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Piersma SJ, Li S, Wong P, Bern MD, Poursine-Laurent J, Yang L, Beckman DL, Parikh BA, Yokoyama WM. Expression of a single inhibitory Ly49 receptor is sufficient to license NK cells for effector functions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597367. [PMID: 38895234 PMCID: PMC11185686 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize target cells through germline-encoded activation and inhibitory receptors enabling effective immunity against viruses and cancer. The Ly49 receptor family in the mouse and killer immunoglobin-like receptor family in humans play a central role in NK cell immunity through recognition of MHC class I and related molecules. Functionally, these receptor families are involved in licensing and rejection of MHC-I-deficient cells through missing-self. The Ly49 family is highly polymorphic, making it challenging to detail the contributions of individual Ly49 receptors to NK cell function. Herein, we showed mice lacking expression of all Ly49s were unable to reject missing-self target cells in vivo, were defective in NK cell licensing, and displayed lower KLRG1 on the surface of NK cells. Expression of Ly49A alone on a H-2Dd background restored missing-self target cell rejection, NK cell licensing, and NK cell KLRG1 expression. Thus, a single inhibitory Ly49 receptor is sufficient to license NK cells and mediate missing-self in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J. Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shasha Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pamela Wong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael D. Bern
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer Poursine-Laurent
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Diana L. Beckman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bijal A. Parikh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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2
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Fan C, Xing X, Murphy SJH, Poursine-Laurent J, Schmidt H, Parikh BA, Yoon J, Choudhary MNK, Saligrama N, Piersma SJ, Yokoyama WM, Wang T. Cis-regulatory evolution of the recently expanded Ly49 gene family. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4839. [PMID: 38844462 PMCID: PMC11156856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomics has revealed the rapid expansion of multiple gene families involved in immunity. Members within each gene family often evolved distinct roles in immunity. However, less is known about the evolution of their epigenome and cis-regulation. Here we systematically profile the epigenome of the recently expanded murine Ly49 gene family that mainly encode either inhibitory or activating surface receptors on natural killer cells. We identify a set of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) for activating Ly49 genes. In addition, we show that in mice, inhibitory and activating Ly49 genes are regulated by two separate sets of proximal CREs, likely resulting from lineage-specific losses of CRE activity. Furthermore, we find that some Ly49 genes are cross-regulated by the CREs of other Ly49 genes, suggesting that the Ly49 family has begun to evolve a concerted cis-regulatory mechanism. Collectively, we demonstrate the different modes of cis-regulatory evolution for a rapidly expanding gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxu Fan
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Xing
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Samuel J H Murphy
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer Poursine-Laurent
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Heather Schmidt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Bijal A Parikh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Jeesang Yoon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Mayank N K Choudhary
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Naresha Saligrama
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA.
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3
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Piersma SJ. Tissue-specific features of innate lymphoid cells in antiviral defense. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01161-x. [PMID: 38684766 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphocytes (ILCs) rapidly respond to and protect against invading pathogens and cancer. ILCs include natural killer (NK) cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells and include type I, type II, and type III immune cells. While NK cells have been well recognized for their role in antiviral immunity, other ILC subtypes are emerging as players in antiviral defense. Each ILC subset has specialized functions that uniquely impact the antiviral immunity and health of the host depending on the tissue microenvironment. This review focuses on the specialized functions of each ILC subtype and their roles in antiviral immune responses across tissues. Several viruses within infection-prone tissues will be highlighted to provide an overview of the extent of the ILC immunity within tissues and emphasize common versus virus-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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4
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Xie W, Bruce K, Stevenson PG, Farrell HE. Indirect CD4 + T cell protection against persistent MCMV infection by NK cells requires IFNγ. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38271001 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Host control of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection of MHCII- salivary gland acinar cells is mediated by CD4+ T cells, but how they protect is unclear. Here, we show CD4+ T cells control MCMV indirectly in the salivary gland, via IFNγ engagement with uninfected, but antigen+ MHCII+ APC and recruitment of NK cells to infected cell foci. This immune mechanism renders direct contact of CD4+ T cells with infected cells unnecessary and may represent a host strategy to overcome viral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxiaojie Xie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kimberley Bruce
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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5
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Piersma SJ, Bangru S, Yoon J, Liu TW, Yang L, Hsieh CS, Plougastel-Douglas B, Kalsotra A, Yokoyama WM. NK cell expansion requires HuR and mediates control of solid tumors and long-term virus infection. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20231154. [PMID: 37698554 PMCID: PMC10497399 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes capable of controlling tumors and virus infections through direct lysis and cytokine production. While both T and NK cells expand and accumulate in affected tissues, the role of NK cell expansion in tumor and viral control is not well understood. Here, we show that posttranscriptional regulation by the RNA-binding protein HuR is essential for NK cell expansion without negatively affecting effector functions. HuR-deficient NK cells displayed defects in the metaphase of the cell cycle, including decreased expression and alternative splicing of Ska2, a component of the spindle and kinetochore complex. HuR-dependent NK cell expansion contributed to long-term cytomegalovirus control and facilitated control of subcutaneous tumors but not tumor metastases in two independent tumor models. These results show that posttranscriptional regulation by HuR specifically affects NK cell expansion, which is required for the control of long-term virus infection and solid tumors, but not acute infection or tumor metastases, highlighting fundamental differences with antigen-specific T cell control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J. Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sushant Bangru
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jeesang Yoon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tom W. Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beatrice Plougastel-Douglas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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6
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Khan AUH, Ali AK, Marr B, Jo D, Ahmadvand S, Fong-McMaster C, Almutairi SM, Wang L, Sad S, Harper ME, Lee SH. The TNFα/TNFR2 axis mediates natural killer cell proliferation by promoting aerobic glycolysis. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1140-1155. [PMID: 37553427 PMCID: PMC10541863 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are predominant innate lymphocytes that initiate the early immune response during infection. NK cells undergo a metabolic switch to fuel augmented proliferation and activation following infection. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) is a well-known inflammatory cytokine that enhances NK cell function; however, the mechanism underlying NK cell proliferation in response to TNFα is not well established. Here, we demonstrated that upon infection/inflammation, NK cells upregulate the expression of TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2), which is associated with increased proliferation, metabolic activity, and effector function. Notably, IL-18 can induce TNFR2 expression in NK cells, augmenting their sensitivity toward TNFα. Mechanistically, TNFα-TNFR2 signaling upregulates the expression of CD25 (IL-2Rα) and nutrient transporters in NK cells, leading to a metabolic switch toward aerobic glycolysis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significantly reduced expression levels of genes involved in cellular metabolism and proliferation in NK cells from TNFR2 KO mice. Accordingly, our data affirmed that genetic ablation of TNFR2 curtails CD25 upregulation and TNFα-induced glycolysis, leading to impaired NK cell proliferation and antiviral function during MCMV infection in vivo. Collectively, our results delineate the crucial role of the TNFα-TNFR2 axis in NK cell proliferation, glycolysis, and effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Ul Haq Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alaa Kassim Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan Marr
