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Allgoewer K, Wu S, Choi H, Vogel C. Re-mining serum proteomics data reveals extensive post-translational modifications upon Zika and dengue infection. Mol Omics 2023; 19:308-320. [PMID: 36810580 PMCID: PMC10175154 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00258b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) are two closely related flaviviruses with similar symptoms. However, due to the implications of ZIKV infections for pregnancy outcomes, understanding differences in their molecular impact on the host is of high interest. Viral infections change the host proteome, including post-translational modifications. As modifications are diverse and of low abundance, they typically require additional sample processing which is not feasible for large cohort studies. Therefore, we tested the potential of next-generation proteomics data in its ability to prioritize specific modifications for later analysis. We re-mined published mass spectra from 122 serum samples from ZIKV and DENV patients for the presence of phosphorylated, methylated, oxidized, glycosylated/glycated, sulfated, and carboxylated peptides. We identified 246 modified peptides with significantly differential abundance in ZIKV and DENV patients. Amongst these, methionine-oxidized peptides from apolipoproteins and glycosylated peptides from immunoglobulin proteins were more abundant in ZIKV patient serum and generate hypotheses on the potential roles of the modification in the infection. The results demonstrate how data-independent acquisition techniques can help prioritize future analyses of peptide modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Allgoewer
- New York University, Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York, NY, USA.
- Humboldt University, Department of Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shaohuan Wu
- New York University, Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Vogel
- New York University, Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Vieyres G, Pietschmann T. The role of human lipoproteins for hepatitis C virus persistence. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101327. [PMID: 37031484 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic virus that establishes a chronic infection in most individuals. Effective treatments are available; however, many patients are not aware of their infection. Consequently, they do not receive treatment and HCV transmission remains high, particularly among groups at high risk of exposure such as people who inject intravenous drugs. A prophylactic vaccine may reduce HCV transmission, but is currently not available. HCV has evolved immune evasion strategies, which facilitate persistence and complicate development of a protective vaccine. The peculiar association of HCV particles with human lipoproteins is thought to facilitate evasion from humoral immune response and viral homing to liver cells. A better understanding of these aspects provides the basis for development of protective vaccination strategies. Here, we review key information about the composition of HCV particles, the mechanisms mediating lipoprotein incorporation, and the functional consequences of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vieyres
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany; Integrative Analysis of Pathogen-Induced Compartments, Leibniz ScienceCampus InterACt, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.
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3
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Tamura T, Torii S, Kajiwara K, Anzai I, Fujioka Y, Noda K, Taguwa S, Morioka Y, Suzuki R, Fauzyah Y, Ono C, Ohba Y, Okada M, Fukuhara T, Matsuura Y. Secretory glycoprotein NS1 plays a crucial role in the particle formation of flaviviruses. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010593. [PMID: 35658055 PMCID: PMC9200304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, which are globally distributed and cause a spectrum of potentially severe illnesses, pose a major threat to public health. Although Flaviviridae viruses, including flaviviruses, possess similar genome structures, only the flaviviruses encode the non-structural protein NS1, which resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is secreted from cells after oligomerization. The ER-resident NS1 is known to be involved in viral genome replication, but the essential roles of secretory NS1 in the virus life cycle are not fully understood. Here we characterized the roles of secretory NS1 in the particle formation of flaviviruses. We first identified an amino acid residue essential for the NS1 secretion but not for viral genome replication by using protein-protein interaction network analyses and mutagenesis scanning. By using the recombinant flaviviruses carrying the identified NS1 mutation, we clarified that the mutant flaviviruses employed viral genome replication. We then constructed a recombinant NS1 with the identified mutation and demonstrated by physicochemical assays that the mutant NS1 was unable to form a proper oligomer or associate with liposomes. Finally, we showed that the functions of NS1 that were lost by the identified mutation could be compensated for by the in trans-expression of Erns of pestiviruses and host exchangeable apolipoproteins, which participate in the infectious particle formation of pestiviruses and hepaciviruses in the family Flaviviridae, respectively. Collectively, our study suggests that secretory NS1 plays a role in the particle formation of flaviviruses through its interaction with the lipid membrane. It is difficult to characterize the function of NS1 in the post-genome replication stages in the virus life cycle of flaviviruses. Here, by means of protein-protein interaction network analyses and mutagenesis scanning, we identified a unique mutation in NS1 by which the protein loses its secretory capacity while retaining its genome replication activity. Physicochemical assays using the mutant NS1 revealed that oligomerization of NS1 is responsible for the lipid association and secretion of NS1. In addition, we established a complementation assay that can evaluate the particle formation of Flaviviridae viruses. By using recombinant flaviviruses possessing the identified mutation in NS1, we clarified that NS1 is involved in particle formation. Our findings reveal that the flavivirus NS1 has at least two roles in the virus life cycles—namely, a role in infectious particle formation and a role in viral genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shiho Torii
