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Lauring MC, Basu U. Somatic hypermutation mechanisms during lymphomagenesis and transformation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 85:102165. [PMID: 38428317 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
B cells undergoing physiologically programmed or aberrant genomic alterations provide an opportune system to study the causes and consequences of genome mutagenesis. Activated B cells in germinal centers express activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) to accomplish physiological somatic hypermutation (SHM) of their antibody-encoding genes. In attempting to diversify their immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy- and light-chain genes, several B-cell clones successfully optimize their antigen-binding affinities. However, SHM can sometimes occur at non-Ig loci, causing genetic alternations that lay the foundation for lymphomagenesis, particularly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Thus, SHM acts as a double-edged sword, bestowing superb humoral immunity at the potential risk of initiating disease. We refer to off-target, non-Ig AID mutations - that are often but not always associated with disease - as aberrant SHM (aSHM). A key challenge in understanding SHM and aSHM is determining how AID targets and mutates specific DNA sequences in the Ig loci to generate antibody diversity and non-Ig genes to initiate lymphomagenesis. Herein, we discuss some current advances regarding the regulation of AID's DNA mutagenesis activity in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Lauring
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA.
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA.
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2
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Leeman-Neill RJ, Bhagat G, Basu U. AID in non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas: The consequences of on- and off-target activity. Adv Immunol 2024; 161:127-164. [PMID: 38763700 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a key element of the adaptive immune system, required for immunoglobulin isotype switching and affinity maturation of B-cells as they undergo the germinal center (GC) reaction in peripheral lymphoid tissue. The inherent DNA damaging activity of this enzyme can also have off-target effects in B-cells, producing lymphomagenic chromosomal translocations that are characteristic features of various classes of non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma (B-NHL), and generating oncogenic mutations, so-called aberrant somatic hypermutation (aSHM). Additionally, AID has been found to affect gene expression through demethylation as well as altered interactions between gene regulatory elements. These changes have been most thoroughly studied in B-NHL arising from GC B-cells. Here, we describe the most common classes of GC-derived B-NHL and explore the consequences of on- and off-target AID activity in B and plasma cell neoplasms. The relationships between AID expression, including effects of infection and other exposures/agents, mutagenic activity and lymphoma biology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Leeman-Neill
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Xu X, Zhou W, Tian X, Jiang Z, Fu X, Cao J, Sun Y, Yang B, Li X, Li Y, Zhang C, Liu G. Peptide YY inhibits transcription and replication of hepatitis B virus by suppressing promoter/enhancer activity. Virus Genes 2023; 59:678-687. [PMID: 37380814 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a noteworthy cause of liver diseases, especially cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas. However, the interaction between the host and HBV has not been fully elucidated. Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino-acid gastrointestinal hormone that is mainly involved in the regulation of the human digestive system. This study found that PYY expression was reduced in HBV-expressing hepatocytes and HBV patients. Overexpression of PYY could significantly inhibit HBV RNA, DNA levels, and the secretion of HBsAg. In addition, PYY inhibits HBV RNA dependent on transcription through reducing the activities of CP/Enh I/II, SP1 and SP2. Meanwhile, PYY blocks HBV replication independent on core, polymerase protein and ε structure of pregenomic RNA. These results suggest that PYY can impair HBV replication by suppressing viral promoters/enhancers in hepatocytes. Our data shed light on a novel role for PYY as anti-HBV restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolun Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing Tian
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongjia Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuanhe Fu
- Department of Immunology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueqian Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanting Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunmeng Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China.
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Yuan Y, Mao X, Abubakar YS, Zheng W, Wang Z, Zhou J, Zheng H. Genome-Wide Characterization of the RNA Exosome Complex in Relation to Growth, Development, and Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0505822. [PMID: 37158744 PMCID: PMC10269758 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05058-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The RNA exosome complex is a conserved, multisubunit RNase complex that contributes to the processing and degradation of RNAs in mammalian cells. However, the roles of the RNA exosome in phytopathogenic fungi and how it relates to fungal development and pathogenicity remain unclear. Herein, we identified 12 components of the RNA exosome in the wheat fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Live-cell imaging showed that all the components of the RNA exosome complex are localized in the nucleus. FgEXOSC1 and FgEXOSCA were successfully knocked out; they are both involved in the vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, and pathogenicity of F. graminearum. Moreover, deletion of FgEXOSC1 resulted in abnormal toxisomes, decreased deoxynivalenol (DON) production, and downregulation of the expression levels of DON biosynthesis genes. The RNA-binding domain and N-terminal region of FgExosc1 are required for its normal localization and functions. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) showed that the disruption of FgEXOSC1 resulted in differential expression of 3,439 genes. Genes involved in processing of noncoding RNA (ncRNA), rRNA and ncRNA metabolism, ribosome biogenesis, and ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis were significantly upregulated. Furthermore, subcellular localization, green fluorescent protein (GFP) pulldown, and coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays demonstrated that FgExosc1 associates with the other components of the RNA exosome to form the RNA exosome complex in F. graminearum. Deletion of FgEXOSC1 and FgEXOSCA reduced the relative expression of some of the other subunits of the RNA exosome. Deletion of FgEXOSC1 affected the localization of FgExosc4, FgExosc6, and FgExosc7. In summary, our study reveals that the RNA exosome is involved in vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, DON production, and pathogenicity of F. graminearum. IMPORTANCE The RNA exosome complex is the most versatile RNA degradation machinery in eukaryotes. However, little is known about how this complex regulates the development and pathogenicity of plant-pathogenic fungi. In this study, we systematically identified 12 components of the RNA exosome complex in Fusarium head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum and first unveiled their subcellular localizations and established their biological functions in relation to the fungal development and pathogenesis. All the RNA exosome components are localized in the nucleus. FgExosc1 and FgExoscA are both required for the vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, DON production and pathogenicity in F. graminearum. FgExosc1 is involved in ncRNA processing, rRNA and ncRNA metabolism process, ribosome biogenesis and ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis. FgExosc1 associates with the other components of RNA exosome complex and form the exosome complex in F. graminearum. Our study provides new insights into the role of the RNA exosome in regulating RNA metabolism, which is associated with fungal development and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yuan
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuzhao Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
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Vinod N, Hwang D, Fussell SC, Owens TC, Tofade OC, Copling S, Ramsey JD, Rädler PD, Atkins HM, Livingston EE, Ezzell JA, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Yuan H, Perou CM, Kabanov AV. Combination of Polymeric Micelle Formulation of TGFβ Receptor Inhibitors and Paclitaxel Produce Consistent Response Across Different Mouse Models of TNBC. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.544381. [PMID: 37398150 PMCID: PMC10312717 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is notoriously difficult to treat due to the lack of targetable receptors and sometimes poor response to chemotherapy. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) family of proteins and their receptors (TGFR) are highly expressed in TNBC and implicated in chemotherapy-induced cancer stemness. Here we evaluated combination treatments using experimental TGFR inhibitors (TGFβi), SB525334 (SB), and LY2109761 (LY) with Paclitaxel (PTX) chemotherapy. These TGFβi target TGFR-I (SB) or both TGFR-I&II (LY). Due to the poor water solubility of these drugs, we incorporated each of them in poly(2-oxazoline) (POx) high-capacity polymeric micelles (SB-POx and LY-POx). We assessed their anti-cancer effect as single agents and in combination with micellar Paclitaxel (PTX-POx) using multiple immunocompetent TNBC mouse models that mimic human subtypes (4T1, T11-Apobec and T11-UV). While either TGFβi or PTX showed a differential effect in each model as single agents, the combinations were consistently effective against all three models. Genetic profiling of the tumors revealed differences in the expression levels of genes associated with TGFβ, EMT, TLR-4, and Bcl2 signaling, alluding to the susceptibility to specific gene signatures to the treatment. Taken together, our study suggests that TGFβi and PTX combination therapy using high-capacity POx micelle delivery provides a robust anti-tumor response in multiple TNBC subtype mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Vinod
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Joint UNC/NC State Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Duhyeong Hwang
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Sloane Christian Fussell
- Department of Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tyler Cannon Owens
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Olaoluwa Christopher Tofade
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Sage Copling
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Jacob D. Ramsey
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Patrick D. Rädler
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States
| | - Hannah M. Atkins
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Eric E. Livingston
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - J. Ashley Ezzell
- Histology Research Core, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Marina Sokolsky-Papkov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Hong Yuan
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Charles M. Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States
| | - Alexander V. Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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6
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Urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor restricts HIV-1 replication by blocking virion release from the cell membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212991120. [PMID: 36638209 PMCID: PMC9934069 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212991120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system consists of the proteinase uPA, its receptor (PLAUR/uPAR). Under physiological conditions, uPA and PLAUR are predominantly expressed by blood cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, and play important roles in cell activation, adhesion, migration, and extravasation. Here, we report that PLAUR, which is highly expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) but hardly expressed in CD4+ T cells, inhibits the release of HIV-1 progeny virions from the cell membrane. Silencing PLAUR markedly enhanced the transmission of HIV-1 in macrophages and DCs. We further demonstrated that PLAUR is localized at the cell membrane to block the release of HIV-1 virions. Interestingly, we found that uPA compromises the PLAUR-mediated inhibition to slightly enhance HIV-1 production in primary macrophages and DCs. In the absence of PLAUR, this enhanced effect induced by uPA is abrogated. In conclusion, PLAUR is a new anti-HIV-1 protein produced in both macrophages and DCs where it inhibits HIV-1 transmission. This discovery may provide a novel therapeutic target for combating HIV.