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donghyeon Jo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Simin Ahmadvand
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Claire Fong-McMaster
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Saeedah Musaed Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- The University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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7
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Imširović V, Lenartić M, Wensveen FM, Polić B, Jelenčić V. Largely preserved functionality after the combined loss of NKG2D, NCR1 and CD16 demonstrates the remarkable plasticity of NK cell responsiveness. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1191884. [PMID: 37520575 PMCID: PMC10374020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1191884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the early defense against tumors and virally infected cells. Their function is thought to be controlled by the balance between activating and inhibitory receptors, which often compete for the same ligands. Several activating receptors expressed on virtually all NK cells lack an inhibitory partner, most notably CD16, NCR1 and NKG2D. We therefore hypothesized that a signal through at least one of these receptors is always required for full NK cell activation. We generated animals lacking all three receptors (TKO) and analyzed their NK cells. In vitro, TKO NK cells did not show reduced ability to kill tumor targets but displayed hyperresponsiveness to NK1.1 stimulation. In vivo, TKO animals had a minor reduction in their ability to control non-hematopoietic tumors and cytomegalovirus infection, which was the result of reduced NK cell activity. Together, our findings show that activating NK cell receptors without an inhibitory partner do not provide a 'master' signal but are integrated in the cumulative balance of activating and inhibitory signals. Their activity is controlled through regulation of the responsiveness and expression of other activating receptors. Our findings may be important for future development of NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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8
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Chen Y, Wang X, Hao X, Li B, Tao W, Zhu S, Qu K, Wei H, Sun R, Peng H, Tian Z. Ly49E separates liver ILC1s into embryo-derived and postnatal subsets with different functions. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213100. [PMID: 35348580 PMCID: PMC8992684 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) represent the predominant population of liver ILCs and function as important effectors and regulators of immune responses, but the cellular heterogeneity of ILC1s is not fully understood. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that liver ILC1s could be dissected into Ly49E+ and Ly49E− populations with unique transcriptional and phenotypic features. Genetic fate-mapping analysis revealed that liver Ly49E+ ILC1s with strong cytotoxicity originated from embryonic non–bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), persisted locally during postnatal life, and mediated protective immunity against cytomegalovirus infection in newborn mice. However, Ly49E− ILC1s developed from BM and extramedullary HPCs after birth, gradually replaced Ly49E+ ILC1s in the livers with age, and contained the memory subset in recall response to hapten challenge. Thus, our study shows that Ly49E dissects liver ILC1s into two unique subpopulations, with distinct origins and a bias toward neonatal innate or adult immune memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Chen
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaolei Hao
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wanyin Tao
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kun Qu
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
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9
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Jensen IJ, Martin MD, Tripathy SK, Badovinac VP. Novel Mouse Model of Murine Cytomegalovirus-Induced Adaptive NK Cells. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:8-15. [PMID: 35031582 PMCID: PMC9636593 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are important mediators of viral control with the capacity to form adaptive immune features following infection. However, studies of infection-induced adaptive NK cells require adoptive cell transfer to lower the precursor frequency of "Ag-specific" NK cells, potentially limiting the diversity of the NK cell response. In seeking an unmanipulated model to probe the adaptive NK cells, we interrogated a wide range of Collaborative Cross (CC) inbred mice, inbred mouse strains that exhibit broad genetic diversity across strains. Our assessment identified and validated a putative "ideal" CC strain, CC006, which does not require manipulation to generate and maintain adaptive NK cells. Critically, CC006 mice, in contrast to C57BL/6 mice, are capable of developing enhanced NK cell-mediated protective responses to murine CMV infection following m157-mediated vaccination. This work both furthers our understanding of adaptive NK cells and demonstrates the utility of CC mice in the development and interrogation of immunologic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY;
| | | | - Sandeep K Tripathy
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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10
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Victorino F, Bigley TM, Park E, Yao CH, Benoit J, Yang LP, Piersma SJ, Lauron EJ, Davidson RM, Patti GJ, Yokoyama WM. HIF1α is required for NK cell metabolic adaptation during virus infection. eLife 2021; 10:e68484. [PMID: 34396954 PMCID: PMC8382296 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are essential for early protection against virus infection and must metabolically adapt to the energy demands of activation. Here, we found upregulation of the metabolic adaptor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) is a feature of mouse NK cells during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in vivo. HIF1α-deficient NK cells failed to control viral load, causing increased morbidity. No defects were found in effector functions of HIF1αKO NK cells; however, their numbers were significantly reduced. Loss of HIF1α did not affect NK cell proliferation during in vivo infection and in vitro cytokine stimulation. Instead, we found that HIF1α-deficient NK cells showed increased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim and glucose metabolism was impaired during cytokine stimulation in vitro. Similarly, during MCMV infection HIF1α-deficient NK cells upregulated Bim and had increased caspase activity. Thus, NK cells require HIF1α-dependent metabolic functions to repress Bim expression and sustain cell numbers for an optimal virus response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Victorino
- Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Tarin M Bigley
- Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Eugene Park
- Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Cong-Hui Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
| | - Jeanne Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Research, Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish HealthDenverUnited States
| | - Li-Ping Yang
- Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Sytse J Piersma
- Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Elvin J Lauron
- Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Rebecca M Davidson
- Department of Biomedical Research, Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish HealthDenverUnited States
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
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11
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Licensing Natural Killers for Antiviral Immunity. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070908. [PMID: 34358058 PMCID: PMC8308748 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)-bearing receptors (IRs) enable discrimination between self- and non-self molecules on the surface of host target cells. In this regard, they have a vital role in self-tolerance through binding and activating intracellular tyrosine phosphatases which can inhibit cellular activation. Yet, self-MHC class I (MHC I)-specific IRs are versatile in that they can also positively impact lymphocyte functionality, as exemplified by their role in natural killer (NK) cell education, often referred to as ’licensing‘. Recent discoveries using defined mouse models of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have revealed that select self-MHC I IRs can increase NK cell antiviral defenses as well, whereas other licensing IRs cannot, or instead impede virus-specific NK responses for reasons that remain poorly understood. This review highlights a role for self-MHC I ‘licensing’ IRs in antiviral immunity, especially in the context of CMV infection, their impact on virus-specific NK cells during acute infection, and their potential to affect viral pathogenesis and disease.
