mol Omics 2021; 17:296-306. [PMID: 33595587 DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00138d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We analyze high throughput proteomics data reflecting the response of the Mφ-like THP1 cell line to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection. M. tuberculosis's engagement with the host's metabolic pathways is a known strategy employed by the pathogen to shift the balance in its favour. Our study revisits this strategy through the integration of the temporal proteomics data in the genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM) giving context-specific GSMMs. THP1 cells were infected with H37Ra, H37Rv, BND433 and JAL2287 strains of M. tuberculosis and the host response was studied at 6, 18, 30 and 42 hours after infection. We have developed a modified flux balance analysis (FBA), which does not use an objective function, to find the fluxes of metabolic reactions in different strains and stages of infection and have revealed different functional modules. Hence, we have established a method of rewiring using GSMMs to explore potential strategies to change the flux state of virulent M. tuberculosis infected macrophages as against their avirulent counterparts. Our methodology gives a correlation between different flux states, the extent of which was interpreted as the extent of rewiring. The accuracy of the results from the proposed methodology was validated with gene knockout experimental data. We found that more than one reaction has to be rewired simultaneously to alter virulent to an avirulent response. The identified modules showed influence across the investigated strains and time points suggesting that these reactions could be therapeutically targeted. This novel methodology is now available for use in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gupta
- Complex Analysis Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, India
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26
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Choudhuri S, Chowdhury IH, Garg NJ. Mitochondrial Regulation of Macrophage Response Against Pathogens. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622602. [PMID: 33679710 PMCID: PMC7925834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells play the first line of defense against pathogens. Phagocytosis or invasion by pathogens can affect mitochondrial metabolism in macrophages by diverse mechanisms and shape the macrophage response (proinflammatory vs. immunomodulatory) against pathogens. Besides β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2'-phosphate, reduced (NADPH) oxidase, mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes release superoxide for direct killing of the pathogen. Mitochondria that are injured are removed by mitophagy, and this process can be critical for regulating macrophage activation. For example, impaired mitophagy can result in cytosolic leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that can lead to activation of cGAS-STING signaling pathway of macrophage proinflammatory response. In this review, we will discuss how metabolism, mtDNA, mitophagy, and cGAS-STING pathway shape the macrophage response to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Choudhuri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Imran Hussain Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Nisha Jain Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX, United States
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27
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Palma C, La Rocca C, Gigantino V, Aquino G, Piccaro G, Di Silvestre D, Brambilla F, Rossi R, Bonacina F, Lepore MT, Audano M, Mitro N, Botti G, Bruzzaniti S, Fusco C, Procaccini C, De Rosa V, Galgani M, Alviggi C, Puca A, Grassi F, Rezzonico-Jost T, Norata GD, Mauri P, Netea MG, de Candia P, Matarese G. Caloric Restriction Promotes Immunometabolic Reprogramming Leading to Protection from Tuberculosis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:300-318.e12. [PMID: 33421383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong relationship between metabolic state and susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, with energy metabolism setting the basis for an exaggerated immuno-inflammatory response, which concurs with MTB pathogenesis. Herein, we show that controlled caloric restriction (CR), not leading to malnutrition, protects susceptible DBA/2 mice against pulmonary MTB infection by reducing bacterial load, lung immunopathology, and generation of foam cells, an MTB reservoir in lung granulomas. Mechanistically, CR induced a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, and decreased both fatty acid oxidation and mTOR activity associated with induction of autophagy in immune cells. An integrated multi-omics approach revealed a specific CR-induced metabolomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic signature leading to reduced lung damage and protective remodeling of lung interstitial tightness able to limit MTB spreading. Our data propose CR as a feasible immunometabolic manipulation to control MTB infection, and this approach offers an unexpected strategy to boost immunity against MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Palma
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Claudia La Rocca
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gigantino
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aquino
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccaro
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Brambilla
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Rossana Rossi
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Excellence in Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Lepore
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Excellence in Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Excellence in Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Bruzzaniti
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Clorinda Fusco
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Roma, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy; Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carlo Alviggi
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science, and Odontostomatology, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annibale Puca
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi-Salerno, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Rezzonico-Jost
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Excellence in Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Società Italiana Studio Aterosclerosi, Bassini Hospital, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milano, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy; Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy; Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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28
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Host-Derived Lipids from Tuberculous Pleurisy Impair Macrophage Microbicidal-Associated Metabolic Activity. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108547. [PMID: 33378679 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) regulates the macrophage metabolic state to thrive in the host, yet the responsible mechanisms remain elusive. Macrophage activation toward the microbicidal (M1) program depends on the HIF-1α-mediated metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) toward glycolysis. Here, we ask whether a tuberculosis (TB) microenvironment changes the M1 macrophage metabolic state. We expose M1 macrophages to the acellular fraction of tuberculous pleural effusions (TB-PEs) and find lower glycolytic activity, accompanied by elevated levels of OXPHOS and bacillary load, compared to controls. The eicosanoid fraction of TB-PE drives these metabolic alterations. HIF-1α stabilization reverts the effect of TB-PE by restoring M1 metabolism. Furthermore, Mtb-infected mice with stabilized HIF-1α display lower bacillary loads and a pronounced M1-like metabolic profile in alveolar macrophages (AMs). Collectively, we demonstrate that lipids from a TB-associated microenvironment alter the M1 macrophage metabolic reprogramming by hampering HIF-1α functions, thereby impairing control of Mtb infection.