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Li X, Wang Z, Zhou W, Fu X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Yang B, Bai Y, Dai C, Xu X, Cui F, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Wang B, Li Y, Muramatsu M, Wakae K, Liu G. Interferon-alpha responsible EPN3 regulates hepatitis B virus replication. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:944489. [PMID: 35935763 PMCID: PMC9354525 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.944489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major health problem worldwide, and the current antiviral therapy, including nucleoside analogs, cannot achieve life-long cure, and clarification of antiviral host immunity is necessary for eradication. Here, we found that a clathrin-binding membrane protein epsin3 (EPN3) negatively regulates the expression of HBV RNA. EPN3 expression was induced by transfection of an HBV replicon plasmid, and reduced HBV-RNA level in hepatic cell lines and murine livers hydrodynamically injected with the HBV replicon plasmid. Viral RNA reduction by EPN3 was dependent on transcription, and independent from epsilon structure of viral RNA. Viral RNA reduction by overexpression of p53 or IFN-α treatment, was attenuated by knockdown of EPN3, suggesting its role downstream of IFN-α and p53. Taken together, this study demonstrates the anti-HBV role of EPN3. The mechanism how it decreases HBV transcription is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomarker High Throughput Screening and Target Translation of Breast and Gastrointestinal Tumor, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuanhe Fu
- Department of Immunology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxin Bai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunwei Dai
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolun Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Cui
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Bengang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingfang Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
- Kousho Wakae
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyan Liu ;
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Kitamura K, Fukano K, Que L, Li Y, Wakae K, Muramatsu M. Activities of endogenous APOBEC3s and uracil-DNA-glycosylase affect the hypermutation frequency of hepatitis B virus cccDNA. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35438620 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays a key role in the persistence of viral infection. We have previously shown that overexpression of an antiviral factor APOBEC3G (A3G) induces hypermutation in duck HBV (DHBV) cccDNA, whereas uracil-DNA-glycosylase (UNG) reduces these mutations. In this study, using cell-culture systems, we examined whether endogenous A3s and UNG affect HBV cccDNA mutation frequency. IFNγ stimulation induced a significant increase in endogenous A3G expression and cccDNA hypermutation. UNG inhibition enhanced the IFNγ-mediated hypermutation frequency. Transfection of reconstructed cccDNA revealed that this enhanced hypermutation caused a reduction in viral replication. These results suggest that the balance of endogenous A3s and UNG activities affects HBV cccDNA mutation and replication competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kento Fukano
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Lusheng Que
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yingfang Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Boulahtouf Z, Virzì A, Baumert TF, Verrier ER, Lupberger J. Signaling Induced by Chronic Viral Hepatitis: Dependence and Consequences. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052787. [PMID: 35269929 PMCID: PMC8911453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral hepatitis is a main cause of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. There are striking similarities in the pathological impact of hepatitis B, C, and D, although these diseases are caused by very different viruses. Paired with the conventional study of protein-host interactions, the rapid technological development of -omics and bioinformatics has allowed highlighting the important role of signaling networks in viral pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an integrated look on the three major viruses associated with chronic viral hepatitis in patients, summarizing similarities and differences in virus-induced cellular signaling relevant to the viral life cycles and liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Boulahtouf
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hepatiques UMR_S1110, Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (Z.B.); (A.V.); (T.F.B.); (E.R.V.)
| | - Alessia Virzì
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hepatiques UMR_S1110, Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (Z.B.); (A.V.); (T.F.B.); (E.R.V.)
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hepatiques UMR_S1110, Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (Z.B.); (A.V.); (T.F.B.); (E.R.V.)
- Service d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Eloi R. Verrier
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hepatiques UMR_S1110, Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (Z.B.); (A.V.); (T.F.B.); (E.R.V.)
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hepatiques UMR_S1110, Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (Z.B.); (A.V.); (T.F.B.); (E.R.V.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Transforming growth factor-β: An early predictor of a functional cure in chronic hepatitis B treated with interferon. Virus Res 2021; 309:198657. [PMID: 34919970 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the serum transforming growth factor (TGF)-β level and HBsAg loss has not been clearly elaborated in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS Two cohorts of patients with CHB were studied. Cohort A: A total of 207 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative CHB patients who finished ≥1 year nucleos(t)ide analogue monotherapy and sequentially received PEGylated interferon treatment for less than 96 weeks were included. Cohort B: Forty HBeAg-positive patients who initially received entecavir therapy for at least 96 weeks were included. Their viral markers and serum TGF-β levels were measured at different time points during therapy. RESULTS The levels of serum TGF-β and HBsAg (0-24 W) were significantly lower in the patients who had HBsAg< 0.05 IU/mL at 48 weeks than in patients who did not in cohort A. We got the same results when we further divided the patients into subgroups according to the initial HBsAg cut-off values (1000 IU/mL, 100 IU/mL, 50 IU/mL) in cohort A. However, HBeAg seroconversion did not lead to the downregulation of TGF-β levels. The levels of serum TGF-β were significantly correlated with HBsAg quantitation in cohort A (12-24 W) but not in cohort B (0-48 W). The levels of TGF-β at week 12 could be used as an early index to predict a functional cure (AUC=0.818) as well as the levels of HBsAg itself (AUC=0.882) in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients treated with PEGylated interferon. CONCLUSIONS The levels of serum TGF-β were significantly associated with HBsAg loss but not with HBeAg seroconversion and could be used as an early index to predict a functional cure in CHB patients treated with PEGylated interferon.
