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López-Alcalá J, Gordon A, Trávez A, Tercero-Alcázar C, Correa-Sáez A, González-Rellán MJ, Rangel-Zúñiga OA, Rodríguez A, Membrives A, Frühbeck G, Nogueiras R, Calzado MA, Guzmán-Ruiz R, Malagón MM. Localization, traffic and function of Rab34 in adipocyte lipid and endocrine functions. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:2. [PMID: 38183057 PMCID: PMC10770960 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive lipid accumulation in the adipose tissue in obesity alters the endocrine and energy storage functions of adipocytes. Adipocyte lipid droplets represent key organelles coordinating lipid storage and mobilization in these cells. Recently, we identified the small GTPase, Rab34, in the lipid droplet proteome of adipocytes. Herein, we have characterized the distribution, intracellular transport, and potential contribution of this GTPase to adipocyte physiology and its regulation in obesity. METHODS 3T3-L1 and human primary preadipocytes were differentiated in vitro and Rab34 distribution and trafficking were analyzed using markers of cellular compartments. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were transfected with expression vectors and/or Rab34 siRNA and assessed for secretory activity, lipid accumulation and expression of proteins regulating lipid metabolism. Proteomic and protein interaction analyses were employed for the identification of the Rab34 interactome. These studies were combined with functional analysis to unveil the role played by the GTPase in adipocytes, with a focus on the actions conveyed by Rab34 interacting proteins. Finally, Rab34 regulation in response to obesity was also evaluated. RESULTS Our results show that Rab34 localizes at the Golgi apparatus in preadipocytes. During lipid droplet biogenesis, Rab34 translocates from the Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum-related compartments and then reaches the surface of adipocyte lipid droplets. Rab34 exerts distinct functions related to its intracellular location. Thus, at the Golgi, Rab34 regulates cisternae integrity as well as adiponectin trafficking and oligomerization. At the lipid droplets, this GTPase controls lipid accumulation and lipolysis through its interaction with the E1-ubiquitin ligase, UBA1, which induces the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the fatty acid transporter and member of Rab34 interactome, FABP5. Finally, Rab34 levels in the adipose tissue and adipocytes are regulated in response to obesity and related pathogenic insults (i.e., fibrosis). CONCLUSIONS Rab34 plays relevant roles during adipocyte differentiation, including from the regulation of the oligomerization (i.e., biological activity) and secretion of a major adipokine with insulin-sensitizing actions, adiponectin, to lipid storage and mobilization from lipid droplets. Rab34 dysregulation in obesity may contribute to the altered adipokine secretion and lipid metabolism that characterize adipocyte dysfunction in conditions of excess adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime López-Alcalá
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba (UCO), Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Gordon
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba (UCO), Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Andrés Trávez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba (UCO), Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Tercero-Alcázar
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba (UCO), Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Correa-Sáez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba (UCO), Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Jesús González-Rellán
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oriol A Rangel-Zúñiga
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/University of Córdoba (UCO), Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clinic, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Membrives
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Córdoba (UCO), Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clinic, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marco A Calzado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba (UCO), Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Guzmán-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba (UCO), Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - María M Malagón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba (UCO), Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Chiou KL, Huang X, Bohlen MO, Tremblay S, DeCasien AR, O’Day DR, Spurrell CH, Gogate AA, Zintel TM, Andrews MG, Martínez MI, Starita LM, Montague MJ, Platt ML, Shendure J, Snyder-Mackler N. A single-cell multi-omic atlas spanning the adult rhesus macaque brain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh1914. [PMID: 37824616 PMCID: PMC10569716 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Cataloging the diverse cellular architecture of the primate brain is crucial for understanding cognition, behavior, and disease in humans. Here, we generated a brain-wide single-cell multimodal molecular atlas of the rhesus macaque brain. Together, we profiled 2.58 M transcriptomes and 1.59 M epigenomes from single nuclei sampled from 30 regions across the adult brain. Cell composition differed extensively across the brain, revealing cellular signatures of region-specific functions. We also identified 1.19 M candidate regulatory elements, many previously unidentified, allowing us to explore the landscape of cis-regulatory grammar and neurological disease risk in a cell type-specific manner. Altogether, this multi-omic atlas provides an open resource for investigating the evolution of the human brain and identifying novel targets for disease interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L. Chiou
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Xingfan Huang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin O. Bohlen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sébastien Tremblay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alex R. DeCasien
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diana R. O’Day
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cailyn H. Spurrell
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aishwarya A. Gogate
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Trisha M. Zintel
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Cayo Biobank Research Unit
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Marketing Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Madeline G. Andrews
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Melween I. Martínez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Lea M. Starita
