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Marcianò D, Kappel L, Ullah SF, Srivastava V. From glycans to green biotechnology: exploring cell wall dynamics and phytobiota impact in plant glycopathology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-19. [PMID: 39004515 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2370341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous plant pathogens, including fungi and oomycetes, pose significant threats to cultivated crops, impacting agricultural productivity, quality and sustainability. Traditionally, disease control heavily relied on fungicides, but concerns about their negative impacts motivated stakeholders and government agencies to seek alternative solutions. Biocontrol agents (BCAs) have been developed as promising alternatives to minimize fungicide use. However, BCAs often exhibit inconsistent performances, undermining their efficacy as plant protection alternatives. The eukaryotic cell wall of plants and filamentous pathogens contributes significantly to their interaction with the environment and competitors. This highly adaptable and modular carbohydrate armor serves as the primary interface for communication, and the intricate interplay within this compartment is often mediated by carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) responsible for cell wall degradation and remodeling. These processes play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of plant diseases and contribute significantly to establishing both beneficial and detrimental microbiota. This review explores the interplay between cell wall dynamics and glycan interactions in the phytobiome scenario, providing holistic insights for efficiently exploiting microbial traits potentially involved in plant disease mitigation. Within this framework, the incorporation of glycobiology-related functional traits into the resident phytobiome can significantly enhance the plant's resilience to biotic stresses. Therefore, in the rational engineering of future beneficial consortia, it is imperative to recognize and leverage the understanding of cell wall interactions and the role of the glycome as an essential tool for the effective management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio Marcianò
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Kappel
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sadia Fida Ullah
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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John E, Chau MQ, Hoang CV, Chandrasekharan N, Bhaskar C, Ma LS. Fungal Cell Wall-Associated Effectors: Sensing, Integration, Suppression, and Protection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:196-210. [PMID: 37955547 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0142-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) of plant-interacting fungi, as the direct interface with host plants, plays a crucial role in fungal development. A number of secreted proteins are directly associated with the fungal CW, either through covalent or non-covalent interactions, and serve a range of important functions. In the context of plant-fungal interactions many are important for fungal development in the host environment and may therefore be considered fungal CW-associated effectors (CWAEs). Key CWAE functions include integrating chemical/physical signals to direct hyphal growth, interfering with plant immunity, and providing protection against plant defenses. In recent years, a diverse range of mechanisms have been reported that underpin their roles, with some CWAEs harboring conserved motifs or functional domains, while others are reported to have novel features. As such, the current understanding regarding fungal CWAEs is systematically presented here from the perspective of their biological functions in plant-fungal interactions. An overview of the fungal CW architecture and the mechanisms by which proteins are secreted, modified, and incorporated into the CW is first presented to provide context for their biological roles. Some CWAE functions are reported across a broad range of pathosystems or symbiotic/mutualistic associations. Prominent are the chitin interacting-effectors that facilitate fungal CW modification, protection, or suppression of host immune responses. However, several alternative functions are now reported and are presented and discussed. CWAEs can play diverse roles, some possibly unique to fungal lineages and others conserved across a broad range of plant-interacting fungi. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Minh-Quang Chau
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cuong V Hoang
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | | | - Chibbhi Bhaskar
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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3
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Mapuranga J, Chang J, Li H, Zhang Y, Li R, Song L, Zhang N, Yang W. The molecular structure, biological roles, and inhibition of plant pathogenic fungal chitin deacetylases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1335646. [PMID: 38264029 PMCID: PMC10803567 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1335646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Chitin/polysaccharide deacetylases belong to the carbohydrate esterases family 4 (CE4 enzymes). They play a crucial role in modifying the physiochemical characteristics of structural polysaccharides and are also involved in a wide range of biological processes such as fungal autolysis, spore formation, cell wall formation and integrity, and germling adhesion. These enzymes are mostly common in fungi, marine bacteria, and a limited number of insects. They facilitate the deacetylation of chitin which is a structural biopolymer that is abundantly found in fungal cell walls and spores and also in the cuticle and peritrophic matrices of insects. The deacetylases exhibit specificity towards a substrate containing a sequence of four GlcNAc units, with one of these units being subjected to deacetylation. Chitin deacetylation results in the formation of chitosan, which is a poor substrate for host plant chitinases, therefore it can suppress the host immune response triggered by fungal pathogens and enhance pathogen virulence and colonization. This review discusses plant pathogenic fungal chitin/polysaccharide deacetylases including their structure, substrate specificity, biological roles and some recently discovered chitin deacetylase inhibitors that can help to mitigate plant fungal diseases. This review provides fundamental knowledge that will undoubtedly lead to the rational design of novel inhibitors that target pathogenic fungal chitin deacetylases, which will also aid in the management of plant diseases, thereby safeguarding global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenxiang Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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4
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Hu S, Jin M, Xu Y, Wu Q, Jiang Q, Ma J, Zhang Y, Qi P, Chen G, Jiang Y, Zheng Y, Wei Y, Xu Q. Deacetylation of chitin oligomers by Fusarium graminearum polysaccharide deacetylase suppresses plant immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1495-1509. [PMID: 37746915 PMCID: PMC10632789 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a long-chain polymer of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine that forms rigid microfibrils to maintain the hyphal form and protect it from host attacks. Chitin oligomers are first recognized by the plant receptors in the apoplast region, priming the plant's immune system. Here, seven polysaccharide deacetylases (PDAs) were identified and their activities on chitin substrates were investigated via systematic characterization of the PDA family from Fusarium graminearum. Among these PDAs, FgPDA5 was identified as an important virulence factor and was specifically expressed during pathogenesis. ΔFgpda5 compromised the pathogen's ability to infect wheat. The polysaccharide deacetylase structure of FgPDA5 is essential for the pathogenicity of F. graminearum. FgPDA5 formed a homodimer and accumulated in the plant apoplast. In addition, FgPDA5 showed a high affinity toward chitin substrates. FgPDA5-mediated deacetylation of chitin oligomers prevented activation of plant defence responses. Overall, our results identify FgPDA5 as a polysaccharide deacetylase that can prevent chitin-triggered host immunity in plant apoplast through deacetylation of chitin oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Minxia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yangjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yunfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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5
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Liang B, Song W, Xing R, Liu S, Yu H, Li P. The source, activity influencing factors and biological activities for future development of chitin deacetylase. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121335. [PMID: 37739548 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA), a prominent member of the carbohydrate esterase enzyme family 4 (CE4), is found ubiquitously in bacteria, fungi, insects, and crustaceans. This metalloenzyme plays a pivotal role in recognizing and selectively removing acetyl groups from chitin, thus offering an environmentally friendly and biologically-driven preparation method for chitosan with immense industrial potential. Due to its diverse origins, CDAs sourced from different organisms exhibit unique functions, optimal pH ranges, and temperature preferences. Furthermore, certain organic reagents can induce structural changes in CDAs, influencing their catalytic activity. Leveraging CDA's capabilities extends beyond chitosan biocatalysis, as it demonstrates promising application value in agricultural pest control. In this paper, the source, reaction mechanism, influencing factors, the fermentation methods and applications of CDA are reviewed, which provides theoretical help for the research and application of CDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Liang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Wen Song
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
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6