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Warrier S, Mohana Sundaram S, Varier L, Balasubramanian A. Stalling SARS-CoV2 infection with stem cells: can regenerating perinatal tissue mesenchymal stem cells offer a multi-tiered therapeutic approach to COVID-19? Placenta 2021; 117:161-168. [PMID: 34915433 PMCID: PMC8647345 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 has created a major health crisis across the globe. Invasion of SARS-CoV-2 into the lungs causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that result in the damage of lung alveolar epithelial cells. Currently, there is no standard treatment available to treat the disease and the resultant lung scarring is irreversible even after recovery. This has prompted researchers across the globe to focus on developing new therapeutics and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as an efficient drug screening platform and MSC-derived organoids has found applications in disease modeling and drug discovery. Perinatal tissue derived MSC based cell therapies have been explored in the treatment of various disease conditions including ARDS because of their enhanced regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. The multi-utility properties of MSCs have been described in this review wherein we discuss the potential use of MSC-derived lung organoids in screening of novel therapeutic compounds for COVID-19 and also in disease modeling to better understand the pathogenesis of the disease. This article also summarizes the rationale behind the development of MSC-based cell- and cell-free therapies and vaccines for COVID-19 with a focus on the current progress in this area. With the pandemic raging, an important necessity is to develop novel treatment strategies which will not only alleviate the disease symptoms but also avoid any off-target effects which could further increase post infection sequelae. Naturally occurring mesenchymal stem cells could be the magic bullet which fulfil these criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560 065, India; Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560 065, India.
| | - S Mohana Sundaram
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560 065, India
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12
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Identification of plasma lncRNA-ATB levels in hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis and non-cirrhotic chronic hepatitis B patients. Virus Res 2021; 303:198503. [PMID: 34331990 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA-ATB (LncRNA-ATB) which is activated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), is a key regulator of TGF-β signaling pathway. TGF-β plays an important role in various pathogenic processes, from inflammation and fibrosis to cirrhosis and cancer. In this study, we evaluated the plasma levels of lncRNA-ATB in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis and non-cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and investigated the clinical values. Plasma samples were collected from 44 HBV-related cirrhosis patients, 45 non-cirrhotic CHB and 75 healthy controls. Briefly, after total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed to detect plasma lncRNA-ATB levels. Results show the plasma levels of lncRNA-ATB in HBV-related cirrhosis patients were significantly higher in comparison to healthy controls (Fold change=2.60, p value=0.04). Also, we determined plasma levels of lncRNA-ATB as a specific biomarker of HBV-related cirrhosis (AUC=0.65, p value=0.03, Sensitivity 61.36%; Specificity 70.00%). In addition to, we investigated the plasma levels of lncRNA-ATB in non-cirrhotic CHB patients were significantly lower than healthy controls (Fold change= 0.33, p value=0.01). We also indicated plasma lncRNA-ATB levels were as a sensitive biomarker for diagnosis of non-cirrhotic CHB patients compared with healthy (AUC=0.66, p value=0.00, Sensitivity 71.11%; Specificity 57.78%). According to our results, circulating lncRNA-ATB has good specificity for diagnosing hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis and good sensitivity for diagnosis of non-cirrhotic chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.
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Brezgin S, Kostyusheva A, Bayurova E, Volchkova E, Gegechkori V, Gordeychuk I, Glebe D, Kostyushev D, Chulanov V. Immunity and Viral Infections: Modulating Antiviral Response via CRISPR-Cas Systems. Viruses 2021; 13:1373. [PMID: 34372578 PMCID: PMC8310348 DOI: 10.3390/v13071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause a variety of acute and chronic human diseases, sometimes resulting in small local outbreaks, or in some cases spreading across the globe and leading to global pandemics. Understanding and exploiting virus-host interactions is instrumental for identifying host factors involved in viral replication, developing effective antiviral agents, and mitigating the severity of virus-borne infectious diseases. The diversity of CRISPR systems and CRISPR-based tools enables the specific modulation of innate immune responses and has contributed impressively to the fields of virology and immunology in a very short time. In this review, we describe the most recent advances in the use of CRISPR systems for basic and translational studies of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Brezgin
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
| | - Elena Volchkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
- Department of Organization and Technology of Immunobiological Drugs, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dieter Glebe
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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MafF Is an Antiviral Host Factor That Suppresses Transcription from Hepatitis B Virus Core Promoter. J Virol 2021; 95:e0076721. [PMID: 33980595 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00767-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a stealth virus that exhibits only minimal induction of the interferon system, which is required for both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, 90% of acutely infected adults can clear the virus, suggesting the presence of additional mechanisms that facilitate viral clearance. Here, we report that Maf bZIP transcription factor F (MafF) promotes host defense against infection with HBV. Using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library and an HBV/NanoLuc (NL) reporter virus, we screened to identify anti-HBV host factors. Our data showed that silencing of MafF led to a 6-fold increase in luciferase activity after HBV/NL infection. Overexpression of MafF reduced HBV core promoter transcriptional activity, which was relieved upon mutation of the putative MafF binding region. Loss of MafF expression through CRISPR/Cas9 editing (in HepG2-hNTCP-C4 cells) or siRNA silencing (in primary hepatocytes [PXB cells]) induced HBV core RNA and HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) levels, respectively, after HBV infection. MafF physically binds to the HBV core promoter and competitively inhibits HNF-4α binding to an overlapping sequence in the HBV enhancer II sequence (EnhII), as seen by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis. MafF expression was induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) treatment in both HepG2 and PXB cells, in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Consistently, MafF expression levels were significantly enhanced and positively correlated with the levels of these cytokines in patients with chronic HBV infection, especially in the immune clearance phase. IMPORTANCE HBV is a leading cause of chronic liver diseases, infecting about 250 million people worldwide. HBV has developed strategies to escape interferon-dependent innate immune responses. Therefore, the identification of other anti-HBV mechanisms is important for understanding HBV pathogenesis and developing anti-HBV strategies. MafF was shown to suppress transcription from the HBV core promoter, leading to significant suppression of the HBV life cycle. Furthermore, MafF expression was induced in chronic HBV patients and in primary human hepatocytes (PXB cells). This induction correlated with the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α). These data suggest that the induction of MafF contributes to the host's antiviral defense by suppressing transcription from selected viral promoters. Our data shed light on a novel role for MafF as an anti-HBV host restriction factor.
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Qu B, Brown RJP. Strategies to Inhibit Hepatitis B Virus at the Transcript Level. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071327. [PMID: 34372533 PMCID: PMC8310268 DOI: 10.3390/v13071327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 240 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), despite four decades of effective HBV vaccination. During chronic infection, HBV forms two distinct templates responsible for viral transcription: (1) episomal covalently closed circular (ccc)DNA and (2) host genome-integrated viral templates. Multiple ubiquitous and liver-specific transcription factors are recruited onto these templates and modulate viral gene transcription. This review details the latest developments in antivirals that inhibit HBV gene transcription or destabilize viral transcripts. Notably, nuclear receptor agonists exhibit potent inhibition of viral gene transcription from cccDNA. Small molecule inhibitors repress HBV X protein-mediated transcription from cccDNA, while small interfering RNAs and single-stranded oligonucleotides result in transcript degradation from both cccDNA and integrated templates. These antivirals mediate their effects by reducing viral transcripts abundance, some leading to a loss of surface antigen expression, and they can potentially be added to the arsenal of drugs with demonstrable anti-HBV activity. Thus, these candidates deserve special attention for future repurposing or further development as anti-HBV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Qu
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.Q.); (R.J.P.B.)
| | - Richard J. P. Brown
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.Q.); (R.J.P.B.)
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Hepatitis C virus infection restricts human LINE-1 retrotransposition in hepatoma cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009496. [PMID: 33872335 PMCID: PMC8084336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons are autonomous transposable elements that can affect gene expression and genome integrity. Potential consequences of exogenous viral infections for L1 activity have not been studied to date. Here, we report that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes a significant increase of endogenous L1-encoded ORF1 protein (L1ORF1p) levels and translocation of L1ORF1p to HCV assembly sites at lipid droplets. HCV replication interferes with retrotransposition of engineered L1 reporter elements, which correlates with HCV RNA-induced formation of stress granules and can be partially rescued by knockdown of the stress granule protein G3BP1. Upon HCV infection, L1ORF1p localizes to stress granules, associates with HCV core in an RNA-dependent manner and translocates to lipid droplets. While HCV infection has a negative effect on L1 mobilization, L1ORF1p neither restricts nor promotes HCV infection. In summary, our data demonstrate that HCV infection causes an increase of endogenous L1 protein levels and that the observed restriction of retrotransposition of engineered L1 reporter elements is caused by sequestration of L1ORF1p in HCV-induced stress granules. Members of the Long Interspersed Nuclear Element 1 (LINE-1, L1) class of retrotransposons account for ~17% of the human genome and include ~100–150 intact L1 loci that are still functional. L1 mobilization is known to affect genomic integrity, thereby leading to disease-causing mutations, but little is known about the impact of exogenous viral infections on L1 and vice versa. While L1 retrotransposition is controlled by various mechanisms including CpG methylation, hypomethylation of L1 has been observed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. Here, we demonstrate molecular interactions between HCV and L1 elements. HCV infection stably increases cellular levels of the L1-encoded ORF1 protein (L1ORF1p). HCV core and L1ORF1p interact in ribonucleoprotein complexes that traffic to lipid droplets. Despite its redistribution to HCV assembly sites, L1ORF1p is dispensable for HCV infection. In contrast, retrotransposition of engineered L1 reporter elements is restricted by HCV, correlating with an increased formation of L1ORF1p-containing cytoplasmic stress granules. Thus, our data provide first insights into the molecular interplay of endogenous transposable elements and exogenous viruses that might contribute to disease progression in vivo.