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29
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Paroha R, Chourasia R, Rai R, Kumar A, Vyas AK, Chaurasiya SK, Singh AK. Host phospholipase C‐γ1 impairs phagocytosis and killing of mycobacteria by J774A.1 murine macrophages. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:694-702. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Paroha
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences Dr Hari Singh Gour University Sagar Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Rashmi Chourasia
- Department of Chemistry Dr Hari Singh Gour University Sagar Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Rupal Rai
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology National Institute of Technology Raipur Chhattisgarh India
| | - Ashish K. Vyas
- Department of Microbiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Shivendra K. Chaurasiya
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Anirudh K. Singh
- Department of Microbiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
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30
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Genoula M, Marín Franco JL, Maio M, Dolotowicz B, Ferreyra M, Milillo MA, Mascarau R, Moraña EJ, Palmero D, Matteo M, Fuentes F, López B, Barrionuevo P, Neyrolles O, Cougoule C, Lugo-Villarino G, Vérollet C, Sasiain MDC, Balboa L. Fatty acid oxidation of alternatively activated macrophages prevents foam cell formation, but Mycobacterium tuberculosis counteracts this process via HIF-1α activation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008929. [PMID: 33002063 PMCID: PMC7553279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to persist inside host cells relies on metabolic adaptation, like the accumulation of lipid bodies (LBs) in the so-called foamy macrophages (FM), which are favorable to Mtb. The activation state of macrophages is tightly associated to different metabolic pathways, such as lipid metabolism, but whether differentiation towards FM differs between the macrophage activation profiles remains unclear. Here, we aimed to elucidate whether distinct macrophage activation states exposed to a tuberculosis-associated microenvironment or directly infected with Mtb can form FM. We showed that the triggering of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) in interleukin (IL)-4-activated human macrophages (M(IL-4)) prevents FM formation induced by pleural effusion from patients with tuberculosis. In these cells, LBs are disrupted by lipolysis, and the released fatty acids enter the β-oxidation (FAO) pathway fueling the generation of ATP in mitochondria. Accordingly, murine alveolar macrophages, which exhibit a predominant FAO metabolism, are less prone to become FM than bone marrow derived-macrophages. Interestingly, direct infection of M(IL-4) macrophages with Mtb results in the establishment of aerobic glycolytic pathway and FM formation, which could be prevented by FAO activation or inhibition of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α)-induced glycolytic pathway. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that Mtb has a remarkable capacity to induce FM formation through the rewiring of metabolic pathways in human macrophages, including the STAT6-driven alternatively activated program. This study provides key insights into macrophage metabolism and pathogen subversion strategies. Tuberculosis is a deadly disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although progress has been made in tuberculosis control, there are unexplored aspects of how the immune system deals with the pathogen that need to be addressed. M. tuberculosis primarily lives in macrophages, immune cells which can destroy mycobacteria. In spite of the multiple microbicidal properties, the bacterium still manipulates the metabolism of macrophages, reflected in the accumulation lipid droplets and consequent differentiation into foamy macrophages. These lipid-laden macrophages constitute a favorable niche for the bacteria to persist hidden from our immune defense. Macrophages are classified into different programs depending on how they are activated by environmental signals, ranging from classically (microbicidal/inflammatory) to alternatively (tissue remodeling/repair/growth) activated spectrum extremes. We found that, unlike other programs, alternatively activated macrophages are reluctant to accumulate lipid droplets due to the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), which promotes the degradation of those lipids. Notwithstanding, M. tuberculosis counteracts lipolysis by rewiring the metabolism of alternatively activated macrophages towards the accumulation of lipid droplets via the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). Therefore, this study contributes to the better understanding of how bacillus shifts the metabolism of macrophages, which can be crucial to therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Genoula
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina-Toulouse, France
| | - José Luis Marín Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina-Toulouse, France
| | - Mariano Maio
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Belén Dolotowicz
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Malena Ferreyra