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12
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Piersma SJ, Brizić I. Natural killer cell effector functions in antiviral defense. FEBS J 2021; 289:3982-3999. [PMID: 34125493 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells involved in the control of tumors and viral infections. They provide protection by producing cytokines and by directly lysing target cells. Both effector mechanisms have been identified to contribute to viral control, depending on the context of infection. Activation of NK cells depends on the integration of signals received by cytokine receptors and activation and inhibitory receptors recognizing ligands expressed by virus-infected cells. While the control of viral infections by NK cells is well established, the signals perceived by NK cells and how these signals integrate to mediate optimal viral control have been focus of ongoing research. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on NK cell activation and integration of signals that lead to interferon gamma production and cytotoxicity in viral infections. We review NK cell interactions with viruses, with particular focus on murine cytomegalovirus studies, which helped elucidate crucial aspects of antiviral NK cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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13
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Mah-Som AY, Keppel MP, Tobin JM, Kolicheski A, Saucier N, Sexl V, French AR, Wagner JA, Fehniger TA, Cooper MA. Reliance on Cox10 and oxidative metabolism for antigen-specific NK cell expansion. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109209. [PMID: 34077722 PMCID: PMC8229496 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell effector functions are dependent on metabolic regulation of cellular function; however, less is known about in vivo metabolic pathways required for NK cell antiviral function. Mice with an inducible NK-specific deletion of Cox10, which encodes a component of electron transport chain complex IV, were generated to investigate the role of oxidative phosphorylation in NK cells during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Ncr1-Cox10Δ/Δ mice had normal numbers of NK cells but impaired expansion of antigen-specific Ly49H+ NK cells and impaired NK cell memory formation. Proliferation in vitro and homeostatic expansion were intact, indicating a specific metabolic requirement for antigen-driven proliferation. Cox10-deficient NK cells upregulated glycolysis, associated with increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, although this was insufficient to protect the host. These data demonstrate that oxidative metabolism is required for NK cell antiviral responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Y Mah-Som
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Molly P Keppel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua M Tobin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ana Kolicheski
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nermina Saucier
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony R French
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julia A Wagner
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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14
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Parikh BA, Bern MD, Piersma SJ, Yang L, Beckman DL, Poursine-Laurent J, Plougastel-Douglas B, Yokoyama WM. Control of Viral Infection by Natural Killer Cell Inhibitory Receptors. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107969. [PMID: 32726632 PMCID: PMC7458139 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-restricted immune responses are largely attributed to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, natural killer (NK) cells, as predicted by the missing-self hypothesis, have opposing requirements for MHC-I, suggesting that they may also demonstrate MHC-I-restricted effects. In mice, the Ly49 inhibitory receptors prevent NK cell killing of missing-self targets in effector responses, and they have a proposed second function in licensing or educating NK cells via self-MHC-I in vivo. Here we show MHC-I-restricted control of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in vivo that is NK cell dependent. Using mice lacking specific Ly49 receptors, we show that control of MCMV requires inhibitory Ly49 receptors and an inhibitory signaling motif and the capacity for MCMV to downregulate MHC-I. Taken together, these data provide definitive evidence that the inhibitory receptors are required for missing-self rejection and are relevant to MHC-I-restricted NK cell control of a viral infection in vivo. Parikh et al. show that major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-restricted control of viral infection is due to natural killer (NK) cells rather than cytotoxic T cells. Inhibitory NK cell receptors are essential for protection, requiring NK cell licensing (education) by self-MHC-I and missing-self recognition due to virus-induced MHC-I downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijal A Parikh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael D Bern
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Diana L Beckman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer Poursine-Laurent
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Béatrice Plougastel-Douglas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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15
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Stage-Specific Requirement for Eomes in Mature NK Cell Homeostasis and Cytotoxicity. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107720. [PMID: 32492428 PMCID: PMC7265846 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that mediate antiviral and antitumor responses and require the transcriptional regulator Eomesodermin (Eomes) for early development. However, the role of Eomes and its molecular program in mature NK cell biology is unclear. To address this, we develop a tamoxifen-inducible, type-1-ILC-specific (Ncr1-targeted) cre mouse and combine this with Eomes-floxed mice. Eomes deletion after normal NK cell ontogeny results in a rapid loss of NK cells (but not ILC1s), with a particularly profound effect on penultimately mature stage III NK cells. Mechanisms responsible for stage III reduction include increased apoptosis and impaired maturation from stage II precursors. Induced Eomes deletion also decreases NK cell cytotoxicity and abrogates in vivo rejection of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class-I-deficient cells. However, other NK cell functional responses, and stage IV NK cells, are largely preserved. These data indicate that mature NK cells have distinct Eomes-dependent and -independent stages.