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael J. Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael L. Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Marketing Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Zhou CD, Pettersson A, Plym A, Tyekucheva S, Penney KL, Sesso HD, Kantoff PW, Mucci LA, Stopsack KH. Differences in Prostate Cancer Transcriptomes by Age at Diagnosis: Are Primary Tumors from Older Men Inherently Different? Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:815-825. [PMID: 36125434 PMCID: PMC9722523 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Older age at diagnosis is consistently associated with worse clinical outcomes in prostate cancer. We sought to characterize gene expression profiles of prostate tumor tissue by age at diagnosis. We conducted a discovery analysis in The Cancer Genome Atlas prostate cancer dataset (n = 320; 29% of men >65 years at diagnosis), using linear regressions of age at diagnosis and mRNA expression and adjusting for TMPRSS2:ERG fusion status and race. This analysis identified 13 age-related candidate genes at FDR < 0.1, six of which were also found in an analysis additionally adjusted for Gleason score. We then validated the 13 age-related genes in a transcriptome study nested in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and Physicians' Health Study (n = 374; 53% of men >65 years). Gene expression differences by age in the 13 candidate genes were directionally consistent, and age at diagnosis was weakly associated with the 13-gene score. However, the age-related genes were not consistently associated with risk of metastases and prostate cancer-specific death. Collectively, these findings argue against tumor genomic differences as a main explanation for age-related differences in prostate cancer prognosis. PREVENTION RELEVANCE Older age at diagnosis is consistently associated with worse clinical outcomes in prostate cancer. This study with independent discovery and validation sets and long-term follow-up suggests that prevention of lethal prostate cancer should focus on implementing appropriate screening, staging, and treatment among older men without expecting fundamentally different tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie D. Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Pettersson
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Plym
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Urology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Svitlana Tyekucheva
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Penney
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard D. Sesso
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Preventative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip W. Kantoff
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Convergent Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lorelei A. Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konrad H. Stopsack
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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1,25(OH) 2D 3 Promotes Macrophage Efferocytosis Partly by Upregulating ASAP2 Transcription via the VDR-Bound Enhancer Region and ASAP2 May Affect Antiviral Immunity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224935. [PMID: 36432619 PMCID: PMC9699620 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, i.e., 1,25(OH)2D3, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on the immune system, especially macrophage-mediated innate immunity. In a previous study, we identified 1,25(OH)2D3-responsive and vitamin D receptor (VDR)-bound super-enhancer regions in THP-1 cells. Herein, we examined the transcriptional regulation of ArfGAP with SH3 Domain, Ankyrin Repeat and PH Domain 2 (ASAP2) (encoding a GTPase-activating protein) by 1,25(OH)2D3 through the top-ranked VDR-bound super-enhancer region in the first intron of ASAP2 and potential functions of ASAP2 in macrophages. First, we validated the upregulation of ASAP2 by 1,25(OH)2D3 in both THP-1 cells and macrophages. Subsequently, we identified three regulatory regions (i.e., the core, 1,25(OH)2D3-responsive, and inhibitory regions) in the VDR bound-enhancer of ASAP2. ASAP2 promoted RAC1-activity and macrophage efferocytosis in vitro. Next, we assessed the functions of ASAP2 by mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing analyses. ASAP2 upregulated the expressions of antiviral-associated genes and interacted with SAM and HD domain-containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1). In vivo, vitamin D reduced the number of apoptotic cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and promoted macrophage efferocytosis in peritonitis without changing the mRNA level of ASAP2. Thus, we could better understand the regulatory mechanism underlying ASAP2 transcription and the function of ASAP2, which may serve as a potential treatment target against inflammatory diseases and virus infections.
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5
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Elevated expression of ADAP2 is associated with aggressive behavior of human clear-cell renal cell carcinoma and poor patient survival. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2022; 21:e78-e91. [PMID: 36127253 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common and lethal cancer of the adult kidney. ADAP2 is a GTPase-activating protein was upregulated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The role of ADAP2 in ccRCC progression is unknown. METHODS ADAP2 expression in ccRCC cell lines and tissues was examined via real-time PCR, Western blot and IHC. MTS, colony formation and transwell assay to explore the role of ADAP2 in ccRCC. ADAP2 in growth and metastasis of ccRCC were evaluated in vivo through ccRCC xenograft tumor growth, lung metastatic mice model. The prognostic role of ADAP2 was evaluated by survival analysis. RESULTS ADAP2 mRNA was expressed at significantly higher levels in 23 pairs of ccRCC tissues than in normal kidney tissues (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis of 298 ccRCC tissues revealed elevated ADAP2 expression as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for the overall survival (P = 0.0042) and progression-free survival (P = 0.0232) of patients. The KaplanMeier survival curve showed that patients with a higher expression of ADAP2 showed a significantly lower overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate. Moreover, high expression of ADAP2 at the mRNA level was associated with a worse prognosis for overall survival (P = 0.0083) in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. In vivo and in vitro functional study showed that overexpression of ADAP2 promotes ccRCC cell proliferation and metastasis ability, whereas knockdown of ADAP2 inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion. CONCLUSION ADAP2 is a novel prognostic marker and could promotes tumor progression in ccRCC.
