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Cleaver J, Jeffery K, Klenerman P, Lim M, Handunnetthi L, Irani SR, Handel A. The immunobiology of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and post-viral autoimmunity. Brain 2024; 147:1130-1148. [PMID: 38092513 PMCID: PMC10994539 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is the leading cause of non-epidemic encephalitis in the developed world and, despite antiviral therapy, mortality and morbidity is high. The emergence of post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis reveals a new immunological paradigm in autoantibody-mediated disease. A reductionist evaluation of the immunobiological mechanisms in HSE is crucial to dissect the origins of post-viral autoimmunity and supply rational approaches to the selection of immunotherapeutics. Herein, we review the latest evidence behind the phenotypic progression and underlying immunobiology of HSE including the cytokine/chemokine environment, the role of pathogen-recognition receptors, T- and B-cell immunity and relevant inborn errors of immunity. Second, we provide a contemporary review of published patients with post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis from a combined cohort of 110 patients. Third, we integrate novel mechanisms of autoimmunization in deep cervical lymph nodes to explore hypotheses around post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis and challenge these against mechanisms of molecular mimicry and others. Finally, we explore translational concepts where neuroglial surface autoantibodies have been observed with other neuroinfectious diseases and those that generate brain damage including traumatic brain injury, ischaemic stroke and neurodegenerative disease. Overall, the clinical and immunological landscape of HSE is an important and evolving field, from which precision immunotherapeutics could soon emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cleaver
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Department of Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ming Lim
- Children’s Neurosciences, Evelina London Children’s Hospital at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Department Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Lahiru Handunnetthi
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Adam Handel
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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2
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Cardani‐Boulton A, Boylan BT, Stetsenko V, Bergmann CC. B cells going viral in the CNS: Dynamics, complexities, and functions of B cells responding to viral encephalitis. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:75-89. [PMID: 35984298 PMCID: PMC9804320 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A diverse number of DNA and RNA viruses have the potential to invade the central nervous system (CNS), causing inflammation and injury to cells that have a limited capacity for repair and regeneration. While rare, viral encephalitis in humans is often fatal and survivors commonly suffer from permanent neurological sequelae including seizures. Established treatment options are extremely limited, predominantly relying on vaccines, antivirals, or supportive care. Many viral CNS infections are characterized by the presence of antiviral antibodies in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), indicating local maintenance of protective antibody secreting cells. However, the mechanisms maintaining these humoral responses are poorly characterized. Furthermore, while both viral and autoimmune encephalitis are associated with the recruitment of diverse B cell subsets to the CNS, their protective and pathogenic roles aside from antibody production are just beginning to be understood. This review will focus on the relevance of B cell responses to viral CNS infections, with an emphasis on the importance of intrathecal immunity and the potential contribution to autoimmunity. Specifically, it will summarize the newest data characterizing B cell activation, differentiation, migration, and localization in clinical samples as well as experimental models of acute and persistent viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan T. Boylan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, NeuroscienceClevelandOhioUSA,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, PathologyClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Volodymyr Stetsenko
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, NeuroscienceClevelandOhioUSA,Kent State University, School of Biomedical SciencesKentOhioUSA
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3
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Singh S, Dahiya S, Singh YJ, Beeton K, Jain A, Sarkar R, Dubey A, Tehseen A, Sehrawat S. Robust anti-SARS-CoV2 single domain antibodies cross neutralize multiple viruses. iScience 2022; 25:104549. [PMID: 35702569 PMCID: PMC9181070 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report robust SARS-CoV2 neutralizing sdAbs targeting the viral peptides encompassing the polybasic cleavage site (CSP) and in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein. Both the sdAbs inhibited infectivity of the CoV2 S protein expressing pseudoviruses (LV-CoV2S). Both anti-CSP and RBD intrabodies (IB) inhibited the output of LV(CoV2 S). Anti-CSP IB altered the proteolytic processing and targeted the viral S protein for degradation. Because of cross-reactive CSPs in the entry mediators, the anti-CSP sdAb neutralized in vitro and in vivo the infectivity of SARS-CoV2 unrelated viruses such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) and pestes des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Conversely, anti-HSV1 and anti-PPRV sera neutralized LV(CoV2 S) owing to the presence of CSP reactive antibodies indicating that a prior infection with such pathogens could impact on the pattern of COVID-19. Anti-CSP and anti-RBD sdAb efficiently neutralized LV (SARS-CoV2 S) pseudoviruses Both intrabodies prevented the biogenesis of SARS-CoV2-S pseudovirions Anti-CSP sdAb neutralized viruses such as HSV1 and PPRV Anti-HSV1 and anti-PPRV sera neutralized LV(CoV2 S) pseudoviruses
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Knowledge City PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Surbhi Dahiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Knowledge City PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Yuviana J Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Knowledge City PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Komal Beeton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Knowledge City PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ayush Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Knowledge City PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Roman Sarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Knowledge City PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Abhishek Dubey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Knowledge City PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Azeez Tehseen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Knowledge City PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Knowledge City PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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4