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Piersma SJ, Poursine-Laurent J, Yang L, Barber GN, Parikh BA, Yokoyama WM. Virus infection is controlled by hematopoietic and stromal cell sensing of murine cytomegalovirus through STING. eLife 2020; 9:56882. [PMID: 32723479 PMCID: PMC7413665 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of DNA viruses, such as cytomegaloviruses (CMVs), through pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) pathways involving MyD88 or STING constitute a first-line defense against infections mainly through production of type I interferon (IFN-I). However, the role of these pathways in different tissues is incompletely understood, an issue particularly relevant to the CMVs which have broad tissue tropisms. Herein, we contrasted anti-viral effects of MyD88 versus STING in distinct cell types that are infected with murine CMV (MCMV). Bone marrow chimeras revealed STING-mediated MCMV control in hematological cells, similar to MyD88. However, unlike MyD88, STING also contributed to viral control in non-hematological, stromal cells. Infected splenic stromal cells produced IFN-I in a cGAS-STING-dependent and MyD88-independent manner, while we confirmed plasmacytoid dendritic cell IFN-I had inverse requirements. MCMV-induced natural killer cytotoxicity was dependent on MyD88 and STING. Thus, MyD88 and STING contribute to MCMV control in distinct cell types that initiate downstream immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jennifer Poursine-Laurent
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Bijal A Parikh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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17
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Liu JW, Piersma S, Tang SY. The age-dependent effect of high-dose X-ray radiation on NFκB signaling, structure, and mechanical behavior of the intervertebral disc. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:399-408. [PMID: 31875721 PMCID: PMC7190425 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1703963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Ionizing radiation damages tissue and provokes inflammatory responses in multiple organ systems. We investigated the effects of high-dose X-ray radiation on the molecular inflammation and mechanical function of the intervertebral disc (IVD).Methods: Functional spine units (FSUs) containing the vertebrae-IVDs-vertebrae structure extracted from 1-month, 6-month, and 16-month-old NFκB-luciferase reporter mice and from 6-month-old myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-null mice. After a preconditioning period in culture, the FSUs were subjected a single dose of ionizing X-ray radiation at 20 Gys, and then NFκB expression was monitored. The IVDs were then subjected to mechanical testing using dynamic compression, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) quantification, and histological analyses.Results: In the 1-month-old FSUs, the NFκB-driven luciferase activity was significantly elevated for 1 day following the exposure to radiation. The 6-month-old FSUs showed increased NFκB activity for 3 days, while the 16-month-old FSUs sustained elevated levels of NFκB activity throughout the 10-day culture period. All irradiated groups showed significant loss of disc height, GAG content, mechanical function and changes in structure. Ablation of MyD88 blunted the radiation-mediated NFκB signaling, and preserved GAG content, and the IVDs' structure and mechanical performance.Conclusions: These results suggest that high-dose radiation affects the IVDs' NFκB-dependent inflammatory processes that subsequently lead to functional deterioration. Blocking the transactivation potential of NFκB via MyD88 ablation preserved the structure and mechanical function of the FSUs. The long-term effects of radiation on IVD homeostasis should be considered in individuals susceptible to occupational and medical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - Sytse Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - Simon Y. Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA,Department of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
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18
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Jash A, Zhou YW, Gerardo DK, Ripperger TJ, Parikh BA, Piersma S, Jamwal DR, Kiela PR, Boon ACM, Yokoyama WM, Hsieh CS, Bhattacharya D. ZBTB32 restrains antibody responses to murine cytomegalovirus infections, but not other repetitive challenges. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15257. [PMID: 31649328 PMCID: PMC6813321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ZBTB32 is a transcription factor that is highly expressed by a subset of memory B cells and restrains the magnitude and duration of recall responses against hapten-protein conjugates. To define physiological contexts in which ZBTB32 acts, we assessed responses by Zbtb32-/- mice or bone marrow chimeras against a panel of chronic and acute challenges. Mixed bone marrow chimeras were established in which all B cells were derived from either Zbtb32-/- mice or control littermates. Chronic infection of Zbtb32-/- chimeras with murine cytomegalovirus led to nearly 20-fold higher antigen-specific IgG2b levels relative to controls by week 9 post-infection, despite similar viral loads. In contrast, IgA responses and specificities in the intestine, where memory B cells are repeatedly stimulated by commensal bacteria, were similar between Zbtb32-/- mice and control littermates. Finally, an infection and heterologous booster vaccination model revealed no role for ZBTB32 in restraining primary or recall antibody responses against influenza viruses. Thus, ZBTB32 does not limit recall responses to a number of physiological acute challenges, but does restrict antibody levels during chronic viral infections that periodically engage memory B cells. This restriction might selectively prevent recall responses against chronic infections from progressively overwhelming other antibody specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijita Jash
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - You W Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America.,Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Diana K Gerardo
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Tyler J Ripperger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Bijal A Parikh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Sytse Piersma
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America.,Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Deepa R Jamwal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Pawel R Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America.,Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Chyi S Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America.,Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America. .,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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19
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Piersma SJ, Pak-Wittel MA, Lin A, Plougastel-Douglas B, Yokoyama WM. Activation Receptor-Dependent IFN-γ Production by NK Cells Is Controlled by Transcription, Translation, and the Proteasome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1981-1988. [PMID: 31444264 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NK cells can recognize target cells such as virus-infected and tumor cells through integration of activation and inhibitory receptors. Recognition by NK cells can lead to direct lysis of the target cell and production of the signature cytokine IFN-γ. However, it is unclear whether stimulation through activation receptors alone is sufficient for IFN-γ production. In this study, we show that NK activation receptor engagement requires additional signals for optimal IFN-γ production, which could be provided by IFN-β or IL-12. Stimulation of murine NK cells with soluble Abs directed against NK1.1, Ly49H, Ly49D, or NKp46 required additional stimulation with cytokines, indicating that a range of activation receptors with distinct adaptor molecules require additional stimulation for IFN-γ production. The requirement for multiple signals extends to stimulation with primary m157-transgenic target cells, which triggers the activation receptor Ly49H, suggesting that NK cells do require multiple signals for IFN-γ production in the context of target cell recognition. Using quantitative PCR and RNA flow cytometry, we found that cytokines, not activating ligands, act on NK cells to express Ifng transcripts. Ly49H engagement is required for IFN-γ translational initiation. Results using inhibitors suggest that the proteasome-ubiquitin-IKK-TPL2-MNK1 axis was required during activation receptor engagement. Thus, this study indicates that activation receptor-dependent IFN-γ production is regulated on the transcriptional and translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Melissa A Pak-Wittel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Andrea Lin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Beatrice Plougastel-Douglas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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20