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Ramirez NGP, Lee J, Zheng Y, Li L, Dennis B, Chen D, Challa A, Planelles V, Westover KD, Alto NM, D'Orso I. ADAP1 promotes latent HIV-1 reactivation by selectively tuning KRAS-ERK-AP-1 T cell signaling-transcriptional axis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1109. [PMID: 35232997 PMCID: PMC8888757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune stimulation fuels cell signaling-transcriptional programs inducing biological responses to eliminate virus-infected cells. Yet, retroviruses that integrate into host cell chromatin, such as HIV-1, co-opt these programs to switch between latent and reactivated states; however, the regulatory mechanisms are still unfolding. Here, we implemented a functional screen leveraging HIV-1's dependence on CD4+ T cell signaling-transcriptional programs and discovered ADAP1 is an undescribed modulator of HIV-1 proviral fate. Specifically, we report ADAP1 (ArfGAP with dual PH domain-containing protein 1), a previously thought neuronal-restricted factor, is an amplifier of select T cell signaling programs. Using complementary biochemical and cellular assays, we demonstrate ADAP1 inducibly interacts with the immune signalosome to directly stimulate KRAS GTPase activity thereby augmenting T cell signaling through targeted activation of the ERK-AP-1 axis. Single cell transcriptomics analysis revealed loss of ADAP1 function blunts gene programs upon T cell stimulation consequently dampening latent HIV-1 reactivation. Our combined experimental approach defines ADAP1 as an unexpected tuner of T cell programs facilitating HIV-1 latency escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora-Guadalupe P Ramirez
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jeon Lee
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yue Zheng
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Lianbo Li
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Bryce Dennis
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Didi Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ashwini Challa
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Kenneth D Westover
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Neal M Alto
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Iván D'Orso
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Abstract
Virus entry, consisting of attachment to and penetration into the host target cell, is the first step of the virus life cycle and is a critical 'do or die' event that governs virus emergence in host populations. Most antiviral vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that prevent virus entry into cells. However, while the prevention of virus invasion by humoral immunity is well appreciated, considerably less is known about the immune defences present within cells (known as intrinsic immunity) that interfere with virus entry. The interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins, known for inhibiting fusion between viral and cellular membranes, were once the only factors known to restrict virus entry. However, the progressive development of genetic and pharmacological screening platforms and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic have galvanized interest in how viruses infiltrate cells and how cells defend against it. Several host factors with antiviral potential are now implicated in the regulation of virus entry, including cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), lymphocyte antigen 6E (LY6E), nuclear receptor co-activator protein 7 (NCOA7), interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), CD74 and ARFGAP with dual pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein 2 (ADAP2). This Review summarizes what is known and what remains to be understood about the intrinsic factors that form the first line of defence against virus infection.
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8
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Mu M, Zhao H, Wang Y, Guo M, Nie X, Liu Y, Xing M. Interferon-beta, interferon-gamma and their fusion interferon of Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in China are involved in positive-feedback regulation of interferon production. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 125:104211. [PMID: 34329648 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a group of cytokines, interferons are the first line of defense in the antiviral immunity. In this study, Siberian tiger IFN-β (PtIFN-β) and IFN-γ (PtIFN-γ) were successfully amplified, and the two were fused (PtIFN-γ) by overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (SOE-PCR). Bioinformatics analysis disclosed that PtIFN-β and PtIFN-γ have species-specificity and conservation in the course of evolution. After being expressed in prokaryotes, the antiviral activities and physicochemical properties of PtIFN-β, PtIFN-γ and PtIFNβ-γ were analyzed. In Feline kidney cells (F81), PtIFNβ-γ showed more active antiviral activity than PtIFN-β and PtIFN-γ, which has more stable physicochemical properties (acid and alkali resistance, high temperature resistance). In addition, PtIFN-β, PtIFN-γ and PtIFN-γ activated the JAK-STAT pathway and induced the transcription and expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Janus kinase (JAK) 1 inhibitor inhibited ISGs expression induced by PtIFN-β, PtIFN-γ and PtIFN-γ. Overall, this research clarified that PtIFN-β, PtIFN-γ and PtIFNβ-γ have the ability to inhibit viral replication and send signals through the JAK-STAT pathway. These findings may facilitate further study on the role of PtIFN in the antiviral immune response, and help to develop approaches for the prophylactic and therapeutic of viral diseases based on fusion interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Mu
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Menghao Guo
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaopan Nie
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yachen Liu
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China.