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Doll JR, Hoebe K, Thompson RL, Sawtell NM. Resolution of herpes simplex virus reactivation in vivo results in neuronal destruction. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008296. [PMID: 32134994 PMCID: PMC7058292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in herpes simplex virus (HSV) pathogenesis is the consequence of viral reactivation to the neuron. Evidence supporting both post-reactivation survival and demise is published. The exceedingly rare nature of this event at the neuronal level in the sensory ganglion has limited direct examination of this important question. In this study, an in-depth in vivo analysis of the resolution of reactivation was undertaken. Latently infected C57BL/6 mice were induced to reactivate in vivo by hyperthermic stress. Infectious virus was detected in a high percentage (60-80%) of the trigeminal ganglia from these mice at 20 hours post-reactivation stimulus, but declined by 48 hours post-stimulus (0-13%). With increasing time post-reactivation stimulus, the percentage of reactivating neurons surrounded by a cellular cuff increased, which correlated with a decrease in detectable infectious virus and number of viral protein positive neurons. Importantly, in addition to intact viral protein positive neurons, fragmented viral protein positive neurons morphologically consistent with apoptotic bodies and containing cleaved caspase-3 were detected. The frequency of this phenotype increased through time post-reactivation. These fragmented neurons were surrounded by Iba1+ cells, consistent with phagocytic removal of dead neurons. Evidence of neuronal destruction post-reactivation prompted re-examination of the previously reported non-cytolytic role of T cells in controlling reactivation. Latently infected mice were treated with anti-CD4/CD8 antibodies prior to induced reactivation. Neither infectious virus titers nor neuronal fragmentation were altered. In contrast, when viral DNA replication was blocked during reactivation, fragmentation was not observed even though viral proteins were expressed. Our data demonstrate that at least a portion of reactivating neurons are destroyed. Although no evidence for direct T cell mediated antigen recognition in this process was apparent, inhibition of viral DNA replication blocked neuronal fragmentation. These unexpected findings raise new questions about the resolution of HSV reactivation in the host nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Doll
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology,University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology,University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nancy M. Sawtell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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5
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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Induces Brain Inflammation and Multifocal Demyelination in the Cotton Rat Sigmodon hispidus. J Virol 2019; 94:JVI.01161-19. [PMID: 31597775 PMCID: PMC6912097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01161-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our work demonstrates for the first time a direct association between infection with herpes simplex virus 1, a ubiquitous human pathogen generally associated with facial cold sores, and multifocal brain demyelination in an otherwise normal host, the cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus. For a long time, demyelinating diseases were considered to be autoimmune in nature and were studied by indirect methods, such as immunizing animals with myelin components or feeding them toxic substances that induce demyelination. Treatment against demyelinating diseases has been elusive, partially because of their unknown etiology. This work provides the first experimental evidence for the role of HSV-1 as the etiologic agent of multifocal brain demyelination in a normal host and suggests that vaccination against HSV-1 can help to combat demyelinating disorders. Demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) have been difficult to study and treat due to the lack of understanding of their etiology. Numerous cases point to the link between herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and multifocal CNS demyelination in humans; however, convincing evidence from animal models has been missing. In this work, we found that HSV-1 infection of the cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus via a common route (lip abrasion) can cause multifocal CNS demyelination and inflammation. Remyelination occurred shortly after demyelination in HSV-1-infected cotton rats but could be incomplete, resulting in “scars,” further supporting an association between HSV-1 infection and multifocal demyelinating disorders. Virus was detected sequentially in the lip, trigeminal ganglia, and brain of infected animals. Brain pathology developed primarily on the ipsilateral side of the brain stem, in the cerebellum, and contralateral side of the forebrain/midbrain, suggesting that the changes may ascend along the trigeminal lemniscus pathway. Neurologic defects occasionally detected in infected animals (e.g., defective whisker touch and blink responses and compromised balance) could be representative of the brain stem/cerebellum dysfunction. Immunization of cotton rats with a split HSV-1 vaccine protected animals against viral replication and brain pathology, suggesting that vaccination against HSV-1 may protect against demyelinating disorders. IMPORTANCE Our work demonstrates for the first time a direct association between infection with herpes simplex virus 1, a ubiquitous human pathogen generally associated with facial cold sores, and multifocal brain demyelination in an otherwise normal host, the cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus. For a long time, demyelinating diseases were considered to be autoimmune in nature and were studied by indirect methods, such as immunizing animals with myelin components or feeding them toxic substances that induce demyelination. Treatment against demyelinating diseases has been elusive, partially because of their unknown etiology. This work provides the first experimental evidence for the role of HSV-1 as the etiologic agent of multifocal brain demyelination in a normal host and suggests that vaccination against HSV-1 can help to combat demyelinating disorders.