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Key PN, Germino J, Yang L, Piersma SJ, Tripathy SK. Chronic Ly49H Receptor Engagement in vivo Decreases NK Cell Response to Stimulation Through ITAM-Dependent and Independent Pathways Both in vitro and in vivo. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1692. [PMID: 31396217 PMCID: PMC6664057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the innate immune response. The summation of activation and inhibitory signals delivered through cell surface membrane receptors determines NK cell function. However, the continuous engagement of an activating receptor on NK cells appears to render the cells hyporesponsive to stimulation through other unrelated activating receptors. The mechanism by which this takes place remains unclear. Herein we demonstrate that continuous in vivo engagement of the Ly49H receptor with its ligand, m157, results in Ly49H+ NK cells that are hyporesponsive to further stimulation by other ITAM-dependent and independent receptors, while Ly49H− NK cells remain unaffected. The hyporesponsiveness of the NK cell correlates with the degree of Ly49H receptor downmodulation on its cell surface. We observe defects in calcium flux in the hyporesponsive NK cells following stimulation through the NK1.1 receptor. In addition, we observe differences in signaling molecules that play a role in calcium flux, including spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) at baseline and phosphorylated phospholipase C gamma 2 (p-PLCγ2) at both baseline and following stimulation through NK1.1. We also demonstrate that various ITAM associated activation receptors, including Ly49H, remain associated with their respective adaptor molecules. With regard to in vivo NK cell function, we did not find differences in the formation of metastatic lung lesions following IV injection of B16 melanoma cells. However, we did observe defects in rejection of missing-self targets in vivo. The data suggest that continuous engagement of the Ly49H activating receptor on NK cells results in hyporesponsiveness of the NK cells to all of the ITAM-dependent and independent receptors we analyzed due to altered signaling pathways downstream of the receptor and adaptor molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip N Key
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Joe Germino
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Liping Yang
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sytse J Piersma
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sandeep K Tripathy
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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21
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Dou Y, Xing J, Kong G, Wang G, Lou X, Xiao X, Vivier E, Li XC, Zhang Z. Identification of the E3 Ligase TRIM29 as a Critical Checkpoint Regulator of NK Cell Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:873-880. [PMID: 31270148 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells play an important role in immune surveillance and protective immunity, mainly through rapid cytokine release and cytolytic activities. But how such responses are negatively regulated remains poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrated that the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM29 is a crucial regulator of NK cell functions. We found that TRIM29 was not expressed in resting NK cells, but was readily upregulated following activation, especially after IL-12 plus IL-18 stimulation. The levels of TRIM29 expression were inversely correlated with IFN-γ production by NK cells, suggesting that TRIM29 inhibits NK cell functions. Indeed, deficiency of TRIM29, specifically in NK cells, resulted in an enhanced IFN-γ production and consequently protected mice from murine CMV infection. Mechanistically, we showed that once induced in NK cells, TRIM29 ubiquitinates and degrades the TGF-β-activated kinase 1 binding protein 2 (TAB2), a key adaptor protein in IFN-γ production by NK cells. These results identify TRIM29 as a negative regulator of NK cell functions and may have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Dou
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Junji Xing
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Gangcheng Kong
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Guangchuan Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xiaohua Lou
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma Research Labs, Innate Pharma, 13276 Marseille, France; and
| | - Xian C Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; .,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; .,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
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22
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Picarda G, Benedict CA. Cytomegalovirus: Shape-Shifting the Immune System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 200:3881-3889. [PMID: 29866770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systems-based based approaches have begun to shed light on extrinsic factors that contribute to immune system variation. Among these, CMV (HHV-5, a β-herpesvirus) imposes a surprisingly profound impact. Most of the world's population is CMV+, and the virus goes through three distinct infection phases en route to establishing lifelong détente with its host. Immune control of CMV in each phase recruits unique arms of host defense, and in turn the virus employs multiple immune-modulatory strategies that help facilitate the establishment of lifelong persistence. In this review, we explain how CMV shapes immunity and discuss the impact it may have on overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Picarda
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and .,Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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23
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Millan AJ, Elizaldi SR, Lee EM, Aceves JO, Murugesh D, Loots GG, Manilay JO. Sostdc1 Regulates NK Cell Maturation and Cytotoxicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2296-2306. [PMID: 30814306 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are innate-like lymphocytes that eliminate virally infected and cancerous cells, but the mechanisms that control NK cell development and cytotoxicity are incompletely understood. We identified roles for sclerostin domain-containing-1 (Sostdc1) in NK cell development and function. Sostdc1-knockout (Sostdc1 -/-) mice display a progressive accumulation of transitional NK cells (tNKs) (CD27+CD11b+) with age, indicating a partial developmental block. The NK cell Ly49 repertoire in Sostdc1 -/- mice is also changed. Lower frequencies of Sostdc1 -/- splenic tNKs express inhibitory Ly49G2 receptors, but higher frequencies express activating Ly49H and Ly49D receptors. However, the frequencies of Ly49I+, G2+, H+, and D+ populations were universally decreased at the most mature (CD27-CD11b+) stage. We hypothesized that the Ly49 repertoire in Sostdc1 -/- mice would correlate with NK killing ability and observed that Sostdc1-/- NK cells are hyporesponsive against MHC class I-deficient cell targets in vitro and in vivo, despite higher CD107a surface levels and similar IFN-γ expression to controls. Consistent with Sostdc1's known role in Wnt signaling regulation, Tcf7 and Lef1 levels were higher in Sostdc1 -/- NK cells. Expression of the NK development gene Id2 was decreased in Sostdc1-/- immature NK and tNK cells, but Eomes and Tbx21 expression was unaffected. Reciprocal bone marrow transplant experiments showed that Sostdc1 regulates NK cell maturation and expression of Ly49 receptors in a cell-extrinsic fashion from both nonhematopoietic and hematopoietic sources. Taken together, these data support a role for Sostdc1 in the regulation of NK cell maturation and cytotoxicity, and identify potential NK cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Millan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Sonny R Elizaldi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Eric M Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Jeffrey O Aceves