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Lu K, Chen R, Yang Y, Xu H, Jiang J, Li L. Involvement of the Cell Wall-Integrity Pathway in Signal Recognition, Cell-Wall Biosynthesis, and Virulence in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:608-622. [PMID: 37140471 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-22-0231-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is the first layer exposed to the external environment. The cell wall has key roles in regulating cell functions, such as cellular stability, permeability, and protection against stress. Understanding the structure of the cell wall and the mechanism of its biogenesis is important for the study of fungi. Highly conserved in fungi, including Magnaporthe oryzae, the cell wall-integrity (CWI) pathway is the primary signaling cascade regulating cell-wall structure and function. The CWI pathway has been demonstrated to correlate with pathogenicity in many phytopathogenic fungi. In the synthesis of the cell wall, the CWI pathway cooperates with multiple signaling pathways to regulate cell morphogenesis and secondary metabolism. Many questions have arisen regarding the cooperation of different signaling pathways with the CWI pathway in regulating cell-wall synthesis and pathogenicity. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in the M. oryzae CWI pathway and cell-wall structure. We discussed the CWI pathway components and their involvement in different aspects, such as virulence factors, the possibility of the pathway as a target for antifungal therapies, and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. This information will aid in better understanding the universal functions of the CWI pathway in regulating cell-wall synthesis and pathogenicity in M. oryzae. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Rangrang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Bi R, Li R, Xu Z, Cai H, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Wu B, Sun P, Yang W, Zheng L, Chen XL, Luo CX, Teng H, Li Q, Li G. Melatonin targets MoIcl1 and works synergistically with fungicide isoprothiolane in rice blast control. J Pineal Res 2023; 75:e12896. [PMID: 37458404 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonina natural harmless molecule-displays versatile roles in human health and crop disease control such as for rice blast. Rice blast, caused by the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one devastating disease of rice. Application of fungicides is one of the major measures in the control of various crop diseases. However, fungicide resistance in the pathogen and relevant environmental pollution are becoming serious problems. By screening for possible synergistic combinations, here, we discovered an eco-friendly combination for rice blast control, melatonin, and the fungicide isoprothiolane. These compounds together exhibited significant synergistic inhibitory effects on vegetative growth, conidial germination, appressorium formation, penetration, and plant infection by M. oryzae. The combination of melatonin and isoprothiolane reduced the effective concentration of isoprothiolane by over 10-fold as well as residual levels of isoprothiolane. Transcriptomics and lipidomics revealed that melatonin and isoprothiolane synergistically interfered with lipid metabolism by regulating many common targets, including the predicted isocitrate lyase-encoding gene MoICL1. Furthermore, using different techniques, we show that melatonin and isoprothiolane interact with MoIcl1. This study demonstrates that melatonin and isoprothiolane function synergistically and can be used to reduce the dosage and residual level of isoprothiolane, potentially contributing to the environment-friendly and sustainable control of crop diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renjian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyi Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanyu Cai
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaru Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bangting Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huailong Teng
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guotian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Singh S, Sarki YN, Marwein R, Singha DL, Velmurugan N, Chikkaputtaiah C. Unraveling the role of effector proteins in Bipolaris oryzae infecting North East Indian rice cultivars through time-course transcriptomics analysis. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1098-1110. [PMID: 37495300 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Bipolaris oryzae, causing brown spot disease in rice, is one of the neglected diseases reducing rice productivity. Limited knowledge is available on the genetics of host-pathogen interaction. Here, we used time-course transcriptome sequencing to elucidate the differential transcriptional responses of the pathogen genes in two contradictory infection-responsive rice hosts. Evaluation of transcriptome data showed similar regulation of fungal genes within susceptible (1733) and resistant (1846) hosts at an early stage however, in the later stage, the number was significantly higher in susceptible (2877) compared to resistant (1955) hosts. GO enrichment terms for upregulated genes showed a similar pattern in both the hosts at an early stage, but in the later stage terms related to degradation of carbohydrates, carbohydrate transport, and pathogenesis are enriched extensively within the susceptible host. Likewise, similar expression responses were observed with the secretory and effector proteins. Plant pathogenic homologs genes such as those involved in appressorium and conidia formation, host cell wall degradative enzymes, etc. were reported to be highly upregulated within the susceptible host. This study predicts the successful establishment of B. oryzae BO1 in both the host surfaces at an early stage, while disease progression only occurs in the susceptible host in later stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Singh
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Yogita N Sarki
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Riwandahun Marwein
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Dhanawantari L Singha
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Natarajan Velmurugan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India; Biological Sciences Division, Branch Laboratory-Itanagar, CSIR-NEIST, Naharlagun, 791110, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
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9
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Rocafort M, Srivastava V, Bowen JK, Díaz-Moreno SM, Guo Y, Bulone V, Plummer KM, Sutherland PW, Anderson MA, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. Cell Wall Carbohydrate Dynamics during the Differentiation of Infection Structures by the Apple Scab Fungus, Venturia inaequalis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0421922. [PMID: 37039647 PMCID: PMC10269774 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04219-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Scab, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis, is the most economically important disease of apples. During infection, V. inaequalis colonizes the subcuticular host environment, where it develops specialized infection structures called runner hyphae and stromata. These structures are thought to be involved in nutrient acquisition and effector (virulence factor) delivery, but also give rise to conidia that further the infection cycle. Despite their importance, very little is known about how these structures are differentiated. Likewise, nothing is known about how these structures are protected from host defenses or recognition by the host immune system. To better understand these processes, we first performed a glycosidic linkage analysis of sporulating tubular hyphae from V. inaequalis developed in culture. This analysis revealed that the V. inaequalis cell wall is mostly composed of glucans (44%) and mannans (37%), whereas chitin represents a much smaller proportion (4%). Next, we used transcriptomics and confocal laser scanning microscopy to provide insights into the cell wall carbohydrate composition of runner hyphae and stromata. These analyses revealed that, during subcuticular host colonization, genes of V. inaequalis putatively associated with the biosynthesis of immunogenic carbohydrates, such as chitin and β-1,6-glucan, are downregulated relative to growth in culture, while on the surface of runner hyphae and stromata, chitin is deacetylated to the less-immunogenic carbohydrate chitosan. These changes are anticipated to enable the subcuticular differentiation of runner hyphae and stromata by V. inaequalis, as well as to protect these structures from host defenses and recognition by the host immune system. IMPORTANCE Plant-pathogenic fungi are a major threat to food security. Among these are subcuticular pathogens, which often cause latent asymptomatic infections, making them difficult to control. A key feature of these pathogens is their ability to differentiate specialized subcuticular infection structures that, to date, remain largely understudied. This is typified by Venturia inaequalis, which causes scab, the most economically important disease of apples. In this study, we show that, during subcuticular host colonization, V. inaequalis downregulates genes associated with the biosynthesis of two immunogenic cell wall carbohydrates, chitin and β-1,6-glucan, and coats its subcuticular infection structures with a less-immunogenic carbohydrate, chitosan. These changes are anticipated to enable host colonization by V. inaequalis and provide a foundation for understanding subcuticular host colonization by other plant-pathogenic fungi. Such an understanding is important, as it may inform the development of novel control strategies against subcuticular plant-pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rocafort
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna K. Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sara M. Díaz-Moreno
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanan Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Food, Agriculture and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kim M. Plummer
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul W. Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marilyn A. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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10