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6
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Ramakrishna C, Kujawski M, Chu H, Li L, Mazmanian SK, Cantin EM. Bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide A induces IL-10 secreting B and T cells that prevent viral encephalitis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2153. [PMID: 31089128 PMCID: PMC6517419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis or its capsular polysaccharide A (PSA) can prevent various peripheral and CNS sterile inflammatory disorders. Fatal herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) results from immune pathology caused by uncontrolled invasion of the brainstem by inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils. Here we assess the immunomodulatory potential of PSA in HSE by infecting PSA or PBS treated 129S6 mice with HSV1, followed by delayed Acyclovir (ACV) treatment as often occurs in the clinical setting. Only PSA-treated mice survived, with dramatically reduced brainstem inflammation and altered cytokine and chemokine profiles. Importantly, PSA binding by B cells is essential for induction of regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells secreting IL-10 to control innate inflammatory responses, consistent with the lack of PSA mediated protection in Rag−/−, B cell- and IL-10-deficient mice. Our data reveal the translational potential of PSA as an immunomodulatory symbiosis factor to orchestrate robust protective anti-inflammatory responses during viral infections. The capsular polysaccharide A (PSA) of Bacteroides fragilis is known to have immunomodulatory capability during sterile inflammatory disorders. Here Ramakrishna and colleagues show that PSA administration in a murine model of herpes simplex encephalitis induces IL-10 producing B and T cell populations that confer protection against lethal challenge and brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandran Ramakrishna
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Maciej Kujawski
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Hiutung Chu
- Division of Biology and Biological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Edouard M Cantin
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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7
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Xie Y, Wu L, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Jia R, Zhu D, Zhao X, Chen S, Liu M, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X. Alpha-Herpesvirus Thymidine Kinase Genes Mediate Viral Virulence and Are Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:941. [PMID: 31134006 PMCID: PMC6517553 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-herpesvirus thymidine kinase (TK) genes are virulence-related genes and are nonessential for viral replication; they are often preferred target genes for the construction of gene-deleted attenuated vaccines and genetically engineered vectors for inserting and expressing foreign genes. The enzymes encoded by TK genes are key kinases in the nucleoside salvage pathway and have significant substrate diversity, especially the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) TK enzyme, which phosphorylates four nucleosides and various nucleoside analogues. Hence, the HSV-1 TK gene is exploited for the treatment of viral infections, as a suicide gene in antitumor therapy, and even for the regulation of stem cell transplantation and treatment of parasitic infection. This review introduces the effects of α-herpesvirus TK genes on viral virulence and infection in the host and classifies and summarizes the current main application domains and potential uses of these genes. In particular, mechanisms of action, clinical limitations, and antiviral and antitumor therapy development strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - XinXin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Rao P, Wen X, Lo JH, Kim S, Li X, Chen S, Feng X, Akbari O, Yuan W. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Specifically Targets Human CD1d Antigen Presentation To Enhance Its Pathogenicity. J Virol 2018; 92:e01490-18. [PMID: 30185591 PMCID: PMC6206489 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01490-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is one of the most prevalent herpesviruses in humans and represents a constant health threat to aged and immunocompromised populations. How HSV-1 interacts with the host immune system to efficiently establish infection and latency is only partially known. CD1d-restricted NKT cells are a critical arm of the host innate immune system and play potent roles in anti-infection and antitumor immune responses. We discovered previously that upon infection, HSV-1 rapidly and efficiently downregulates CD1d expression on the cell surface and suppresses the function of NKT cells. Furthermore, we identified the viral serine/threonine protein kinase US3 as a major viral factor downregulating CD1d during infection. Interestingly, neither HSV-1 nor its US3 protein efficiently inhibits mouse CD1d expression, suggesting that HSV-1 has coevolved with the human immune system to specifically suppress human CD1d (hCD1d) and NKT cell function for its pathogenesis. This is consistent with the fact that wild-type mice are mostly resistant to HSV-1 infection. On the other hand, in vivo infection of CD1d-humanized mice (hCD1d knock-in mice) showed that HSV-1 can indeed evade hCD1d function and establish infection in these mice. We also report here that US3-deficient viruses cannot efficiently infect hCD1d knock-in mice but infect mice lacking all NKT cells at a higher efficiency. Together, these studies supported HSV-1 