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Kar R, Chattopadhyay S, Sharma A, Sharma K, Sinha S, Arimbasseri GA, Patil VS. Single-cell transcriptomic and T cell antigen receptor analysis of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV)-specific memory T cells reveals effectors and pre-effectors of CD8 +- and CD4 +-cytotoxic T cells. Immunology 2024; 172:420-439. [PMID: 38501302 PMCID: PMC7616077 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Latent human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection can pose a serious threat of reactivation and disease occurrence in immune-compromised individuals. Although T cells are at the core of the protective immune response to hCMV infection, a detailed characterization of different T cell subsets involved in hCMV immunity is lacking. Here, in an unbiased manner, we characterized over 8000 hCMV-reactive peripheral memory T cells isolated from seropositive human donors, at a single-cell resolution by analysing their single-cell transcriptomes paired with the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoires. The hCMV-reactive T cells were highly heterogeneous and consisted of different developmental and functional memory T cell subsets such as, long-term memory precursors and effectors, T helper-17, T regulatory cells (TREGs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) of both CD4 and CD8 origin. The hCMV-specific TREGs, in addition to being enriched for molecules known for their suppressive functions, showed enrichment for the interferon response signature gene sets. The hCMV-specific CTLs were of two types, the pre-effector- and effector-like. The co-clustering of hCMV-specific CD4-CTLs and CD8-CTLs in both pre-effector as well as effector clusters suggest shared transcriptomic signatures between them. The huge TCR clonal expansion of cytotoxic clusters suggests a dominant role in the protective immune response to CMV. The study uncovers the heterogeneity in the hCMV-specific memory T cells revealing many functional subsets with potential implications in better understanding of hCMV-specific T cell immunity. The data presented can serve as a knowledge base for designing vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raunak Kar
- Immunogenomics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Blood Bank, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kirti Sharma
- Immunogenomics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shreya Sinha
- Immunogenomics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Veena S. Patil
- Immunogenomics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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2
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Al-Talib M, Dimonte S, Humphreys IR. Mucosal T-cell responses to chronic viral infections: Implications for vaccine design. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2. [PMID: 38459243 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces that line the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts are the major interfaces between the immune system and the environment. Their unique immunological landscape is characterized by the necessity of balancing tolerance to commensal microorganisms and other innocuous exposures against protection from pathogenic threats such as viruses. Numerous pathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses and retroviruses, exploit this environment to establish chronic infection. Effector and regulatory T-cell populations, including effector and resident memory T cells, play instrumental roles in mediating the transition from acute to chronic infection, where a degree of viral replication is tolerated to minimize immunopathology. Persistent antigen exposure during chronic viral infection leads to the evolution and divergence of these responses. In this review, we discuss advances in the understanding of mucosal T-cell immunity during chronic viral infections and how features of T-cell responses develop in different chronic viral infections of the mucosa. We consider how insights into T-cell immunity at mucosal surfaces could inform vaccine strategies: not only to protect hosts from chronic viral infections but also to exploit viruses that can persist within mucosal surfaces as vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Talib
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 5 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Sandra Dimonte
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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3
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Costa B, Becker J, Krammer T, Mulenge F, Durán V, Pavlou A, Gern OL, Chu X, Li Y, Čičin-Šain L, Eiz-Vesper B, Messerle M, Dölken L, Saliba AE, Erhard F, Kalinke U. Human cytomegalovirus exploits STING signaling and counteracts IFN/ISG induction to facilitate infection of dendritic cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1745. [PMID: 38409141 PMCID: PMC10897438 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that in immunocompromised hosts can cause life-threatening disease. Studying HCMV-exposed monocyte-derived dendritic cells by single-cell RNA sequencing, we observe that most cells are entered by the virus, whereas less than 30% of them initiate viral gene expression. Increased viral gene expression is associated with activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) that usually induces anti-viral interferon responses, and with the induction of several pro- (RHOB, HSP1A1, DNAJB1) and anti-viral (RNF213, TNFSF10, IFI16) genes. Upon progression of infection, interferon-beta but not interferon-lambda transcription is inhibited. Similarly, interferon-stimulated gene expression is initially induced and then shut off, thus further promoting productive infection. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells are composed of 3 subsets, with one being especially susceptible to HCMV. In conclusion, HCMV permissiveness of monocyte-derived dendritic cells depends on complex interactions between virus sensing, regulation of the interferon response, and viral gene expression.