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kajiwara
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Itsuki Anzai
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fujioka
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kisho Noda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shuhei Taguwa
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuhei Morioka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuzy Fauzyah
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail: (TF); (YoM)
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TF); (YoM)
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Jia W, Chen S, Chi S, He Y, Ren L, Wang X. Recent Progress on Tick-Borne Animal Diseases of Veterinary and Public Health Significance in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020355. [PMID: 35215952 PMCID: PMC8875255 DOI: 10.3390/v14020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases pose a growing threat to human and animal health, which has brought great losses to livestock production. With the continuous expansion of human activities and the development of natural resources, there are more and more opportunities for humans to contract ticks and tick-borne pathogens. Therefore, research on ticks and tick-borne diseases is of great significance. This paper reviews recent progress on tick-borne bacterial diseases, viral diseases, and parasitic diseases in China, which provides a theoretical foundation for the research of tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; (W.J.); (S.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Si Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Shanshan Chi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; (W.J.); (S.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yunjiang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; (W.J.); (S.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Linzhu Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-15924529577 (X.W.)
| | - Xueli Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; (W.J.); (S.C.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-15924529577 (X.W.)
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5
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Lussi C, de Martin E, Schweizer M. Positively Charged Amino Acids in the Pestiviral E rns Control Cell Entry, Endoribonuclease Activity and Innate Immune Evasion. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081581. [PMID: 34452446 PMCID: PMC8402660 DOI: 10.3390/v13081581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, includes four economically important viruses of livestock, i.e., bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1) and -2 (BVDV-2), border disease virus (BDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Erns and Npro, both expressed uniquely by pestiviruses, counteract the host's innate immune defense by interfering with the induction of interferon (IFN) synthesis. The structural envelope protein Erns also exists in a soluble form and, by its endoribonuclease activity, degrades immunostimulatory RNA prior to their activation of pattern recognition receptors. Here, we show that at least three out of four positively-charged residues in the C-terminal glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding site of BVDV-Erns are required for efficient cell entry, and that a positively charged region more upstream is not involved in cell entry but rather in RNA-binding. Moreover, the C-terminal domain on its own determines intracellular targeting, as GFP fused to the C-terminal amino acids of Erns was found at the same compartments as wt Erns. In summary, RNase activity and uptake into cells are both required for Erns to act as an IFN antagonist, and the C-terminal amphipathic helix containing the GAG-binding site determines the efficiency of cell entry and its intracellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Lussi
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; (C.L.); (E.d.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elena de Martin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; (C.L.); (E.d.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; (C.L.); (E.d.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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6
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Hepatitis C Virus Uses Host Lipids to Its Own Advantage. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050273. [PMID: 33925362 PMCID: PMC8145847 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids and lipoproteins constitute indispensable components for living not only for humans. In the case of hepatitis C virus (HCV), the option of using the products of our lipid metabolism is “to be, or not to be”. On the other hand, HCV infection, which is the main cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, exerts a profound influence on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism of the host. The consequences of this alternation are frequently observed as hypolipidemia and hepatic steatosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. The clinical relevance of these changes reflects the fact that lipids and lipoprotein play a crucial role in all steps of the life cycle of HCV. The virus circulates in the bloodstream as a highly lipidated lipo-viral particle (LVP) that defines HCV hepatotropism. Thus, strict relationships between lipids/lipoproteins and HCV are indispensable for the mechanism of viral entry into hepatocytes, viral replication, viral particles assembly and secretion. The purpose of this review is to summarize the tricks thanks to which HCV utilizes host lipid metabolism to its own advantage.