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Shi Y, Du L, Lv D, Li Y, Zhang Z, Huang X, Tang H. Emerging role and therapeutic application of exosome in hepatitis virus infection and associated diseases. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:336-349. [PMID: 33665710 PMCID: PMC8005397 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses are chief pathogens of hepatitis and end-stage liver diseases. Their replication and related pathogenic process highly rely on the host micro-environment and multiple cellular elements, including exosomes. Representing with a sort of cell-derived vesicle structure, exosomes were considered to be dispensable cellular components, even wastes. Along with advancing investigation, a specific profile of exosome in driving hepatitis viruses' infection and hepatic disease progression is revealed. Exosomes greatly affect the pathogenesis of hepatitis viruses by mediating their replication and modulating the host immune responses. The characteristics of host exosomes are markedly changed after infection with hepatitis viruses. Exosomes released from hepatitis virus-infected cells can carry viral nucleic or protein components, thereby acting as an effective subterfuge for hepatitis viruses by participating in viral transportation and immune escape. On the contrary, immune cell-derived exosomes contribute toward the innate antiviral immune defense and virus eradication. There is growing evidence supporting the application of exosomal biomarkers for predicting disease progress or therapeutic outcome, while exosomal nanoshuttles are regarded as promising therapeutic options based on their delivery properties and immune compatibility. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and secretion mechanism of exosomes, review the recent findings pertaining to the role of exosomes in the interplay between hepatitis viruses and innate immune responses, and conclude their potential in further therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China ,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, No. 32 Western Section 2, 1st Ring Rd., Chengdu, 610072 Sichuan China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People’s South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Duoduo Lv
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People’s South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China ,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, No. 32 Western Section 2, 1st Ring Rd., Chengdu, 610072 Sichuan China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China ,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, No. 32 Western Section 2, 1st Ring Rd., Chengdu, 610072 Sichuan China
| | - Xiaolun Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China ,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, No. 32 Western Section 2, 1st Ring Rd., Chengdu, 610072 Sichuan China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People’s South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
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Hakata Y, Miyazawa M. Deaminase-Independent Mode of Antiretroviral Action in Human and Mouse APOBEC3 Proteins. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121976. [PMID: 33322756 PMCID: PMC7764128 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) proteins (APOBEC3s) are deaminases that convert cytosines to uracils predominantly on a single-stranded DNA, and function as intrinsic restriction factors in the innate immune system to suppress replication of viruses (including retroviruses) and movement of retrotransposons. Enzymatic activity is supposed to be essential for the APOBEC3 antiviral function. However, it is not the only way that APOBEC3s exert their biological function. Since the discovery of human APOBEC3G as a restriction factor for HIV-1, the deaminase-independent mode of action has been observed. At present, it is apparent that both the deaminase-dependent and -independent pathways are tightly involved not only in combating viruses but also in human tumorigenesis. Although the deaminase-dependent pathway has been extensively characterized so far, understanding of the deaminase-independent pathway remains immature. Here, we review existing knowledge regarding the deaminase-independent antiretroviral functions of APOBEC3s and their molecular mechanisms. We also discuss the possible unidentified molecular mechanism for the deaminase-independent antiretroviral function mediated by mouse APOBEC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Hakata
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-367-7660
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan;
- Kindai University Anti-Aging Center, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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MCPIP1 reduces HBV-RNA by targeting its epsilon structure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20763. [PMID: 33247161 PMCID: PMC7699622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the major causative factor of chronic viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We previously demonstrated that a proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β reduced the level of HBV RNA. However, the mechanism underlying IL-1β-mediated viral RNA reduction remains incompletely understood. In this study, we report that immune regulator Monocyte chemotactic protein-1-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) can reduce HBV RNA in hepatocytes. MCPIP1 expression level was higher in the liver tissue of HBV-infected patients and mice. Overexpression of MCPIP1 decreased HBV RNA, whereas ablating MCPIP1 in vitro enhanced HBV production. The domains responsible for RNase activity or oligomerization, were required for MCPIP1-mediated viral RNA reduction. The epsilon structure of HBV RNA was important for its antiviral activity and cleaved by MCPIP1 in the cell-free system. Lastly, knocking out MCPIP1 attenuated the anti-HBV effect of IL-1β, suggesting that MCPIP1 is required for IL-1β-mediated HBV RNA reduction. Overall, these results suggest that MCPIP1 may be involved in the antiviral effect downstream of IL-1β.
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Tsukuda S, Watashi K. Hepatitis B virus biology and life cycle. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104925. [PMID: 32866519 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) specifically infects hepatocytes and causes severe liver diseases. The HBV life cycle is unique in that the genomic DNA (relaxed-circular partially double-stranded DNA: rcDNA) is converted to a molecular template DNA (covalently closed circular DNA: cccDNA) to amplify a viral RNA intermediate, which is then reverse-transcribed back to viral DNA. The highly stable characteristics of cccDNA result in chronic infection and a poor rate of cure. This complex life cycle of HBV offers a variety of targets to develop antiviral agents. We provide here an update on the current knowledge of HBV biology and its life cycle, which may help to identify new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan; Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; MIRAI, JST, Saitama, Japan.
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21
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Osteopetrosis-Associated Transmembrane Protein 1 Recruits RNA Exosome To Restrict Hepatitis B Virus Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01800-19. [PMID: 32188736 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01800-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects approximately 350 million people worldwide, and 600,000 deaths are caused by HBV-related hepatic failure, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma annually. It is important to reveal the mechanism underlying the regulation of HBV replication. This study demonstrated that osteopetrosis-associated transmembrane protein 1 (Ostm1) plays an inhibitory role in HBV replication. Ostm1 represses the levels of HBeAg and HBsAg proteins, HBV 3.5-kb and 2.4/2.1-kb RNAs, and core-associated DNA in HepG2, Huh7, and NTCP-HepG2 cells. Notably, Ostm1 has no direct effect on the activity of HBV promoters or the transcription of HBV RNAs; instead, Ostm1 binds to HBV RNA to facilitate RNA decay. Detailed studies further demonstrated that Ostm1 binds to and recruits the RNA exosome complex to promote the degradation of HBV RNAs, and knockdown of the RNA exosome component exonuclease 3 (Exosc3) leads to the elimination of Ostm1-mediated repression of HBV replication. Mutant analyses revealed that the N-terminal domain, the transmembrane domain, and the C-terminal domain are responsible for the repression of HBV replication, and the C-terminal domain is required for interaction with the RNA exosome complex. Moreover, Ostm1 production is not regulated by interferon-α (IFN-α) or IFN-γ, and the expression of IFN signaling components is not affected by Ostm1, suggesting that Ostm1 anti-HBV activity is independent of the IFN signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study revealed a distinct mechanism underlying the repression of HBV replication, in which Ostm1 binds to HBV RNA and recruits RNA exosomes to degrade viral RNA, thereby restricting HBV replication.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human pathogen infecting the liver to cause a variety of diseases ranging from acute hepatitis to advanced liver diseases, fulminate hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, thereby causing a major health problem worldwide. In this study, we demonstrated that Ostm1 plays an inhibitory role in HBV protein production, RNA expression, and DNA replication. However, Ostm1 has no effect on the activities of the four HBV promoters; instead, it binds to HBV RNA and recruits RNA exosomes to promote HBV RNA degradation. We further demonstrated that the anti-HBV activity of Ostm1 is independent of the interferon signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study reveals a distinct mechanism underlying the repression of HBV replication and suggests that Ostm1 is a potential therapeutic agent for HBV infection.