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Deepa Murugesh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and.,Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Jennifer O Manilay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
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24
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Little A, Li Y, Zhang F, Zhang H. Chronic alcohol consumption exacerbates murine cytomegalovirus infection via impairing nonspecific and specific NK activation in mice. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:18-31. [PMID: 30911737 PMCID: PMC6430117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption increases the susceptibility to infectious diseases by compromising immune system. Cytomegalovirus infection is common in human and usually is asymptomatic in immunocompetent people. However, it can induce life-threatening medical complications in immunocompromised individuals such as alcoholics. How chronic alcohol consumption exacerbates cytomegalovirus infection is not known. Herein, we used a mouse cytomegalovirus model to study the underlying cellular and molecular mechanism. We found that alcohol consumption increased viral titers in spleen after 4 days of infection, enhanced body weight loss and inhibited splenomegaly during the acute phase of infection. Blood level of IFN-β, splenic IFN-γ and granzyme B-producing NK cells were lower in alcohol-consuming mice than in water-drinking mice at 12 h after viral infection. Moreover, alcohol consumption decreased IL-15-producing DC after 36 h infection, inhibited NK cell, specifically Ly49H+ NK cell maturation and proliferation 3-6 days after viral infection. Surprisingly, alcohol consumption enhanced NK cell and CD8+ T cell continuous activation and increased granzyme B-producing cells. However, alcohol consumption decreased the expression of perforin in spleen and liver. Taken together, chronic alcohol consumption exacerbates cytomegalovirus infection via impairing non-specific and specific NK cell activation, specifically IFN-γ and perforin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Little
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210
| | - Yuanfei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Faya Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210
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25
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Bern MD, Parikh BA, Yang L, Beckman DL, Poursine-Laurent J, Yokoyama WM. Inducible down-regulation of MHC class I results in natural killer cell tolerance. J Exp Med 2018; 216:99-116. [PMID: 30559128 PMCID: PMC6314522 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are thought to kill cells that down-regulate MHC class I (MHC-I) through "missing-self" recognition. NK cells from B2m-/- mice that lack surface MHC-I, however, are not autoreactive as predicted by the missing-self hypothesis. As a result, it is unclear if MHC-I down-regulation in vivo induces NK cell reactivity or tolerance to missing-self. Here, we generated a floxed B2m mouse to acutely down-regulate MHC-I in vivo in a host that normally expresses MHC-I. Global down-regulation of MHC-I induced NK cell hyporesponsiveness and tolerance to missing-self without overt missing-self reactivity. In contrast, down-regulation of MHC-I on a small fraction of hematopoietic cells triggered missing-self reactivity. Surprisingly, down-regulation of MHC-I only on CD4+ T cells predominately induced tolerance to missing-self without resetting NK cell responsiveness. In this setting, inflammation triggered substantial missing-self reactivity. These results show that MHC-I down-regulation can induce either NK cell tolerance or killing in vivo and that inflammation promotes missing-self reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Bern
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bijal A Parikh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Diana L Beckman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jennifer Poursine-Laurent
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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26
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Brown MG, Gamache A, Nash WT, Cronk J. Natural selection for killer receptors and their MHC class I ligands: In pursuit of gene pairs that fit well in tandem. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:489-495. [PMID: 30500089 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ri0818-315r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetic basis of host resistance to viral infection and disease has progressed significantly over the last century. Numerous genes coding for modifiers of immune functions have been identified, which impact a variety of critical cellular processes, including signaling via lymphocyte receptors and their ligands, signal transduction, cytokine signaling, production and release of cytotoxic effectors, transcriptional regulation, and proliferation. Genome-wide association studies implicate an important role for both highly polymorphic NK cell receptors and their MHC class I ligands in modifying host resistance. These findings indicate NK cells are critical mediators of viral control with considerable potential to affect morbidity and mortality outcomes. They further suggest that both stimulatory and inhibitory NK receptor polymorphisms alter NK cell sensing of MHC I ligands on viral targets, which influences how NK cells respond to infection. In many cases, however, the underlying causes associated with host outcomes remain elusive. Herein, we discuss several modes of NK cell sensing of MHC I and MHC I-like molecules on viral targets, and the role of genetic diversity in this evolutionarily dynamic process. We further suggest that natural selection for paired NK receptors with opposing function, but shared MHC I ligands may give rise to rare, but highly effective MHC I-dependent modes of NK cell sensing of viral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Awndre Gamache
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William T Nash
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John Cronk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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27
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Little A, Li Y, Zhang F, Zhang H. Chronic alcohol consumption exacerbates murine cytomegalovirus infection via impairing nonspecific and specific NK activation in mice. FASEB Bioadv 2018; 1:18-31. [PMID: 32123809 PMCID: PMC6996384 DOI: 10.1096/fba.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption increases the susceptibility to infectious diseases by compromising the immune system. Cytomegalovirus infection is common in humans and usually is asymptomatic in immunocompetent people. However, it can induce life‐threatening medical complications in immunocompromised individuals such as alcoholics. How chronic alcohol consumption exacerbates cytomegalovirus infection is not known. Herein, we used a mouse cytomegalovirus model to study the underlying cellular and molecular mechanism. We found that alcohol consumption increased viral titers in spleen after 4 days of infection, enhanced body weight loss and inhibited splenomegaly during the acute phase of infection. Blood level of IFN‐β, splenic IFN‐γ and granzyme B‐producing NK cells were lower in alcohol‐consuming mice than in water‐drinking mice at 12 hours after viral infection. Moreover, alcohol consumption decreased IL‐15‐producing DC after 36 hours infection, inhibited NK cell, specifically Ly49H+ NK cell maturation and proliferation 3‐6 days after viral infection. Surprisingly, alcohol consumption enhanced NK cell and CD8+ T‐cell continuous activation and increased granzyme B‐producing cells. However, alcohol consumption decreased the expression of perforin in spleen and liver. Taken together, chronic alcohol consumption exacerbates cytomegalovirus infection via impairing nonspecific and specific NK cell activation, specifically IFN‐γ and perforin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Little
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Spokane Washington
| | - Yuanfei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Spokane Washington.,Department of Oncology The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
| | - Faya Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Spokane Washington
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Spokane Washington
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28
