1
|
Jassey A, Jackson WT. Viruses and autophagy: bend, but don't break. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:309-321. [PMID: 38102460 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a constitutive cellular process of degradation required to maintain homeostasis and turn over spent organelles and aggregated proteins. For some viruses, the process can be antiviral, degrading viral proteins or virions themselves. For many other viruses, the induction of the autophagic process provides a benefit and promotes viral replication. In this Review, we survey the roles that the autophagic pathway plays in the replication of viruses. Most viruses that benefit from autophagic induction block autophagic degradation, which is a 'bend, but don't break' strategy initiating but limiting a potentially antiviral response. In almost all cases, it is other effects of the redirected autophagic machinery that benefit these viruses. This rapid mechanism to generate small double-membraned vesicles can be usurped to shape membranes for viral genome replication and virion maturation. However, data suggest that autophagic maintenance of cellular homeostasis is crucial for the initiation of infection, as viruses have evolved to replicate in normal, healthy cells. Inhibition of autophagic degradation is important once infection has initiated. Although true degradative autophagy is probably a negative for most viruses, initiating nondegradative autophagic membranes benefits a wide variety of viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alagie Jassey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ke PY. Molecular Mechanism of Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion in Mammalian Cells. Cells 2024; 13:500. [PMID: 38534345 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, targeting intracellular components for lysosomal degradation by autophagy represents a catabolic process that evolutionarily regulates cellular homeostasis. The successful completion of autophagy initiates the engulfment of cytoplasmic materials within double-membrane autophagosomes and subsequent delivery to autolysosomes for degradation by acidic proteases. The formation of autolysosomes relies on the precise fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. In recent decades, numerous studies have provided insights into the molecular regulation of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. In this review, an overview of the molecules that function in the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes is provided. Moreover, the molecular mechanism underlying how these functional molecules regulate autophagosome-lysosome fusion is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gheitasi H, Sabbaghian M, Fadaee M, Mohammadzadeh N, Shekarchi AA, Poortahmasebi V. The relationship between autophagy and respiratory viruses. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:136. [PMID: 38436746 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses have caused severe global health problems and posed essential challenges to the medical community. In recent years, the role of autophagy as a critical process in cells in viral respiratory diseases has been noticed. One of the vital catabolic biological processes in the body is autophagy. Autophagy contributes to energy recovery by targeting and selectively directing foreign microorganisms, organelles, and senescent intracellular proteins to the lysosome for degradation and phagocytosis. Activation or suppression of autophagy is often initiated when foreign pathogenic organisms such as viruses infect cells. Because of its antiviral properties, several viruses may escape or resist this process by encoding viral proteins. Viruses can also use autophagy to enhance their replication or prolong the persistence of latent infections. Here, we provide an overview of autophagy and respiratory viruses such as coronavirus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza, influenza, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, and examine the interactions between them and the role of autophagy in the virus-host interaction process and the resulting virus replication strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Gheitasi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sabbaghian
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Fadaee
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nader Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Shekarchi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee J, Ou JHJ. HCV-induced autophagy and innate immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1305157. [PMID: 38370419 PMCID: PMC10874285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1305157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The interplay between autophagy and host innate immunity has been of great interest. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) impedes signaling pathways initiated by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogens-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Autophagy, a cellular catabolic process, delivers damaged organelles and protein aggregates to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Autophagy is also an innate immune response of cells to trap pathogens in membrane vesicles for removal. However, HCV controls the autophagic pathway and uses autophagic membranes to enhance its replication. Mitophagy, a selective autophagy targeting mitochondria, alters the dynamics and metabolism of mitochondria, which play important roles in host antiviral responses. HCV also alters mitochondrial dynamics and promotes mitophagy to prevent premature cell death and attenuate the interferon (IFN) response. In addition, the dysregulation of the inflammasomal response by HCV leads to IFN resistance and immune tolerance. These immune evasion properties of HCV allow HCV to successfully replicate and persist in its host cells. In this article, we discuss HCV-induced autophagy/mitophagy and its associated immunological responses and provide a review of our current understanding of how these processes are regulated in HCV-infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J.-H. James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song MS, Lee DK, Lee CY, Park SC, Yang J. Host Subcellular Organelles: Targets of Viral Manipulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1638. [PMID: 38338917 PMCID: PMC10855258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate host cell processes and utilize intracellular organelles to facilitate their replication. These complex interactions between viruses and cellular organelles allow them to hijack the cellular machinery and impair homeostasis. Moreover, viral infection alters the cell membrane's structure and composition and induces vesicle formation to facilitate intracellular trafficking of viral components. However, the research focus has predominantly been on the immune response elicited by viruses, often overlooking the significant alterations that viruses induce in cellular organelles. Gaining a deeper understanding of these virus-induced cellular changes is crucial for elucidating the full life cycle of viruses and developing potent antiviral therapies. Exploring virus-induced cellular changes could substantially improve our understanding of viral infection mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Song
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Park
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li D, Wang L, Zhao Z, Bai C, Li X. Autophagy and LC3-associated phagocytosis contribute negatively to the killing capability of THP-1-derived macrophages against Candida albicans at the mid-stage. Immunol Lett 2023; 263:25-32. [PMID: 37717912 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
In innate immunity, macrophages play critical roles in defending against pathogens via the lysosomal degradation function of autophagy. Two distinct autophagy pathways have been identified in decades: canonical autophagy (referred to as autophagy) and LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). Since several conflicting findings about the anti-Candida capability of autophagy (or LAP) have been reported, they serve as the foe or friend for Candida survival is still unclearly. The current study showed that the fungicidal process of THP-1-derived macrophages (THP-1-MФ) against Candida albicans is divided into three stages as follows, the early stage (the first 12 h, increasing in the killing capability), the mid-stage (12-24 h, no change in killing capability), and the late stage (24-48 h, decreasing of the killing capability). Autophagic protein LC3B-II reached the peak in THP-1-MФ after 24 h inoculated either with C.albicans or whole glucan particles (WGP). Thus, both anti-Candida roles of autophagy and the LAP pathway have been detected at the mid-stage. For autophagy, after 24 h inoculation with C.albicans, ULK1 increased, but p-ATG13(s318) decreased obviously in THP-1-MФ, and the killing assay showed that autophagy is unhelpful for Candida killing capability. For the LAP pathway, Rubicon and ROS raised significantly in THP-1-MФ after 24 h inoculated with C.albicans; each inhibition would sharply cut down the LC3B-II accumulation, which indicated that LAP had been induced. However, mCherry-GFP-LC3 fluorescent assay exhibited that LAP phago-lysosomal fusion has been blocked, and Rubicon knockdown facilitated the Candida killing activity. These data indicated that autophagy presented as redundant to Candida defense, and LAP phago-lysosomal fusion obstruction impairs the Candida killing capability of THP-1-MФ at the mid-stage. That may explain the no change in Candida killing capability at the mid-stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Changsen Bai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xichuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yao Y, Li S, Zhu Y, Xu Y, Hao S, Guo S, Feng WH. miR-204 suppresses porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication via inhibiting LC3B-mediated autophagy. Virol Sin 2023; 38:690-698. [PMID: 37454810 PMCID: PMC10590697 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the swine farms worldwide. microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in regulating almost every important biological process, including virus-host interaction. In this study, we found that miR-204 was highly expressed in cells that were not permissive to PRRSV infection compared with cells susceptible to PRRSV infection. Subsequently, we demonstrated that overexpression of miR-204 significantly inhibited PRRSV replication in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Through bioinformatic analysis, we found that there existed a potential binding site of miR-204 on the 3'UTR of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3B (MAP1LC3B, LC3B), a hallmark of autophagy. Applying experiments including luciferase reporter assay and UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) assay, we demonstrated that miR-204 directly targeted LC3B, thereby downregulating autophagy. Meanwhile, we investigated the interplay between autophagy and PRRSV replication in PAMs, confirming that PRRSV infection induces autophagy, which in turn facilitates viral replication. Overall, we verify that miR-204 suppresses PRRSV replication via inhibiting LC3B-mediated autophagy in PAMs. These findings will provide a novel potential approach for us to develop antiviral therapeutic agents and controlling measures for future PRRSV outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Siyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Ren L, Bai H, Jin Q, Zhang L. Exosome-Autophagy Crosstalk in Enveloped Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10618. [PMID: 37445802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles (EVs) predominantly present in bodily fluids, participate in various physiological processes. Autophagy, an intracellular degradation mechanism, eliminates proteins and damaged organelles by forming double-membrane autophagosomes. These autophagosomes subsequently merge with lysosomes for target degradation. The interaction between autophagy and endosomal/exosomal pathways can occur at different stages, exerting significant influences on normal physiology and human diseases. The interplay between exosomes and the autophagy pathway is intricate. Exosomes exhibit a cytoprotective role by inducing intracellular autophagy, while autophagy modulates the biogenesis and degradation of exosomes. Research indicates that exosomes and autophagy contribute to the infection process of numerous enveloped viruses. Enveloped viruses, comprising viral nucleic acid, proteins, or virions, can be encapsulated within exosomes and transferred between cells via exosomal transport. Consequently, exosomes play a crucial role in the infection of certain viral diseases. This review presents recent findings on the interplay between exosomes and autophagy, as well as their implications in the infection of enveloped viruses, thereby offering valuable insights into the pathogenesis and vaccine research of enveloped virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, College of Animal Sciences, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, College of Animal Sciences, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haocheng Bai