evasion of human CD1d and NKT cell function as an important pathogenic factor for the virus. Our results also validated the potent roles of NKT cells in antiherpesvirus immune responses and pointed to the potential of NKT cell ligands as adjuvants for future vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is among the most common human pathogens. Little is known regarding the exact mechanism by which this virus evades the human immune system, particularly the innate immune system. We reported previously that HSV-1 employs its protein kinase US3 to modulate the expression of the key antigen-presenting molecule, CD1d, so as to evade the antiviral function of NKT cells. Here we demonstrated that the virus has coevolved with the human CD1d and NKT cell system and that NKT cells indeed play potent roles in anti-HSV immune responses. These studies point to the great potential of exploring NKT cell ligands as adjuvants for HSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Rao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiangshu Wen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jae Ho Lo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Seil Kim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Siyang Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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9
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Fülöp T, Itzhaki RF, Balin BJ, Miklossy J, Barron AE. Role of Microbes in the Development of Alzheimer's Disease: State of the Art - An International Symposium Presented at the 2017 IAGG Congress in San Francisco. Front Genet 2018; 9:362. [PMID: 30250480 PMCID: PMC6139345 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews research results and ideas presented at a special symposium at the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (IAGG) Congress held in July 2017 in San Francisco. Five researchers presented their results related to infection and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Prof. Itzhaki presented her work on the role of viruses, specifically HSV-1, in the pathogenesis of AD. She maintains that although it is true that most people harbor HSV-1 infection, either latent or active, nonetheless aspects of herpes infection can play a role in the pathogenesis of AD, based on extensive experimental evidence from AD brains and infected cell cultures. Dr. Miklossy presented research on the high prevalence of bacterial infections that correlate with AD, specifically spirochete infections, which have been known for a century to be a significant cause of dementia (e.g., in syphilis). She demonstrated how spirochetes drive senile plaque formation, which are in fact biofilms. Prof. Balin then described the involvement of brain tissue infection by the Chlamydia pneumoniae bacterium, with its potential to use the innate immune system in its spread, and its initiation of tissue damage characteristic of AD. Prof. Fülöp described the role of AD-associated amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide as an antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral innate immune effector produced in reaction to microorganisms that attack the brain. Prof. Barron put forward the novel hypothesis that, according to her experiments, there is strong sequence-specific binding between the AD-associated Aβ and another ubiquitous and important human innate immune effector, the cathelicidin peptide LL-37. Given this binding, LL-37 expression in the brain will decrease Aβ deposition via formation of non-toxic, soluble Aβ/LL-37 complexes. Therefore, a chronic underexpression of LL-37 could be the factor that simultaneously permits chronic infections in brain tissue and allows for pathological accumulation of Aβ. This first-of-its-kind symposium opened the way for a paradigm shift in studying the pathogenesis of AD, from the "amyloid cascade hypothesis," which so far has been quite unsuccessful, to a new "infection hypothesis," or perhaps more broadly, "innate immune system dysregulation hypothesis," which may well permit and lead to the discovery of new treatments for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamàs Fülöp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Research Center on Aging, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Ruth F. Itzhaki
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J. Balin
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Judith Miklossy
- International Alzheimer Research Centre, Prevention Alzheimer International Foundation, Martigny-Croix, Switzerland
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Mancini M, Vidal SM. Insights into the pathogenesis of herpes simplex encephalitis from mouse models. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:425-445. [PMID: 30167845 PMCID: PMC6132704 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A majority of the world population is infected with herpes simplex viruses (HSV; human herpesvirus types 1 and 2). These viruses, perhaps best known for their manifestation in the genital or oral mucosa, can also cause herpes simplex encephalitis, a severe and often fatal disease of the central nervous system. Antiviral therapies for HSV are only partially effective since the virus can establish latent infections in neurons, and severe pathological sequelae in the brain are common. A better understanding of disease pathogenesis is required to develop new strategies against herpes simplex encephalitis, including the precise viral and host genetic determinants that promote virus invasion into the central nervous system and its associated immunopathology. Here we review the current understanding of herpes simplex encephalitis from the host genome perspective, which has been illuminated by groundbreaking work on rare herpes simplex encephalitis patients together with mechanistic insight from single-gene mouse models of disease. A complex picture has emerged, whereby innate type I interferon-mediated antiviral signaling is a central pathway to control viral replication, and the regulation of immunopathology and the balance between apoptosis and autophagy are critical to disease severity in the central nervous system. The lessons learned from mouse studies inform us on fundamental defense mechanisms at the interface of host–pathogen interactions within the central nervous system, as well as possible rationales for intervention against infections from severe neuropathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mancini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