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Ayelén Milillo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rémi Mascarau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eduardo José Moraña
- Instituto Prof. Dr. Raúl Vaccarezza, Hospital de Infecciosas Dr. F.J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Domingo Palmero
- Instituto Prof. Dr. Raúl Vaccarezza, Hospital de Infecciosas Dr. F.J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario Matteo
- Laboratorio de Tuberculosis y Micobacteriosis "Dr. Abel Cetrángolo", Hospital de Infecciosas Dr. F.J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Fuentes
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz López
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI), ANLIS "Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina-Toulouse, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Cougoule
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina-Toulouse, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina-Toulouse, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Vérollet
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina-Toulouse, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - María Del Carmen Sasiain
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina-Toulouse, France
| | - Luciana Balboa
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS IM-TB/HIV (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina-Toulouse, France
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31
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Alipoor SD, Adcock IM, Tabarsi P, Folkerts G, Mortaz E. MiRNAs in tuberculosis: Their decisive role in the fate of TB. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173529. [PMID: 32919937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most lethal global infectious diseases. Despite the availability of much higher levels of technology in health and medicine, tuberculosis still remains a serious global health problem. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has the capacity for prolonged survival inside macrophages by exploiting host metabolic and energy pathways and perturbing autophagy and apoptosis of infected cells. The mechanism(s) underlying this process are not completely understood but evidence suggests that mycobacteria subvert the host miRNA network to enable mycobacterial survival. We present here a comprehensive review on the role of miRNAs in TB immune escape mechanisms and the potential for miRNA-based TB therapeutics. Further validation studies are required to (i) elucidate the precise effect of TB on host miRNAs, (ii) determine the inhibition of mycobacterial burden using miRNA-based therapies and (iii) identify novel miRNA biomarkers that may prove useful in TB diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D Alipoor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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32
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Kumar A, Boradia VM, Thakare R, Singh AK, Gani Z, Das S, Patidar A, Dasgupta A, Chopra S, Raje M, Raje CI. Repurposing ethyl bromopyruvate as a broad-spectrum antibacterial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:912-920. [PMID: 30689890 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria is a major hurdle for effective treatment of infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and ESKAPE pathogens. In comparison with conventional drug discovery, drug repurposing offers an effective yet rapid approach to identifying novel antibiotics. METHODS Ethyl bromopyruvate was evaluated for its ability to inhibit M. tuberculosis and ESKAPE pathogens using growth inhibition assays. The selectivity index of ethyl bromopyruvate was determined, followed by time-kill kinetics against M. tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus. We first tested its ability to synergize with approved drugs and then tested its ability to decimate bacterial biofilm. Intracellular killing of M. tuberculosis was determined and in vivo potential was determined in a neutropenic murine model of S. aureus infection. RESULTS We identified ethyl bromopyruvate as an equipotent broad-spectrum antibacterial agent targeting drug-susceptible and -resistant M. tuberculosis and ESKAPE pathogens. Ethyl bromopyruvate exhibited concentration-dependent bactericidal activity. In M. tuberculosis, ethyl bromopyruvate inhibited GAPDH with a concomitant reduction in ATP levels and transferrin-mediated iron uptake. Apart from GAPDH, this compound inhibited pyruvate kinase, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase to varying extents. Ethyl bromopyruvate did not negatively interact with any drug and significantly reduced biofilm at a 64-fold lower concentration than vancomycin. When tested in an S. aureus neutropenic thigh infection model, ethyl bromopyruvate exhibited efficacy equal to that of vancomycin in reducing bacterial counts in thigh, and at 1/25th of the dosage. CONCLUSIONS Ethyl bromopyruvate exhibits all the characteristics required to be positioned as a potential broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Vishant Mahendra Boradia
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Ritesh Thakare
- Division of Microbiology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok Kumar Singh
- Division of Microbiology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zahid Gani
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Swetarka Das