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, College of Animal Sciences, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qing Jin
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, College of Animal Sciences, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, College of Animal Sciences, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang L, Yang G, Wang J, Zhang J, Chen K, Xiong X, Zhu Y, Xu C, Wang J. Ethyl Gallate Inhibits Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus by Promoting IFITM3 Expression, Lysosomal Acidification and Protease Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108637. [PMID: 37239983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a highly contagious viral disease which causes economic losses to the cattle industry. Ethyl gallate (EG) is a phenolic acid derivative which has various potentials to modulate the host response to pathogens, such as via antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, inhibition of the production of cell adhesion factors, and so on. This study aimed to evaluate if EG influences BVDV infection in Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells, and to understand the antiviral mechanism. Data indicated that EG effectively inhibited BVDV infection by co-treatment and post-treatment in MDBK cells with noncytotoxic doses. In addition, EG suppressed BVDV infection at an early stage of the viral life cycle by blocking entry and replication steps but not viral attachment and release. Moreover, EG strongly inhibited BVDV infection by promoting interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) expression, which localized to the cytoplasm. The protein level of cathepsin B was significantly reduced by BVDV infection, whereas with treatment with EG, it was significantly enhanced. The fluorescence intensities of acridine orange (AO) staining were significantly decreased in BVDV-infected cells but increased in EG-treated cells. Finally, Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that EG treatment significantly enhanced the protein levels of autophagy markers LC3 and p62. Chloroquine (CQ) significantly increased IFITM3 expression, and Rapamycin significantly decreased it. Thus, EG may regulate IFITM3 expression through autophagy. Our results showed that EG could have a solid antiviral activity on BVDV replication in MDBK cells via increased IFITM3 expression, lysosomal acidification, protease activity, and regulated autophagy. EG might have value for further development as an antiviral agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guanghui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Keyuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoran Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ke PY. Crosstalk between Autophagy and RLR Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060956. [PMID: 36980296 PMCID: PMC10047499 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a homeostatic role in regulating cellular metabolism by degrading unwanted intracellular materials and acts as a host defense mechanism by eliminating infecting pathogens, such as viruses. Upon viral infection, host cells often activate retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) signaling to induce the transcription of type I interferons, thus establishing the first line of the innate antiviral response. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that virus-mediated autophagy activation may benefit viral replication through different actions on host cellular processes, including the modulation of RLR-mediated innate immunity. Here, an overview of the functional molecules and regulatory mechanism of the RLR antiviral immune response as well as autophagy is presented. Moreover, a summary of the current knowledge on the biological role of autophagy in regulating RLR antiviral signaling is provided. The molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between autophagy and RLR innate immunity are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang R, Shi S. The role of NEDD4 related HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in defective autophagy in cancer cells: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Mol Med 2023; 29:34. [PMID: 36918822 PMCID: PMC10015828 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus (HECT)-type E3 ubiquitin ligases are the selective executers in the protein ubiquitination, playing a vital role in modulation of the protein function and stability. Evidence shows the regulatory role of HECT-type E3 ligases in various steps of the autophagic process. Autophagy is an intracellular digestive and recycling process that controls the cellular hemostasis. Defective autophagy is involved in tumorigenesis and has been detected in various types of cancer cells. A growing body of findings indicates that HECT-type E3 ligases, in particular members of the neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4 (NEDD4) including NEDD4-1, NEDD4-L, SMURFs, WWPs, and ITCH, play critical roles in dysregulation or dysfunction of autophagy in cancer cells. The present review focuses on NEDD4 E3 ligases involved in defective autophagy in cancer cells and discusses their autophagic function in different cancer cells as well as substrates and the signaling pathways in which they participate, conferring a basis for the cancer treatment through the modulating of these E3 ligases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610021, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqing Shi
- Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Feline Calicivirus P39 Inhibits Innate Immune Responses by Autophagic Degradation of Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene I. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065254. [PMID: 36982330 PMCID: PMC10048920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a feline pathogen that can cause severe upper respiratory tract disease in cats, thus posing a major threat to their health. The exact pathogenic mechanism of FCV is still unclear, although it has been identified as having the ability to induce immune depression. In this study, we discovered that FCV infection triggers autophagy and that its non-structural proteins, P30, P32, and P39, are responsible for initiating this process. Additionally, we observed that altering autophagy levels via chemical modulation resulted in different influences on FCV replication. Moreover, our findings indicate that autophagy can modify the innate immunity induced by FCV infection, with increased autophagy further suppressing FCV-induced RIG-I signal transduction. This research provides insights into the mechanism of FCV replication and has the potential to aid in the development of autophagy-targeted drugs to inhibit or prevent FCV infection.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gee YJ, Sea YL, Lal SK. Viral modulation of lipid rafts and their potential as putative antiviral targets. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2413. [PMID: 36504273 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are ubiquitous in cells. They are identified as cholesterol and glycosphingolipid enriched microdomains on cellular membranes. They serve as platforms for cellular communications by functioning in signal transduction and membrane trafficking. Such structural organisation fulfils cellular needs for normal function, but at the same time increases vulnerability of cells to pathogen invasion. Viruses rely heavily on lipid rafts in basically every stage of the viral life cycle for successful infection. Various mechanisms of lipid rafts modification exploited by diverse viruses for attachment, internalisation, membrane fusion, genome replication, assembly and release have been brought to light. This review focuses on virus-raft interactions and how a wide range of viruses manipulate lipid rafts at distinct stages of infection. The importance of virus-raft interactions in viral infections has inspired researchers to discover and develop antivirals that target this interaction, such as statins, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, viperin, 25-hydroxycholesterol and even anti-malarial drugs. The therapeutic modulations of lipid rafts as potential antiviral intervention from in vitro and in vivo evidence are discussed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yee Jing Gee
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Yi Lin Sea
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Kumar Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu Y, Tan HWS, Lin JY, Shen HM, Wang H, Lu G. Molecular mechanisms of autophagy and implications in liver diseases. LIVER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
|
15
|
Chen T, Tu S, Ding L, Jin M, Chen H, Zhou H. The role of autophagy in viral infections. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:5. [PMID: 36653801 PMCID: PMC9846652 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic cellular process that exerts antiviral functions during a viral invasion. However, co-evolution and co-adaptation between viruses and autophagy have armed viruses with multiple strategies to subvert the autophagic machinery and counteract cellular antiviral responses. Specifically, the host cell quickly initiates the autophagy to degrade virus particles or virus components upon a viral infection, while cooperating with anti-viral interferon response to inhibit the virus replication. Degraded virus-derived antigens can be presented to T lymphocytes to orchestrate the adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, some viruses have evolved the ability to inhibit autophagy in order to evade degradation and immune responses. Others induce autophagy, but then hijack autophagosomes as a replication site, or hijack the secretion autophagy pathway to promote maturation and egress of virus particles, thereby increasing replication and transmission efficiency. Interestingly, different viruses have unique strategies to counteract different types of selective autophagy, such as exploiting autophagy to regulate organelle degradation, metabolic processes, and immune responses. In short, this review focuses on the interaction between autophagy and viruses, explaining how autophagy serves multiple roles in viral infection, with either proviral or antiviral functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Shaoyu Tu
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Ling Ding
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Meilin Jin