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7
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Monoclonal Antibodies against Zika Virus NS1 Protein Confer Protection via Fc γ Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Pathways. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03179-20. [PMID: 33563822 PMCID: PMC7885117 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03179-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has been linked to congenital microcephaly during recent epidemics. No licensed antiviral drug or vaccine is available. Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy causes congenital defects such as fetal microcephaly. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) have the potential to suppress ZIKV pathogenicity without enhancement of disease, but the pathways through which they confer protection remain obscure. Here, we report two types of NS1-targeted human MAbs that inhibit ZIKV infection through distinct mechanisms. MAbs 3G2 and 4B8 show a better efficacy than MAb 4F10 in suppressing ZIKV infection in C57BL/6 neonatal mice. Unlike MAb 4F10 that mainly triggers antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), MAbs 3G2 and 4B8 not only trigger ADCC but inhibit ZIKV infection without Fcγ receptor-bearing effector cells, possibly at postentry stages. Destroying the Fc-mediated effector function of MAbs 3G2 and 4B8 reduces but does not abolish their protective effects, whereas destroying the effector function of MAb 4F10 eliminates the protective effects, suggesting that MAbs 3G2 and 4B8 engage both Fcγ receptor-dependent and -independent pathways. Further analysis reveals that MAbs 3G2 and 4B8 target the N-terminal region of NS1 protein, whereas MAb 4F10 targets the C-terminal region, implying that the protective efficacy of an NS1-targeted MAb may be associated with its epitope recognition. Our results illustrate that NS1-targeted MAbs have multifaceted protective effects and provide insights for the development of NS1-based vaccines and therapeutics.
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Vieyres G, Reichert I, Carpentier A, Vondran FWR, Pietschmann T. The ATGL lipase cooperates with ABHD5 to mobilize lipids for hepatitis C virus assembly. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008554. [PMID: 32542055 PMCID: PMC7316345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets are essential cellular organelles for storage of fatty acids and triglycerides. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) translocates several of its proteins onto their surface and uses them for production of infectious progeny. We recently reported that the lipid droplet-associated α/β hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5/CGI-58) participates in HCV assembly by mobilizing lipid droplet-associated lipids. However, ABHD5 itself has no lipase activity and it remained unclear how ABHD5 mediates lipolysis critical for HCV assembly. Here, we identify adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) as ABHD5 effector and new host factor involved in the hepatic lipid droplet degradation as well as in HCV and lipoprotein morphogenesis. Modulation of ATGL protein expression and lipase activity controlled lipid droplet lipolysis and virus production. ABHD4 is a paralog of ABHD5 unable to activate ATGL or support HCV assembly and lipid droplet lipolysis. Grafting ABHD5 residues critical for activation of ATGL onto ABHD4 restored the interaction between lipase and co-lipase and bestowed the pro-viral and lipolytic functions onto the engineered protein. Congruently, mutation of the predicted ABHD5 protein interface to ATGL ablated ABHD5 functions in lipid droplet lipolysis and HCV assembly. Interestingly, minor alleles of ABHD5 and ATGL associated with neutral lipid storage diseases in human, are also impaired in lipid droplet lipolysis and their pro-viral functions. Collectively, these results show that ABHD5 cooperates with ATGL to mobilize triglycerides for HCV infectious virus production. Moreover, viral manipulation of lipid droplet homeostasis via the ABHD5-ATGL axis, akin to natural genetic variation in these proteins, emerges as a possible mechanism by which chronic HCV infection causes liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vieyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (GV); (TP)
| | - Isabelle Reichert
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnaud Carpentier
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian W. R. Vondran
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- ReMediES, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail: (GV); (TP)
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9
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Cosset FL, Mialon C, Boson B, Granier C, Denolly S. HCV Interplay with Lipoproteins: Inside or Outside the Cells? Viruses 2020; 12:v12040434. [PMID: 32290553 PMCID: PMC7232430 DOI: 10.3390/v12040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health issue leading to chronic liver diseases. HCV particles are unique owing to their particular lipid composition, namely the incorporation of neutral lipids and apolipoproteins. The mechanism of association between HCV virion components and these lipoproteins factors remains poorly understood as well as its impact in subsequent steps of the viral life cycle, such as entry into cells. It was proposed that the lipoprotein biogenesis pathway is involved in HCV morphogenesis; yet, recent evidence indicated that HCV particles can mature and evolve biochemically in the extracellular medium after egress. In addition, several viral, cellular and blood components have been shown to influence and regulate this specific association. Finally, this specific structure and composition of HCV particles was found to influence entry into cells as well as their stability and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. Due to its specific particle composition, studying the association of HCV particles with lipoproteins remains an important goal towards the rational design of a protective vaccine.