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Ma LS, Tsai WL, Damei FA, Kalunke RM, Xu MY, Lin YH, Lee HC. Maize Antifungal Protein AFP1 Elevates Fungal Chitin Levels by Targeting Chitin Deacetylases and Other Glycoproteins. mBio 2023; 14:e0009323. [PMID: 36946727 PMCID: PMC10128019 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00093-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi convert chitin to chitosan to evade plant perception and disarm chitin-triggered immune responses. Whether plants have evolved factors to counteract this evasion mechanism remains obscure. Here, we decipher the mechanism underlying the antifungal activity of maize secretory mannose-binding cysteine-rich receptor-like secreted protein (CRRSP), antifungal protein 1 (AFP1). AFP1 binds to multiple sites on the surface of sporidial cells, filaments, and germinated spores of the biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis. It inhibits cell growth and budding, as well as spore germination. AFP1 promiscuously interacts with most chitin deacetylases (CDAs) by recognizing the conserved NodB domain to interfere with the enzyme activity. Deletion of O-mannosyltransferase 4 decreases protein mannosylation, which correlates with reduced AFP1 binding and antifungal activity, suggesting that AFP1 interacts with mannosylated proteins to exhibit an inhibitory effect. AFP1 also has extended inhibitory activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae; however, AFP1 did not reduce binding to the double ΔΔcda1,2 mutant, suggesting the targets of AFP1 have expanded to other cell surface glycoproteins, probably facilitated by its mannose-binding property. Increasing chitin levels by modulating the activity of cell surface glycoproteins is a universal feature of AFP1 interacting with a broad spectrum of fungi to inhibit their growth. IMPORTANCE Plants alert immune systems by recognizing the fungal pathogen cell wall component chitin via pattern recognition cell surface receptors. Successful fungal pathogens escape the perception by deacetylating chitin to chitosan, which is also necessary for fungal cell development and virulence. Targeting glycoproteins that are associated with regulating chitin metabolism and maintaining cell wall morphogenesis presents an effective strategy to combat fungal pathogens by simultaneously altering cell wall plasticity, activating chitin-triggered immunity, and impairing fungal viability. Our study provides molecular insights into a plant DUF26 domain-containing secretory protein in warding off a broad range of fungal pathogens by acting on more than one glycoprotein target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay-Sun Ma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Tsai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Raviraj M Kalunke
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yun Xu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Bhunjun CS, Phukhamsakda C, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Saxena RK, Li Q. Do all fungi have ancestors with endophytic lifestyles? FUNGAL DIVERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-023-00516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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12
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Liu JH, Dong JC, Gao JJ, Li XP, Hu SJ, Li J, Hu WX, Zhao XY, Wang JJ, Qiu L. Three Chitin Deacetylase Family Members of Beauveria bassiana Modulate Asexual Reproduction and Virulence of Fungi by Mediating Chitin Metabolism and Affect Fungal Parasitism and Saprophytic Life. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0474822. [PMID: 36786652 PMCID: PMC10101055 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04748-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important chitin-modifying enzyme, chitin deacetylase (CDA) has been characterized in many fungi, but its function in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana remains unclear. Three CDAs with conserved domains of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE-4) family were identified in B. bassiana. Disruption of CDA1 resulted in growth restriction of the fungus on medium with chitin as a carbon source or without a carbon source. Deletion of CDA1 and CDA2 led to defects in fungal conidial formation and conidial vitality compared with those of the wild type (WT), and the conidial yield decreased by 25.81% to 47.68%. Inactivation of three CDA genes resulted in a decrease of 20.23% to 27% in the blastospore yield. ΔCDA1 and ΔCDA3 showed 29.33% and 23.34% reductions in cuticular infection virulence, respectively. However, the CDA family may not contribute to hemocoel infection virulence. Additionally, the sporulation of the insect carcass showed that the three gene deletion mutants were 68.45%, 63.84%, and 56.65% less than WT. Penetration experiments with cicada wings and enzyme activity assays were used to further explore the effect of the fungus on chitin metabolism after gene deletion. Although the three gene deletion mutants penetrated the cicada wings successfully and continued to grow on the underlying medium, their colony sizes were reduced by 29.12% to 47.76%. The CDA enzyme activity of ΔCDA1 and ΔCDA3 decreased by 84.76% and 83.04%, respectively. These data showed that members of the CDA family play a different role in fungal growth, conidial quality, and virulence. IMPORTANCE In this study, we report the roles of CDA family in entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana. Our results indicated that CDA modulates asexual development and regulates fungal virulence by altering chitin deacetylation and metabolic capacity. CDA affected the biological control potential and life history of B. bassiana by affecting its parasitic and saprophytic life. These findings provide novel insights into the roles of multiple CDA paralogues existing in fungal biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jing-Chong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jun-Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shun-Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xian-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
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13
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Urs MJ, Moerschbacher BM, Cord-Landwehr S. Quantitative enzymatic-mass spectrometric analysis of the chitinous polymers in fungal cell walls. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Chitosan Is Necessary for the Structure of the Cell Wall, and Full Virulence of Ustilago maydis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080813. [PMID: 36012801 PMCID: PMC9409902 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Smut fungi comprise a large group of biotrophic phytopathogens infecting important crops, such as wheat and corn. U. maydis is a plant pathogenic fungus responsible for common smut in maize and teocintle. Through our analysis of the transcriptome of the yeast-to-mycelium dimorphic transition at acid pH, we determined the number of genes encoding chitin deacetylases of the fungus, and observed that the gene encoding one of them (UMAG_11922; CDA1) was the only one up-regulated. The mutation of this gene and the analysis of the mutants revealed that they contained reduced amounts of chitosan, were severely affected in their virulence, and showed aberrant mycelial morphology when grown at acid pH. When the CDA1 gene was reinserted into the mutants by the use of an autonomous replication plasmid, virulence and chitosan levels were recovered in the retro mutant strains, indicating that the CDA1 gene was involved in these features. These data revealed that chitosan plays a crucial role in the structure and morphogenesis of the cell wall during mycelial development of the fungus, and that in its absence, the cell wall becomes altered and is unable to support the stress imposed by the defense mechanism mounted on by the plant host during the infection process.
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15
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Ren D, Wang T, Zhou G, Ren W, Duan X, Gao L, Chen J, Xu L, Zhu P. Ethylene Promotes Expression of the Appressorium- and Pathogenicity-Related Genes via GPCR- and MAPK-Dependent Manners in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060570. [PMID: 35736053 PMCID: PMC9224669 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylene (ET) represents a signal that can be sensed by plant pathogenic fungi to accelerate their spore germination and subsequent infection. However, the molecular mechanisms of responses to ET in fungi remain largely unclear. In this study, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was investigated via transcriptomic analysis to reveal the genes that account for the ET-regulated fungal development and virulence. The results showed that ET promoted genes encoding for fungal melanin biosynthesis enzymes, extracellular hydrolases, and appressorium-associated structure proteins at 4 h after treatment. When the germination lasted until 24 h, ET induced multiple appressoria from every single spore, but downregulated most of the genes. Loss of selected ET responsive genes encoding for scytalone dehydratase (CgSCD1) and cerato-platanin virulence protein (CgCP1) were unable to alter ET sensitivity of C. gloeosporioides in vitro but attenuated the influence of ET on pathogenicity. Knockout of the G-protein-coupled receptors CgGPCR3-1/2 and the MAPK signaling pathway components CgMK1 and CgSte11 resulted in reduced ET sensitivity. Taken together, this study in C. gloeosporioides reports that ET can cause transcription changes in a large set of genes, which are mainly responsible for appressorium development and virulence expression, and these processes are dependent on the GPCR and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ling Xu
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (P.Z.); Tel.: +86-(021)-54341012 (L.X.); +86-(021)-24206574 (P.Z.)
| | - Pinkuan Zhu
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (P.Z.); Tel.: +86-(021)-54341012 (L.X.); +86-(021)-24206574 (P.Z.)
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16
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de Oliveira Silva A, Aliyeva-Schnorr L, Wirsel SGR, Deising HB. Fungal Pathogenesis-Related Cell Wall Biogenesis, with Emphasis on the Maize Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070849. [PMID: 35406829 PMCID: PMC9003368 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The genus Colletotrichum harbors many plant pathogenic species, several of which cause significant yield losses in the field and post harvest. Typically, in order to infect their host plants, spores germinate, differentiate a pressurized infection cell, and display a hemibiotrophic lifestyle after plant invasion. Several factors required for virulence or pathogenicity have been identified in different Colletotrichum species, and adaptation of cell wall biogenesis to distinct stages of pathogenesis has been identified as a major pre-requisite for the establishment of a compatible parasitic fungus-plant interaction. Here, we highlight aspects of fungal cell wall biogenesis during plant infection, with emphasis on the maize leaf anthracnose and stalk rot fungus, Colletotrichum graminicola.