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu C, Zeng L, Yi W, Miao Y, Liu Y, Wang Q, Liu S, Peng G, Zheng Z, Xia J. Echovirus induces autophagy to promote viral replication via regulating mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1162208. [PMID: 37114059 PMCID: PMC10126370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among enteroviruses, echovirus can cause severe illnesses in neonates or infants, with high morbidity and mortality. Autophagy, a central component of host defense mechanisms, can function against diverse infections. In the present study, we investigated the interplay between echovirus and autophagy. We demonstrated that echovirus infection increases LC3-II expression dose-dependently, accompanied by an increased intracellular LC3 puncta level. In addition, echovirus infection induces the formation of autophagosome. These results suggest that echovirus infection induces autophagy machinery. Furthermore, phosphorylated mTOR and ULK1 were both decreased upon echovirus infection. In contrast, both levels of the vacuolar protein sorting 34 (VPS34) and Beclin-1, the downstream molecules which play essential roles in promoting the formation of autophagic vesicles, increased upon virus infection. These results imply that the signaling pathways involved in autophagosome formation were activated by echovirus infection. Moreover, induction of autophagy promotes echovirus replication and viral protein VP1 expression, while inhibition of autophagy impairs VP1 expression. Our findings suggest that autophagy can be induced by echovirus infection via regulating mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway and exhibits a proviral function, revealing the potential role of autophagy in echovirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunchen Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Luzhi Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenfu Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanjiu Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiming Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianbo Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jianbo Xia,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Koči J, Novotová M, Sláviková M, Klempa B, Zahradník I. SARS-CoV-2 Exploits Non-Canonical Autophagic Processes to Replicate, Mature, and Egress the Infected Vero E6 Cells. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121535. [PMID: 36558869 PMCID: PMC9781122 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus transforms the cytoplasm of susceptible cells to support virus replication. It also activates autophagy-like processes, the role of which is not well understood. Here, we studied SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells using transmission electron microscopy and autophagy PCR array. After 6-24 h post-infection (hpi), the cytoplasm of infected cells only contained double-membrane vesicles, phagophores, and phagosomes engulfing virus particles and cytoplasmic debris, including damaged mitochondria. The phagosomes interacted with the viral nucleoprotein complex, virus particles, mitochondria, and lipid droplets. The phagosomes transformed into egress vacuoles, which broke through the plasmalemma and discharged the virus particles. The Vero E6 cells exhibited pronounced virus replication at 6 hpi, which stabilized at 18-24 hpi at a high level. The autophagy PCR array tests revealed a significant upregulation of 10 and downregulation of 8 autophagic gene markers out of 84. Altogether, these results underline the importance of autophagy-like processes for SARS-CoV-2 maturation and egress, and point to deviations from a canonical autophagy response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Koči
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (I.Z.)
| | - Marta Novotová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Sláviková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Klempa
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Zahradník
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (I.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Neufeldt CJ, Cortese M. Membrane architects: how positive-strand RNA viruses restructure the cell. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35976091 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection is a process that requires combined contributions from both virus and host factors. For this process to be efficient within the crowded host environment, viruses have evolved ways to manipulate and reorganize host structures to produce cellular microenvironments. Positive-strand RNA virus replication and assembly occurs in association with cytoplasmic membranes, causing a reorganization of these membranes to create microenvironments that support viral processes. Similarities between virus-induced membrane domains and cellular organelles have led to the description of these structures as virus replication organelles (vRO). Electron microscopy analysis of vROs in positive-strand RNA virus infected cells has revealed surprising morphological similarities between genetically diverse virus species. For all positive-strand RNA viruses, vROs can be categorized into two groups: those that make invaginations into the cellular membranes (In-vRO), and those that cause the production of protrusions from cellular membranes (Pr-vRO), most often in the form of double membrane vesicles (DMVs). In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the structure and biogenesis of these two different vRO classes as well as comparing morphology and function of vROs between various positive-strand RNA viruses. Finally, we will discuss recent studies describing pharmaceutical intervention in vRO formation as an avenue to control virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher John Neufeldt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gillson J, Abd El-Aziz YS, Leck LYW, Jansson PJ, Pavlakis N, Samra JS, Mittal A, Sahni S. Autophagy: A Key Player in Pancreatic Cancer Progression and a Potential Drug Target. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143528. [PMID: 35884592 PMCID: PMC9315706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary With the mortality rate of pancreatic cancer predicted to rise over the coming years, it is essential that effective treatment strategies are developed as soon as possible. Pancreatic cancer has always proven very difficult to treat due to its fast growing and aggressive nature. Chemotherapeutic treatment has struggled to increase the survival rate of pancreatic cancer patients due to effective chemo-resistant properties that derive from the supporting tumor microenvironment and autophagy, a vital survival pathway. This review will explore how the autophagy pathway and tumor microenvironment help to sustain tumor survival under stress and expand into a metastatic state. Due to the comprehensive understanding of the autophagy pathway, we will highlight the potential chinks in the pancreatic tumor’s armor and identify potential targets to overcome chemo-resistance in pancreatic cancer. We will also present novel autophagy inhibitors that could reduce tumor survival and how they could be most effectively conceived. Abstract Pancreatic cancer is known to have the lowest survival outcomes among all major cancers, and unfortunately, this has only been marginally improved over last four decades. The innate characteristics of pancreatic cancer include an aggressive and fast-growing nature from powerful driver mutations, a highly defensive tumor microenvironment and the upregulation of advantageous survival pathways such as autophagy. Autophagy involves targeted degradation of proteins and organelles to provide a secondary source of cellular supplies to maintain cell growth. Elevated autophagic activity in pancreatic cancer is recognized as a major survival pathway as it provides a plethora of support for tumors by supplying vital resources, maintaining tumour survival under the stressful microenvironment and promoting other pathways involved in tumour progression and metastasis. The combination of these features is unique to pancreatic cancer and present significant resistance to chemotherapeutic strategies, thus, indicating a need for further investigation into therapies targeting this crucial pathway. This review will outline the autophagy pathway and its regulation, in addition to the genetic landscape and tumor microenvironment that contribute to pancreatic cancer severity. Moreover, this review will also discuss the mechanisms of novel therapeutic strategies that inhibit autophagy and how they could be used to suppress tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Gillson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Yomna S. Abd El-Aziz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Lionel Y. W. Leck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Cancer Drug Resistance and Stem Cell Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J. Jansson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Cancer Drug Resistance and Stem Cell Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nick Pavlakis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Jaswinder S. Samra
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Upper GI Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital and North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anubhav Mittal
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Upper GI Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital and North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9926-7829
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao J, Zhang T, Chen G, Geng N, Guo Z, Cao S, Yang Y, Liu K, Wang S, Zhao Y, Meng F, Liu S, Jiang M, Li N. Non-Structural Protein 3 of Duck Tembusu Virus Induces Autophagy via the ERK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:746890. [PMID: 35185869 PMCID: PMC8851233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.746890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite autophagy’s pivotal role in the replication of viruses such as duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), which has caused massive economic losses to the poultry industry in the world, the specific relationships between DTMUV and cellular autophagy remain largely unknown. In response, we investigated the interactions between autophagy and DTMUV, the effects of the structural and non-structural proteins of DTMUV on autophagy, and the autophagy-related signaling pathways induced by DTMUV. Among the results, DTMUV increased the autophagy flux in duck embryo fibroblasts (DEF) and BHK-21 cells, while autophagy facilitated viral replication. After we pharmacologically induced autophagy with rapamycin (RAPA), the replication of DTMUV increased by 15.23-fold compared with the control group of DEF cells. To identify which DTMUV protein primarily induced autophagy, all three structural proteins and seven non-structural proteins of DTMUV were transfected into cells, and the results showed that non-structural protein 3 (NS3) induced significant autophagy in DEF cells. By means of Western blot, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy, we confirmed that NS3 protein could significantly induce autophagy and autophagy flux. Furthermore, we showed that NS3 induced autophagy in DEF cells through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways using specific inhibitors and RNA interference assays. Finally, autophagy induced by NS3 promoted DTMUV replication. These results provide novel insight into the relationship between DTMUV and autophagy, broadening the current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of DTMUV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Taian City, China
| | - Guomin Chen
- Laboratory Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ningwei Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Zhiyun Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Shengliang Cao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Yudong Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Kuihao Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Fanliang Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Meijie Jiang