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10
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Li X, Li J, Feng Y, Cai H, Li YP, Peng T. Long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme A suppresses hepatitis C virus infection by targeting virion-bound lipoproteins. Antiviral Res 2020; 177:104734. [PMID: 32057770 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis and end-stage liver diseases. Mature HCV virions are bound by host-derived lipoproteins. Lack of an HCV vaccine warrants a major role of antiviral treatment in the global elimination of hepatitis C. Although direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are replacing the interferon-based treatment and have dramatically improved the cure rate, the presence of viral variants resistant to DAAs, HCV genotype/subtype-specific efficacy, and high cost of DAAs argue novel and affordable regimens. In this study, we identified the antiviral effects of long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme A (LCFA-CoA) against the infections of HCV genotypes 1-6 through targeting mature HCV-bound lipoproteins, suggesting novel mechanism(s) of antiviral different from those used by host-targeting agents or DAAs. We found that the antiviral activity of LCFA-CoA relied on the long-chain saturated fatty acid and the CoA group, and was enhanced when combined with pegylated-interferon or DAAs. Importantly, we demonstrated that LCFA-CoA efficiently inhibited the infection of HCV variants carrying DAA-resistant mutations. The mechanistic study revealed that LCFA-CoA specifically abolished the attachment and binding steps and also inhibited the cell-to-cell viral transmission. LCFA-CoA targeted mature HCV-bound lipoproteins, but not apolipoproteins B or E. In addition, LCFA-CoA could also inhibit the infection of the dengue virus. Our findings suggest that LCFA-CoA could potentially serve as a supplement HCV therapy, particularly for the DAA-resistant HCV variants. Taken together, LCFA-CoA may be further developed to be a novel class of antivirals with mechanism(s), different from host-targeting agents or DAAs, of targeting the components associated with mature HCV virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinqian Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yetong Feng
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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In Vivo Dynamics of Reporter Flaviviridae Viruses. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01191-19. [PMID: 31462560 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01191-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant viruses possessing reporter proteins have been generated for virus research. In the case of the family Flaviviridae, we recently generated recombinant viruses, including the hepatitis C virus of the genus Hepacivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) of the genus Flavivirus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus of the genus Pestivirus; all three viruses possess an 11-amino-acid subunit derived from NanoLuc luciferase (HiBiT). Here, we further developed the recombinant viruses and investigated their utility in vivo Recombinant viruses harboring HiBiT in the E, NS1, or NS3 protein constructed based on the predicted secondary structure, solvent-accessible surface area, and root mean square fluctuation of the proteins exhibited comparable replication to that of the wild-type virus in vitro The recombinant JEV carrying HiBiT in the NS1 protein exhibited propagation in mice comparable to that of the parental virus, and propagation of the recombinant was monitored by the luciferase activity. In addition, the recombinants of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) possessing HiBiT in the Erns or E2 protein also showed propagation comparable to that of the wild-type virus. The recombinant CSFV carrying HiBiT in Erns exhibited similar replication to the parental CSFV in pigs, and detection of viral propagation of this recombinant by luciferase activity was higher than that by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Taken together, these results demonstrated that the reporter Flaviviridae viruses generated herein are powerful tools for elucidating the viral life cycle and pathogeneses and provide a robust platform for the development of novel antivirals.IMPORTANCE In vivo applications of reporter viruses are necessary to understand viral pathogenesis and provide a robust platform for antiviral development. In developing such applications, determination of an ideal locus to accommodate foreign genes is important, because insertion of foreign genes into irrelevant loci can disrupt the protein functions required for viral replication. Here, we investigated the criteria to determine ideal insertion sites of foreign genes from the protein structure of viral proteins. The recombinant viruses generated by our criteria exhibited propagation comparable to that of parental viruses in vivo Our proteomic approach based on the flexibility profile of viral proteins may provide a useful tool for constructing reporter viruses, including Flaviviridae viruses.