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Jensen IJ, Winborn CS, Fosdick MG, Shao P, Tremblay MM, Shan Q, Tripathy SK, Snyder CM, Xue HH, Griffith TS, Houtman JC, Badovinac VP. Polymicrobial sepsis influences NK-cell-mediated immunity by diminishing NK-cell-intrinsic receptor-mediated effector responses to viral ligands or infections. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007405. [PMID: 30379932 PMCID: PMC6231673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sepsis-induced cytokine storm leads to severe lymphopenia and reduced effector capacity of remaining/surviving cells. This results in a prolonged state of immunoparalysis, that contributes to enhanced morbidity/mortality of sepsis survivors upon secondary infection. The impact of sepsis on several lymphoid subsets has been characterized, yet its impact on NK-cells remains underappreciated–despite their critical role in controlling infection(s). Here, we observed numerical loss of NK-cells in multiple tissues after cecal-ligation-and-puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. To elucidate the sepsis-induced lesions in surviving NK-cells, transcriptional profiles were evaluated and indicated changes consistent with impaired effector functionality. A corresponding deficit in NK-cell capacity to produce effector molecules following secondary infection and/or cytokine stimulation (IL-12,IL-18) further suggested a sepsis-induced NK-cell intrinsic impairment. To specifically probe NK-cell receptor-mediated function, the activating Ly49H receptor, that recognizes the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) m157 protein, served as a model receptor. Although relative expression of Ly49H receptor did not change, the number of Ly49H+ NK-cells in CLP hosts was reduced leading to impaired in vivo cytotoxicity and the capacity of NK-cells (on per-cell basis) to perform Ly49H-mediated degranulation, killing, and effector molecule production in vitro was also severely reduced. Mechanistically, Ly49H adaptor protein (DAP12) activation and clustering, assessed by TIRF microscopy, was compromised. This was further associated with diminished AKT phosphorylation and capacity to flux calcium following receptor stimulation. Importantly, DAP12 overexpression in NK-cells restored Ly49H/D receptors-mediated effector functions in CLP hosts. Finally, as a consequence of sepsis-dependent numerical and functional lesions in Ly49H+ NK-cells, host capacity to control MCMV infection was significantly impaired. Importantly, IL-2 complex (IL-2c) therapy after CLP improved numbers but not a function of NK-cells leading to enhanced immunity to MCMV challenge. Thus, the sepsis-induced immunoparalysis state includes numerical and NK-cell-intrinsic functional impairments, an instructive notion for future studies aimed in restoring NK-cell immunity in sepsis survivors. Sepsis is an exaggerated host response to infection that can initially lead to significant morbidity/mortality and a long-lasting state of immunoparalysis in sepsis survivors. Sepsis-induced immunoparalysis functionally impairs numerous lymphocyte populations, including NK-cells. However, the scope and underlying mechanisms of NK-cell impairment and the consequences for NK-cell-mediated pathogen control remain underappreciated. NK-cells contribute to early host control of pathogens through a balance of activating and inhibitory receptors, and alterations in the number and capacity of NK-cells to exert receptor-mediated immunity can lead to dramatic impairment in host control of infection. The present study defines sepsis-induced numerical and cell-intrinsic functional impairments in NK-cell response to cytokine stimulation and receptor signaling that contribute to impaired host capacity to mount NK-cell-mediated effector responses and provide protection to bacterial and/or viral pathogens. Impairments in receptor signaling were due to reduced expression of adaptor protein DAP12. Importantly, the diminished ability of NK-cells from CLP hosts to provide anti-viral (MCMV) immunity is partially restored by IL-2 complex (IL-2c) therapy, which increased the number, but not function, of protective Ly49H+ NK-cells. Thus, these findings define sepsis-induced changes of the NK-cell compartment and provide insight into potential therapeutic interventions aimed at resolving sepsis-induced immunoparalysis in sepsis survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J. Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Christina S. Winborn
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Micaela G. Fosdick
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Peng Shao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mikaela M. Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Qiang Shan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Kumar Tripathy
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Snyder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Minneapolis VA Health Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jon C. Houtman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Milo I, Blecher-Gonen R, Barnett-Itzhaki Z, Bar-Ziv R, Tal O, Gurevich I, Feferman T, Drexler I, Amit I, Bousso P, Shakhar G. The bone marrow is patrolled by NK cells that are primed and expand in response to systemic viral activation. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1137-1152. [PMID: 29624673 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow hosts NK cells whose distribution, motility and response to systemic immune challenge are poorly understood. At steady state, two-photon microscopy of the bone marrow in Ncr1gfp/+ mice captured motile NK cells interacting with dendritic cells. NK cells expressed markers and effector molecules of mature cells. Following poly (I:C) injection, RNA-Seq of NK cells revealed three phases of transcription featuring immune response genes followed by posttranscriptional processes and proliferation. Functionally, poly (I:C) promoted upregulation of granzyme B, enhanced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, and, in the same individual cells, triggered proliferation. Two-photon imaging revealed that the proportion of sinusoidal NK cells decreased, while at the same time parenchymal NK cells accelerated, swelled and divided within the bone marrow. MVA viremia induced similar responses. Our findings demonstrate that the bone marrow is patrolled by mature NK cells that rapidly proliferate in response to systemic viral challenge while maintaining their effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Milo
- Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labéllisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Raz Bar-Ziv
- Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orna Tal
- Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irina Gurevich
- Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Feferman
- Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labéllisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guy Shakhar
- Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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30
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Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins impair pro-inflammatory macrophage responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6458. [PMID: 29691463 PMCID: PMC5915385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing soft tissue infections are lethal polymicrobial infections. Two key microbes that cause necrotizing soft tissue infections are Streptococcus pyogenes and Clostridium perfringens. These pathogens evade innate immunity using multiple virulence factors, including cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs). CDCs are resisted by mammalian cells through the sequestration and shedding of pores during intrinsic membrane repair. One hypothesis is that vesicle shedding promotes immune evasion by concomitantly eliminating key signaling proteins present in cholesterol-rich microdomains. To test this hypothesis, murine macrophages were challenged with sublytic CDC doses. CDCs suppressed LPS or IFNγ-stimulated TNFα production and CD69 and CD86 surface expression. This suppression was cell intrinsic. Two membrane repair pathways, patch repair and intrinsic repair, might mediate TNFα suppression. However, patch repair did not correlate with TNFα suppression. Intrinsic repair partially contributed to macrophage dysfunction because TLR4 and the IFNγR were partially shed following CDC challenge. Intrinsic repair was not sufficient for suppression, because pore formation was also required. These findings suggest that even when CDCs fail to kill cells, they may impair innate immune signaling responses dependent on cholesterol-rich microdomains. This is one potential mechanism to explain the lethality of S. pyogenes and C. perfringens during necrotizing soft tissue infections.