- Laboratory Medicine, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Ning Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang K, Wang S, Gou H, Zhang J, Li C. Crosstalk Between Autophagy and the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway in Type I Interferon Production. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:748485. [PMID: 34926445 PMCID: PMC8678597 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.748485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the front-line defense against infectious microorganisms, including viruses and bacteria. Type I interferons are pleiotropic cytokines that perform antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory functions in cells. The cGAS–STING pathway, comprising the main DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate/adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of IFN genes (STING), is a major pathway that mediates immune reactions and is involved in the strong induction of type I IFN production, which can fight against microbial infections. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation process that is required to maintain host health and facilitate capture and elimination of invading pathogens by the immune system. Mounting evidence indicates that autophagy plays an important role in cGAS–STING signaling pathway-mediated type I IFN production. This review briefly summarizes the research progress on how autophagy regulates the cGAS–STING pathway, regulating type I IFN production, with a particular focus on the crosstalk between autophagy and cGAS–STING signaling during infection by pathogenic microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunli Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sutian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongchao Gou
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ke PY. Autophagy and antiviral defense. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:317-338. [PMID: 34859938 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeting intracellular components for lysosomal degradation by autophagy not only maintains cellular homeostasis but also counteracts the effects of external stimuli, including invading pathogens. Among various kinds of pathogens, viruses have been extensively shown to induce autophagy to benefit viral growth in infected cells and to modulate host defense responses, such as innate antiviral immunity. Recently, numerous lines of evidence have implied that virus-induced autophagy triggers multilayer mechanisms to regulate the innate antiviral response of host cells, thus promoting a balance in virus-host cell interactions. In this review, the detailed mechanisms underlying autophagy and the innate antiviral immune response are first described. Then, I summarize the current information regarding the diverse functional role(s) of autophagy in the control of antiviral defenses against different types of viral infections. Moreover, the physiological significance of autophagy-regulated antiviral responses on the viral life cycle and the potential autophagy alterations induced by virus-associated antiviral signaling is further discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Leonardi L, Sibéril S, Alifano M, Cremer I, Joubert PE. Autophagy Modulation by Viral Infections Influences Tumor Development. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743780. [PMID: 34745965 PMCID: PMC8569469 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative process important for balancing cellular homeostasis at critical times in development and/or in response to nutrient stress. This is particularly relevant in tumor model in which autophagy has been demonstrated to have an important impact on tumor behavior. In one hand, autophagy limits tumor transformation of precancerous cells in early stage, and in the other hand, it favors the survival, proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to antitumor therapies in more advanced tumors. This catabolic machinery can be induced by an important variety of extra- and intracellular stimuli. For instance, viral infection has often been associated to autophagic modulation, and the role of autophagy in virus replication differs according to the virus studied. In the context of tumor development, virus-modulated autophagy can have an important impact on tumor cells' fate. Extensive analyses have shed light on the molecular and/or functional complex mechanisms by which virus-modulated autophagy influences precancerous or tumor cell development. This review includes an overview of discoveries describing the repercussions of an autophagy perturbation during viral infections on tumor behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Leonardi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Sibéril
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Cochin Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Joubert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The Emerging Roles of Autophagy in Human Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111651. [PMID: 34829881 PMCID: PMC8615641 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a process of cellular self-digestion, delivers intracellular components including superfluous and dysfunctional proteins and organelles to the lysosome for degradation and recycling and is important to maintain cellular homeostasis. In recent decades, autophagy has been found to help fight against a variety of human diseases, but, at the same time, autophagy can also promote the procession of certain pathologies, which makes the connection between autophagy and diseases complex but interesting. In this review, we summarize the advances in understanding the roles of autophagy in human diseases and the therapeutic methods targeting autophagy and discuss some of the remaining questions in this field, focusing on cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
|
25
|
Knyazev E, Nersisyan S, Tonevitsky A. Endocytosis and Transcytosis of SARS-CoV-2 Across the Intestinal Epithelium and Other Tissue Barriers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636966. [PMID: 34557180 PMCID: PMC8452982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2003, the world has been confronted with three new betacoronaviruses that cause human respiratory infections: SARS-CoV, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), MERS-CoV, which causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and SARS-CoV-2, which causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The mechanisms of coronavirus transmission and dissemination in the human body determine the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. An important problem is the possibility that viral particles overcome tissue barriers such as the intestine, respiratory tract, blood-brain barrier, and placenta. In this work, we will 1) consider the issue of endocytosis and the possibility of transcytosis and paracellular trafficking of coronaviruses across tissue barriers with an emphasis on the intestinal epithelium; 2) discuss the possibility of antibody-mediated transcytosis of opsonized viruses due to complexes of immunoglobulins with their receptors; 3) assess the possibility of the virus transfer into extracellular vesicles during intracellular transport; and 4) describe the clinical significance of these processes. Models of the intestinal epithelium and other barrier tissues for in vitro transcytosis studies will also be briefly characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Knyazev
- Laboratory of Microfluidic Technologies for Biomedicine, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
| | - Stepan Nersisyan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Tonevitsky
- Laboratory of Microfluidic Technologies for Biomedicine, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Qian H, Chao X, Williams J, Fulte S, Li T, Yang L, Ding WX. Autophagy in liver diseases: A review. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100973. [PMID: 34120768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a highly dynamic metabolic organ that plays critical roles in plasma protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis as well as drug/xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. Research from the past decades indicate that autophagy, the cellular catabolic process mediated by lysosomes, plays an important role in maintaining cellular and metabolic homeostasis in the liver. Hepatic autophagy fluctuates with hormonal cues and the availability of nutrients that respond to fed and fasting states as well as circadian activities. Dysfunction of autophagy in liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells can lead to various liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, alcohol associated liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, cholestasis, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, targeting autophagy may be a potential strategy for treating these various liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the current progress on the understanding of autophagy in liver physiology. We will also discuss several forms of selective autophagy in the liver and the molecular signaling pathways in regulating autophagy of different cell types and their implications in various liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jessica Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Sam Fulte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Tiangang Li
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Siri M, Dastghaib S, Zamani M, Rahmani-Kukia N, Geraylow KR, Fakher S, Keshvarzi F, Mehrbod P, Ahmadi M, Mokarram P, Coombs KM, Ghavami S. Autophagy, Unfolded Protein Response, and Neuropilin-1 Cross-Talk in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: What Can Be Learned from Other Coronaviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5992. [PMID: 34206057 PMCID: PMC8199451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 virus. This severe acute respiratory syndrome is currently a global health emergency and needs much effort to generate an urgent practical treatment to reduce COVID-19 complications and mortality in humans. Viral infection activates various cellular responses in infected cells, including cellular stress responses such as unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy, following the inhibition of mTOR. Both UPR and autophagy mechanisms are involved in cellular and tissue homeostasis, apoptosis, innate immunity modulation, and clearance of pathogens such as viral particles. However, during an evolutionary arms race, viruses gain the ability to subvert autophagy and UPR for their benefit. SARS-CoV-2 can enter host cells through binding to cell surface receptors, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and neuropilin-1 (NRP1). ACE2 blockage increases autophagy through mTOR inhibition, leading to gastrointestinal complications during SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. NRP1 is also regulated by the mTOR pathway. An increased NRP1 can enhance the susceptibility of immune system dendritic cells (DCs) to SARS-CoV-2 and induce cytokine storm, which is related to high COVID-19 mortality. Therefore, signaling pathways such as mTOR, UPR, and autophagy may be potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19. Hence, extensive investigations are required to confirm these potentials. Since there is currently no specific treatment for COVID-19 infection, we sought to review and discuss the important roles of autophagy, UPR, and mTOR mechanisms in the regulation of cellular responses to coronavirus infection to help identify new antiviral modalities against SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Siri
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193635899, Iran;
| | - Mozhdeh Zamani
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nasim Rahmani-Kukia
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (N.R.-K.); (S.F.); (F.K.)
| | | | - Shima Fakher
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (N.R.-K.); (S.F.); (F.K.)
| | - Fatemeh Keshvarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (N.R.-K.); (S.F.); (F.K.)