- Division of Microbiology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Patidar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arunava Dasgupta
- Division of Microbiology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Microbiology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Raje
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Chaaya Iyengar Raje
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
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Shim D, Kim H, Shin SJ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection-Driven Foamy Macrophages and Their Implications in Tuberculosis Control as Targets for Host-Directed Therapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:910. [PMID: 32477367 PMCID: PMC7235167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death worldwide following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), with 1.5 million deaths from this disease reported in 2018. Once the bacilli are inhaled, alveolar and interstitial macrophages become infected with Mtb and differentiate into lipid-laden foamy macrophages leading to lung inflammation. Thus, the presence of lipid-laden foamy macrophages is the hallmark of TB granuloma; these Mtb-infected foamy macrophages are the major niche for Mtb survival. The fate of TB pathogenesis is likely determined by the altered function of Mtb-infected macrophages, which initiate and mediate TB-related lung inflammation. As Mtb-infected foamy macrophages play central roles in the pathogenesis of Mtb, they may be important in the development of host-directed therapy against TB. Here, we summarize and discuss the current understanding of the alterations in alveolar and interstitial macrophages in the regulation of Mtb infection-induced immune responses. Metabolic reprogramming of lipid-laden foamy macrophages following Mtb infection or virulence factors are also summarized. Furthermore, we review the therapeutic interventions targeting immune responses and metabolic pathways, from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. This review will further our understanding of the Mtb-infected foamy macrophages, which are both the major Mtb niche and therapeutic targets against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahee Shim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (PLUS) Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hagyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (PLUS) Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (PLUS) Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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34
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Howard NC, Khader SA. Immunometabolism during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:832-850. [PMID: 32409147 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over a quarter of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Approximately 3.4% of new and 18% of recurrent cases of TB are multidrug-resistant (MDR) or rifampicin-resistant. Recent evidence has shown that certain drug-resistant strains of Mtb modulate host metabolic reprogramming, and therefore immune responses, during infection. However, it remains unclear how widespread these mechanisms are among circulating MDR Mtb strains and what impact drug-resistance-conferring mutations have on immunometabolism during TB. While few studies have directly addressed metabolic reprogramming in the context of drug-resistant Mtb infection, previous literature examining how drug-resistance mutations alter Mtb physiology and differences in the immune response to drug-resistant Mtb provides significant insights into how drug-resistant strains of Mtb differentially impact immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Howard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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35
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Model-based integration of genomics and metabolomics reveals SNP functionality in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8494-8502. [PMID: 32229570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915551117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tuberculosis is caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) that vary in virulence and transmissibility. While genome-wide association studies have uncovered several mutations conferring drug resistance, much less is known about the factors underlying other bacterial phenotypes. Variation in the outcome of tuberculosis infection and diseases has been attributed primarily to patient and environmental factors, but recent evidence indicates an additional role for the genetic diversity among MTBC clinical strains. Here, we used metabolomics to unravel the effect of genetic variation on the strain-specific metabolic adaptive capacity and vulnerability. To define the functionality of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) systematically, we developed a constraint-based approach that integrates metabolomic and genomic data. Our model-based predictions correctly classify SNP effects in pyruvate kinase and suggest a genetic basis for strain-specific inherent baseline susceptibility to the antibiotic para-aminosalicylic acid. Our method is broadly applicable across microbial life, opening possibilities for the development of more selective treatment strategies.