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Harris SA, Harris EA. Molecular Mechanisms for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Pathogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:48. [PMID: 29559905 PMCID: PMC5845560 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on research in the areas of epidemiology, neuropathology, molecular biology and genetics that implicates herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a causative agent in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Molecular mechanisms whereby HSV-1 induces AD-related pathophysiology and pathology, including neuronal production and accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, and impaired autophagy, are discussed. HSV-1 causes additional AD pathologies through mechanisms that promote neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis. The AD susceptibility genes apolipoprotein E (APOE), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), complement receptor 1 (CR1) and clusterin (CLU) are involved in the HSV lifecycle. Polymorphisms in these genes may affect brain susceptibility to HSV-1 infection. APOE, for example, influences susceptibility to certain viral infections, HSV-1 viral load in the brain, and the innate immune response. The AD susceptibility gene cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is upregulated in the AD brain and is involved in the antiviral immune response. HSV-1 interacts with additional genes to affect cognition-related pathways and key enzymes involved in Aβ production, Aβ clearance, and hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins. Aβ itself functions as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) against various pathogens including HSV-1. Evidence is presented supporting the hypothesis that Aβ is produced as an AMP in response to HSV-1 and other brain infections, leading to Aβ deposition and plaque formation in AD. Epidemiologic studies associating HSV-1 infection with AD and cognitive impairment are discussed. Studies are reviewed supporting subclinical chronic reactivation of latent HSV-1 in the brain as significant in the pathogenesis of AD. Finally, the rationale for and importance of clinical trials treating HSV-1-infected MCI and AD patients with antiviral medication is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Harris
- St. Vincent Medical Group, Northside Internal Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Harris
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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12
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Itzhaki RF. Herpes and Alzheimer's Disease: Subversion in the Central Nervous System and How It Might Be Halted. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:1273-1281. [PMID: 27497484 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The last 8 or so years have seen a large increase in the number of studies supporting the concept of a major role for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main advances have been made through studies in humans and in mice, investigating the likelihood of reactivation of the latent virus in brain. Others have aimed to explain the mechanisms in cells whereby the increase in amyloid-beta (Aβ) production on HSV1 infection of cells and mouse brains occurs, and the reason that infected cells make this increase. The possibility that other herpesviruses are involved in the development of AD has been explored, and human herpesvirus type 6, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus, in particular, have been implicated. Epidemiological studies have further supported the role specifically of HSV1 and its reactivation in the disease. Antiviral studies have continued, comparing those acting by different mechanisms, such as restricting viral replication, or blocking viral entry into cells, to treat HSV1-infected cell cultures, and then examining the extent to which the virus-induced increases in Aβ and AD-like tau are reduced. All the studies support the usage of antiviral treatment to slow or halt the progression of AD.