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Shi M, Tan L, Zhang Y, Meng C, Wang W, Sun Y, Song C, Liu W, Liao Y, Yu S, Ren T, Ding Z, Liu X, Qiu X, Ding C. Characterization and functional analysis of chicken APOBEC4. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103631. [PMID: 31991164 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The APOBEC proteins play significant roles in the innate and adaptive immune system, probably due to their deaminase activities. Because APOBEC1 (A1) and APOBEC3 (A3) are absent in the chicken genome, we were interested in determining whether chicken APOBEC4 (A4) possessed more complex functions than its mammalian homologs. In this study, chicken A4 (chA4) mRNA was identified and cloned for the first time. Based on bioinformatics analyses, the conserved zinc-coordinating motif (HXE … PC(X)2-6C) was identified on the surface of chA4 and contained highly conserved His97, Glu99, Pro130, Cys131 and Cys138 active sites. The highest expression levels of constitutive chA4 were detected in primary lymphocytes and bursa of Fabricius. Newcastle Disease (ND) is one of the most serious infectious diseases in birds, causing major economic losses to the poultry industry. In vitro, Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) early infection induced significant increases in chA4 expression in the chicken B cell line, DT40, the macrophage cell line, HD11 and the CD4+ T cell line, MSB-1, but not the fibroblast cell line, DF-1. In vivo, the expression levels of chA4 were up-regulated in several tissues from NDV-infected chickens, especially the thymus, testicles, duodenum and kidney. The high level expression of exogenous chA4 displayed inhibitory effects on NDV and reduced viral RNA in infected cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that chA4 is involved in the chicken immune system and may play important roles in host anti-viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Yaodan Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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23
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Sui S, Chen H, Han L, Wang L, Niyazi M, Zhu K. Correlation of APOBEC3G Polymorphism with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Persistent Infection and Progression of Cervical Lesions. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:6990-6997. [PMID: 31527570 PMCID: PMC6761851 DOI: 10.12659/msm.916142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied the effect of APOBEC3G on persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the correlation between APOBEC3G polymorphism and HPV persistent infection and cervical disease progression in Uygur women in China. MATERIAL AND METHODS From January 2015 to December 2017, we enrolled 529 Uygur ethnic group patients with HPV infection. SIHA cells were transfected with APOBEC3G. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis were used to detect mRNA and protein expression levels of APOBEC3G and HPV E6 and p53. Exon 3 of APOBEC3G was sequenced by first-generation sequencing. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expression levels of APOBEC3G in the cervical cancer group were significantly higher than in the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) group (p<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of APOBEC3G in the CIN group were significantly higher than in the non-cervical lesions group (p<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of HPV E6 in SIHA cells transfected with APOBEC3G were significantly lower than in the control group and the no-load group (p<0.05), and the mRNA and protein expression levels of p53 were significantly higher than in the control group and the no-load group (p<0.05). There was a polymorphic locus rs5757465 on exon 3 of APOBEC3G in Uygur women, and this rare CC type was a risk factor for cervical lesions and cervical cancer (OR=3.714, 95%CI: 1.916-7.202, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS APOBEC3G is involved in continuous HPV infection, cervical prelesions, and the development of cervical cancer, and the rare genotype (CC) of APOBEC3G may be one of the factors causing cervical lesions in Uygur women who have HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Sui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Lili Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Mayineur Niyazi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Kaichun Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
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24
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Liu G, Ma X, Wang Z, Wakae K, Yuan Y, He Z, Yoshiyama H, Iizasa H, Zhang H, Matsuda M, Sugiyama R, Yuan Z, Muramatsu M, Li L. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA-1 (ADAR1) inhibits hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication by enhancing microRNA-122 processing. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14043-14054. [PMID: 31366735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA-1 (ADAR1) involves adenosine to inosine RNA editing and microRNA processing. ADAR1 is known to be involved in the replication of various viruses, including hepatitis C and D. However, the role of ADAR1 in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has not yet been elucidated. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated ADAR1 antiviral activity against HBV. ADAR1 has two splicing isoforms in human hepatocytes: constitutive p110 protein and interferon-α (IFN-α)-responsive p150 protein. We found that overexpression of ADAR1 decreased HBV RNA in an HBV culture model. A catalytic-site mutant ADAR1 also decreased HBV RNA levels, whereas another adenosine deaminases that act on the RNA (ADAR) family protein, ADAR2, did not. Moreover, the induction of ADAR1 by stimulation with IFN-α also reduced HBV RNA levels. Decreases in endogenous ADAR1 expression by knock-down or knock-out increased HBV RNA levels. A major hepatocyte-specific microRNA, miRNA-122, was found to be positively correlated with ADAR1 expression, and exogenous miRNA-122 decreased both HBV RNA and DNA, whereas, conversely, transfection with a miRNA-122 inhibitor increased them. The reduction of HBV RNA by ADAR1 expression was abrogated by p53 knock-down, suggesting the involvement of p53 in the ADAR1-mediated reduction of HBV RNA. This study demonstrated, for the first time, that ADAR1 plays an antiviral role against HBV infection by increasing the level of miRNA-122 in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China.,Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biomarker High Throughput Screening and Target Translation of Breast and Gastrointestinal Tumor, Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhangping He
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo 164-8640, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sugiyama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo 164-8640, Japan
| | - Zhiyu Yuan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan .,Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo 164-8640, Japan
| | - Linghua Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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25
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Leeman-Neill RJ, Lim J, Basu U. The Common Key to Class-Switch Recombination and Somatic Hypermutation: Discovery of AID and Its Role in Antibody Gene Diversification. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:2527-2529. [PMID: 30348657 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Leeman-Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Junghyun Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
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26
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Liu W, Wu J, Yang F, Ma L, Ni C, Hou X, Wang L, Xu A, Song J, Deng Y, Xian L, Li Z, Wang S, Chen X, Yin J, Han X, Li C, Zhao J, Cao G. Genetic Polymorphisms Predisposing the Interleukin 6-Induced APOBEC3B-UNG Imbalance Increase HCC Risk via Promoting the Generation of APOBEC-Signature HBV Mutations. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5525-5536. [PMID: 31152021 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE APOBEC3-UNG imbalance contributes to hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibition and somatic mutations. We aimed to explore the associations between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk and genetic polymorphisms predisposing the imbalance.Experimental Design: Genetic polymorphisms at APOBEC3 promoter and UNG enhancer regions were genotyped in 5,621 participants using quantitative PCR. HBV mutations (nt.1600-nt.1945, nt.2848-nt.155) were determined by Sanger sequencing. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was applied to detect the transcriptional activity. Effects of APOBEC3B/UNG SNPs and expression levels on HCC prognosis were evaluated with a cohort of 400 patients with HCC and public databases, respectively. RESULTS APOBEC3B rs2267401-G allele and UNG rs3890995-C allele significantly increased HCC risk. rs2267401-G allele was significantly associated with the generation of APOBEC-signature HBV mutation whose frequency consecutively increased from asymptomatic HBV carriers to patients with HCC. Multiplicative interaction of rs2267401-G allele with rs3890995-C allele increased HCC risk, with an adjusted OR (95% confidence interval) of 1.90 (1.34-2.81). rs2267401 T-to-G and rs3890995 T-to-C conferred increased activities of APOBEC3B promoter and UNG enhancer, respectively. IL6 significantly increased APOBEC3B promoter activity and inhibited UNG enhancer activity, and these effects were more evident in those carrying rs2267401-G and rs3890995-C, respectively. APOBEC3B rs2267401-GG genotype, higher APOBEC3B expression, and higher APOBEC3B/UNG expression ratio in HCCs indicated poor prognosis. APOBEC-signature somatic mutation predicts poor prognosis in HBV-free HCCs rather than in HBV-positive ones. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphic genotypes predisposing the APOBEC3B-UNG imbalance in IL6-presenting microenvironment promote HCC development, possibly via promoting the generation of high-risk HBV mutations. This can be transformed into specific prophylaxis of HBV-caused HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longteng Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Ni