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36
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Alipoor SD, Adcock IM, Folkerts G, Garssen J, Mortaz E. A bioinformatics analysis of exosomal microRNAs released following mycobacterial infection. Int J Mycobacteriol 2020; 8:218-222. [PMID: 31512596 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_88_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a major health threat worldwide. The current TB diagnostics are suboptimal, and there is a high clinical need for identifying novel biomarkers of disease prevalence. Circulating exosomes have been currently attractive as novel biomarkers in a wide range of pathological conditions. Methods In this study, we performed bioinformatics analysis on the downstream targets of a dysregulated microRNA (miRNA) cluster induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection of human macrophages to provide greater understanding of their potential roles in disease pathogenesis. Results Our analysis demonstrated that these dysregulated miRNAs have central roles in the host metabolic and energy pathways. Conclusion This suggests that the host miRNA network is perturbed by Mycobacterium to re-patterning host metabolism machinery to favor its intracellular survival. The dysregulated miRNAs can be delivered to local and distal cells by exosomes and thereby modulate their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D Alipoor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Airways Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University; Immunology Section, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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37
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Guerrini V, Gennaro ML. Foam Cells: One Size Doesn't Fit All. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1163-1179. [PMID: 31732284 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in many infectious and metabolic diseases, and some cancers, is accompanied by the presence of foam cells. These cells form when the intracellular lipid content of macrophages exceeds their capacity to maintain lipid homeostasis. Concurrently, critical macrophage immune functions are diminished. Current paradigms of foam cell formation derive from studies of atherosclerosis. However, recent studies indicate that the mechanisms of foam cell biogenesis during tuberculosis differ from those operating during atherogenesis. Here, we review how foam cell formation and function vary with disease context. Since foam cells are therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis, further research on the disease-specific mechanisms of foam cell biogenesis and function is needed to explore the therapeutic consequences of targeting these cells in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Guerrini
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
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38
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Koo SJ, Garg NJ. Metabolic programming of macrophage functions and pathogens control. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101198. [PMID: 31048245 PMCID: PMC6488820 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφ) are central players in mediating proinflammatory and immunomodulatory functions. Unchecked Mφ activities contribute to pathology across many diseases, including those caused by infectious pathogens and metabolic disorders. A fine balance of Mφ responses is crucial, which may be achieved by enforcing appropriate bioenergetics pathways. Metabolism serves as the provider of energy, substrates, and byproducts that support differential Mφ characteristics. The metabolic properties that control the polarization and response of Mφ remain to be fully uncovered for use in managing infectious diseases. Here, we review the various metabolic states in Mφ and how they influence the cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Jie Koo
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Nisha J Garg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA.
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39
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. How Viral and Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens Reprogram the Metabolism of Host Cells to Allow Their Intracellular Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:42. [PMID: 30886834 PMCID: PMC6409310 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses and intracellular bacterial pathogens (IBPs) have in common the need of suitable host cells for efficient replication and proliferation during infection. In human infections, the cell types which both groups of pathogens are using as hosts are indeed quite similar and include phagocytic immune cells, especially monocytes/macrophages (MOs/MPs) and dendritic cells (DCs), as well as nonprofessional phagocytes, like epithelial cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. These terminally differentiated cells are normally in a metabolically quiescent state when they are encountered by these pathogens during infection. This metabolic state of the host cells does not meet the extensive need for nutrients required for efficient intracellular replication of viruses and especially IBPs which, in contrast to the viral pathogens, have to perform their own specific intracellular metabolism to survive and efficiently replicate in their host cell niches. For this goal, viruses and IBPs have to reprogram the host cell metabolism in a pathogen-specific manner to increase the supply of nutrients, energy, and metabolites which have to be provided to the pathogen to allow its replication. In viral infections, this appears to be often achieved by the interaction of specific viral factors with central metabolic regulators, including oncogenes and tumor suppressors, or by the introduction of virus-specific oncogenes. Less is so far known on the mechanisms leading to metabolic reprogramming of the host cell by IBPs. However, the still scant data suggest that similar mechanisms may also determine the reprogramming of the host cell metabolism in IBP infections. In this review, we summarize and compare the present knowledge on this important, yet still poorly understood aspect of pathogenesis of human viral and especially IBP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Chair of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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40