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12
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Neufeldt CJ, Cortese M, Acosta EG, Bartenschlager R. Rewiring cellular networks by members of the Flaviviridae family. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 16:125-142. [PMID: 29430005 PMCID: PMC7097628 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Flaviviridae virus family comprise a large group of enveloped viruses with a single-strand RNA genome of positive polarity. Several genera belong to this family, including the Hepacivirus genus, of which hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the prototype member, and the Flavivirus genus, which contains both dengue virus and Zika virus. Viruses of these genera differ in many respects, such as the mode of transmission or the course of infection, which is either predominantly persistent in the case of HCV or acutely self-limiting in the case of flaviviruses. Although the fundamental replication strategy of Flaviviridae members is similar, during the past few years, important differences have been discovered, including the way in which these viruses exploit cellular resources to facilitate viral propagation. These differences might be responsible, at least in part, for the various biological properties of these viruses, thus offering the possibility to learn from comparisons. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of how Flaviviridae viruses manipulate and usurp cellular pathways in infected cells. Specifically, we focus on comparing strategies employed by flaviviruses with those employed by hepaciviruses, and we discuss the importance of these interactions in the context of viral replication and antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eliana G Acosta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Fukuhara T, Matsuura Y. Roles of secretory glycoproteins in particle formation of Flaviviridae viruses. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:401-406. [PMID: 31342548 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The family Flaviviridae comprises four genera, namely, Flavivirus, Pestivirus, Pegivirus, and Hepacivirus. These viruses have similar genome structures, but the genomes of Pestivirus and Flavivirus encode the secretory glycoproteins Erns and NS1, respectively. Erns plays an important role in virus particle formation and cell entry, whereas NS1 participates in the formation of replication complexes and virus particles. Conversely, apolipoproteins are known to participate in the formation of infectious particles of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and various secretory glycoproteins play a similar role in HCV particles formation, suggesting that there is no strong specificity for the function of secretory glycoproteins in infectious-particle formation. In addition, recent studies have shown that host-derived apolipoproteins and virus-derived Erns and NS1 play comparable roles in infectious-particle formation of both HCV and pestiviruses. In this review, we summarize the roles of secretory glycoproteins in the formation of Flaviviridae virus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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14
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The Role of ApoE in HCV Infection and Comorbidity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082037. [PMID: 31027190 PMCID: PMC6515466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus that can efficiently establish chronic infection in humans. The overlap between the HCV replication cycle and lipid metabolism is considered to be one of the primary means by which HCV efficiently develops chronic infections. In the blood, HCV is complex with lipoproteins to form heterogeneous lipo-viro-particles (LVPs). Furthermore, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which binds to receptors during lipoprotein transport and regulates lipid metabolism, is localized on the surface of LVPs. ApoE not only participate in the attachment and entry of HCV on the cell surface but also the assembly and release of HCV viral particles from cells. Moreover, in the blood, ApoE can also alter the infectivity of HCV and be used by HCV to escape recognition by the host immune system. In addition, because ApoE can also affect the antioxidant and immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory properties of the host organism, the long-term binding and utilization of host ApoE during chronic HCV infection not only leads to liver lipid metabolic disorders but may also lead to increased morbidity and mortality associated with systemic comorbidities.
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15
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Vieyres G, Pietschmann T. HCV Pit Stop at the Lipid Droplet: Refuel Lipids and Put on a Lipoprotein Coat before Exit. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030233. [PMID: 30871009 PMCID: PMC6468556 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication cycle of the liver-tropic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is tightly connected to the host lipid metabolism, during the virus entry, replication, assembly and egress stages, but also while the virus circulates in the bloodstream. This interplay coins viral particle properties, governs viral cell tropism, and facilitates immune evasion. This review summarizes our knowledge of these interactions focusing on the late steps of the virus replication cycle. It builds on our understanding of the cell biology of lipid droplets and the biosynthesis of liver lipoproteins and attempts to explain how HCV hijacks these organelles and pathways to assemble its lipo-viro-particles. In particular, this review describes (i) the mechanisms of viral protein translocation to and from the lipid droplet surface and the orchestration of an interface between replication and assembly complexes, (ii) the importance of the triglyceride mobilization from the lipid droplets for HCV assembly, (iii) the interplay between HCV and the lipoprotein synthesis pathway including the role played by apolipoproteins in virion assembly, and finally (iv) the consequences of these complex virus–host interactions on the virion composition and its biophysical properties. The wealth of data accumulated in the past years on the role of the lipid metabolism in HCV assembly and its imprint on the virion properties will guide vaccine design efforts and reinforce our understanding of the hepatic lipid metabolism in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vieyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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16