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijing Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linfeng Xian
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixiong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Han
- Division of Chronic Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengzhong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Liver Cancer Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology, Shanghai, China
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27
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Liang G, Zhao L, Qiao Y, Geng W, Zhang X, Liu M, Dong J, Ding H, Sun H, Shang H. Membrane metalloprotease TRABD2A restricts HIV-1 progeny production in resting CD4 + T cells by degrading viral Gag polyprotein. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:711-723. [PMID: 31061530 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Resting CD4+ T cells are highly resistant to the production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, the mechanism by which resting CD4+ T cells restrict such production in the late viral replication phase of infection has remained unclear. In this study, we found that the cell membrane metalloprotease TRAB domain-containing protein 2A (TRABD2A) inhibited this production in resting CD4+ T cells by degrading the virion structural precursor polyprotein Gag at the plasma membrane. Depletion or inhibition of metalloprotease activity by TRABD2A profoundly enhanced HIV-1 production in resting CD4+ T cells. TRABD2A expression was much higher in resting CD4+ T cells than in activated CD4+ T cells and was considerably reduced by T cell activation. Moreover, reexpressing TRABD2A reinforced the resistance of activated CD4+ T cells to the production of HIV-1 progeny. Collectively, these results elucidate the molecular mechanism employed by resting CD4+ T cells to potently restrict the assembly and production of HIV-1 progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China. .,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenqing Geng
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinxiu Dong
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China. .,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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28
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Peroxiredoxin 1, a Novel HBx-Interacting Protein, Interacts with Exosome Component 5 and Negatively Regulates Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Propagation through Degradation of HBV RNA. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02203-18. [PMID: 30567989 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02203-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for the development of chronic liver diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A growing body of evidence suggests that HBV X protein (HBx) plays a crucial role in viral replication and HCC development. Here, we identified peroxiredoxin 1 (Prdx1), a cellular hydrogen peroxide scavenger, as a novel HBx-interacting protein. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis coupled with site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the region from amino acids 17 to 20 of the HBx, particularly HBx Cys17, is responsible for the interaction with Prdx1. Knockdown of Prdx1 by siRNA significantly increased the levels of intracellular HBV RNA, HBV antigens, and extracellular HBV DNA, whereas knockdown of Prdx1 did not increase the activities of HBV core, enhancer I (Enh1)/X, preS1, and preS2/S promoters. Kinetic analysis of HBV RNA showed that knockdown of Prdx1 inhibited HBV RNA decay, suggesting that Prdx1 reduces HBV RNA levels posttranscriptionally. The RNA coimmunoprecipitation assay revealed that Prdx1 interacted with HBV RNA. The exosome component 5 (Exosc5), a member of the RNA exosome complexes, was coimmunoprecipitated with Prdx1, suggesting its role in regulation of HBV RNA stability. Taken together, these results suggest that Prdx1 and Exosc5 play crucial roles in host defense mechanisms against HBV infection.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem. HBx plays important roles in HBV replication and viral carcinogenesis through its interaction with host factors. In this study, we identified Prdx1 as a novel HBx-binding protein. We provide evidence suggesting that Prdx1 promotes HBV RNA decay through interaction with HBV RNA and Exosc5, leading to downregulation of HBV RNA. These results suggest that Prdx1 negatively regulates HBV propagation. Our findings may shed new light on the roles of Prdx1 and Exosc5 in host defense mechanisms in HBV infection.
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29
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Mitra B, Thapa RJ, Guo H, Block TM. Host functions used by hepatitis B virus to complete its life cycle: Implications for developing host-targeting agents to treat chronic hepatitis B. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:185-198. [PMID: 30145242 PMCID: PMC6193490 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Similar to other mammalian viruses, the life cycle of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is heavily dependent upon and regulated by cellular (host) functions. These cellular functions can be generally placed in to two categories: (a) intrinsic host restriction factors and innate defenses, which must be evaded or repressed by the virus; and (b) gene products that provide functions necessary for the virus to complete its life cycle. Some of these functions may apply to all viruses, but some may be specific to HBV. In certain cases, the virus may depend upon the host function much more than does the host itself. Knowing which host functions regulate the different steps of a virus' life cycle, can lead to new antiviral targets and help in developing novel treatment strategies, in addition to improving a fundamental understanding of viral pathogenesis. Therefore, in this review we will discuss known host factors which influence key steps of HBV life cycle, and further elucidate therapeutic interventions targeting host-HBV interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Mitra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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30
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Kitamura K, Que L, Shimadu M, Koura M, Ishihara Y, Wakae K, Nakamura T, Watashi K, Wakita T, Muramatsu M. Flap endonuclease 1 is involved in cccDNA formation in the hepatitis B virus. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007124. [PMID: 29928064 PMCID: PMC6013022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major etiological pathogens for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic HBV infection is a key factor in these severe liver diseases. During infection, HBV forms a nuclear viral episome in the form of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Current therapies are not able to efficiently eliminate cccDNA from infected hepatocytes. cccDNA is a master template for viral replication that is formed by the conversion of its precursor, relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA). However, the host factors critical for cccDNA formation remain to be determined. Here, we assessed whether one potential host factor, flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1), is involved in cleavage of the flap-like structure in rcDNA. In a cell culture HBV model (Hep38.7-Tet), expression and activity of FEN1 were reduced by siRNA, shRNA, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, and a FEN1 inhibitor. These reductions in FEN1 expression and activity did not affect nucleocapsid DNA (NC-DNA) production, but did reduce cccDNA levels in Hep38.7-Tet cells. Exogenous overexpression of wild-type FEN1 rescued the reduced cccDNA production in FEN1-depleted Hep38.7-Tet cells. Anti-FEN1 immunoprecipitation revealed the binding of FEN1 to HBV DNA. An in vitro FEN activity assay demonstrated cleavage of 5′-flap from a synthesized HBV DNA substrate. Furthermore, cccDNA was generated in vitro when purified rcDNA was incubated with recombinant FEN1, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. Importantly, FEN1 was required for the in vitro cccDNA formation assay. These results demonstrate that FEN1 is involved in HBV cccDNA formation in cell culture system, and that FEN1, DNA polymerase, and ligase activities are sufficient to convert rcDNA into cccDNA in vitro. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a worldwide health problem that affects more than 350 million people. HBV is one of the major etiological pathogens for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is a key viral intermediate for persistent infection. However, the molecular mechanism of cccDNA formation has not been clarified. Here, we found that the host factor flap-endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is pivotal in cccDNA formation. We developed a novel cccDNA formation assay by the incubation of purified viral DNA with recombinant FEN1, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of cccDNA formation and proposes FEN1 as a potential anti-HBV drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Lusheng Que
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miyuki Shimadu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Koura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuuki Ishihara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Radiology and Cancer Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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31