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17
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Noorifar N, Savoian MS, Ram A, Lukito Y, Hassing B, Weikert TW, Moerschbacher BM, Scott B. Chitin Deacetylases Are Required for Epichloë festucae Endophytic Cell Wall Remodeling During Establishment of a Mutualistic Symbiotic Interaction with Lolium perenne. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1181-1192. [PMID: 34058838 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-20-0347-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë festucae forms a mutualistic symbiotic association with Lolium perenne. This biotrophic fungus systemically colonizes the intercellular spaces of aerial tissues to form an endophytic hyphal network and also grows as an epiphyte. However, little is known about the cell wall-remodeling mechanisms required to avoid host defense and maintain intercalary growth within the host. Here, we use a suite of molecular probes to show that the E. festucae cell wall is remodeled by conversion of chitin to chitosan during infection of L. perenne seedlings, as the hyphae switch from free-living to endophytic growth. When hyphae transition from endophytic to epiphytic growth, the cell wall is remodeled from predominantly chitosan to chitin. This conversion from chitin to chitosan is catalyzed by chitin deacetylase. The genome of E. festucae encodes three putative chitin deacetylases, two of which (cdaA and cdaB) are expressed in planta. Deletion of either of these genes results in disruption of fungal intercalary growth in the intercellular spaces of plants infected with these mutants. These results establish that these two genes are required for maintenance of the mutualistic symbiotic interaction between E. festucae and L. perenne.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Noorifar
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Matthew S Savoian
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Arvina Ram
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yonathan Lukito
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Berit Hassing
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Tobias W Weikert
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Barry Scott
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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18
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Chethana KWT, Jayawardena RS, Chen YJ, Konta S, Tibpromma S, Abeywickrama PD, Gomdola D, Balasuriya A, Xu J, Lumyong S, Hyde KD. Diversity and Function of Appressoria. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060746. [PMID: 34204815 PMCID: PMC8231555 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic, saprobic, and pathogenic fungi have evolved elaborate strategies to obtain nutrients from plants. Among the diverse plant-fungi interactions, the most crucial event is the attachment and penetration of the plant surface. Appressoria, specialized infection structures, have been evolved to facilitate this purpose. In this review, we describe the diversity of these appressoria and classify them into two main groups: single-celled appressoria (proto-appressoria, hyaline appressoria, melanized (dark) appressoria) and compound appressoria. The ultrastructure of appressoria, their initiation, their formation, and their function in fungi are discussed. We reviewed the molecular mechanisms regulating the formation and function of appressoria, their strategies to evade host defenses, and the related genomics and transcriptomics. The current review provides a foundation for comprehensive studies regarding their evolution and diversity in different fungal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. W. Thilini Chethana
- Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Ruvishika S. Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Yi-Jyun Chen
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Sirinapa Konta
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Pranami D. Abeywickrama
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Diseases and Pests of North China Fruits, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Deecksha Gomdola
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Abhaya Balasuriya
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale 50300, Sri Lanka;
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Johns LE, Goldman GH, Ries LN, Brown NA. Nutrient sensing and acquisition in fungi: mechanisms promoting pathogenesis in plant and human hosts. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Lopez-Moya F, Martin-Urdiroz M, Oses-Ruiz M, Were VM, Fricker MD, Littlejohn G, Lopez-Llorca LV, Talbot NJ. Chitosan inhibits septin-mediated plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in a protein kinase C and Nox1 NADPH oxidase-dependent manner. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1578-1593. [PMID: 33570748 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is a partially deacetylated linear polysaccharide composed of β-1,4-linked units of d-glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine. As well as a structural component of fungal cell walls, chitosan is a potent antifungal agent. However, the mode of action of chitosan is poorly understood. Here, we report that chitosan is effective for control of rice blast disease. Chitosan application impairs growth of the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and has a pronounced effect on appressorium-mediated plant infection. Chitosan inhibits septin-mediated F-actin remodelling at the appressorium pore, thereby preventing repolarization of the infection cell. Chitosan causes plasma membrane permeabilization of M. oryzae and affects NADPH oxidase-dependent synthesis of reactive oxygen species, essential for septin ring formation and fungal pathogenicity. We further show that toxicity of chitosan to M. oryzae requires the protein kinase C-dependent cell wall integrity pathway, the Mps1 mitogen-activated protein kinase and the Nox1 NADPH oxidase. A conditionally lethal, analogue (PP1)-sensitive mutant of Pkc1 is partially remediated for growth in the presence of chitosan, while ∆nox1 mutants increase their glucan : chitin cell wall ratio, rendering them resistant to chitosan. Taken together, our data show that chitosan is a potent fungicide which requires the cell integrity pathway, disrupts plasma membrane function and inhibits septin-mediated plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lopez-Moya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03690, Spain
| | | | - Miriam Oses-Ruiz
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,, EX4 4QD, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich,, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent M Were
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,, EX4 4QD, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich,, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mark D Fricker
- Department of Plant Science, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - George Littlejohn
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,, EX4 4QD, UK
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Portland Square Building Room A404, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Luis V Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03690, Spain
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,, EX4 4QD, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich,, NR4 7UH, UK
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21
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Motaung TE, Peremore C, Wingfield B, Steenkamp E. Plant-associated fungal biofilms-knowns and unknowns. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5956487. [PMID: 33150944 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly all microbes, including fungi, grow firmly attached to surfaces as a biofilm. Yet, attention toward fungal interactions with plants and the environment is dedicated to free-floating (planktonic) cells. Fungal biofilms are generally thought to configure interactions across and among plant populations. Despite this, plant fungal biofilm research lags far behind the research on biofilms of medically important fungi. The deficit in noticing and exploring this research avenue could limit disease management and plant improvement programs. Here, we provide the current state of knowledge of fungal biofilms and the different pivotal ecological roles they impart in the context of disease, through leveraging evidence across medically important fungi, secondary metabolite production, plant beneficial functions and climate change. We also provide views on several important information gaps potentially hampering plant fungal biofilm research, and propose a way forward to address these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabiso E Motaung
- University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Chizné Peremore
- University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Brenda Wingfield
- University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Emma Steenkamp
- University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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22
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Chitosan and Chitin Deacetylase Activity Are Necessary for Development and Virulence of Ustilago maydis. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03419-20. [PMID: 33653886 PMCID: PMC8092297 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03419-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize, causing substantial losses in world corn production. This nonobligate pathogen penetrates the plant cell wall with the help of appressoria and then establishes an extensive biotrophic interaction, where the hyphae are tightly encased by the plant plasma membrane. The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis harbors a chitin deacetylase (CDA) family of six active genes as well as one pseudogene which are differentially expressed during colonization. This includes one secreted soluble CDA (Cda4) and five putatively glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored CDAs, of which Cda7 belongs to a new class of fungal CDAs. Here, we provide a comprehensive functional study of the entire family. While budding cells of U. maydis showed a discrete pattern of chitosan staining, biotrophic hyphae appeared surrounded by a chitosan layer. We purified all six active CDAs and show their activity on different chitin substrates. Single as well as multiple cda mutants were generated and revealed a virulence defect for mutants lacking cda7. We implicated cda4 in production of the chitosan layer surrounding biotrophic hyphae and demonstrated that the loss of this layer does not reduce virulence. By combining different cda mutations, we detected redundancy as well as specific functions for certain CDAs. Specifically, certain combinations of mutations significantly affected virulence concomitantly with reduced adherence, appressorium formation, penetration, and activation of plant defenses. Attempts to inactivate all seven cda genes simultaneously were unsuccessful, and induced depletion of cda2 in a background lacking the other six cda genes illustrated an essential role of chitosan for cell wall integrity.