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Suda T, Tatsumi T, Nishio A, Kegasawa T, Yoshioka T, Yamada R, Furuta K, Kodama T, Shigekawa M, Hikita H, Sakamori R, Fukuhara T, Matsuura Y, Takehara T. CEACAM1 Is Associated With the Suppression of Natural Killer Cell Function in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:1247-1258. [PMID: 30288478 PMCID: PMC6167072 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK cells) play an essential role in the immunological mechanism underlying chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Impairment of NK cell function facilitates persistent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatocellular carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism by which NK cell activity is suppressed in CHC is not completely understood. In this study, we focused on carcinoembryonic antigen–related cell‐adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1). CEACAM1 is thought to suppress NK cell function. We examined the effect of CEACAM1 on NK cell function in CHC. We investigated the function of CEACAM1 in vitro using Huh7.5.1 cells and the HCV‐Japanese fulminant hepatitis (JFH)‐1 strain. We analyzed serum CEACAM1 level, NK cell function, and CEACAM1 messenger RNA (mRNA) level in human liver samples. Levels of CEACAM1 on the cell surface, CEACAM1 mRNA levels, and soluble CEACAM1 levels in supernatants were significantly higher in Huh7.5.1 cells infected with JFH‐1 (Huh7.5.1/JFH‐1 cells) than in Huh7.5.1 cells. Significantly higher NK cell cytotoxicity was observed toward K562 cells after coculture with CEACAM1 knockout Huh7.5.1/JFH‐1 cells than after coculture with Huh7.5.1/JFH‐1 cells. CEACAM1 expression was induced by the HCV E2 glycoprotein in HCV infection. Significantly higher serum CEACAM1 levels were detected in patients with CHC compared with healthy subjects and patients who achieved sustained virological responses. The expression of CD107a on NK cells from patients with CHC was negatively correlated with serum CEACAM1 levels. Significantly higher levels of CEACAM1 mRNA were detected in HCV‐infected livers compared with uninfected livers. Conclusion: CEACAM1 expression was induced in hepatocytes following HCV infection and decreased NK cell cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate a possible role for CEACAM1 in the pathogenesis of CHC and hepatocellular carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Tomohide Tatsumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Akira Nishio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Tadashi Kegasawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Teppei Yoshioka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Ryoko Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Kunimaro Furuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Takahiro Kodama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Minoru Shigekawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Hayato Hikita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Suita Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Suita Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
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17
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Zhang H, Qiao L, Luo G. Characterization of apolipoprotein C1 in hepatitis C virus infection and morphogenesis. Virology 2018; 524:1-9. [PMID: 30130702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that apolipoprotein C1 (apoC1)-specific antibodies precipitated hepatitis C virus (HCV) and neutralized HCV infectivity, suggesting that apoC1 is a HCV component. However, the importance of apoC1 in the HCV life cycle has not been experimentally examined. In the present study, we sought to determine the role of apoC1 in the HCV infection and morphogenesis by knocking out the apoC1 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Strikingly, apoC1 gene knockout markedly enhanced apoE expression. As a result, apoC1 gene knockout per se didn't significantly affect HCV infection or morphogenesis, probably ascribing to its redundant functions with apoE. However, knockout of apoC1 gene potentiated the impairment of HCV infection and/or morphogenesis by apoE-specific small interfering RNAs. Additionally, a recombinant apoC1 protein efficiently blocked HCV infection. Collectively, these findings suggest that apoC1 and apoE have redundant functions in the HCV infection and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Luhua Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Guangxiang Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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18
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Wrensch F, Crouchet E, Ligat G, Zeisel MB, Keck ZY, Foung SKH, Schuster C, Baumert TF. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-Apolipoprotein Interactions and Immune Evasion and Their Impact on HCV Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1436. [PMID: 29977246 PMCID: PMC6021501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 71 million people chronically infected, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. While efficient antiviral therapies have entered clinical standard of care, the development of a protective vaccine is still elusive. Recent studies have shown that the HCV life cycle is closely linked to lipid metabolism. HCV virions associate with hepatocyte-derived lipoproteins to form infectious hybrid particles that have been termed lipo-viro-particles. The close association with lipoproteins is not only critical for virus entry and assembly but also plays an important role during viral pathogenesis and for viral evasion from neutralizing antibodies. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the functional role of apolipoproteins for HCV entry and assembly. Furthermore, we highlight the impact of HCV-apolipoprotein interactions for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and discuss the consequences for antiviral therapy and vaccine design. Understanding these interactions offers novel strategies for the development of an urgently needed protective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wrensch