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Allweiss L, Volz T, Giersch K, Kah J, Raffa G, Petersen J, Lohse AW, Beninati C, Pollicino T, Urban S, Lütgehetmann M, Dandri M. Proliferation of primary human hepatocytes and prevention of hepatitis B virus reinfection efficiently deplete nuclear cccDNA in vivo. Gut 2018; 67:542-552. [PMID: 28428345 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The stability of the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in nuclei of non-dividing hepatocytes represents a key determinant of HBV persistence. Contrarily, studies with animal hepadnaviruses indicated that hepatocyte turnover can reduce cccDNA loads but knowledge on the proliferative capacity of HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) in vivo and the fate of cccDNA in dividing PHHs is still lacking. This study aimed to determine the impact of human hepatocyte division on cccDNA stability in vivo. METHODS PHH proliferation was triggered by serially transplanting hepatocytes from HBV-infected humanised mice into naïve recipients. Cell proliferation and virological changes were assessed by quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence and RNA in situ hybridisation. Viral integrations were analysed by gel separation and deep sequencing. RESULTS PHH proliferation strongly reduced all infection markers, including cccDNA (median 2.4 log/PHH). Remarkably, cell division appeared to cause cccDNA dilution among daughter cells and intrahepatic cccDNA loss. Nevertheless, HBV survived in sporadic non-proliferating human hepatocytes, so that virological markers rebounded as hepatocyte expansion relented. This was due to reinfection of quiescent PHHs since treatment with the entry inhibitor myrcludex-B or nucleoside analogues blocked viral spread and intrahepatic cccDNA accumulation. Viral integrations were detected both in donors and recipient mice but did not appear to contribute to antigen production. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that human hepatocyte division even without involvement of cytolytic mechanisms triggers substantial cccDNA loss. This process may be fundamental to resolve self-limiting acute infection and should be considered in future therapeutic interventions along with entry inhibition strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Allweiss
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katja Giersch
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janine Kah
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Raffa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Joerg Petersen
- IFI Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine at Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner Sites, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Pollicino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stephan Urban
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner Sites, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner Sites, Hamburg, Germany
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32
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Seishima N, Kondo S, Wakae K, Wakisaka N, Kobayashi E, Kano M, Moriyama-Kita M, Nakanishi Y, Endo K, Imoto T, Ishikawa K, Sugimoto H, Hatano M, Ueno T, Koura M, Kitamura K, Muramatsu M, Yoshizaki T. Expression and subcellular localisation of AID and APOBEC3 in adenoid and palatine tonsils. Sci Rep 2018; 8:918. [PMID: 29343743 PMCID: PMC5772672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 (A3) family are cytidine deaminases that play critical roles in B-cell maturation, antiviral immunity and carcinogenesis. Adenoids and palatine tonsils are secondary lymphoid immune organs, in which AID and A3s are thought to have several physiological or pathological roles. However, the expression of AID or A3s in these organs has not been investigated. Therefore, we investigated the expression profiles of AID and A3s, using 67 samples of adenoids and palatine tonsils from patients, with reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemical analyses. AID and A3s expression levels in the adenoids and the palatine tonsils of the same individual significantly correlated with each other. Of note, AID expression level in the adenoids negatively correlated with the age (r = -0.373, P = 0.003). The younger group with adenoid vegetation and tonsillar hypertrophy showed more abundant AID expression than the older group with recurrent tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscesses (P = 0.026). Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis revealed the distribution of AID and A3s in the epithelial cells as well as germinal centres. The localisation of AID expression and its relation to age may contribute to adenoid vegetation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Seishima
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Naohiro Wakisaka
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Kano
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Moriyama-Kita
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakanishi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhira Endo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imoto
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sugimoto
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Miyako Hatano
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ueno
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Miki Koura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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33
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Wang R, Zhang X, Ding H, Qiao Y, Han X, Geng W, Guan G, Cui H, Zhao B, Wu Y, Liang G, Shang H. AID recruits the RNA exosome to degrade HIV-1 nascent transcripts through interaction with the Tat-P-TEFb-TAR RNP complex. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:284-294. [PMID: 29266200 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a member of the APOBEC family that induces antibody diversification, has been shown to inhibit the replication of hepatitis B virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and retro-transposons. However, whether AID can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication remains unclear. Here, we report that AID impairs the synthesis of HIV-1 components by interacting with the complex of Tat. This interaction recruits the RNA exosome to degrade the nascent HIV-1 transcript. AID also targets the HIV-1-integrated genome via the Tat-P-TEFb-TAR complex. Thus, we propose a novel function for AID as an adaptor protein that represses viral transcription. Our findings provide insights into developing anti-HIV therapeutics and understanding how host cells restrict integrated virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenqing Geng
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gefei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hualu Cui
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Guoxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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34
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Sun S, Nakashima K, Ito M, Li Y, Chida T, Takahashi H, Watashi K, Sawasaki T, Wakita T, Suzuki T. Involvement of PUF60 in Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Regulation of Hepatitis B Virus Pregenomic RNA Expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12874. [PMID: 28993636 PMCID: PMC5634508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we identified PUF60, a splicing factor and a U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor, as a versatile regulator of transcriptional and post-transcriptional steps in expression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) 3.5 kb, precore plus pregenomic RNA. We demonstrate that PUF60 is involved in: 1) up-regulation of core promoter activity through its interaction with transcription factor TCF7L2, 2) promotion of 3.5 kb RNA degradation and 3) suppression of 3.5 kb RNA splicing. When the 1.24-fold HBV genome was introduced into cells with the PUF60-expression plasmid, the 3.5 kb RNA level was higher at days 1–2 post-transfection but declined thereafter in PUF60-expressing cells compared to viral replication control cells. Deletion analyses showed that the second and first RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) within PUF60 are responsible for core promoter activation and RNA degradation, respectively. Expression of PUF60 mutant deleting the first RRM led to higher HBV production. To our knowledge, this is the first to identify a host factor involved in not only positively regulating viral gene expression but also negative regulation of the same viral life cycle. Functional linkage between transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls during viral replication might be involved in mechanisms for intracellular antiviral defense and viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suofeng Sun
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakashima
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ito
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Chida
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | | | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
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35
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Molecular characterization of AID-mediated reduction of hepatitis B virus transcripts. Virology 2017; 510:281-288. [PMID: 28779685 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. After entering a hepatocyte, HBV forms a nuclear viral episome and produces pregenomic (pg) RNA with a stem-loop structure called an epsilon, which acts to signal encapsidation. We previously demonstrated that TGF-β upregulates activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression in hepatocytes, which in turn downregulates HBV transcripts by recruiting the RNA exosome complex. The molecular mechanism underlying AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction remains largely unclear. Here we used a pgRNA reporter system having a reporter gene within pgRNA to identify sis- and trans-acting elements in AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction. We found that the epsilon RNA and C-terminus of AID are required for AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction. Importantly, this reduction was reproduced in a hydrodynamic HBV transfection mouse model. The molecular mechanism of AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction is discussed.