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Verma S, Bhatt K, Lovey A, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R, Durbin J, Jones-López EC, Palaci M, Vinhas SA, Alland D, Dietze R, Ellner JJ, Salgame P. Transmission phenotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains is mechanistically linked to induction of distinct pulmonary pathology. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007613. [PMID: 30840702 PMCID: PMC6422314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a study of household contacts (HHC), households were categorized into High (HT) and Low (LT) transmission groups based on the proportion of HHC with a positive tuberculin skin test. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains from HT and LT index cases of the households were designated Mtb-HT and Mtb-LT, respectively. We found that C3HeB/FeJ mice infected with Mtb-LT strains exhibited significantly higher bacterial burden compared to Mtb-HT strains and also developed diffused inflammatory lung pathology. In stark contrast, a significant number of mice infected with Mtb-HT strains developed caseating granulomas, a lesion type with high potential to cavitate. None of the Mtb-HT infected animals developed diffused inflammatory lung pathology. A link was observed between increased in vitro replication of Mtb-LT strains and their ability to induce significantly high lipid droplet formation in macrophages. These results support that distinct early interactions of Mtb-HT and Mtb-LT strains with macrophages and subsequent differential trajectories in pathological disease may be the mechanism underlying their transmission potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Verma
- Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging Pathogens, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kamlesh Bhatt
- Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging Pathogens, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Arianne Lovey
- Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging Pathogens, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro-Rodrigues
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Joan Durbin
- Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Pathology, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Edward C. Jones-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Moises Palaci
- Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Núcleo de Doenças de Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Solange A. Vinhas
- Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Núcleo de Doenças de Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - David Alland
- Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging Pathogens, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Reynaldo Dietze
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Global Health & Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jerrold J. Ellner
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging Pathogens, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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41
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Serum Exosomal miRNAs Are Associated with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:1907426. [PMID: 30886653 PMCID: PMC6388314 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1907426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major threat to human health. Due to the limited accuracy of the current TB diagnostic tests, it is critical to determine novel biomarkers for this disease. Circulating exosomes have been used as diagnostic biomarkers in various diseases. Objective of the Study In this pilot study, we examined the expression of miRNAs as biomarker candidates for the diagnosis of TB infection. Methods Serum-derived exosomes were isolated from TB patients and matched control subjects. The expression of miR-484, miR-425, and miR-96 was examined by RT-PCR methods. Results The expression of miR-484, miR-425, and miR-96 were significantly increased in serum of TB patients which correlated with the TB infection level. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed the diagnostic potency of each individual serum exosomal miRNA with an area under the curve (AUC) = 0.72 for miR-484 (p < 0.05), 0.66 for miR-425 (p < 0.05), and 0.62 for miR-96 (p < 0.05). Conclusion These results demonstrate that exosomal miRNAs have diagnostic potential in active tuberculosis. The diagnostic power may be improved when combined with conventional diagnostic markers.
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42
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Cumming BM, Addicott KW, Adamson JH, Steyn AJ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces decelerated bioenergetic metabolism in human macrophages. eLife 2018; 7:39169. [PMID: 30444490 PMCID: PMC6286123 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) rewires macrophage energy metabolism to facilitate survival is poorly characterized. Here, we used extracellular flux analysis to simultaneously measure the rates of glycolysis and respiration in real time. Mtb infection induced a quiescent energy phenotype in human monocyte-derived macrophages and decelerated flux through glycolysis and the TCA cycle. In contrast, infection with the vaccine strain, M. bovis BCG, or dead Mtb induced glycolytic phenotypes with greater flux. Furthermore, Mtb reduced the mitochondrial dependency on glucose and increased the mitochondrial dependency on fatty acids, shifting this dependency from endogenous fatty acids in uninfected cells to exogenous fatty acids in infected macrophages. We demonstrate how quantifiable bioenergetic parameters of the host can be used to accurately measure and track disease, which will enable rapid quantifiable assessment of drug and vaccine efficacy. Our findings uncover new paradigms for understanding the bioenergetic basis of host metabolic reprogramming by Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrie Jc Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
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43
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Garaude J. Reprogramming of mitochondrial metabolism by innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 56:17-23. [PMID: 30286442 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The reprogramming of cellular metabolism has emerged as a major aspect of innate immune cell activation. Mitochondria, which are well known for their critical functions in cellular bioenergetics and metabolism, also serve innate immune purposes by providing specific signaling platforms. Latest advances in our understanding of innate immune receptor-mediated metabolic reprogramming have unraveled specific immune functions of mitochondrial metabolites that place mitochondrial metabolism and particularly the mitochondrial respiratory chain at the center of innate immunity. This review highlights some recent studies that support mitochondrial metabolism as major immune signaling rheostat upon microbe recognition by innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Garaude
- INSERM U1211, Rares Diseases: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, CHU Pellegrin, École de Sages-Femmes, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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44