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emilie Crouchet
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gaetan Ligat
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mirjam B Zeisel
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL), Lyon, France
| | - Zhen-Yong Keck
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Steven K H Foung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Catherine Schuster
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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19
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Lussi C, Sauter KS, Schweizer M. Homodimerisation-independent cleavage of dsRNA by a pestiviral nicking endoribonuclease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8226. [PMID: 29844335 PMCID: PMC5974291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein Erns plays a central role in the biology of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). This soluble endonuclease mediates the escape from an interferon (IFN) response in the infected fetus, thereby permitting the establishment of persistent infection. Viral single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) RNA act as potent IFN inducing signals and we previously showed that Erns efficiently cleaves these substrates, thereby inhibiting an IFN response that is crucial for successful fetal infection. Considering that a large variety of RNases and DNases require dimerisation to cleave double-stranded substrates, the activity of Erns against dsRNA was postulated to depend on homodimer formation mediated by disulfide bonds involving residue Cys171. Here, we show that monomeric Erns is equally able to cleave dsRNA and to inhibit dsRNA-induced IFN synthesis as the wild-type form. Furthermore, both forms were able to degrade RNA within a DNA/RNA- as well as within a methylated RNA/RNA-hybrid, with the DNA and the methylated RNA strand being resistant to degradation. These results support our model that Erns acts as 'nicking endoribonuclease' degrading ssRNA within double-stranded substrates. This efficiently prevents the activation of IFN and helps to maintain a state of innate immunotolerance in persistently infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Lussi
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Laenggass-Str. 122, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Laenggass-Str. 122, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Laenggass-Str. 122, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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20
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Abstract
Ticks are important vectors for the transmission of pathogens including viruses. The viruses carried by ticks also known as tick-borne viruses (TBVs), contain a large group of viruses with diverse genetic properties and are concluded in two orders, nine families, and at least 12 genera. Some members of the TBVs are notorious agents causing severe diseases with high mortality rates in humans and livestock, while some others may pose risks to public health that are still unclear to us. Herein, we review the current knowledge of TBVs with emphases on the history of virus isolation and identification, tick vectors, and potential pathogenicity to humans and animals, including assigned species as well as the recently discovered and unassigned species. All these will promote our understanding of the diversity of TBVs, and will facilitate the further investigation of TBVs in association with both ticks and vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Shu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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21
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Tucakov AK, Yavuz S, Schürmann EM, Mischler M, Klingebeil A, Meyers G. Restoration of glycoprotein E rns dimerization via pseudoreversion partially restores virulence of classical swine fever virus. J Gen Virol 2017; 99:86-96. [PMID: 29235980 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical swine fever virus (CSFV) represents one of the most important pathogens of swine. The CSFV glycoprotein Erns is an essential structural protein and an important virulence factor. The latter is dependent on the RNase activity of this envelope protein and, most likely, its secretion from the infected cell. A further important feature with regard to its function as a virulence factor is the formation of disulfide-linked Erns homodimers that are found in virus-infected cells and virions. Mutant CSFV lacking cysteine (Cys) 171, the residue responsible for intermolecular disulfide bond formation, were found to be attenuated in pigs (Tews BA, Schürmann EM, Meyers G. J Virol 2009;83:4823-4834). In the course of an animal experiment with such a dimerization-negative CSFV mutant, viruses were reisolated from pigs that contained a mutation of serine (Ser) 209 to Cys. This mutation restored the ability to form disulphide-linked Erns homodimers. In transient expression studies Erns mutants carrying the S209C change were found to form homodimers with about wt efficiency. Also the secretion level of the mutated proteins was equivalent to that of wt Erns. Virus mutants containing the Cys171Ser/Ser209Cys configuration exhibited wt growth rates and increased virulence when compared with the Cys171Ser mutant. These results provide further support for the connection between CSFV virulence and Erns dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katharina Tucakov
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sabine Yavuz
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Present address: Fachdienst Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärangelegenheiten, Landratsamt Alb-Donau-Kreis, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Schürmann
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Present address: Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Manjula Mischler
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Klingebeil
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gregor Meyers
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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