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Ramakrishna C, Cantin EM. IFNγ inhibits G-CSF induced neutrophil expansion and invasion of the CNS to prevent viral encephalitis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006822. [PMID: 29352287 PMCID: PMC5792029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergency hematopoiesis facilitates the rapid expansion of inflammatory immune cells in response to infections by pathogens, a process that must be carefully regulated to prevent potentially life threatening inflammatory responses. Here, we describe a novel regulatory role for the cytokine IFNγ that is critical for preventing fatal encephalitis after viral infection. HSV1 encephalitis (HSE) is triggered by the invasion of the brainstem by inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils. In mice lacking IFNγ (GKO), we observed unrestrained increases in G-CSF levels but not in GM-CSF or IL-17. This resulted in uncontrolled expansion and infiltration of apoptosis-resistant, degranulating neutrophils into the brainstem, causing fatal HSE in GKO but not WT mice. Excessive G-CSF in GKO mice also induced granulocyte derived suppressor cells, which inhibited T-cell proliferation and function, including production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Unexpectedly, we found that IFNγ suppressed G-CSF signaling by increasing SOCS3 expression in neutrophils, resulting in apoptosis. Depletion of G-CSF, but not GM-CSF, in GKO mice induced neutrophil apoptosis and reinstated IL-10 secretion by T cells, which restored their ability to limit innate inflammatory responses resulting in protection from HSE. Our studies reveals a novel, complex interplay among IFNγ, G-CSF and IL-10, which highlights the opposing roles of G-CSF and IFNγ in regulation of innate inflammatory responses in a murine viral encephalitis model and reveals G-CSF as a potential therapeutic target. Thus, the antagonistic G-CSF-IFNγ interactions emerge as a key regulatory node in control of CNS inflammatory responses to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandran Ramakrishna
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CR); (EMC)
| | - Edouard M. Cantin
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CR); (EMC)
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Enk J, Levi A, Weisblum Y, Yamin R, Charpak-Amikam Y, Wolf DG, Mandelboim O. HSV1 MicroRNA Modulation of GPI Anchoring and Downstream Immune Evasion. Cell Rep 2017; 17:949-956. [PMID: 27760325 PMCID: PMC5081403 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that utilizes variable mechanisms to evade immune surveillance. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring pathway is a multistep process in which a myriad of different proteins are covalently attached to a GPI moiety to be presented on the cell surface. Among the different GPI-anchored proteins there are many with immunological importance. We present evidence that the HSV1-encoded miR H8 directly targets PIGT, a member of the protein complex that covalently attaches proteins to GPI in the final step of GPI anchoring. This results in a membrane down-modulation of several different immune-related, GPI-anchored proteins, including ligands for natural killer-activating receptors and the prominent viral restriction factor tetherin. Thus, we suggest that by utilizing just one of dozens of miRNAs encoded by HSV1, the virus can counteract the host immune response at several key points. HSV1 miR H8 targets PIGT of the GPI anchoring pathway Expression of the anti-viral protein tetherin is reduced and viral spread enhanced Expression of GPI-anchored activating NK cell ligands is reduced Recognition and elimination by NK cells decrease
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Enk
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Assi Levi
- Photodermatosis Clinic and Laser Unit, Dermatology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yiska Weisblum
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; Department of Biochemistry and the Chanock Center for Virology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Rachel Yamin
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yoav Charpak-Amikam
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Dana G Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center of General and Tumor Immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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15
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Itzhaki RF. Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer's disease: possible mechanisms and signposts. FASEB J 2017; 31:3216-3226. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth F. Itzhaki
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom
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16
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Herpesvirus Entry Mediator and Ocular Herpesvirus Infection: More than Meets the Eye. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00115-17. [PMID: 28404853 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00115-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As its name suggests, the host receptor herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) facilitates herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry through interactions with a viral envelope glycoprotein. HVEM also bridges several signaling networks, binding ligands from both tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamilies with diverse, and often opposing, outcomes. While HVEM was first identified as a viral entry receptor for HSV, it is only recently that HVEM has emerged as an important host factor in immunopathogenesis of ocular HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Surprisingly, HVEM exacerbates disease development in the eye independently of entry. HVEM signaling has been shown to play a variety of roles in modulating immune responses to HSV and other pathogens, and there is increasing evidence that these effects are responsible for HVEM-mediated pathogenesis in the eye. Here, we review the dual branches of HVEM function during HSV infection: entry and immunomodulation. HVEM is broadly expressed; intersects two important immunologic signaling networks; and impacts autoimmunity, infection, and inflammation. We hope that by understanding the complex range of effects mediated by this receptor, we can offer insights applicable to a wide variety of disease states.