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36
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Molleston JM, Sabin LR, Moy RH, Menghani SV, Rausch K, Gordesky-Gold B, Hopkins KC, Zhou R, Jensen TH, Wilusz JE, Cherry S. A conserved virus-induced cytoplasmic TRAMP-like complex recruits the exosome to target viral RNA for degradation. Genes Dev 2017; 30:1658-70. [PMID: 27474443 PMCID: PMC4973295 DOI: 10.1101/gad.284604.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, Molleston et al. find that signals from viral infections repurpose TRAMP complex components to a cytoplasmic surveillance role where they selectively engage viral RNAs for degradation to restrict a broad range of viruses. RNA degradation is tightly regulated to selectively target aberrant RNAs, including viral RNA, but this regulation is incompletely understood. Through RNAi screening in Drosophila cells, we identified the 3′-to-5′ RNA exosome and two components of the exosome cofactor TRAMP (Trf4/5–Air1/2–Mtr4 polyadenylation) complex, dMtr4 and dZcchc7, as antiviral against a panel of RNA viruses. We extended our studies to human orthologs and found that the exosome as well as TRAMP components hMTR4 and hZCCHC7 are antiviral. While hMTR4 and hZCCHC7 are normally nuclear, infection by cytoplasmic RNA viruses induces their export, forming a cytoplasmic complex that specifically recognizes and induces degradation of viral mRNAs. Furthermore, the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of bunyaviral mRNA is sufficient to confer virus-induced exosomal degradation. Altogether, our results reveal that signals from viral infection repurpose TRAMP components to a cytoplasmic surveillance role where they selectively engage viral RNAs for degradation to restrict a broad range of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome M Molleston
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Leah R Sabin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ryan H Moy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sanjay V Menghani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Keiko Rausch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Beth Gordesky-Gold
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kaycie C Hopkins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Rui Zhou
- Program for RNA Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Torben Heick Jensen
- Centre for mRNP Biogenesis and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jeremy E Wilusz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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37
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Qu M, Yuan X, Liu D, Ma Y, Zhu J, Cui J, Yu M, Li C, Guo D. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Immune-Mediated Liver Injury and Compromise Virus Control During Acute Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Mice. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:818-827. [PMID: 28318408 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used as therapeutic tools not only for their ability to differentiate toward different cells, but also for their unique immunomodulatory properties. However, it is still unknown how MSCs may affect immunity during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study was designed to explore the effect of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) on hepatic natural killer (NK) cells in a mouse model of acute HBV infection. Mice were injected with 1 × 106 BM-MSCs, which stained with chloromethyl derivatives of fluorescein diacetate fluorescent probe, 24 h before hydrodynamic injection of viral DNA (pHBV1.3) through the tail vein. In vivo imaging system revealed that BM-MSCs were accumulated in the injured liver, and they attenuated immune-mediated liver injury during HBV infection, as shown by lower alanine aminotransferase levels, reduced proinflammatory cytokine production, and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver. Importantly, administration of BM-MSCs restrained the increased expression of natural-killer group 2, member D (NKG2D), an important receptor required for NK cell activation in the liver from HBV-infected mice. BM-MSCs also reduced NKG2D expression on NK cells and suppressed the cytotoxicity of NK cells in vitro. Furthermore, BM-MSC-derived transforming growth factor-β1 suppressed NKG2D expression on NK cells. As a consequence, BM-MSC treatment enhanced HBV gene expression and replication in vivo. These results demonstrate that adoptive transfer of BM-MSCs influences innate immunity and limits immune-mediated liver injury during acute HBV infection by suppressing NK cell activity. Meanwhile, the effect of BM-MSCs on prolonging virus clearance needs to be considered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Qu
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Cui
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Mengxue Yu
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Changyong Li
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China .,2 School of Basic Medical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, China
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38
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Matsumoto T, Takahashi K, Inuzuka T, Kim SK, Kurosaki T, Kawakami S, Chiba T, Seno H, Marusawa H. Activation of TNF-α-AID axis and co-inhibitory signals in coordination with Th1-type immunity in a mouse model recapitulating hepatitis B. Antiviral Res 2017; 139:138-145. [PMID: 28063995 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection evokes host immune responses that primarily determine the outcome of HBV infection and the clinical features of HBV-associated liver disease. The precise mechanisms by which host factors restrict HBV replication, however, are poorly understood due to the lack of useful animal models that recapitulate immune responses to HBV. Here, we performed comprehensive immunologic gene expression profiling of the liver of a mouse model recapitulating anti-HBV immune response using a high sensitivity direct digital counting system. Anti-HBV cellular immunity with liver inflammation was elicited in mice hydrodynamically injected with a CpG-depleted plasmid encoding hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) gene after preimmunization with HBsAg vaccine. Comprehensive expression analyses revealed the upregulation of Th1-associated genes including tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) and negative regulators of T cell function in the inflamed liver. Interestingly, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aicda, termed AID in humans), which reportedly suppresses HBV infection in vitro, was upregulated in hepatocytes in the course of anti-HBV immunity. Hepatocytic expression of Aicda in a Tnf-dependent manner was confirmed by the administration of Tnf antagonist into Aicda-tdTomato mice with anti-HBV immunity. Our findings suggest that activation of Tnf-Aicda axis and co-inhibitory signals to T cells in coordination with Th1-type immunity has critical roles in the immune response against HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tadashi Inuzuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Soo Ki Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, 653-0801, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kurosaki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability (Shishu-Kan), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8306, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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39
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Attacked from All Sides: RNA Decay in Antiviral Defense. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010002. [PMID: 28054965 PMCID: PMC5294971 DOI: 10.3390/v9010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system has evolved a number of sensors that recognize viral RNA (vRNA) to restrict infection, yet the full spectrum of host-encoded RNA binding proteins that target these foreign RNAs is still unknown. The RNA decay machinery, which uses exonucleases to degrade aberrant RNAs largely from the 5′ or 3′ end, is increasingly recognized as playing an important role in antiviral defense. The 5′ degradation pathway can directly target viral messenger RNA (mRNA) for degradation, as well as indirectly attenuate replication by limiting specific pools of endogenous RNAs. The 3′ degradation machinery (RNA exosome) is emerging as a downstream effector of a diverse array of vRNA sensors. This review discusses our current understanding of the roles of the RNA decay machinery in controlling viral infection.
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40
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Qian X, Xu C, Fang S, Zhao P, Wang Y, Liu H, Yuan W, Qi Z. Exosomal MicroRNAs Derived From Umbilical Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibit Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1190-203. [PMID: 27496568 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant global public health problem, causing more than 350,000 deaths every year. Although the development of direct-acting antivirals has improved the sustained virological response rate in HCV patients, novel anti-HCV agents with higher efficacy as well as better tolerance and cheaper production costs are still urgently needed. Cell-based therapy, especially its unique and strong paracrine ability to transfer information to other cells via extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, has become one of the most popular therapeutic methods in recent years. In our study, exosomes secreted from umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (uMSCs), which are widely used in regenerative medicine, inhibited HCV infection in vitro, especially viral replication, with low cell toxicity. Our analysis revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) from uMSC-derived exosomes (uMSC-Exo) had their unique expression profiles, and these functional miRNAs, mainly represented by let-7f, miR-145, miR-199a, and miR-221 released from uMSC-Exo, largely contributed to the suppression of HCV RNA replication. These four miRNAs possessed binding sites in HCV RNA as demonstrated by the target prediction algorithm. In addition, uMSC-Exo therapy showed synergistic effect when combined with U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved interferon-α or telaprevir, enhancing their anti-HCV ability and thus improving the clinical significance of these regenerative substances for future application as optimal adjuvants of anti-HCV therapy. SIGNIFICANCE This work reported, for the first time, the identification of stem cell-derived exosomes of antiviral activity. Umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-secreted exosomes inhibited hepatitis C virus infection through transporting a mixture of microRNAs complementing the viral genomes to the host cells. This finding provides insights and prospects for physiologically secreted substances for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijing Qian
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Fang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Research Center of Developmental Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Houqi Liu
- Research Center of Developmental Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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41
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Qiao Y, Han X, Guan G, Wu N, Sun J, Pak V, Liang G. TGF-β triggers HBV cccDNA degradation through AID-dependent deamination. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:419-27. [PMID: 26867650 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a viral center molecule for HBV infection and persistence. However, the cellular restriction factors of HBV cccDNA are not well understood. Here, we show that TGF-β can induce nuclear viral cccDNA degradation and hypermutation via activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deamination activity in hepatocytes. This suppression by TGF-β is abrogated when AID or the activity of uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) is absent, which indicates that AID deamination and the UNG-mediated excision of uracil act in concert to degrade viral cccDNA. Moreover, the HBV core protein promotes the interaction between AID and viral cccDNA. Overall, our results indicate a novel molecular mechanism that allows cytokine TGF-β to restrict viral nuclear cccDNA in innate immunity, thereby suggesting a novel method for potentially eliminating cccDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qiao
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gefei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Wu
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vladimir Pak
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guoxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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42
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Chang J, Guo JT. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B with pattern recognition receptor agonists: Current status and potential for a cure. Antiviral Res 2015. [PMID: 26205674 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been considered to be a "stealth virus" that induces negligible innate immune responses during the early phase of infection. However, recent studies with newly developed experimental systems have revealed that virus infection can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR), eliciting a cytokine response that controls the replication of the virus. The molecular mechanisms by which interferons and other inflammatory cytokines suppress HBV replication and modulate HBV cccDNA metabolism and function are just beginning to be revealed. In agreement with the notion that the developmental and functional status of intrahepatic innate immunity determines the activation and maturation of the HBV-specific adaptive immune response and thus the outcome of HBV infection, pharmacological activation of intrahepatic innate immune responses with TLR7/8/9 or STING agonists efficiently controls HBV infection in preclinical studies and thus holds great promise for the cure of chronic hepatitis B. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "An unfinished story: from the discovery of the Australia antigen to the development of new curative therapies for hepatitis B."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
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