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9
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Omar M, Marchionni L, Häcker G, Badr MT. Host Blood Gene Signatures Can Detect the Progression to Severe and Cerebral Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:743616. [PMID: 34746025 PMCID: PMC8569259 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.743616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major international public health problem that affects millions of patients worldwide especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Although many tests have been developed to diagnose malaria infections, we still lack reliable diagnostic biomarkers for the identification of disease severity, especially in endemic areas where the diagnosis of cerebral malaria is very difficult and requires the exclusion of all other possible causes. Previous host and pathogen transcriptomic studies have not yielded homogenous results that can be harnessed into a reliable diagnostic tool. Here we utilized a multi-cohort analysis approach using machine-learning algorithms to identify blood gene signatures that can distinguish severe and cerebral malaria from moderate and non-cerebral cases. Using a Regularized Random Forest model, we identified 28-gene and 32-gene signatures that can reliably distinguish severe and cerebral malaria, respectively. We tested the specificity of both signatures against other common infectious diseases to ensure the signatures reliability and suitability as diagnostic markers. The severe and cerebral malaria gene-signatures were further integrated through k-top scoring pairs classifiers into ten and nine gene pairs that could distinguish severe and cerebral malaria, respectively. These signatures have various implications that can be utilized as blood diagnostic tools for malaria severity in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Omar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed Tarek Badr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,IMM-PACT-Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Vo PTD, Choi SS, Park HR, Lee A, Jeong SH, Choi Y. Gene signatures associated with barrier dysfunction and infection in oral lichen planus identified by analysis of transcriptomic data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257356. [PMID: 34506598 PMCID: PMC8432868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is one of the most prevalent oral mucosal diseases, but there is no cure for OLP yet. The aim of this study was to gain insights into the role of barrier dysfunction and infection in OLP pathogenesis through analysis of transcriptome datasets available in public databases. Two transcriptome datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and analyzed as whole and as partial sets after removing outliers. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upregulated in the dataset of OLP versus healthy epithelium were significantly enriched in epidermal development, keratinocyte differentiation, keratinization, responses to bacterial infection, and innate immune response. In contrast, the upregulated DEGs in the dataset of the mucosa predominantly reflected chemotaxis of immune cells and inflammatory/immune responses. Forty-three DEGs overlapping in the two datasets were identified after removing outliers from each dataset. The overlapping DEGs included genes associated with hyperkeratosis (upregulated LCE3E and TMEM45A), wound healing (upregulated KRT17, IL36G, TNC, and TGFBI), barrier defects (downregulated FRAS1 and BCL11A), and response to infection (upregulated IL36G, ADAP2, DFNA5, RFTN1, LITAF, and TMEM173). Immunohistochemical examination of IL-36γ, a protein encoded by one of the DEGs IL36G, in control (n = 7) and OLP (n = 25) tissues confirmed the increased expression of IL-36γ in OLP. Collectively, we identified gene signatures associated with hyperkeratosis, wound healing, barrier defects, and response to infection in OLP. IL-36γ, a cytokine involved in both wound repair and antimicrobial defense, may be a possible therapeutic target in OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Thi-Duy Vo
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Shim Choi
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Ryoun Park
- Department of Oral Pathology, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahreum Lee
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Jeong
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SHJ); (YC)
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SHJ); (YC)
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11
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Singh K, Chen YC, Hassanzadeh S, Han K, Judy JT, Seifuddin F, Tunc I, Sack MN, Pirooznia M. Network Analysis and Transcriptome Profiling Identify Autophagic and Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Genet 2021; 12:599261. [PMID: 33796130 PMCID: PMC8008150 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.599261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyzing host cells' transcriptional response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection will help delineate biological processes underlying viral pathogenesis. First, analysis of expression profiles of lung cell lines A549 and Calu3 revealed upregulation of antiviral interferon signaling genes in response to all three SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, or influenza A virus (IAV) infections. However, perturbations in expression of genes involved in inflammatory, mitochondrial, and autophagy processes were specifically observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Next, a validation study in infected human nasopharyngeal samples also revealed perturbations in autophagy and mitochondrial processes. Specifically, mTOR expression, mitochondrial ribosomal, mitochondrial complex I, lysosome acidification, and mitochondrial fission promoting genes were concurrently downregulated in both infected cell lines and human samples. SARS-CoV-2 infection impeded autophagic flux either by upregulating GSK3B in lung cell lines or by downregulating autophagy genes, SNAP29, and lysosome acidification genes in human samples, contributing to increased viral replication. Therefore, drugs targeting lysosome acidification or autophagic flux could be tested as intervention strategies. Finally, age-stratified SARS-CoV-2-positive human data revealed impaired upregulation of chemokines, interferon-stimulated genes, and tripartite motif genes that are critical for antiviral signaling. Together, this analysis has revealed specific aspects of autophagic and mitochondrial function that are uniquely perturbed in SARS-CoV-2-infected host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komudi Singh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yun-Ching Chen
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shahin Hassanzadeh
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kim Han
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer T. Judy
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fayaz Seifuddin
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ilker Tunc
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael N. Sack
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Ghildiyal R, Gabrani R. Computational approach to decipher cellular interactors and drug targets during co-infection of SARS-CoV-2, Dengue, and Chikungunya virus. Virusdisease 2021; 32:55-64. [PMID: 33723515 PMCID: PMC7945596 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is reeling under severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, and it will be frightening if compounded by other co-existing infections. The co-occurrence of the Dengue virus (DENV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has been into existence, but recently the co-infection of DENV and SARS-CoV-2 has been reported. Thus, the possibility of DENV, CHIKV, and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection could be predicted in the future with enhanced vulnerability. It is essential to elucidate the host interactors and the connected pathways to understand the biological insights. The in silico approach using Cytoscape was exploited to elucidate the common human proteins interacting with DENV, CHIKV, and SARS-CoV-2 during their probable co-infection. In total, 17 interacting host proteins were identified showing association with envelope, structural, non-structural, and accessory proteins. Investigating the functional and biological behaviour using PANTHER, UniProtKB, and KEGG databases uncovered their association with several cellular pathways including, signaling pathways, RNA processing and transport, cell cycle, ubiquitination, and protein trafficking. Withal, exploring the DrugBank and Therapeutic Target Database, total seven druggable host proteins were predicted. Among all integrin beta-1, histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) and microtubule affinity-regulating kinase-3 were targeted by FDA approved molecules/ drugs. Furthermore, HDAC2 was predicted to be the most significant target, and some approved drugs are available against it. The predicted druggable targets and approved drugs could be investigated to obliterate the identified interactions that could assist in inhibiting viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Ghildiyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP 201309 India
| | - Reema Gabrani
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP 201309 India
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13
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Imaging-Based Reporter Systems to Define CVB-Induced Membrane Remodeling in Living Cells. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101074. [PMID: 32992749 PMCID: PMC7600424 DOI: 10.3390/v12101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses manipulate host membranes to form replication organelles, which concentrate viral and host factors to allow for efficient replication. However, this process has not been well-studied in living cells throughout the course of infection. To define the dynamic process of enterovirus membrane remodeling of major secretory pathway organelles, we have developed plasmid-based reporter systems that utilize viral protease-dependent release of a nuclear-localized fluorescent protein from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane during infection, while retaining organelle-specific fluorescent protein markers such as the ER and Golgi. This system thus allows for the monitoring of organelle-specific changes induced by infection in real-time. Using long-term time-lapse imaging of living cells infected with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB), we detected reporter translocation to the nucleus beginning ~4 h post-infection, which correlated with a loss of Golgi integrity and a collapse of the peripheral ER. Lastly, we applied our system to study the effects of a calcium channel inhibitor, 2APB, on virus-induced manipulation of host membranes. We found that 2APB treatment had no effect on the kinetics of infection or the percentage of infected cells. However, we observed aberrant ER structures in CVB-infected cells treated with 2APB and a significant decrease in viral-dependent cell lysis, which corresponded with a decrease in extracellular virus titers. Thus, our system provides a tractable platform to monitor the effects of inhibitors, gene silencing, and/or gene editing on viral manipulation of host membranes, which can help determine the mechanism of action for antivirals.