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Choquer M, Rascle C, Gonçalves IR, de Vallée A, Ribot C, Loisel E, Smilevski P, Ferria J, Savadogo M, Souibgui E, Gagey MJ, Dupuy JW, Rollins JA, Marcato R, Noûs C, Bruel C, Poussereau N. The infection cushion of Botrytis cinerea: a fungal 'weapon' of plant-biomass destruction. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2293-2314. [PMID: 33538395 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The necrotrophic plant-pathogen fungus Botrytis cinerea produces multicellular appressoria dedicated to plant penetration, named infection cushions (IC). A microarray analysis was performed to identify genes upregulated in mature IC. The expression data were validated by RT-qPCR analysis performed in vitro and in planta, proteomic analysis of the IC secretome and biochemical assays. 1231 upregulated genes and 79 up-accumulated proteins were identified. The data support the secretion of effectors by IC: phytotoxins, ROS, proteases, cutinases, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and plant cell death-inducing proteins. Parallel upregulation of sugar transport and sugar catabolism-encoding genes would indicate a role of IC in nutrition. The data also reveal a substantial remodelling of the IC cell wall and suggest a role for melanin and chitosan in IC function. Lastly, mutagenesis of two upregulated genes in IC identified secreted fasciclin-like proteins as actors in the pathogenesis of B. cinerea. These results support the role of IC in plant penetration and also introduce other unexpected functions for this fungal organ, in colonization, necrotrophy and nutrition of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Choquer
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Isabelle R Gonçalves
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Amélie de Vallée
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Cécile Ribot
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Elise Loisel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Pavlé Smilevski
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Jordan Ferria
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Mahamadi Savadogo
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Eytham Souibgui
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Marie-Josèphe Gagey
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Jean-William Dupuy
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jeffrey A Rollins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Riccardo Marcato
- Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France.,Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), Research Group in Plant Pathology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Camille Noûs
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
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Chen H, Raffaele S, Dong S. Silent control: microbial plant pathogens evade host immunity without coding sequence changes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6095737. [PMID: 33440001 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both animals and plants have evolved a robust immune system to surveil and defeat invading pathogenic microbes. Evasion of host immune surveillance is the key for pathogens to initiate successful infection. To evade the host immunity, plant pathogens evolved a variety of strategies such as masking themselves from host immune recognitions, blocking immune signaling transductions, reprogramming immune responses and adapting to immune microenvironmental changes. Gain of new virulence genes, sequence and structural variations enables plant pathogens to evade host immunity through changes in the genetic code. However, recent discoveries demonstrated that variations at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational and glycome level enable pathogens to cope with the host immune system without coding sequence changes. The biochemical modification of pathogen associated molecular patterns and silencing of effector genes emerged as potent ways for pathogens to hide from host recognition. Altered processing in mRNA activities provide pathogens with resilience to microenvironment changes. Importantly, these hiding variants are directly or indirectly modulated by catalytic enzymes or enzymatic complexes and cannot be revealed by classical genomics alone. Unveiling these novel host evasion mechanisms in plant pathogens enables us to better understand the nature of plant disease and pinpoints strategies for rational diseases management in global food protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, INRAE, CNRS, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville, CS52627, F31326 Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
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25
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Plaza V, Silva-Moreno E, Castillo L. Breakpoint: Cell Wall and Glycoproteins and their Crucial Role in the Phytopathogenic Fungi Infection. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:227-244. [PMID: 31490745 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190906165111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall that surrounds fungal cells is essential for their survival, provides protection against physical and chemical stresses, and plays relevant roles during infection. In general, the fungal cell wall is composed of an outer layer of glycoprotein and an inner skeletal layer of β-glucans or α- glucans and chitin. Chitin synthase genes have been shown to be important for septum formation, cell division and virulence. In the same way, chitin can act as a potent elicitor to activate defense response in several plant species; however, the fungi can convert chitin to chitosan during plant infection to evade plant defense mechanisms. Moreover, α-1,3-Glucan, a non-degradable polysaccharide in plants, represents a key feature in fungal cell walls formed in plants and plays a protective role for this fungus against plant lytic enzymes. A similar case is with β-1,3- and β-1,6-glucan which are essential for infection, structure rigidity and pathogenicity during fungal infection. Cell wall glycoproteins are also vital to fungi. They have been associated with conidial separation, the increase of chitin in conidial cell walls, germination, appressorium formation, as well as osmotic and cell wall stress and virulence; however, the specific roles of glycoproteins in filamentous fungi remain unknown. Fungi that can respond to environmental stimuli distinguish these signals and relay them through intracellular signaling pathways to change the cell wall composition. They play a crucial role in appressorium formation and penetration, and release cell wall degrading enzymes, which determine the outcome of the interaction with the host. In this review, we highlight the interaction of phypatophogen cell wall and signaling pathways with its host and their contribution to fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Plaza
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Evelyn Silva-Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Luis Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
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26
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Tsvetkov YE, Paulovičová E, Paulovičová L, Farkaš P, Nifantiev NE. Synthesis of Biotin-Tagged Chitosan Oligosaccharides and Assessment of Their Immunomodulatory Activity. Front Chem 2020; 8:554732. [PMID: 33335882 PMCID: PMC7736555 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.554732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin, a polymer of β-(1→4)-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, is one of the main polysaccharide components of the fungal cell wall. Its N-deacetylated form, chitosan, is enzymatically produced in the cell wall by chitin deacetylases. It exerts immunomodulative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal activities with various medical applications. To study the immunobiological properties of chitosan oligosaccharides, we synthesized a series of β-(1→4)-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine oligomers comprising 3, 5, and 7 monosaccharide units equipped with biotin tags. The key synthetic intermediate employed for oligosaccharide chain elongation, a disaccharide thioglycoside, was prepared by orthogonal glycosylation of a 4-OH thioglycoside acceptor with a glycosyl trichloroacetimidate bearing the temporary 4-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl group. The use of silyl protection suppressed aglycon transfer and provided a high yield for the target disaccharide donor. Using synthesized chitosan oligomers, as well as previously obtained chitin counterparts, the immunobiological relationship between these synthetic oligosaccharides and RAW 264.7 cells was studied in vitro. Evaluation of cell proliferation, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg polarized cytokine expression demonstrated effective immune responsiveness and immunomodulation in RAW 264.7 cells exposed to chitin- and chitosan-derived oligosaccharides. Macrophage reactivity was accompanied by significant inductive dose- and structure-dependent protective Th1 and Th17 polarization, which was greater with exposure to chitosan- rather than chitin-derived oligosaccharides. Moreover, no antiproliferative or cytotoxic effects were observed, even following prolonged 48 h exposure. The obtained results demonstrate the potent immunobiological activity of these synthetically prepared chito-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury E. Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ema Paulovičová
- Cell Culture & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Paulovičová
- Cell Culture & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Farkaš
- Cell Culture & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Rajestary R, Landi L, Romanazzi G. Chitosan and postharvest decay of fresh fruit: Meta‐analysis of disease control and antimicrobial and eliciting activities. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:563-582. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Rajestary
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences Marche Polytechnic University Via Brecce Bianche 10 Ancona Italy
| | - Lucia Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences Marche Polytechnic University Via Brecce Bianche 10 Ancona Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences Marche Polytechnic University Via Brecce Bianche 10 Ancona Italy
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28
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Schröder V, Rău I, Dobrin N, Stefanov C, Mihali CV, Pădureţu CC, Apetroaei MR. Micromorphological details and identification of chitinous wall structures in Rapana venosa (Gastropoda, Mollusca) egg capsules. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14550. [PMID: 32883987 PMCID: PMC7471954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the structural and ultrastructural characteristics of Rapana venosa egg capsules, starting from observations of their antifouling activity and mechanical resistance to water currents in mid-shore habitats. Optical microscopy, epifluorescence, and electron microscopy were used to evaluate the surface and structure of the R. venosa egg capsules. These measurements revealed an internal multilamellar structure of the capsule wall with in-plane distributions of layers with various orientations. It was found that the walls contained vacuolar structures in the median layer, which provided the particular characteristics. Mechanical, viscoelastic and swelling measurements were also carried out. This study revealed the presence and distribution of chitosan in the capsule of R. venosa. Chitosan identification in the egg capsule wall structure was carried out through SEM-EDX measurements, colorimetric assays, FT-IR spectra and physical-chemical tests. The biopolymer presence in the capsule walls may explain the properties of their surfaces as well as the mechanical resistance of the capsule and its resistance to chemical variations in the living environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verginica Schröder
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Ovidius" University, Capitan Aviator Al. Serbanescu Street No. 6, Campus C, Constanta, Romania
| | - Ileana Rău
- Department of General Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Nicolae Dobrin
- Electron Microscopy Department and Center for Research and Development of the Morphological and Genetic Studies of Malignant Pathology, "Ovidius" University, University Street No. 1, Campus B, Constanta, Romania
| | - Constanţa Stefanov
- Electron Microscopy Department and Center for Research and Development of the Morphological and Genetic Studies of Malignant Pathology, "Ovidius" University, University Street No. 1, Campus B, Constanta, Romania
| | - Ciprian-Valentin Mihali
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Vasile Goldiș" Western University From Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Carla-Cezarina Pădureţu
- Department of General Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Manuela Rossemary Apetroaei
- Department of Naval and Port Engineering and Management, "Mircea Cel Batran" Naval Academy, Fulgerului Street No. 1, Constanta, Romania
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Li L, Zhu XM, Shi HB, Feng XX, Liu XH, Lin FC. MoFap7, a ribosome assembly factor, is required for fungal development and plant colonization of Magnaporthe oryzae. Virulence 2020; 10:1047-1063. [PMID: 31814506 PMCID: PMC6930019 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1697123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fap7, an important ribosome assembly factor, plays a vital role in pre-40S small ribosomal subunit synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via its ATPase activity. Currently, the biological functions of its homologs in filamentous fungi remain elusive. Here, MoFap7, a homologous protein of ScFap7, was identified in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which is a devastating fungal pathogen in rice and threatens food security worldwide. ΔMofap7 mutants exhibited defects in growth and development, conidial morphology, appressorium formation and infection, and were sensitive to oxidative stress. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis analysis confirmed that the conserved Walker A motif and Walker B motif in MoFap7 are essential for the biological functions of M. oryzae. We further analyzed the regulation mechanism of MoFap7 in pathogenicity. MoFap7 was found to interact with MoMst50, a regulator functioning in the MAPK Pmk1 signaling pathway, that participates in modulating plant penetration and cell-to-cell invasion by regulating the phosphorylation of MoPmk1. Moreover, MoFap7 interacted with the GTPases MoCdc42 and MoRac1 to control growth and conidiogenesis. Taken together, the results of this study provide novel insights into MoFap7-mediated orchestration of the development and pathogenesis of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Bin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Ruiz-Lara A, Fierro F, Carrasco U, Oria J, Tomasini A. Proteomic analysis of the response of Rhizopus oryzae ENHE to pentachlorophenol: Understanding the mechanisms for tolerance and degradation of this toxic compound. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Variation in Cell Surface Hydrophobicity among Cryptococcus neoformans Strains Influences Interactions with Amoebas. mSphere 2020; 5:5/2/e00310-20. [PMID: 32350094 PMCID: PMC7193044 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00310-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are pathogenic fungi that cause significant morbidity and mortality. Cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) is a biophysical parameter that influences the adhesion of fungal cells or spores to biotic and abiotic surfaces. C. neoformans is encased by polysaccharide capsule that is highly hydrophilic and is a critical determinant of virulence. In this study, we report large differences in the CSH of some C. neoformans and C. gattii strains. The capsular polysaccharides of C. neoformans strains differ in repeating motifs and therefore vary in the number of hydroxyl groups, which, along with higher-order structure of the capsule, may contribute to the variation in hydrophobicity that we observed. We found that cell wall composition, in the context of chitin-chitosan content, does not influence CSH. For C. neoformans, CSH correlated with phagocytosis by natural soil predator Acanthamoeba castellanii Furthermore, capsular binding of the protective antibody (18B7), but not the nonprotective antibody (13F1), altered the CSH of C. neoformans strains. Variability in CSH could be an important characteristic in comparing the biological properties of cryptococcal strains.IMPORTANCE The interaction of a microbial cell with its environment is influenced by the biophysical properties of a cell. The affinity of the cell surface for water, defined by the cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), is a biophysical parameter that varies among different strains of Cryptococcus neoformans The CSH influences the phagocytosis of the yeast by its natural predator in the soil, the amoeba. Studying variation in biophysical properties like CSH gives us insight into the dynamic host-predator interaction and host-pathogen interaction in a damage-response framework.