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran;
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (N.R.-K.); (S.F.); (F.K.)
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Y, He H, Li J, Chen L, Luo J, Kuang Y, Lv Z, Fan R, Zhang B, Luo Y, Guo X. Rabies Virus-Induced Autophagy Is Dependent on Viral Load in BV2 Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:595678. [PMID: 34113320 PMCID: PMC8186530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.595678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies are showing that autophagy plays a vital role in viral replication and escape. Rabies virus (RABV), a typical neurotropic virus, has been proven to induce autophagy in neurons. However, there are no reports indicating that RABV can cause autophagy in other cells of the central nervous system. Thus, we aimed to explore the relationship between autophagy and RABV infection in BV2 cells in this study. Results of viral growth curves showed that the titers of microglial BV2 cells infected with RABV peaked at 12 hours post-infection (hpi) and then decreased continuously over time. However, it was found that the viral genome RNA and structural proteins can express normally in BV2 cells. In addition, Western blotting indicated that RABV infection increased LC3-II and p62 expression in BV2 cells. LC3 punctate increased with RABV infection in BV2 cells after the transfection of fluorescent protein-tagged LC3 plasmids. Moreover, autophagy cargo protein further accumulated with RABV infection in Bafilomycin A1-treated cells. Subsequently, RABV infection inhibited the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes by using a tandem fluorescent marker. Furthermore, a higher multiplicity of infection induced stronger autophagy. Thus, RABV can induce autophagy in BV2 cells, and the autophagy is positively associated with the viral load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongling He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiesen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luman Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqi Kuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyu Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boyue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nah J, Zablocki D, Sadoshima J. The roles of the inhibitory autophagy regulator Rubicon in the heart: A new therapeutic target to prevent cardiac cell death. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:528-536. [PMID: 33854187 PMCID: PMC8102471 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy contributes to the maintenance of cardiac homeostasis. The level of autophagy is dynamically altered in heart disease. Although autophagy is a promising therapeutic target, only a few selective autophagy activator candidates have been reported thus far. Rubicon is one of the few endogenous negative regulators of autophagy and a potential target for autophagy-inducing therapeutics. Rubicon was initially identified as a component of the Class III PI3K complex, and it has multiple functions, not only in canonical autophagy but also in endosomal trafficking and inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the molecular action of Rubicon in canonical and noncanonical autophagy. We discuss the roles of Rubicon in cardiac stress and the therapeutic potential of Rubicon in cardiac diseases through its modulation of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Nah
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Daniela Zablocki
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bishnu A, Phadte P, Dhadve A, Sakpal A, Rekhi B, Ray P. Molecular imaging of the kinetics of hyperactivated ERK1/2-mediated autophagy during acquirement of chemoresistance. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:161. [PMID: 33558461 PMCID: PMC7870816 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in key kinases and signaling pathways can fine-tune autophagic flux to promote the development of chemoresistance. Despite empirical evidences of strong association between enhanced autophagic flux with acquired chemoresistance, it is still not understood whether an ongoing autophagic flux is required for both initiation, as well as maintenance of chemoresistance, or is sufficient for one of the either steps. Utilizing indigenously developed cisplatin-paclitaxel-resistant models of ovarian cancer cells, we report an intriguing oscillation in chemotherapy-induced autophagic flux across stages of resistance, which was found to be specifically elevated at the early stages or onset of chemoresistance. Conversely, the sensitive cells and cells at late stages of resistance showed stalled and reduced autophagic flux. This increased flux at early stages of resistance was found to be dictated by a hyperactive ERK1/2 signaling, which when inhibited either pharmacologically (U0126/Trametinib) or genetically, reduced p62 degradation, number of LC3+veLAMP1+ve puncta, autophagolysosome formation, and led to chemo-sensitization and apoptosis. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation also altered the level of UVRAG and Rab7, the two key proteins involved in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Noninvasive imaging of autophagic flux using a novel autophagy sensor (mtFL-p62 fusion reporter) showed that combinatorial treatment of platinum-taxol along with Trametinib/chloroquine blocked autophagic flux in live cells and tumor xenografts. Interestingly, Trametinib was found to be equally effective in blocking autophagic flux as chloroquine both in live cells and tumor xenografts. Combinatorial treatment of Trametinib and platinum-taxol significantly reduced tumor growth. This is probably the first report of real-time monitoring of chemotherapy-induced autophagy kinetics through noninvasive bioluminescence imaging in preclinical mouse model. Altogether our data suggest that an activated ERK1/2 supports proper completion of autophagic flux at the onset of chemoresistance to endure initial chemotherapeutic insult and foster the development of a highly chemoresistant phenotype, where autophagy becomes dispensable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniketh Bishnu
- Imaging Cell Signalling & Therapeutics Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, TMC, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Pratham Phadte
- Imaging Cell Signalling & Therapeutics Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, TMC, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Ajit Dhadve
- Imaging Cell Signalling & Therapeutics Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, TMC, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Asmita Sakpal
- Imaging Cell Signalling & Therapeutics Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, TMC, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Bharat Rekhi
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Pritha Ray
- Imaging Cell Signalling & Therapeutics Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, TMC, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chu JYK, Ou JHJ. Autophagy in HCV Replication and Protein Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031089. [PMID: 33499186 PMCID: PMC7865906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. It is also known to possess other functions including protein trafficking and anti-microbial activities. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to co-opt cellular autophagy pathway to promote its own replication. HCV regulates autophagy through multiple mechanisms to control intracellular protein and membrane trafficking to enhance its replication and suppress host innate immune response. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the interplay between HCV and autophagy and the crosstalk between HCV-induced autophagy and host innate immune responses.