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14
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The Molecular Interactions of ZIKV and DENV with the Type-I IFN Response. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030530. [PMID: 32937990 PMCID: PMC7565347 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika Virus (ZIKV) and Dengue Virus (DENV) are related viruses of the Flavivirus genus that cause significant disease in humans. Existing control measures have been ineffective at curbing the increasing global incidence of infection for both viruses and they are therefore prime targets for new vaccination strategies. Type-I interferon (IFN) responses are important in clearing viral infection and for generating efficient adaptive immune responses towards infection and vaccination. However, ZIKV and DENV have evolved multiple molecular mechanisms to evade type-I IFN production. This review covers the molecular interactions, from detection to evasion, of these viruses with the type-I IFN response. Additionally, we discuss how this knowledge can be exploited to improve the design of new vaccine strategies.
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15
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LY6E Restricts Entry of Human Coronaviruses, Including Currently Pandemic SARS-CoV-2. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00562-20. [PMID: 32641482 PMCID: PMC7459569 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00562-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus entry into host cells is one of the key determinants of host range and cell tropism and is subjected to the control of host innate and adaptive immune responses. In the last decade, several interferon-inducible cellular proteins, including IFITMs, GILT, ADAP2, 25CH, and LY6E, had been identified to modulate the infectious entry of a variety of viruses. Particularly, LY6E was recently identified as a host factor that facilitates the entry of several human-pathogenic viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus, and yellow fever virus. Identification of LY6E as a potent restriction factor of coronaviruses expands the biological function of LY6E and sheds new light on the immunopathogenesis of human coronavirus infection. C3A is a subclone of the human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell line with strong contact inhibition of growth. We fortuitously found that C3A was more susceptible to human coronavirus HCoV-OC43 infection than HepG2, which was attributed to the increased efficiency of virus entry into C3A cells. In an effort to search for the host cellular protein(s) mediating the differential susceptibility of the two cell lines to HCoV-OC43 infection, we found that ArfGAP with dual pleckstrin homology (PH) domains 2 (ADAP2), gamma-interferon-inducible lysosome/endosome-localized thiolreductase (GILT), and lymphocyte antigen 6 family member E (LY6E), the three cellular proteins identified to function in interference with virus entry, were expressed at significantly higher levels in HepG2 cells. Functional analyses revealed that ectopic expression of LY6E, but not GILT or ADAP2, in HEK 293 cells inhibited the entry of HCoV-O43. While overexpression of LY6E in C3A and A549 cells efficiently inhibited the infection of HCoV-OC43, knockdown of LY6E expression in HepG2 significantly increased its susceptibility to HCoV-OC43 infection. Moreover, we found that LY6E also efficiently restricted the entry mediated by the envelope spike proteins of other human coronaviruses, including the currently pandemic SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, overexpression of serine protease TMPRSS2 or amphotericin treatment significantly neutralized the IFN-inducible transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) restriction of human coronavirus (CoV) entry, but did not compromise the effect of LY6E on the entry of human coronaviruses. The work reported herein thus demonstrates that LY6E is a critical antiviral immune effector that controls CoV infection and pathogenesis via a mechanism distinct from other factors that modulate CoV entry. IMPORTANCE Virus entry into host cells is one of the key determinants of host range and cell tropism and is subjected to the control of host innate and adaptive immune responses. In the last decade, several interferon-inducible cellular proteins, including IFITMs, GILT, ADAP2, 25CH, and LY6E, had been identified to modulate the infectious entry of a variety of viruses. Particularly, LY6E was recently identified as a host factor that facilitates the entry of several human-pathogenic viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus, and yellow fever virus. Identification of LY6E as a potent restriction factor of coronaviruses expands the biological function of LY6E and sheds new light on the immunopathogenesis of human coronavirus infection.