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32
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Li Y, Liu X, Liu M, Wang Y, Zou Y, You Y, Yang L, Hu J, Zhang H, Zheng X, Wang P, Zhang Z. Magnaporthe oryzae Auxiliary Activity Protein MoAa91 Functions as Chitin-Binding Protein To Induce Appressorium Formation on Artificial Inductive Surfaces and Suppress Plant Immunity. mBio 2020; 11:e03304-19. [PMID: 32209696 PMCID: PMC7157532 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03304-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The appressoria that are generated by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in response to surface cues are important for successful colonization. Previous work showed that regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) and RGS-like proteins play critical roles in appressorium formation. However, the mechanisms by which these proteins orchestrate surface recognition for appressorium induction remain unclear. Here, we performed comparative transcriptomic studies of ΔMorgs mutant and wild-type strains and found that M. oryzae Aa91 (MoAa91), a homolog of the auxiliary activity family 9 protein (Aa9), was required for surface recognition of M. oryzae We found that MoAA91 was regulated by the MoMsn2 transcription factor and that its disruption resulted in defects in both appressorium formation on the artificial inductive surface and full virulence of the pathogen. We further showed that MoAa91 was secreted into the apoplast space and was capable of competing with the immune receptor chitin elicitor-binding protein precursor (CEBiP) for chitin binding, thereby suppressing chitin-induced plant immune responses. In summary, we have found that MoAa91 is a novel signaling molecule regulated by RGS and RGS-like proteins and that MoAa91 not only governs appressorium development and virulence but also functions as an effector to suppress host immunity.IMPORTANCE The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae generates infection structure appressoria in response to surface cues largely due to functions of signaling molecules, including G-proteins, regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, cAMP signaling, and TOR signaling pathways. M. oryzae encodes eight RGS and RGS-like proteins (MoRgs1 to MoRgs8), and MoRgs1, MoRgs3, MoRgs4, and MoRgs7 were found to be particularly important in appressorium development. To explore the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate appressorium development, we have performed a comparative in planta transcriptomic study and identified an auxiliary activity family 9 protein (Aa9) homolog that we named MoAa91. We showed that MoAa91 was secreted from appressoria and that the recombinant MoAa91 could compete with a chitin elicitor-binding protein precursor (CEBiP) for chitin binding, thereby suppressing chitin-induced plant immunity. By identifying MoAa91 as a novel signaling molecule functioning in appressorium development and an effector in suppressing host immunity, our studies revealed a novel mechanism by which RGS and RGS-like proteins regulate pathogen-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yibin Zou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimei You
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiexiong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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Kappel L, Münsterkötter M, Sipos G, Escobar Rodriguez C, Gruber S. Chitin and chitosan remodeling defines vegetative development and Trichoderma biocontrol. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008320. [PMID: 32078661 PMCID: PMC7053769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal parasitism depends on the ability to invade host organisms and mandates adaptive cell wall remodeling to avoid detection and defense reactions by the host. All plant and human pathogens share invasive strategies, which aid to escape the chitin-triggered and chitin-targeted host immune system. Here we describe the full spectrum of the chitin/chitosan-modifying enzymes in the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride with a central role in cell wall remodeling. Rapid adaption to a variety of growth conditions, environmental stresses and host defense mechanisms such as oxidative stress depend on the concerted interplay of these enzymes and, ultimately, are necessary for the success of the mycoparasitic attack. To our knowledge, we provide the first in class description of chitin and associated glycopolymer synthesis in a mycoparasite and demonstrate that they are essential for biocontrol. Eight chitin synthases, six chitin deacetylases, additional chitinolytic enzymes, including six chitosanases, transglycosylases as well as accessory proteins are involved in this intricately regulated process. Systematic and biochemical classification, phenotypic characterization and mycoparasitic confrontation assays emphasize the importance of chitin and chitosan assembly in vegetative development and biocontrol in T. atroviride. Our findings critically contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of chitin synthesis in filamentous fungi and mycoparasites with the overarching goal to selectively exploit the discovered biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kappel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Department of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary
| | - György Sipos
- Department of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary
| | | | - Sabine Gruber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Mouyna I, Dellière S, Beauvais A, Gravelat F, Snarr B, Lehoux M, Zacharias C, Sun Y, de Jesus Carrion S, Pearlman E, Sheppard DC, Latgé JP. What Are the Functions of Chitin Deacetylases in Aspergillus fumigatus? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:28. [PMID: 32117802 PMCID: PMC7016196 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deacetylation of chitin by chitin deacetylases (Cda) results in the formation of chitosan. Chitosan, a polymer of β1,4 linked glucosamine, plays multiple roles in the function of the fungal cell wall, including virulence and evasion of host immune responses. In this study, the roles of chitosan and putative CDAs in cell wall structure and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus were investigated. Low levels of chitosan were found in the conidial and cell wall of A. fumigatus. Seven putative CDA genes were identified, disrupted and the phenotype of the single mutants and the septuple mutants were investigated. No alterations in fungal cell wall chitosan levels, changes in fungal growth or alterations in virulence were detected in the single or septuple Δcda1-7 mutant strains. Collectively, these results suggest that chitosan is a minority component of the A. fumigatus cell wall, and that the seven candidate Cda proteins do not play major roles in fungal cell wall synthesis or virulence. However, Cda2 is involved in conidiation, suggesting that this enzyme may play a role in N-acetyl-glucosamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Dellière
- Infectious Diseases in Global Health Program, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Fabrice Gravelat
- Infectious Diseases in Global Health Program, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brendan Snarr
- Infectious Diseases in Global Health Program, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lehoux
- Infectious Diseases in Global Health Program, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Caitlin Zacharias
- Infectious Diseases in Global Health Program, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Steven de Jesus Carrion
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Donald C. Sheppard
- Infectious Diseases in Global Health Program, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Kuroki M, Shiga Y, Narukawa-Nara M, Arazoe T, Kamakura T. Extremely Low Concentrations of Acetic Acid Stimulate Cell Differentiation in Rice Blast Fungus. iScience 2019; 23:100786. [PMID: 31901638 PMCID: PMC6941858 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic switching and rewiring play a dynamic role in programmed cell differentiation. Many pathogenic microbes need to survive in nutrient-deficient conditions and use the glyoxylate cycle, an anaplerotic pathway of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, to produce carbohydrates. The plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (Pyricularia oryzae) has a unique chitin deacetylase, Cbp1. The spatiotemporal activity of this protein is required for modification of the M. oryzae wall and for cell differentiation into the specialized infection structure (appressorium). Here we show that acetic acid, another product released by the Cbp1-catalyzed conversion of chitin into chitosan, induces appressorium formation. An extremely low concentration (fM) of acetic acid restored cell differentiation in a Δcbp1 mutant possibly through the glyoxylate cycle. Acidification occurred by chitin deacetylase activity during cell differentiation Extremely low concentrations of exogenous acetic acid stimulated cell differentiation Exogenous acetic acid induced ICL1 expression, a member of the glyoxylate cycle Deletion of ICL1 inhibited acetic acid-mediated cell differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Kuroki