Collapse
|
32
|
Honma Y, Miyagawa K, Hara Y, Hayashi T, Kusanaga M, Ogino N, Minami S, Oe S, Ikeda M, Hino K, Harada M. Correlation of hepatitis C virus-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress with autophagic flux impairment and hepatocarcinogenesis. Med Mol Morphol 2021; 54:108-121. [PMID: 33386512 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-020-00271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been known to use autophagy for its replication. However, the mechanisms by which HCV modulates autophagy remain controversial. We used HCV-Japanese fulminant hepatitis-1-infected Huh7 cells. HCV infection induced the accumulation of autophagosomes. Morphological analyses of monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) tandem fluorescent-tagged LC3 transfection showed HCV infection impaired autophagic flux. Autophagosome-lysosome fusion assessed by transfection of mRFP- or GFP-LC3 and immunostaining of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 was inhibited by HCV infection. Decrease of HCV-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by 4-phenylbutyric acid, a chemical chaperone, improved the HCV-mediated autophagic flux impairment. HCV infection-induced oxidative stress and subsequently DNA damage, but not apoptosis. Furthermore, HCV induced cytoprotective effects against the cellular stress by facilitating the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies as shown by p62 expression and by modulating keratin protein expression and activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. HCV eradication by direct-acting antivirals improved autophagic flux, but DNA damage persisted. In conclusion, HCV-induced ER stress correlates with autophagic flux impairment. Decrease of ER stress is considered to be a promising therapeutic strategy for HCV-related chronic liver diseases. However, we should be aware that the risk of hepatocarcinogenesis remains even after HCV eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Honma
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Miyagawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hara
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Tsuguru Hayashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Kusanaga
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Ogino
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Sota Minami
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Oe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- Department of Persistent and Oncogenic Viruses, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hino
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Masaru Harada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jeong EH, Cho SY, Vaidya B, Ha SH, Jun S, Ro HJ, Lee Y, Lee J, Kwon J, Kim D. Human Norovirus Replication in Temperature-Optimized MDCK Cells by Forkhead Box O1 Inhibition. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1412-1419. [PMID: 32522961 PMCID: PMC9745657 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2003.03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. However, the paucity of appropriate cell culture model for HuNoV replication has prevented developing effective anti-HuNoV therapy. In this study, first, the replication of the virus at various temperatures in different cells was compared, which showed that lowering the culture temperature from 37°C significantly increased virus replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Second, the expression levels of autophagy-, immune-, and apoptosis-related genes at 30°C and 37°C were compared to explore factors affecting HuNoV replication. HuNoV cultured at 37°C showed significantly increased autophagy- (ATG5 and ATG7) and immune- (IFNA, IFNB, ISG15, and NFKB) related genes compared to mock. However, the virus cultured at 30°C showed significantly decreased expression of autophagy- (ATG5 and ATG7) and not significantly different in major immune- (IFNA, ISG15, and NFKB) related genes compared to mock. Importantly, expression of the transcription factor FOXO1, which controls autophagy- and immune-related gene expression, was significantly lower at 30°C. Moreover, FOXO1 inhibition in temperature-optimized MDCK cells enhanced HuNoV replication, highlighting FOXO1 inhibition as an approach for successful virus replication. In the temperature-optimized cells, various HuNoV genotypes were successfully replicated, with GI.8 showing the highest replication levels followed by GII.1, GII.3, and GII.4. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis of the infected cells revealed functional HuNoV replication at low temperature, with increased cellular apoptosis and decreased autophagic vacuoles. In conclusion, temperature-optimized MDCK cells can be used as a convenient culture model for HuNoV replication by inhibiting FOXO1, providing adaptability to different genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Bipin Vaidya
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ha
- Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmi Jun
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea,Convergent Research Center for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Ro
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea,Convergent Research Center for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Lee
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea,Convergent Research Center for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhye Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea,J.K. Phone: +82-42-865-3446 Fax: +82-42-865-3419 E-mail:
| | - Duwoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors D.K. Phone: +82-62-530-2144 Fax: +82-62-530-2149 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lin Y, Zhao Z, Huang A, Lu M. Interplay between Cellular Autophagy and Hepatitis B Virus Replication: A Systematic Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092101. [PMID: 32942717 PMCID: PMC7563265 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a conserved process in which cells break down and destroy old, damaged, or abnormal proteins and other substances in the cytoplasm through lysosomal degradation, occurs via autophagosome formation and aids in the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis. Autophagy is closely associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and assembly. Currently, HBV infection is still one of the most serious public health issues worldwide. The unavailability of satisfactory therapeutic strategies for chronic HBV infection indicates an urgent need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HBV infection. Increasing evidence has shown that HBV not only possesses the ability to induce incomplete autophagy but also evades autophagic degradation, indicating that HBV utilizes or hijacks the autophagy machinery for its own replication. Therefore, autophagy might be a crucial target pathway for controlling HBV infection. The definite molecular mechanisms underlying the association between cellular autophagy and HBV replication require further clarification. In this review, we have summarized and discussed the latest findings on the interplay between autophagy and HBV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (Z.Z.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (M.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-236-848-6780 (Y.L.); Tel.: +49-2017233530 (M.L.); +49-2017235929 (M.L.)
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (Z.Z.); (A.H.)
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (Z.Z.); (A.H.)
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (M.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-236-848-6780 (Y.L.); Tel.: +49-2017233530 (M.L.); +49-2017235929 (M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sobhanimonfared F, Bamdad T, Roohvand F. Cross talk between alcohol-induced oxidative stress and HCV replication. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1889-1898. [PMID: 32448963 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption exacerbates the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and aggravates disease consequences in alcohol-abusing patients. Although the exact reasons by which alcohol consumption affects several cellular pathways in liver cells are not clear, they might be partially attributed to the ability of alcohol to further suppress the innate immunity, modulation of autophagy and also its relationship with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. To evaluate these issues, Huh7 cells harboring HCV replicon and Cytochrome p450 (CYP2E1) plasmid were exposed to ethanol and mRNA expression of Beclin-1, interferon-stimulated gene15 (ISG15) genes and HCV NS5B for two different times were relatively quantitated. ROS was determined by flow cytometry. The results showed that alcohol treatment in a short time caused an increase in HCV NS5B and Beclin-1 mRNA and decreased ISG 15 mRNA. Long-lasting alcohol treatment increased ROS production in Huh-7 cells and HCV replication was reduced. In conclusion, acute alcohol treatment might contribute to increase HCV replication by interference in innate immunity and induction of autophagy. Chronic alcohol treatment caused oxidative stress, which disrupts autophagy and thereby increased the rate of Huh7 cell injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sobhanimonfared
- Department of Virology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taravat Bamdad
- Department of Virology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, No. 69, Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ren S, Ding C, Sun Y. Morphology Remodeling and Selective Autophagy of Intracellular Organelles during Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103689. [PMID: 32456258 PMCID: PMC7279407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved different strategies to hijack subcellular organelles during their life cycle to produce robust infectious progeny. Successful viral reproduction requires the precise assembly of progeny virions from viral genomes, structural proteins, and membrane components. Such spatial and temporal separation of assembly reactions depends on accurate coordination among intracellular compartmentalization in multiple organelles. Here, we overview the rearrangement and morphology remodeling of virus-triggered intracellular organelles. Focus is given to the quality control of intracellular organelles, the hijacking of the modified organelle membranes by viruses, morphology remodeling for viral replication, and degradation of intracellular organelles by virus-triggered selective autophagy. Understanding the functional reprogram and morphological remodeling in the virus-organelle interplay can provide new insights into the development of broad-spectrum antiviral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Ren
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China;
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-21-34293441 (C.D. & Y.S.); Fax: +86-21-54081818 (C.D. & Y.S.)