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16
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Singh K, Chen YC, Judy JT, Seifuddin F, Tunc I, Pirooznia M. Network Analysis and Transcriptome Profiling Identify Autophagic and Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.05.13.092536. [PMID: 32511341 PMCID: PMC7241104 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.13.092536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing host transcriptional changes in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection will help delineate biological processes underlying viral pathogenesis. Comparison of expression profiles of lung cell lines A549 (infected with either SARS-CoV-2 (with ACE2 expression)) or Influenza A virus (IAV)) and Calu3 (infected with SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV) revealed upregulation of the antiviral interferon signaling in all three viral infections. However, perturbations in inflammatory, mitochondrial, and autophagy processes were specifically observed in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Validation of findings from cell line data revealed perturbations in autophagy and mitochondrial processes in the infected human nasopharyngeal samples. Specifically, downregulation of mTOR expression, mitochondrial ribosomal, mitochondrial complex I, and lysosome acidification genes were concurrently observed in both infected cell lines and human datasets. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection impedes autophagic flux by upregulating GSK3B in lung cell lines, or by downregulating autophagy genes, SNAP29 and lysosome acidification genes in human samples, contributing to increased viral replication. Therefore, drugs targeting lysosome acidification or autophagic flux could be tested as intervention strategies. Additionally, downregulation of MTFP1 (in cell lines) or SOCS6 (in human samples) results in hyperfused mitochondria and impede proper interferon response. Coexpression networks analysis identifies correlated clusters of genes annotated to inflammation and mitochondrial processes that are misregulated in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Finally, comparison of age stratified human gene expression data revealed impaired upregulation of chemokines, interferon stimulated and tripartite motif genes that are critical for antiviral signaling. Together, this analysis has revealed specific aspects of autophagic and mitochondrial function that are uniquely perturbed in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komudi Singh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yun-Ching Chen
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer T Judy
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fayaz Seifuddin
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ilker Tunc
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Zhang C, Yan Y, He H, Wang L, Zhang N, Zhang J, Huang H, Wu N, Ren H, Qian M, Liu M, Du B. IFN-stimulated P2Y13 protects mice from viral infection by suppressing the cAMP/EPAC1 signaling pathway. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:395-407. [PMID: 30137373 PMCID: PMC7107496 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the most important sensors of extracellular danger signals, purinergic receptors have been demonstrated to play crucial roles in host defense against infection. However, the function of P2 receptors in viral infection has been little explored. Here we demonstrated that P2Y13 and its ligand ADP play an important role in protecting hosts from viral infections. First, we demonstrate that P2Y13, as a typical interferon-stimulated gene, is induced together with extracellular ADP during viral infection. Most importantly, extracellular ADP restricts the replication of different kinds of viruses, including vesicular stomatitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, herpes simplex virus 1, and murine leukemia virus. This kind of protection is dependent on P2Y13 but not P2Y1 or P2Y12, which are also considered as receptors for ADP. Furthermore, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and EPAC1 are downregulated by extracellular ADP through the P2Y13-coupled Gi alpha subunit. Accordingly, inhibition or deletion of EPAC1 significantly eliminates ADP/P2Y13-mediated antiviral activities. Taken together, our results show that P2Y13 and ADP play pivotal roles in the clearance of invaded virus and have the potential as antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwang He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjun Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Chen D, Hou Z, Jiang D, Zheng M, Li G, Zhang Y, Li R, Lin H, Chang J, Zeng H, Guo JT, Zhao X. GILT restricts the cellular entry mediated by the envelope glycoproteins of SARS-CoV, Ebola virus and Lassa fever virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1511-1523. [PMID: 31631785 PMCID: PMC6818130 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1677446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) control viral infections by inducing expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that restrict distinct steps of viral replication. We report herein that gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), a lysosome-associated ISG, restricts the infectious entry of selected enveloped RNA viruses. Specifically, we demonstrated that GILT was constitutively expressed in lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts and its expression could be further induced by type II interferon. While overexpression of GILT inhibited the entry mediated by envelope glycoproteins of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Ebola virus (EBOV) and Lassa fever virus (LASV), depletion of GILT enhanced the entry mediated by these viral envelope glycoproteins. Furthermore, mutations that impaired the thiol reductase activity or disrupted the N-linked glycosylation, a posttranslational modification essential for its lysosomal localization, largely compromised GILT restriction of viral entry. We also found that the induction of GILT expression reduced the level and activity of cathepsin L, which is required for the entry of these RNA viruses in lysosomes. Our data indicate that GILT is a novel antiviral ISG that specifically inhibits the entry of selected enveloped RNA viruses in lysosomes via disruption of cathepsin L metabolism and function and may play a role in immune control and pathogenesis of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danying Chen
- Institute of Infectious disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifei Hou
- Institute of Infectious disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Datong Coal Mine Group Co., Ltd. , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Institute of Infectious disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Institute of Infectious disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Guoli Li
- Institute of Infectious disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Infectious disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Infectious disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxin Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation , Doylestown , PA , USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Institute of Infectious disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation , Doylestown , PA , USA
| | - Xuesen Zhao
- Institute of Infectious disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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19
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The Small GTPase Arf6: An Overview of Its Mechanisms of Action and of Its Role in Host⁻Pathogen Interactions and Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092209. [PMID: 31060328 PMCID: PMC6539230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTase Arf6 has several important functions in intracellular vesicular trafficking and regulates the recycling of different types of cargo internalized via clathrin-dependent or -independent endocytosis. It activates the lipid modifying enzymes PIP 5-kinase and phospholipase D, promotes actin polymerization, and affects several functionally distinct processes in the cell. Arf6 is used for the phagocytosis of pathogens and can be directly or indirectly targeted by various pathogens to block phagocytosis or induce the uptake of intracellular pathogens. Arf6 is also used in the signaling of Toll-like receptors and in the activation of NADPH oxidases. In this review, we first give an overview of the different roles and mechanisms of action of Arf6 and then focus on its role in innate immunity and host–pathogen interactions.