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31
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Mah AY, Rashidi A, Keppel MP, Saucier N, Moore EK, Alinger JB, Tripathy SK, Agarwal SK, Jeng EK, Wong HC, Miller JS, Fehniger TA, Mace EM, French AR, Cooper MA. Glycolytic requirement for NK cell cytotoxicity and cytomegalovirus control. JCI Insight 2017; 2:95128. [PMID: 29212951 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cell activation has been shown to be metabolically regulated in vitro; however, the role of metabolism during in vivo NK cell responses to infection is unknown. We examined the role of glycolysis in NK cell function during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection and the ability of IL-15 to prime NK cells during CMV infection. The glucose metabolism inhibitor 2-deoxy-ᴅ-glucose (2DG) impaired both mouse and human NK cell cytotoxicity following priming in vitro. Similarly, MCMV-infected mice treated with 2DG had impaired clearance of NK-specific targets in vivo, which was associated with higher viral burden and susceptibility to infection on the C57BL/6 background. IL-15 priming is known to alter NK cell metabolism and metabolic requirements for activation. Treatment with the IL-15 superagonist ALT-803 rescued mice from otherwise lethal infection in an NK-dependent manner. Consistent with this, treatment of a patient with ALT-803 for recurrent CMV reactivation after hematopoietic cell transplant was associated with clearance of viremia. These studies demonstrate that NK cell-mediated control of viral infection requires glucose metabolism and that IL-15 treatment in vivo can reduce this requirement and may be effective as an antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Y Mah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Armin Rashidi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Molly P Keppel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nermina Saucier
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Emily K Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joshua B Alinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sandeep K Tripathy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sandeep K Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony R French
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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32
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Almishaal AA, Mathur PD, Hillas E, Chen L, Zhang A, Yang J, Wang Y, Yokoyama WM, Firpo MA, Park AH. Natural killer cells attenuate cytomegalovirus-induced hearing loss in mice. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006599. [PMID: 28859161 PMCID: PMC5597263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common non-hereditary cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) yet the mechanisms of hearing loss remain obscure. Natural Killer (NK) cells play a critical role in regulating murine CMV infection via NK cell recognition of the Ly49H cell surface receptor of the viral-encoded m157 ligand expressed at the infected cell surface. This Ly49H NK receptor/m157 ligand interaction has been found to mediate host resistance to CMV in the spleen, and lung, but is much less effective in the liver, so it is not known if this interaction is important in the context of SNHL. Using a murine model for CMV-induced labyrinthitis, we have demonstrated that the Ly49H/m157 interaction mediates host resistance in the temporal bone. BALB/c mice, which lack functional Ly49H, inoculated with mCMV at post-natal day 3 developed profound hearing loss and significant outer hair cell loss by 28 days of life. In contrast, C57BL/6 mice, competent for the Ly49H/m157 interaction, had minimal hearing loss and attenuated outer hair cell loss with the same mCMV dose. Administration of Ly49H blocking antibody or inoculation with a mCMV viral strain deleted for the m157 gene rendered the previously resistant C57BL/6 mouse strain susceptible to hearing loss to a similar extent as the BALB/c mouse strain indicating a direct role of the Ly49H/m157 interaction in mCMV-dependent hearing loss. Additionally, NK cell recruitment to sites of infection was evident in the temporal bone of inoculated susceptible mouse strains. These results demonstrate participation of NK cells in protection from CMV-induced labyrinthitis and SNHL in mice. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission from an infected mother to her fetus is a leading cause of permanent hearing loss in children, but the contributing processes are not clear. In this report, we utilized a mouse model, which recapitulates many features of congenital CMV mediated childhood hearing loss, to demonstrate that natural killer cells (NK), a component of early host immune response to infection, play a critical protective role in CMV-induced hearing loss. Specifically, we determined that NK cells interact with CMV infected cells through binding of the NK cell receptor, Ly49H, with a virally-encoded protein, m157, expressed on the cell surface of CMV infected inner ear cells, to mediate the protective effect. Findings from this study provide insight into the host immune response during CMV-induced hearing loss in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Almishaal
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Pranav D. Mathur
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Elaine Hillas
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Liting Chen
- Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Anne Zhang
- Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Yong Wang
- Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Firpo
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Albert H. Park
- Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Development of innate lymphoid cells. Nat Immunol 2017; 17:775-82. [PMID: 27328007 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a family of immune effector cells that have important roles in host defense, metabolic homeostasis and tissue repair but can also contribute to inflammatory diseases such as asthma and colitis. These cells can be categorized into three groups on the basis of the transcription factors that direct their function and the cytokines they produce, which parallel the effector functions of T lymphocytes. The hierarchy of cell-fate-restriction events that occur as common lymphoid progenitors become committed to each of the ILC lineages further underscores the relationship between these innate immune cells and T lymphocytes. In this Review we discuss the developmental program of ILCs and transcription factors that guide ILC lineage specification and commitment.
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Stacey MA, Clare S, Clement M, Marsden M, Abdul-Karim J, Kane L, Harcourt K, Brandt C, Fielding CA, Smith SE, Wash RS, Brias SG, Stack G, Notley G, Cambridge EL, Isherwood C, Speak AO, Johnson Z, Ferlin W, Jones SA, Kellam P, Humphreys IR. The antiviral restriction factor IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 prevents cytokine-driven CMV pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1463-1474. [PMID: 28240600 PMCID: PMC5373880 DOI: 10.1172/jci84889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral restriction factor IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits cell entry of a number of viruses, and genetic diversity within IFITM3 determines susceptibility to viral disease in humans. Here, we used the murine CMV (MCMV) model of infection to determine that IFITM3 limits herpesvirus-associated pathogenesis without directly preventing virus replication. Instead, IFITM3 promoted antiviral cellular immunity through the restriction of virus-induced lymphopenia, apoptosis-independent NK cell death, and loss of T cells. Viral disease in Ifitm3-/- mice was accompanied by elevated production of cytokines, most notably IL-6. IFITM3 inhibited IL-6 production by myeloid cells in response to replicating and nonreplicating virus as well as following stimulation with the TLR ligands Poly(I:C) and CpG. Although IL-6 promoted virus-specific T cell responses, uncontrolled IL-6 expression in Ifitm3-/- mice triggered the loss of NK cells and subsequently impaired control of MCMV replication. Thus, IFITM3 represents a checkpoint regulator of antiviral immunity that controls cytokine production to restrict viral pathogenesis. These data suggest the utility of cytokine-targeting strategies in the treatment of virus-infected individuals with impaired IFITM3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Stacey
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Clement
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Marsden
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Juneid Abdul-Karim
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Smith
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael S. Wash
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Gimeno Brias
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gabrielle Stack
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - George Notley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Cambridge
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anneliese O. Speak
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon A. Jones
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Humphreys
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Viral infections continuously challenge and shape our immune system. Due to their fine antigen recognition ability, adaptive lymphocytes protect against pathogen reencounter by generating specific immunological memory. Innate cells such as macrophages also adapt to pathogen challenge and mount resistance to reinfection, a phenomenon termed trained immunity. As part of the innate immunity, natural killer (NK) cells can display rapid effector functions and play a crucial role in the control of viral infections, especially by the β-herpesvirus cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV activates the NK-cell pool by inducing proinflammatory signals, which prime NK cells, paralleling macrophage training. In addition, CMV dramatically shapes the NK-cell repertoire due to its ability to trigger specific NK cell-activating receptors, and enables the expansion and persistence of a specific NK-cell subset displaying adaptive and memory features. In this chapter, we will discuss how different signals during CMV infection contribute to NK-cell training and acquisition of classical memory properties and how these events can impact on reinfection and cross-resistance.
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