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China;
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-21-34293441 (C.D. & Y.S.); Fax: +86-21-54081818 (C.D. & Y.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ma X, McKeen T, Zhang J, Ding WX. Role and Mechanisms of Mitophagy in Liver Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040837. [PMID: 32244304 PMCID: PMC7226762 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is an organelle that plays a vital role in the regulation of hepatic cellular redox, lipid metabolism, and cell death. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with both acute and chronic liver diseases with emerging evidence indicating that mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy for damaged/excessive mitochondria, plays a key role in the liver’s physiology and pathophysiology. This review will focus on mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy regulation, and their roles in various liver diseases (alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, viral hepatitis, and cancer) with the hope that a better understanding of the molecular events and signaling pathways in mitophagy regulation will help identify promising targets for the future treatment of liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (X.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Tara McKeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (X.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (X.M.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-913-588-9813
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vescovo T, Pagni B, Piacentini M, Fimia GM, Antonioli M. Regulation of Autophagy in Cells Infected With Oncogenic Human Viruses and Its Impact on Cancer Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:47. [PMID: 32181249 PMCID: PMC7059124 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
About 20% of total cancer cases are associated to infections. To date, seven human viruses have been directly linked to cancer development: high-risk human papillomaviruses (hrHPVs), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). These viruses impact on several molecular mechanisms in the host cells, often resulting in chronic inflammation, uncontrolled proliferation, and cell death inhibition, and mechanisms, which favor viral life cycle but may indirectly promote tumorigenesis. Recently, the ability of oncogenic viruses to alter autophagy, a catabolic process activated during the innate immune response to infections, is emerging as a key event for the onset of human cancers. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which human oncogenic viruses regulate autophagy and how this negative regulation impacts on cancer development. Finally, we highlight novel autophagy-related candidates for the treatment of virus-related cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vescovo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pagni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Autophagy in hepatitis B or C virus infection: An incubator and a potential therapeutic target. Life Sci 2020; 242:117206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
40
|
Liao W, Liu X, Yang Q, Liu H, Liang B, Jiang J, Huang J, Ning C, Zang N, Zhou B, Liao Y, Chen J, Tian L, Ho W, Abdullah AS, Kong L, Liang H, Chen H, Ye L. Deguelin inhibits HCV replication through suppressing cellular autophagy via down regulation of Beclin1 expression in human hepatoma cells. Antiviral Res 2020; 174:104704. [PMID: 31917237 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Deguelin, a natural compound derived from Mundulea sericea (Leguminosae) and some other plants exhibits an activity to inhibit autophagy, a cellular machinery required for hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. This study aimed to illuminate the impact of deguelin on HCV replication and mechanism(s) involved. METHODS HCV JFH-1-Huh7 infectious system was used for the investigation. Real time RT-PCR, Western blot, fluorescent microscopy assay were used to measure the expression levels of viral or cellular factors. Overexpression and silencing expression techniques were used to determine the role of key cellular factors. RESULTS Deguelin treatment of Huh7 cells significantly inhibited HCV JFH-1 replication in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Deguelin treatment suppressed autophagy in Huh7 cells, evidenced by the decrease of LC3B-II levels, the conversion of LC3B-I to LC3B-II, and the formation of GFP-LC3 puncta as well as the increase of p62 level in deguelin-treated cells compared with control cells. HCV infection could induce autophagy which was also suppressed by deguelin treatment. Mechanism research reveals that deguelin inhibited expression of Beclin1, which is a key cellular factor for the initiation of the autophagosome formation in autophagy. Overexpression or silencing expression of Beclin1 in deguelin-treated Huh7 cells could weaken or enhance the inhibitory effect on autophagy by deguelin, respectively, and thus partially recover or further inhibit HCV replication correspondingly. CONCLUSIONS Deguelin may serve as a novel anti-HCV compound via its inhibitory effect on autophagy, which warrants further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Geriatrics Digestion Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Quanlue Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuanyi Ning
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ning Zang
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanyan Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jingzhao Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Geriatrics Digestion Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Tian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Geriatrics Digestion Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Abu S Abdullah
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Lingbao Kong
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Geriatrics Digestion Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Autophagy Promotes Porcine Parvovirus Replication and Induces Non-Apoptotic Cell Death in Porcine Placental Trophoblasts. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010015. [PMID: 31861933 PMCID: PMC7020067 DOI: 10.3390/v12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays important roles in the infection and pathogenesis of many viruses, yet the regulatory roles of autophagy in the process of porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection remain unclear. Herein, we show that PPV infection induces autophagy in porcine placental trophoblasts (PTCs). Induction of autophagy by rapamycin (RAPA) inhibited the occurrence of apoptotic cell death, yet promoted viral replication in PPV-infected cells; inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA or ATG5 knockdown increased cellular apoptosis and reduced PPV replication. Interestingly, we found that in the presence of caspase-inhibitor zVAD-fmk, PPV induces non-apoptotic cell death that was characterized by lysosomal damage and associated with autophagy. Induction of complete autophagy flux by RAPA markedly promoted PPV replication compared with incomplete autophagy induced by RAPA plus bafilomycin (RAPA/BAF) in the early phase of PPV infection (24 h.p.i.). Meanwhile, induction of complete autophagy with RAPA increased lysosomal damage and non-apoptotic cell death in the later phase of PPV infection. Therefore, our data suggest that autophagy can enhance PPV replication and promote the occurrence of lysosomal-damage-associated non-apoptotic cell death in PPV-infected porcine placental trophoblasts.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular recycling process that maintains cellular homeostasis by orchestrating immunity upon viral infection. Following viral infection, autophagy is often initiated to curtail infection by delivering viral particles for lysosomal degradation and further integrating with innate pattern recognition receptor signaling to induce interferon (IFN)-mediated viral clearance. However, some viruses have evolved anti-autophagy strategies to escape host immunity and to promote viral replication. In this chapter, we illustrate how autophagy prevents viral infection to generate an optimal anti-viral milieu, and then concentrate on how viruses subvert and hijack the autophagic process to evade immunosurveillance, thereby facilitating viral replication and pathogenesis. Understanding the interplays between autophagy and viral infection is anticipated to guide the development of effective anti-viral therapeutics to fight against infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
43
|
Lee JS, Tabata K, Twu WI, Rahman MS, Kim HS, Yu JB, Jee MH, Bartenschlager R, Jang SK. RACK1 mediates rewiring of intracellular networks induced by hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008021. [PMID: 31525236 PMCID: PMC6762199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-strand RNA virus replicating in a membranous replication organelle composed primarily of double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) having morphological resemblance to autophagosomes. To define the mechanism of DMV formation and the possible link to autophagy, we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screening revealing 32 cellular proteins potentially interacting with HCV proteins. Among these was the Receptor for Activated Protein C Kinase 1 (RACK1), a scaffolding protein involved in many cellular processes, including autophagy. Depletion of RACK1 strongly inhibits HCV RNA replication without affecting HCV internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity. RACK1 is required for the rewiring of subcellular membranous structures and for the induction of autophagy. RACK1 binds to HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A), which induces DMV formation. NS5A interacts with ATG14L in a RACK1 dependent manner, and with the ATG14L-Beclin1-Vps34-Vps15 complex that is required for autophagosome formation. Both RACK1 and ATG14L are required for HCV DMV formation and viral RNA replication. These results indicate that NS5A participates in the formation of the HCV replication organelle through interactions with RACK1 and ATG14L. All positive-strand RNA viruses replicate their genomes in distinct membrane-associated compartments designated replication organelles. The compartmentalization of viral replication machinery allows the enrichment and coordination of cellular and viral factors required for RNA replication and the evasion from innate host defense systems. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a prototype member of the Flaviviridae family, rearranges intracellular membranes to construct replication organelles composed primarily of double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) which are morphologically similar to autophagosomes. Nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A), which is essential for HCV replication, induces DMV formation. Here, we report that NS5A triggers DMV formation through interactions with RACK1 and components of the vesicle nucleation complex acting at the early stage of autophagy. These results illustrate how a virus skews cellular machineries to utilize them for its replication by hijacking cellular proteins through protein-protein interactions. This research sheds light on the molecular basis of replication organelle formation by HCV and possibly other viruses employing organelles with DMV morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seung Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, POSTECH Biotech Center, POSTECH, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Rep. of KOREA
| | - Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Woan-Ing Twu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Md Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, POSTECH, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Rep. of KOREA
| | - Hee Sun Kim
- Division of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, POSTECH Biotech Center, POSTECH, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Rep. of KOREA
| | - Jin Bae Yu
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, POSTECH, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Rep. of KOREA
| | - Min Hyeok Jee
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, POSTECH, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Rep. of KOREA
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sung Key Jang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, POSTECH Biotech Center, POSTECH, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Rep. of KOREA
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, POSTECH, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Rep. of KOREA
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Neufeldt CJ, Cortese M, Acosta EG, Bartenschlager R. Rewiring cellular networks by members of the Flaviviridae family. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 16:125-142. [PMID: 29430005 PMCID: PMC7097628 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Flaviviridae virus family comprise a large group of enveloped viruses with a single-strand RNA genome of positive polarity. Several genera belong to this family, including the Hepacivirus genus, of which hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the prototype member, and the Flavivirus genus, which contains both dengue virus and Zika virus. Viruses of these genera differ in many respects, such as the mode of transmission or the course of infection, which is either predominantly persistent in the case of HCV or acutely self-limiting in the case of flaviviruses. Although the fundamental replication strategy of Flaviviridae members is similar, during the past few years, important differences have been discovered, including the way in which these viruses exploit cellular resources to facilitate viral propagation. These differences might be responsible, at least in part, for the various biological properties of these viruses, thus offering the possibility to learn from comparisons. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of how Flaviviridae viruses manipulate and usurp cellular pathways in infected cells. Specifically, we focus on comparing strategies employed by flaviviruses with those employed by hepaciviruses, and we discuss the importance of these interactions in the context of viral replication and antiviral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eliana G Acosta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Autophagy is a powerful tool that host cells use to defend against viral infection. Double-membrane vesicles, termed autophagosomes, deliver trapped viral cargo to the lysosome for degradation. Specifically, autophagy initiates an innate immune response by cooperating with pattern recognition receptor signalling to induce interferon production. It also selectively degrades immune components associated with viral particles. Following degradation, autophagy coordinates adaptive immunity by delivering virus-derived antigens for presentation to T lymphocytes. However, in an ongoing evolutionary arms race, viruses have acquired the potent ability to hijack and subvert autophagy for their benefit. In this Review, we focus on the key regulatory steps during viral infection in which autophagy is involved and discuss the specific molecular mechanisms that diverse viruses use to repurpose autophagy for their life cycle and pathogenesis. Autophagy is crucial for innate and adaptive antiviral immunity; in turn, viruses evade and subvert autophagy to support their replication and pathogenesis. In this Review, Choi, Bowman and Jung discuss the molecular mechanisms that govern autophagy during host–virus interactions.