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20
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Pyfrom SC, Luo H, Payton JE. PLAIDOH: a novel method for functional prediction of long non-coding RNAs identifies cancer-specific LncRNA activities. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:137. [PMID: 30767760 PMCID: PMC6377765 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) exhibit remarkable cell-type specificity and disease association. LncRNA's functional versatility includes epigenetic modification, nuclear domain organization, transcriptional control, regulation of RNA splicing and translation, and modulation of protein activity. However, most lncRNAs remain uncharacterized due to a shortage of predictive tools available to guide functional experiments. RESULTS To address this gap for lymphoma-associated lncRNAs identified in our studies, we developed a new computational method, Predicting LncRNA Activity through Integrative Data-driven 'Omics and Heuristics (PLAIDOH), which has several unique features not found in other methods. PLAIDOH integrates transcriptome, subcellular localization, enhancer landscape, genome architecture, chromatin interaction, and RNA-binding (eCLIP) data and generates statistically defined output scores. PLAIDOH's approach identifies and ranks functional connections between individual lncRNA, coding gene, and protein pairs using enhancer, transcript cis-regulatory, and RNA-binding protein interactome scores that predict the relative likelihood of these different lncRNA functions. When applied to 'omics datasets that we collected from lymphoma patients, or to publicly available cancer (TCGA) or ENCODE datasets, PLAIDOH identified and prioritized well-known lncRNA-target gene regulatory pairs (e.g., HOTAIR and HOX genes, PVT1 and MYC), validated hits in multiple lncRNA-targeted CRISPR screens, and lncRNA-protein binding partners (e.g., NEAT1 and NONO). Importantly, PLAIDOH also identified novel putative functional interactions, including one lymphoma-associated lncRNA based on analysis of data from our human lymphoma study. We validated PLAIDOH's predictions for this lncRNA using knock-down and knock-out experiments in lymphoma cell models. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that we have developed a new method for the prediction and ranking of functional connections between individual lncRNA, coding gene, and protein pairs, which were validated by genetic experiments and comparison to published CRISPR screens. PLAIDOH expedites validation and follow-on mechanistic studies of lncRNAs in any biological system. It is available at https://github.com/sarahpyfrom/PLAIDOH .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Pyfrom
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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21
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From APOBEC to ZAP: Diverse mechanisms used by cellular restriction factors to inhibit virus infections. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:382-394. [PMID: 30290238 PMCID: PMC6334645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral restriction factors are cellular proteins that inhibit the entry, replication, or spread of viruses. These proteins are critical components of the innate immune system and function to limit the severity and host range of virus infections. Here we review the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action of several restriction factors that affect multiple viruses at distinct stages of their life cycles. For example, APOBEC3G deaminates cytosines to hypermutate reverse transcribed viral DNA; IFITM3 alters membranes to inhibit virus membrane fusion; MXA/B oligomerize on viral protein complexes to inhibit virus replication; SAMHD1 decreases dNTP intracellular concentrations to prevent reverse transcription of retrovirus genomes; tetherin prevents release of budding virions from cells; Viperin catalyzes formation of a nucleoside analogue that inhibits viral RNA polymerases; and ZAP binds virus RNAs to target them for degradation. We also discuss countermeasures employed by specific viruses against these restriction factors, and mention secondary functions of several of these factors in modulating immune responses. These important examples highlight the diverse strategies cells have evolved to combat virus infections.
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Abstract
The interferon response protects cells from invading viral pathogens by transcriptionally inducing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), some of which encode effectors with varied antiviral functions. As screening technologies improve and mouse model development quickens, more ISGs are continually being identified, characterized mechanistically, and evaluated for protective roles
in vivo. This review highlights selected recent findings of ISG effectors that contribute to our understanding of the interferon antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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23
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Abstract
Barrier sites such as the skin play a critical role in immune defense. They must maintain homeostasis with commensals and rapidly detect and limit pathogen invasion. This is accomplished in part through the production of endogenous antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which can be either constitutive or inducible. Here, we focus particularly on the control of innate antiviral proteins and present the basic aspects of their regulation in the skin by interferons (IFNs), IFN-independent immunity, and environmental factors. We also discuss the activity and (dys-)function of antiviral proteins in the context of skin-tropic viruses and highlight the relevance of the innate antiviral pathway as a potential therapeutic avenue for vulnerable patient populations and skin diseases with high risk for virus infections.