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Tumurkhuu G, Dagvadorj J, Porritt RA, Crother TR, Shimada K, Tarling EJ, Erbay E, Arditi M, Chen S. Chlamydia pneumoniae Hijacks a Host Autoregulatory IL-1β Loop to Drive Foam Cell Formation and Accelerate Atherosclerosis. Cell Metab 2018; 28:432-448.e4. [PMID: 29937375 PMCID: PMC6125162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen burden accelerates atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms remain unresolved. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is linked to atherogenesis. Here we investigated whether Chlamydia pneumoniae (C.pn) infection engages NLRP3 in promoting atherosclerosis. C.pn potentiated hyperlipidemia-induced inflammasome activity in cultured macrophages and in foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions of Ldlr-/- mice. C.pn-induced acceleration of atherosclerosis was significantly dependent on NLRP3 and caspase-1. We discovered that C.pn-induced extracellular IL-1β triggers a negative feedback loop to inhibit GPR109a and ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux, leading to accumulation of intracellular cholesterol and foam cell formation. Gpr109a and Abca1 were both upregulated in plaque lesions in Nlrp3-/- mice in both hyperlipidemic and C.pn infection models. Mature IL-1β and cholesterol may compete for access to the ABCA1 transporter to be exported from macrophages. C.pn exploits this metabolic-immune crosstalk, which can be modulated by NLRP3 inhibitors to alleviate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantsetseg Tumurkhuu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jargalsaikhan Dagvadorj
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Rebecca A Porritt
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Timothy R Crother
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kenichi Shimada
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Tarling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ebru Erbay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and National Nanotechnology Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Shuang Chen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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45
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Rameshwaram NR, Singh P, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Lipid metabolism and intracellular bacterial virulence: key to next-generation therapeutics. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1301-1328. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is thought to play a key role in the pathogenicity of several intracellular bacteria. Bacterial lipolytic enzymes hydrolyze lipids from the host cell to release free fatty acids which are used as an energy source and building blocks for the synthesis of cell envelope and also to modulate host immune responses. In this review, we discussed the role of lipid metabolism and lipolytic enzymes in the life cycle and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other intracellular bacteria. The lipolytic enzymes appear to be potential candidates for developing novel therapeutics by targeting lipid metabolism for controlling M. tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogenic bacteria. [Formula: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagender Rao Rameshwaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
| | - Parul Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
- Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India. 576 104
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad, India. 500 007
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
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46
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The mitochondrial respiratory chain: A metabolic rheostat of innate immune cell-mediated antibacterial responses. Mitochondrion 2018; 41:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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47
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Toledo Pinto TG, Batista-Silva LR, Medeiros RCA, Lara FA, Moraes MO. Type I Interferons, Autophagy and Host Metabolism in Leprosy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:806. [PMID: 29755459 PMCID: PMC5932357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For those with leprosy, the extent of host infection by Mycobacterium leprae and the progression of the disease depend on the ability of mycobacteria to shape a safe environment for its replication during early interaction with host cells. Thus, variations in key genes such as those in pattern recognition receptors (NOD2 and TLR1), autophagic flux (PARK2, LRRK2, and RIPK2), effector immune cytokines (TNF and IL12), and environmental factors, such as nutrition, have been described as critical determinants for infection and disease progression. While parkin-mediated autophagy is observed as being essential for mycobacterial clearance, leprosy patients present a prominent activation of the type I IFN pathway and its downstream genes, including OASL, CCL2, and IL10. Activation of this host response is related to a permissive phenotype through the suppression of IFN-γ response and negative regulation of autophagy. Finally, modulation of host metabolism was observed during mycobacterial infection. Both changes in lipid and glucose homeostasis contribute to the persistence of mycobacteria in the host. M. leprae-infected cells have an increased glucose uptake, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate generation by pentose phosphate pathways, and downregulation of mitochondrial activity. In this review, we discussed new pathways involved in the early mycobacteria–host interaction that regulate innate immune pathways or metabolism and could be new targets to host therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Flávio Alves Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Stüve P, Minarrieta L, Erdmann H, Arnold-Schrauf C, Swallow M, Guderian M, Krull F, Hölscher A, Ghorbani P, Behrends J, Abraham WR, Hölscher C, Sparwasser TD, Berod L. De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis During Mycobacterial Infection Is a Prerequisite for the Function of Highly Proliferative T Cells, But Not for Dendritic Cells or Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:495. [PMID: 29675017 PMCID: PMC5895737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis, is able to efficiently manipulate the host immune system establishing chronic infection, yet the underlying mechanisms of immune evasion are not fully understood. Evidence suggests that this pathogen interferes with host cell lipid metabolism to ensure its persistence. Fatty acid metabolism is regulated by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) 1 and 2; both isoforms catalyze the conversion of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA, but have distinct roles. ACC1 is located in the cytosol, where it regulates de novo fatty acid synthesis (FAS), while ACC2 is associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane, regulating fatty acid oxidation (FAO). In macrophages, mycobacteria induce metabolic changes that lead to the cytosolic accumulation of lipids. This reprogramming impairs macrophage activation and contributes to chronic infection. In dendritic cells (DCs), FAS has been suggested to underlie optimal cytokine production and antigen presentation, but little is known about the metabolic changes occurring in DCs upon mycobacterial infection and how they affect the outcome of the immune response. We therefore determined the role of fatty acid metabolism in myeloid cells and T cells during Mycobacterium bovis BCG or Mtb infection, using novel genetic mouse models that allow cell-specific deletion of ACC1 and ACC2 in DCs, macrophages, or T cells. Our results demonstrate that de novo FAS is induced in DCs and macrophages upon M. bovis BCG infection. However, ACC1 expression in DCs and macrophages is not required to control mycobacteria. Similarly, absence of ACC2 did not influence the ability of DCs and macrophages to cope with infection. Furthermore, deletion of ACC1 in DCs or macrophages had no effect on systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine production or T cell priming, suggesting that FAS is dispensable for an intact innate response against mycobacteria. In contrast, mice with a deletion of ACC1 specifically in T cells fail to generate efficient T helper 1 responses and succumb early to Mtb infection. In summary, our results reveal ACC1-dependent FAS as a crucial mechanism in T cells, but not DCs or macrophages, to fight against mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Stüve
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Lucía Minarrieta
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Hanna Erdmann
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Catharina Arnold-Schrauf
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Maxine Swallow
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Guderian
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Freyja Krull
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Peyman Ghorbani
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Behrends
- Core Facility Fluorescence Cytometry, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Wolf-Rainer Abraham
- Department of Chemical Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Tim D Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Luciana Berod
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
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Knight M, Braverman J, Asfaha K, Gronert K, Stanley S. Lipid droplet formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages requires IFN-γ/HIF-1α signaling and supports host defense. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006874. [PMID: 29370315 PMCID: PMC5800697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) formation occurs during infection of macrophages with numerous intracellular pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is believed that M. tuberculosis and other bacteria specifically provoke LD formation as a pathogenic strategy in order to create a depot of host lipids for use as a carbon source to fuel intracellular growth. Here we show that LD formation is not a bacterially driven process during M. tuberculosis infection, but rather occurs as a result of immune activation of macrophages as part of a host defense mechanism. We show that an IFN-γ driven, HIF-1α dependent signaling pathway, previously implicated in host defense, redistributes macrophage lipids into LDs. Furthermore, we show that M. tuberculosis is able to acquire host lipids in the absence of LDs, but not in the presence of IFN-γ induced LDs. This result uncouples macrophage LD formation from bacterial acquisition of host lipids. In addition, we show that IFN-γ driven LD formation supports the production of host protective eicosanoids including PGE2 and LXB4. Finally, we demonstrate that HIF-1α and its target gene Hig2 are required for the majority of LD formation in the lungs of mice infected with M. tuberculosis, thus demonstrating that immune activation provides the primary stimulus for LD formation in vivo. Taken together our data demonstrate that macrophage LD formation is a host-driven component of the adaptive immune response to M. tuberculosis, and suggest that macrophage LDs are not an important source of nutrients for M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Knight
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Braverman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kaleb Asfaha
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Stanley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Korbee CJ, Heemskerk MT, Kocev D, van Strijen E, Rabiee O, Franken KLMC, Wilson L, Savage NDL, Džeroski S, Haks MC, Ottenhoff THM. Combined chemical genetics and data-driven bioinformatics approach identifies receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors as host-directed antimicrobials. Nat Commun 2018; 9:358. [PMID: 29367740 PMCID: PMC5783939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance poses rapidly increasing global problems in combatting multidrug-resistant (MDR) infectious diseases like MDR tuberculosis, prompting for novel approaches including host-directed therapies (HDT). Intracellular pathogens like Salmonellae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exploit host pathways to survive. Only very few HDT compounds targeting host pathways are currently known. In a library of pharmacologically active compounds (LOPAC)-based drug-repurposing screen, we identify multiple compounds, which target receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and inhibit intracellular Mtb and Salmonellae more potently than currently known HDT compounds. By developing a data-driven in silico model based on confirmed targets from public databases, we successfully predict additional efficacious HDT compounds. These compounds target host RTK signaling and inhibit intracellular (MDR) Mtb. A complementary human kinome siRNA screen independently confirms the role of RTK signaling and kinases (BLK, ABL1, and NTRK1) in host control of Mtb. These approaches validate RTK signaling as a drugable host pathway for HDT against intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J Korbee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias T Heemskerk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Dragi Kocev
- Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Elisabeth van Strijen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Omid Rabiee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Kees L M C Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel D L Savage
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Sašo Džeroski
- Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Mariëlle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
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