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuriko Shiga
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Megumi Narukawa-Nara
- Osaka University, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Department of Molecular Microbiology, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takayuki Arazoe
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamakura
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Pham TA, Schwerdt JG, Shirley NJ, Xing X, Hsieh YS, Srivastava V, Bulone V, Little A. Analysis of cell wall synthesis and metabolism during early germination of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei conidial cells induced in vitro. Cell Surf 2019; 5:100030. [PMID: 32743146 PMCID: PMC7389524 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As an obligate biotroph, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) cannot be grown in an axenic culture, and instead must be cultivated on its host species, Hordeum vulgare (barley). In this study an in vitro system utilizing n-hexacosanal, a constituent of the barley cuticle and known inducer of Bgh germination, was used to cultivate Bgh and differentiate conidia up to the appressorial germ tube stage for analysis. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of the appressorial germ tube stage revealed that there was a significant shift towards energy and protein production during the pre-penetrative phase of development, with an up-regulation of enzymes associated with cellular respiration and protein synthesis, modification and transport. Glycosidic linkage analysis of the cell wall polysaccharides demonstrated that during appressorial development an increase in 1,3- and 1,4-linked glucosyl residues and xylosyl residues was detected along with a significant decrease in galactosyl residues. The use of this in vitro cultivation method demonstrates that it is possible to analyse the pre-penetrative processes of Bgh development in the absence of a plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang A.T. Pham
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Julian G. Schwerdt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Yves S.Y. Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Xie M, Zhao X, Lü Y, Jin C. Chitin deacetylases Cod4 and Cod7 are involved in polar growth of Aspergillus fumigatus. Microbiologyopen 2019; 9:e00943. [PMID: 31602821 PMCID: PMC6957412 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is one of the key components of fungal cell wall, and chitin deacetylases (CDAs) have been found in fungi; however, their functions remain unknown. Aspergillus fumigatus is known to cause fatal invasive aspergillosis (IA) among immunocompromised patients with a high mortality rate. Although the A. fumigatus cell wall has long been taken as a unique target for drug development, its dynamic remodeling is complicated and not well understood. Seven putative CDAs are annotated in the A. fumigatus genome. In this study, we analyzed the function of the putative CDAs, Cod4 and Cod7, in A. fumigatus. Biochemical analysis of recombinant proteins showed that Cod4 preferentially deacetylated (GlcNAc)4 and was less active on chitooligosaccharides with DP > 5, whereas Cod7 was unable to catalyze deacetylation. Simulation of three‐dimensional structure revealed that both Cod4 and Cod7 shared a similar folding pattern with HyPgdA from Helicobacter pylori and, similar to HyPgdA, a substitution of Thr8 by Ala8 in Cod7 abolished its CDA activity. Deletion of the cod4, cod7, or both in A. fumigatus led to polarity abnormality and increased conidiation. Furthermore, the expression level of the genes related to polarity was upregulated in the mutants. Our results demonstrated that Cod4 and Cod7 were involved in polarity, though Cod4 was inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yang Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
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38
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Ma S, Zhang J, Chen S, Zeng L. The effects of (E)‐2‐hexenal on morphological, physiological, and biochemical indices of postharvest disease
Penicillium cyclopium
spores. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ma
- Department of Chemical EngineeringXiangtan University Xiangtan China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringXiangtan University Xiangtan China
| | - Shaoyang Chen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringXiangtan University Xiangtan China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Chemical EngineeringXiangtan University Xiangtan China
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Lopez-Moya F, Suarez-Fernandez M, Lopez-Llorca LV. Molecular Mechanisms of Chitosan Interactions with Fungi and Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E332. [PMID: 30650540 PMCID: PMC6359256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a versatile compound with multiple biotechnological applications. This polymer inhibits clinically important human fungal pathogens under the same carbon and nitrogen status as in blood. Chitosan permeabilises their high-fluidity plasma membrane and increases production of intracellular oxygen species (ROS). Conversely, chitosan is compatible with mammalian cell lines as well as with biocontrol fungi (BCF). BCF resistant to chitosan have low-fluidity membranes and high glucan/chitin ratios in their cell walls. Recent studies illustrate molecular and physiological basis of chitosan-root interactions. Chitosan induces auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis roots. This polymer causes overexpression of tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway. It also blocks auxin translocation in roots. Chitosan is a plant defense modulator. Endophytes and fungal pathogens evade plant immunity converting chitin into chitosan. LysM effectors shield chitin and protect fungal cell walls from plant chitinases. These enzymes together with fungal chitin deacetylases, chitosanases and effectors play determinant roles during fungal colonization of plants. This review describes chitosan mode of action (cell and gene targets) in fungi and plants. This knowledge will help to develop chitosan for agrobiotechnological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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40
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Distinct roles of the YPEL gene family in development and pathogenicity in the ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14461. [PMID: 30262874 PMCID: PMC6160453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Yippee-like (YPEL) gene family are highly conserved in eukaryotes and are homologous to the Drosophila yippee gene. In this study, we functionally characterized two YPEL-homologous genes, MoYPEL1 and MoYPEL2, in the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae using the deletion mutants ΔMoypel1, ΔMoypel2, and ΔΔMoypel1,2. The MoYPEL1 deletion mutant was significantly defective in conidiation and unable to undergo appressorium development; however, deletion of MoYPEL2 resulted in a significant increase in conidiation and the abnormal development of two appressoria per conidium. These data demonstrate the opposite roles of each member of the YPEL gene family during the development of M. oryzae. The double mutant was phenotypically similar to the ΔMoypel1 mutant in conidiation, but similar to the ΔMoypel2 mutant in appressorium development. Subcellular localization of the MoYPEL1 protein was dynamic during appressorium development, while the MoYPEL2 protein consistently localized within the nuclei during developmental stages. Our studies indicate that the two YPEL gene family members play distinct roles in the developmental stages of M. oryzae, furthering our understanding of disease dissemination and development in fungi.