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24
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Ortega-Prieto AM, Dorner M. Immune Evasion Strategies during Chronic Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:E24. [PMID: 28862649 PMCID: PMC5620555 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are a major global healthcare problem with more than 240 million and 70 million infected, respectively. Both viruses persist within the liver and result in progressive liver disease, resulting in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Strikingly, this pathogenesis is largely driven by immune responses, unable to clear an established infection, rather than by the viral pathogens themselves. Even though disease progression is very similar in both infections, HBV and HCV have evolved distinct mechanisms, by which they ensure persistence within the host. Whereas HCV utilizes a cloak-and-dagger approach, disguising itself as a lipid-like particle and immediately crippling essential pattern-recognition pathways, HBV has long been considered a "stealth" virus, due to the complete absence of innate immune responses during infection. Recent developments and access to improved model systems, however, revealed that even though it is among the smallest human-tropic viruses, HBV may, in addition to evading host responses, employ subtle immune evasion mechanisms directed at ensuring viral persistence in the absence of host responses. In this review, we compare the different strategies of both viruses to ensure viral persistence by actively interfering with viral recognition and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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25
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Menicucci AR, Sureshchandra S, Marzi A, Feldmann H, Messaoudi I. Transcriptomic analysis reveals a previously unknown role for CD8 + T-cells in rVSV-EBOV mediated protection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:919. [PMID: 28428619 PMCID: PMC5430516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) poses a significant threat to human health as highlighted by the recent epidemic in West Africa. Data from animal studies and a ring vaccination clinical trial conducted in Guinea during the recent epidemic demonstrated that a recombinant VSV where G protein is replaced with EBOV GP (rVSV-EBOV) is safe and highly efficacious. We previously established that antibodies are essential for rVSV-EBOV mediated protection against EBOV; however, the mechanisms by which this vaccine induces a humoral response and the role of T-cells in rVSV-EBOV mediated protection remain poorly understood. Since this is the only vaccine platform that has completed Phase III clinical studies, it is imperative to gain a better understanding of its mechanisms of protection. Therefore, we performed a longitudinal gene expression analysis of samples collected from controls and T-cell-depleted macaques after rVSV-EBOV vaccination and EBOV challenge. We show that rVSV-EBOV vaccination induces gene expression changes consistent with anti-viral immunity and B-cell proliferation. We also report a previously unappreciated role for CD8+ T-cells in mediating rVSV-EBOV protection. Finally, limited viral transcription in surviving animals may boost protective responses after EBOV challenge by maintaining transcriptional changes. This study presents a novel approach in determining mechanisms of vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Menicucci
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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26
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Hayes CN, Chayama K. Interferon stimulated genes and innate immune activation following infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. J Med Virol 2016; 89:388-396. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
- Liver Research Project Center; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
- Liver Research Project Center; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases; Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN; Hiroshima Japan
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27
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Bayer A, Lennemann NJ, Ouyang Y, Bramley JC, Morosky S, Marques ETDA, Cherry S, Sadovsky Y, Coyne CB. Type III Interferons Produced by Human Placental Trophoblasts Confer Protection against Zika Virus Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:705-12. [PMID: 27066743 PMCID: PMC4866896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian pregnancy, the placenta acts as a barrier between the maternal and fetal compartments. The recently observed association between Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during human pregnancy and fetal microcephaly and other anomalies suggests that ZIKV may bypass the placenta to reach the fetus. This led us to investigate ZIKV infection of primary human trophoblasts (PHTs), which are the barrier cells of the placenta. We discovered that PHT cells from full-term placentas are refractory to ZIKV infection. In addition, medium from uninfected PHT cells protects non-placental cells from ZIKV infection. PHT cells constitutively release the type III interferon (IFN) IFNλ1, which functions in both a paracrine and autocrine manner to protect trophoblast and non-trophoblast cells from ZIKV infection. Our data suggest that for ZIKV to access the fetal compartment, it must evade restriction by trophoblast-derived IFNλ1 and other trophoblast-specific antiviral factors and/or use alternative strategies to cross the placental barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Bayer
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nicholas J Lennemann
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yingshi Ouyang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John C Bramley
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stefanie Morosky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Ernesto Torres De Azeved Marques
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Fundação Osvaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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28
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The Roles of RNase-L in Antimicrobial Immunity and the Cytoskeleton-Associated Innate Response. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010074. [PMID: 26760998 PMCID: PMC4730318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN)-regulated endoribonuclease RNase-L is involved in multiple aspects of the antimicrobial innate immune response. It is the terminal component of an RNA cleavage pathway in which dsRNA induces the production of RNase-L-activating 2-5A by the 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase. The active nuclease then cleaves ssRNAs, both cellular and viral, leading to downregulation of their expression and the generation of small RNAs capable of activating retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors or the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. This leads to IFNβ expression and IL-1β activation respectively, in addition to broader effects on immune cell function. RNase-L is also one of a growing number of innate immune components that interact with the cell cytoskeleton. It can bind to several cytoskeletal proteins, including filamin A, an actin-binding protein that collaborates with RNase-L to maintain the cellular barrier to viral entry. This antiviral activity is independent of catalytic function, a unique mechanism for RNase-L. We also describe here the interaction of RNase-L with the E3 ubiquitin ligase and scaffolding protein, ligand of nump protein X (LNX), a regulator of tight junction proteins. In order to better understand the significance and context of these novel binding partners in the antimicrobial response, other innate immune protein interactions with the cytoskeleton are also discussed.
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