Collapse
|
46
|
Flaviviridae Viruses and Oxidative Stress: Implications for Viral Pathogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1409582. [PMID: 31531178 PMCID: PMC6720866 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1409582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is induced once the balance of generation and neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is broken in the cell, and it plays crucial roles in a variety of natural and diseased processes. Infections of Flaviviridae viruses trigger oxidative stress, which affects both the cellular metabolism and the life cycle of the viruses. Oxidative stress associated with specific viral proteins, experimental culture systems, and patient infections, as well as its correlations with the viral pathogenesis attracts much research attention. In this review, we primarily focus on hepatitis C virus (HCV), dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) as representatives of Flaviviridae viruses and we summarize the mechanisms involved in the relevance of oxidative stress for virus-associated pathogenesis. We discuss the current understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by Flaviviridae viruses and highlight the relevance of autophagy and DNA damage in the life cycle of viruses. Understanding the crosstalk between viral infection and oxidative stress-induced molecular events may offer new avenues for antiviral therapeutics.
Collapse
|
47
|
Jones-Jamtgaard KN, Wozniak AL, Koga H, Ralston R, Weinman SA. Hepatitis C virus infection increases autophagosome stability by suppressing lysosomal fusion through an Arl8b-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14257-14266. [PMID: 31383738 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular process involving intracellular membrane trafficking and degradation. Pathogens, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), often exploit this process to promote their own survival. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which HCV increases steady-state autophagosome numbers while simultaneously inhibiting flux through the autophagic pathway. Using the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A1, we showed that HCV-induced alterations in autophagy result from a blockage of autophagosome degradation rather than an increase in autophagosome generation. In HCV-infected cells, lysosome function was normal, but a tandem RFP-GFP-LC3 failed to reach the lysosome even under conditions that activate autophagy. Autophagosomes and lysosomes isolated from HCV-infected cells were able to fuse with each other normally in vitro, suggesting that the cellular fusion defect resulted from trafficking rather than an inability of vesicles to fuse. Arl8b is an Arf-like GTPase that specifically localizes to lysosomes and plays a role in autophagic flux through its effect on lysosomal positioning. At basal levels, Arl8b was primarily found in a perinuclear localization and co-localized with LC3-positive autophagosomes. HCV infection increased the level of Arl8b 3-fold and redistributed Arl8b to a more diffuse, peripheral pattern that failed to co-localize with LC3. Knockdown of Arl8b in HCV-infected cells restored autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagic flux to levels seen in control cells. Thus, HCV suppresses autophagic flux and increases the steady-state levels of autophagosomes by increasing the expression of Arl8b, which repositions lysosomes and prevents their fusion with autophagosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellyann N Jones-Jamtgaard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Ann L Wozniak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Hiroshi Koga
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Robert Ralston
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Steven A Weinman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 .,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fang P, Yu H, Li M, He R, Zhu Y, Liu S. Rubicon: a facilitator of viral immune evasion. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:770-771. [PMID: 31164715 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peining Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Haisheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Duan X, Liu X, Li W, Holmes JA, Kruger AJ, Yang C, Li Y, Xu M, Ye H, Li S, Liao X, Sheng Q, Chen D, Shao T, Cheng Z, Kaj B, Schaefer EA, Li S, Chen L, Lin W, Chung RT. Microrna-130a Downregulates HCV Replication through an atg5-Dependent Autophagy Pathway. Cells 2019; 8:E338. [PMID: 30974864 PMCID: PMC6523735 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified that miR-130a downregulates HCV replication through two independent pathways: restoration of host immune responses and regulation of pyruvate metabolism. In this study, we further sought to explore host antiviral target genes regulated by miR-130a. We performed a RT² Profiler™ PCR array to identify the host antiviral genes regulated by miR-130a. The putative binding sites between miR-130a and its downregulated genes were predicted by miRanda. miR-130a and predicted target genes were over-expressed or knocked down by siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9 gRNA. Selected gene mRNAs and their proteins, together with HCV replication in JFH1 HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cells were monitored by qRT-PCR and Western blot. We identified 32 genes that were significantly differentially expressed more than 1.5-fold following miR-130a overexpression, 28 of which were upregulated and 4 downregulated. We found that ATG5, a target gene for miR-130a, significantly upregulated HCV replication and downregulated interferon stimulated gene expression. miR-130a downregulated ATG5 expression and its conjugation complex with ATG12. ATG5 and ATG5-ATG12 complex affected interferon stimulated gene (ISG) such as MX1 and OAS3 expression and subsequently HCV replication. We concluded that miR-130a regulates host antiviral response and HCV replication through targeting ATG5 via the ATG5-dependent autophagy pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Duan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Xiao Liu
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Wenting Li
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Department of Infectious Disease, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China.
| | - Jacinta A Holmes
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
| | - Annie J Kruger
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Yujia Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Haiyan Ye
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Shuang Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Xinzhong Liao
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Qiuju Sheng
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Dong Chen
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Tuo Shao
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Zhimeng Cheng
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Batul Kaj
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Esperance A Schaefer
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Shilin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Wenyu Lin
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jassey A, Liu CH, Changou CA, Richardson CD, Hsu HY, Lin LT. Hepatitis C Virus Non-Structural Protein 5A (NS5A) Disrupts Mitochondrial Dynamics and Induces Mitophagy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040290. [PMID: 30934919 PMCID: PMC6523690 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a selective form of autophagy, targeting damaged mitochondria for lysosomal degradation. Although HCV infection has been shown to induce mitophagy, the precise underlying mechanism and the effector protein responsible remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that the HCV non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) plays a key role in regulating cellular mitophagy. Specifically, the expression of HCV NS5A in the hepatoma cells triggered hallmarks of mitophagy including mitochondrial fragmentation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and Parkin translocation to the mitochondria. Furthermore, mitophagy induction through the expression of NS5A led to an increase in autophagic flux as demonstrated by an accumulation of LC3II in the presence of bafilomycin and a time-dependent decrease in p62 protein level. Intriguingly, the expression of NS5A concomitantly enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and treatment with an antioxidant attenuated the NS5A-induced mitophagy event. These phenomena are similarly recapitulated in the NS5A-expressing HCV subgenomic replicon cells. Finally, we demonstrated that expression of HCV core, which has been documented to inhibit mitophagy, blocked the mitophagy induction both in cells harboring HCV replicating subgenomes or expressing NS5A alone. Our results, therefore, identified a new role for NS5A as an important regulator of HCV-induced mitophagy and have implications to broadening our understanding of the HCV-mitophagy interplay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alagie Jassey
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Hsuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Chun A Changou
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Integrated Laboratory, Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Core Facility, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Christopher D Richardson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|