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Scott B, Green K, Berry D. The fine balance between mutualism and antagonism in the Epichloë festucae-grass symbiotic interaction. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:32-38. [PMID: 29454183 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë endophytes form mutualistic symbiotic associations with aerial tissues of temperate grasses. Intercalary growth of hyphae within the leaves enables fungal growth to be synchronized with host leaf growth, leading to formation of a highly structured and tightly regulated symbiotic network. Mutations in fungal genes that disrupt cell-cell fusion and other key signalling pathways lead to an antagonistic interaction characterized by unregulated growth of endophytic hyphae and detrimental effects on host growth. Transcriptome analysis of these mutant associations provides key insights into the regulation of the symbiosis. In nature a similar switch in growth occurs when hyphae transition into the sexual cycle forming stromata that abort host inflorescences. Endophyte infection of the grass host leads to a major reprogramming of host metabolism and alters host development. Changes in endophyte cell wall structure and the repertoire of effectors secreted into the host apoplast accompany establishment of a mutualistic interaction within the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Scott
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences and Bioprotection Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Kimberly Green
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences and Bioprotection Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Berry
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences and Bioprotection Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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42
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Anjago WM, Zhou T, Zhang H, Shi M, Yang T, Zheng H, Wang Z. Regulatory network of genes associated with stimuli sensing, signal transduction and physiological transformation of appressorium in Magnaporthe oryzae. Mycology 2018; 9:211-222. [PMID: 30181927 PMCID: PMC6115909 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1492981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is the most destructive disease affecting the rice production (Oryza sativa), with an average global loss of 10-30% per annum. Recent reports have indicated that the fungus also inflicts blast disease on wheat (Triticum aestivum) posing a serious threat to the wheat production. Due to its easily detected infectious process and manoeuvrable genetic manipulation, M. oryzae is considered a model organism for exploring the molecular mechanism underlying fungal pathogenicity during the pathogen-host interaction. M. oryzae utilises an infectious structure called appressorium to breach the host surface by generating high turgor pressure. The appressorium development is induced by physical and chemical cues which are coordinated by the highly conserved cAMP/PKA, MAPK and calcium signalling cascades. Genes involved in the appressorium development have been identified and well studied in M. oryzae, a summary of the working gene network linking stimuli sensing and physiological transformation of appressorium is needed. This review provides a comprehensive discussion regarding the regulatory networks underlying appressorium development with particular emphasis on sensing of appressorium inducing stimuli, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and the corresponding developmental and physiological responses. We also discussed the crosstalk and interaction of various pathways during the appressorium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred Mabeche Anjago
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe interaction, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tengshen Zhou
- Institute of oceanography, Minjian University, FuzhouChina
| | - Honghong Zhang
- Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Shi
- Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe interaction, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huakun Zheng
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe interaction, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe interaction, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of oceanography, Minjian University, FuzhouChina
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43
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Chitin Deacetylases: Structures, Specificities, and Biotech Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10040352. [PMID: 30966387 PMCID: PMC6415152 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Depolymerization and de-N-acetylation of chitin by chitinases and deacetylases generates a series of derivatives including chitosans and chitooligosaccharides (COS), which are involved in molecular recognition events such as modulation of cell signaling and morphogenesis, immune responses, and host-pathogen interactions. Chitosans and COS are also attractive scaffolds for the development of bionanomaterials for drug/gene delivery and tissue engineering applications. Most of the biological activities associated with COS seem to be largely dependent not only on the degree of polymerization but also on the acetylation pattern, which defines the charge density and distribution of GlcNAc and GlcNH₂ moieties in chitosans and COS. Chitin de-N-acetylases (CDAs) catalyze the hydrolysis of the acetamido group in GlcNAc residues of chitin, chitosan, and COS. The deacetylation patterns are diverse, some CDAs being specific for single positions, others showing multiple attack, processivity or random actions. This review summarizes the current knowledge on substrate specificity of bacterial and fungal CDAs, focusing on the structural and molecular aspects of their modes of action. Understanding the structural determinants of specificity will not only contribute to unravelling structure-function relationships, but also to use and engineer CDAs as biocatalysts for the production of tailor-made chitosans and COS for a growing number of applications.
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Aranda-Martinez A, Grifoll-Romero L, Aragunde H, Sancho-Vaello E, Biarnés X, Lopez-Llorca LV, Planas A. Expression and specificity of a chitin deacetylase from the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia potentially involved in pathogenicity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2170. [PMID: 29391415 PMCID: PMC5794925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) act on chitin polymers and low molecular weight oligomers producing chitosans and chitosan oligosaccharides. Structurally-defined, partially deacetylated chitooligosaccharides produced by enzymatic methods are of current interest as bioactive molecules for a variety of applications. Among Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc) annotated CDAs, gene pc_2566 was predicted to encode for an extracellular CE4 deacetylase with two CBM18 chitin binding modules. Chitosan formation during nematode egg infection by this nematophagous fungus suggests a role for their CDAs in pathogenicity. The P. chlamydosporia CDA catalytic domain (PcCDA) was expressed in E. coli BL21, recovered from inclusion bodies, and purified by affinity chromatography. It displays deacetylase activity on chitooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) larger than 3, generating mono- and di-deacetylated products with a pattern different from those of closely related fungal CDAs. This is the first report of a CDA from a nematophagous fungus. On a DP5 substrate, PcCDA gave a single mono-deacetylated product in the penultimate position from the non-reducing end (ADAAA) which was then transformed into a di-deacetylated product (ADDAA). This novel deacetylation pattern expands our toolbox of specific CDAs for biotechnological applications, and will provide further insights into the determinants of substrate specificity in this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Aranda-Martinez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, PO box 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laia Grifoll-Romero
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugo Aragunde
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enea Sancho-Vaello
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xevi Biarnés
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, PO box 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.
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Substrate Recognition and Specificity of Chitin Deacetylases and Related Family 4 Carbohydrate Esterases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020412. [PMID: 29385775 PMCID: PMC5855634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate esterases family 4 (CE4 enzymes) includes chitin and peptidoglycan deacetylases, acetylxylan esterases, and poly-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylases that act on structural polysaccharides, altering their physicochemical properties, and participating in diverse biological functions. Chitin and peptidoglycan deacetylases are not only involved in cell wall morphogenesis and remodeling in fungi and bacteria, but they are also used by pathogenic microorganisms to evade host defense mechanisms. Likewise, biofilm formation in bacteria requires partial deacetylation of extracellular polysaccharides mediated by poly-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylases. Such biological functions make these enzymes attractive targets for drug design against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. On the other side, acetylxylan esterases deacetylate plant cell wall complex xylans to make them accessible to hydrolases, making them attractive biocatalysts for biomass utilization. CE4 family members are metal-dependent hydrolases. They are highly specific for their particular substrates, and show diverse modes of action, exhibiting either processive, multiple attack, or patterned deacetylation mechanisms. However, the determinants of substrate specificity remain poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on the structure, activity, and specificity of CE4 enzymes, focusing on chitin deacetylases and related enzymes active on N-acetylglucosamine-containing oligo and polysaccharides.
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Kuroki M, Okauchi K, Yoshida S, Ohno Y, Murata S, Nakajima Y, Nozaka A, Tanaka N, Nakajima M, Taguchi H, Saitoh KI, Teraoka T, Narukawa M, Kamakura T. Chitin-deacetylase activity induces appressorium differentiation in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9697. [PMID: 28852173 PMCID: PMC5575296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae differentiates a specialized infection structure called an appressorium to invade rice cells. In this report, we show that CBP1, which encodes a chitin-deacetylase, is involved in the induction phase of appressorium differentiation. We demonstrate that the enzymatic activity of Cbp1 is critical for appressorium formation. M. oryzae has six CDA homologues in addition to Cbp1, but none of these are indispensable for appressorium formation. We observed chitosan localization at the fungal cell wall using OGA488. This observation suggests that Cbp1-catalysed conversion of chitin into chitosan occurs at the cell wall of germ tubes during appressorium differentiation by M. oryzae. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the chitin deacetylase activity of Cbp1 is necessary for appressorium formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Kuroki
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kana Okauchi
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sho Yoshida
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohno
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sayaka Murata
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Nagoya University, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, School of Agricultural Sciences, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akihito Nozaka
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Nobukiyo Tanaka
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hayao Taguchi
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Saitoh
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, University Research Administration Center, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tohru Teraoka
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Megumi Narukawa
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamakura
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
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Abstract
The polysaccharide-rich wall, which envelopes the fungal cell, is pivotal to the maintenance of cellular integrity and for the protection of the cell from external aggressors - such as environmental fluxes and during host infection. This review considers the commonalities in the composition of the wall across the fungal kingdom, addresses how little is known about the assembly of the polysaccharide matrix, and considers changes in the wall of plant-pathogenic fungi during on and in planta growth, following the elucidation of infection structures requiring cell wall alterations. It highlights what is known about the phytopathogenic fungal wall and what needs to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivey Geoghegan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Gero Steinberg
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Sarah Gurr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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Geoghegan IA, Gurr SJ. Investigating chitin deacetylation and chitosan hydrolysis during vegetative growth in Magnaporthe oryzae. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28371146 PMCID: PMC5573952 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylation results in the formation of chitosan, a polymer of β1,4-linked glucosamine. Chitosan is known to have important functions in the cell walls of a number of fungal species, but its role during hyphal growth has not yet been investigated. In this study, we have characterized the role of chitin deacetylation during vegetative hyphal growth in the filamentous phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. We found that chitosan localizes to the septa and lateral cell walls of vegetative hyphae and identified 2 chitin deacetylases expressed during vegetative growth-CDA1 and CDA4. Deletion strains and fluorescent protein fusions demonstrated that CDA1 is necessary for chitin deacetylation in the septa and lateral cell walls of mature hyphae in colony interiors, whereas CDA4 deacetylates chitin in the hyphae at colony margins. However, although the Δcda1 strain was more resistant to cell wall hydrolysis, growth and pathogenic development were otherwise unaffected in the deletion strains. The role of chitosan hydrolysis was also investigated. A single gene encoding a putative chitosanase (CSN) was discovered in M. oryzae and found to be expressed during vegetative growth. However, chitosan localization, vegetative growth, and pathogenic development were unaffected in a CSN deletion strain, rendering the role of this enzyme unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J Gurr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Geoffrey Pope Building, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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