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17
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Zimmermann J, Hafezi W, Dockhorn A, Lorentzen EU, Krauthausen M, Getts DR, Müller M, Kühn JE, King NJC. Enhanced viral clearance and reduced leukocyte infiltration in experimental herpes encephalitis after intranasal infection of CXCR3-deficient mice. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:394-403. [PMID: 28116674 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE) is the most common fatal sporadic encephalitis in developed countries. There is evidence from HSE animal models that not only direct virus-mediated damage caused but also the host's immune response contributes to the high mortality of the disease. Chemokines modulate and orchestrate this immune response. Previous experimental studies in HSE models identified the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands as molecules with a high impact on the course of HSE in mouse models. In this study, the role of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 was evaluated after intranasal infection with the encephalitogenic HSV-1 strain 17 syn+ using CXCR3-deficient mice (CXCR3-/-) and wild-type controls. We demonstrated a neurotropic viral spread into the CNS of after intranasal infection. Although viral load and histological distribution of infected neurons were independent from CXCR3 signaling early after infection, CXCR3-deficient mice cleared HSV-1 more efficiently 14 days after infection. Furthermore, CXCR3 deficiency led to a decreased weight loss in mice after HSV-1 infection. T cell infiltration and microglial activation was prominently reduced by inhibition of CXCR3 signaling. Quantitative PCR of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines confirmed the reduced neuroinflammatory response in CXCR3-deficient mice during HSE. Our results demonstrate that the recruitment of peripheral immune cells into the CNS, induction of neuroinflammation, and consecutive weight loss during herpes encephalitis is modulated by CXCR3 signaling. Interruption of the CXCR3 pathway ameliorates the detrimental host immune response and in turn, leads paradoxically to an enhanced viral clearance after intranasal infection. Our data gives further insight into the role of CXCR3 during HSE after intranasal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zimmermann
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - W Hafezi
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology-Clinical Virology, Münster, Germany
| | - A Dockhorn
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva U Lorentzen
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology-Clinical Virology, Münster, Germany
| | - M Krauthausen
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel R Getts
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Cour Pharmaceutical Development Company, Elmhurst, IL, USA.,The Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - M Müller
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Joachim E Kühn
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology-Clinical Virology, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicholas J C King
- The Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Maroui MA, Callé A, Cohen C, Streichenberger N, Texier P, Takissian J, Rousseau A, Poccardi N, Welsch J, Corpet A, Schaeffer L, Labetoulle M, Lomonte P. Latency Entry of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Is Determined by the Interaction of Its Genome with the Nuclear Environment. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005834. [PMID: 27618691 PMCID: PMC5019400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes latency in trigeminal ganglia (TG) sensory neurons of infected individuals. The commitment of infected neurons toward the viral lytic or latent transcriptional program is likely to depend on both viral and cellular factors, and to differ among individual neurons. In this study, we used a mouse model of HSV-1 infection to investigate the relationship between viral genomes and the nuclear environment in terms of the establishment of latency. During acute infection, viral genomes show two major patterns: replication compartments or multiple spots distributed in the nucleoplasm (namely “multiple-acute”). Viral genomes in the “multiple-acute” pattern are systematically associated with the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein in structures designated viral DNA-containing PML nuclear bodies (vDCP-NBs). To investigate the viral and cellular features that favor the acquisition of the latency-associated viral genome patterns, we infected mouse primary TG neurons from wild type (wt) mice or knock-out mice for type 1 interferon (IFN) receptor with wt or a mutant HSV-1, which is unable to replicate due to the synthesis of a non-functional ICP4, the major virus transactivator. We found that the inability of the virus to initiate the lytic program combined to its inability to synthesize a functional ICP0, are the two viral features leading to the formation of vDCP-NBs. The formation of the “multiple-latency” pattern is favored by the type 1 IFN signaling pathway in the context of neurons infected by a virus able to replicate through the expression of a functional ICP4 but unable to express functional VP16 and ICP0. Analyses of TGs harvested from HSV-1 latently infected humans showed that viral genomes and PML occupy similar nuclear areas in infected neurons, eventually forming vDCP-NB-like structures. Overall our study designates PML protein and PML-NBs to be major cellular components involved in the control of HSV-1 latency, probably during the entire life of an individual. Establishment of latency of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) at the cellular level results from the combination of a series of complex molecular events involving cellular and viral-associated features. HSV-1 establishes latency in trigeminal ganglia (TG) sensory neurons. HSV-1 genomes remain as extrachromosomal DNA; their initial interaction with the nuclear architecture is likely to determine commitment toward the lytic or the latent transcriptional program. Among the major nuclear components that influence the infection process the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) play a major role as nuclear relays of the intrinsic antiviral response. In this study, using infected mice and cultured mouse primary TG neuron models, as well as human TGs, we investigated the interaction between HSV-1 genomes and the nuclear environment in individual neurons. We found that the inability of HSV-1 to initiate a lytic program at the initial stages of infection led to the formation of latency-associated viral DNA-containing PML-NBs (vDCP-NBs), or another pattern if the type 1 interferon pathway was activated prior to infection. vDCP-NB–like structures were also present in neurons of latently infected human TGs, designating PML-NBs as major nuclear components involved in the control of HSV-1 latency for the entire life of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Maroui
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), team Chromatin Assembly, Nuclear Domains, Virus, Lyon, France
| | - Aleth Callé
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), team Chromatin Assembly, Nuclear Domains, Virus, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Cohen
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), team Chromatin Assembly, Nuclear Domains, Virus, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Streichenberger
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), team Nerve-Muscle Interactions, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Pathologie et Neuropathologie Est, Bron, France
| | - Pascale Texier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), team Chromatin Assembly, Nuclear Domains, Virus, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Takissian
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Département de Virologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoine Rousseau
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Département de Virologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris Sud, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bicêtre, Service d'Ophthalmologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nolwenn Poccardi
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Département de Virologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérémy Welsch
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5308, INSERM U 1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), team Immunobiologie des infections virales, Lyon, France
| | - Armelle Corpet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), team Chromatin Assembly, Nuclear Domains, Virus, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), team Nerve-Muscle Interactions, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Département de Virologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris Sud, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bicêtre, Service d'Ophthalmologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Patrick Lomonte
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), team Chromatin Assembly, Nuclear Domains, Virus, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Menendez CM, Jinkins JK, Carr DJJ. Resident T Cells Are Unable To Control Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Activity in the Brain Ependymal Region during Latency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1262-75. [PMID: 27357149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is one of the leading etiologies of sporadic viral encephalitis. Early antiviral intervention is crucial to the survival of herpes simplex encephalitis patients; however, many survivors suffer from long-term neurologic deficits. It is currently understood that HSV-1 establishes a latent infection within sensory peripheral neurons throughout the life of the host. However, the tissue residence of latent virus, other than in sensory neurons, and the potential pathogenic consequences of latency remain enigmatic. In the current study, we characterized the lytic and latent infection of HSV-1 in the CNS in comparison with the peripheral nervous system following ocular infection in mice. We used RT-PCR to detect latency-associated transcripts and HSV-1 lytic cycle genes within the brain stem, the ependyma (EP), containing the limbic and cortical areas, which also harbor neural progenitor cells, in comparison with the trigeminal ganglia. Unexpectedly, HSV-1 lytic genes, usually identified during acute infection, are uniquely expressed in the EP 60 d postinfection when animals are no longer suffering from encephalitis. An inflammatory response was also mounted in the EP by the maintenance of resident memory T cells. However, EP T cells were incapable of controlling HSV-1 infection ex vivo and secreted less IFN-γ, which correlated with expression of a variety of exhaustion-related inhibitory markers. Collectively, our data suggest that the persistent viral lytic gene expression during latency is the cause of the chronic inflammatory response leading to the exhaustion of the resident T cells in the EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra M Menendez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Jeremy K Jinkins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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20
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Szczubiałka K, Pyrć K, Nowakowska M. In search for effective and definitive treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22896d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a nuclear replicating enveloped virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Kraków
- Poland
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BenMohamed L, Osorio N, Khan AA, Srivastava R, Huang L, Krochmal JJ, Garcia JM, Simpson JL, Wechsler SL. Prior Corneal Scarification and Injection of Immune Serum are Not Required Before Ocular HSV-1 Infection for UV-B-Induced Virus Reactivation and Recurrent Herpetic Corneal Disease in Latently Infected Mice. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:747-56. [PMID: 26398722 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1061024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blinding ocular herpetic disease in humans is due to spontaneous reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) from latency, rather than to primary acute infection. Mice latently infected with HSV-1 undergo little or no in vivo spontaneous reactivation with accompanying virus shedding in tears. HSV-1 reactivation can be induced in latently infected mice by several in vivo procedures, with UV-B-induced reactivation being one commonly used method. In the UV-B model, corneas are scarified (lightly scratched) just prior to ocular infection to increase efficiency of the primary infection and immune serum containing HSV-1 neutralizing antibodies is injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) to increase survival and decrease acute corneal damage. Since scarification can significantly alter host gene transcription in the cornea and in the trigeminal ganglia (TG; the site of HSV-1 latency) and since injection of immune serum likely modulates innate and adaptive herpes immunity, we investigated eliminating both treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice were infected with HSV-1 with or without corneal scarification and immune serum. HSV-1 reactivation and recurrent disease were induced by UV-B irradiation. RESULTS When corneal scarification and immune serum were both eliminated, UV-B irradiation still induced both HSV-1 reactivation, as measured by shedding of reactivated virus in tears and herpetic eye disease, albeit at reduced levels compared to the original procedure. CONCLUSION Despite the reduced reactivation and disease, avoidance of both corneal scarification and immune serum should improve the clinical relevance of the UV-B mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lbachir BenMohamed
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , CA , USA .,b Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, School of Medicine , University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA .,c School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Nelson Osorio
- d Department of Ophthalmology, Virology Research , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Arif A Khan
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Lei Huang
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - John J Krochmal
- d Department of Ophthalmology, Virology Research , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Jairo M Garcia
- d Department of Ophthalmology, Virology Research , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Jennifer L Simpson
- e Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Steven L Wechsler
- d Department of Ophthalmology, Virology Research , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , CA , USA .,f Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , School of Medicine, University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA and.,g Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
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