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Grants
- 158989968 - SFB 900-B2 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
- 398367752 - FOR 2830 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
- EXC 2155 "RESIST" - Project ID 39087428 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
- DO 1275/7-1 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
- ER 927/2-1 - FOR2830 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
- COALITION Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur (Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony)
- Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Innovative Training Network (VIROINF: 955974) European Commission (EC)
- Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Innovative Training Network (VIROINF: 955974) European Commission (EC)
- 0703/68674/5/2017 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology)
- 0703/89374/3/2017 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology)
- 0703/68674/5/2017 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology)
- 0703/89374/3/2017 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology)
- 0703/68674/5/2017 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology)
- 0703/89374/3/2017 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Media, Energy and Technology)
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Costa
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Becker
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Krammer
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verónica Durán
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olivia Luise Gern
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiaojing Chu
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM) & TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM) & TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Institute for Immune Aging and Chronic Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
- University of Würzburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Faculty for Informatics and Data Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Espinar-Buitrago MDLS, Magro-López E, Vázquez-Alejo E, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Enhanced Immunomodulatory Effects of Thymosin-Alpha-1 in Combination with Polyanionic Carbosilane Dendrimers against HCMV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1952. [PMID: 38396631 PMCID: PMC10887890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistance and toxicity associated with current treatments for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection highlight the need for alternatives and immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy. This study examined the in vitro immunological effects of co-administration of Thymosin-alpha-1 (Tα1) and polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers (PCDs) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during HCMV infection. The biocompatibility of PCDs was assessed via MTT and LDH assays. PBMCs were pre-treated with the co-administered compounds and then exposed to HCMV for 48 h. Morphological alterations in PBMCs were observed using optical microscopy and total dendritic cells (tDCs), myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), along with CD4+/CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Treg), and were characterized using multiparametric flow cytometry. The findings revealed that Tα1 + PCDs treatments increased DC activation and maturation. Furthermore, increased co-receptor expression, intracellular IFNγ production in T cells and elevated Treg functionality and reduced senescence were evident with Tα1 + G2-S24P treatment. Conversely, reduced co-receptor expression, intracellular cytokine production in T cells, lower functionality and higher senescence in Treg were observed with Tα1 + G2S16 treatment. In summary, Tα1 + PCDs treatments demonstrate synergistic effects during early HCMV infection, suggesting their use as an alternative therapeutic for preventing virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Sierra Espinar-Buitrago
- Section of Immunology, Immuno-Molecular Biology Laboratory (LIBM), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañon (HGUGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.l.S.E.-B.); (E.M.-L.); (E.V.-A.)
- Gregorio Marañon Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Network (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Magro-López
- Section of Immunology, Immuno-Molecular Biology Laboratory (LIBM), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañon (HGUGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.l.S.E.-B.); (E.M.-L.); (E.V.-A.)
- Gregorio Marañon Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Network (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Vázquez-Alejo
- Section of Immunology, Immuno-Molecular Biology Laboratory (LIBM), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañon (HGUGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.l.S.E.-B.); (E.M.-L.); (E.V.-A.)
- Gregorio Marañon Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Network (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Section of Immunology, Immuno-Molecular Biology Laboratory (LIBM), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañon (HGUGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.l.S.E.-B.); (E.M.-L.); (E.V.-A.)
- Gregorio Marañon Health Research Institute (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Network (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- HIV-HGM Biobank, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañon (HGUGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Khorki ME, Shi T, Cianciolo EE, Burg AR, Chukwuma PC, Picarsic JL, Morrice MK, Woodle ES, Maltzman JS, Ferguson A, Katz JD, Baker BM, Hildeman DA. Prior viral infection primes cross-reactive CD8+ T cells that respond to mouse heart allografts. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1287546. [PMID: 38143762 PMCID: PMC10748599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Significant evidence suggests a connection between transplant rejection and the presence of high levels of pre-existing memory T cells. Viral infection can elicit viral-specific memory T cells that cross-react with allo-MHC capable of driving allograft rejection in mice. Despite these advances, and despite their critical role in transplant rejection, a systematic study of allo-reactive memory T cells, their specificities, and the role of cross-reactivity with viral antigens has not been performed. Methods Here, we established a model to identify, isolate, and characterize cross-reactive T cells using Nur77 reporter mice (C57BL/6 background), which transiently express GFP exclusively upon TCR engagement. We infected Nur77 mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV-Armstrong) to generate a robust memory compartment, where quiescent LCMV-specific memory CD8+ T cells could be readily tracked with MHC tetramer staining. Then, we transplanted LCMV immune mice with allogeneic hearts and monitored expression of GFP within MHC-tetramer defined viral-specific T cells as an indicator of their ability to cross-react with alloantigens. Results Strikingly, prior LCMV infection significantly increased the kinetics and magnitude of rejection as well as CD8+ T cell recruitment into allogeneic, but not syngeneic, transplanted hearts, relative to non-infected controls. Interestingly, as early as day 1 after allogeneic heart transplant an average of ~8% of MHC-tetramer+ CD8+ T cells expressed GFP, in contrast to syngeneic heart transplants, where the frequency of viral-specific CD8+ T cells that were GFP+ was <1%. These data show that a significant percentage of viral-specific memory CD8+ T cells expressed T cell receptors that also recognized alloantigens in vivo. Notably, the frequency of cross-reactive CD8+ T cells differed depending upon the viral epitope. Further, TCR sequences derived from cross-reactive T cells harbored distinctive motifs that may provide insight into cross-reactivity and allo-specificity. Discussion In sum, we have established a mouse model to track viral-specific, allo-specific, and cross-reactive T cells; revealing that prior infection elicits substantial numbers of viral-specific T cells that cross-react to alloantigen, respond very early after transplant, and may promote rapid rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Eyad Khorki
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Tiffany Shi
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Eileen E. Cianciolo
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ashley R. Burg
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - P. Chukwunalu Chukwuma
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Picarsic
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Mary K. Morrice
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - E. Steve Woodle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Maltzman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Autumn Ferguson
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Katz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Brian M. Baker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - David A. Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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6
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Espinar-Buitrago MS, Vazquez-Alejo E, Magro-Lopez E, Tarancon-Diez L, Leal M, Muñoz-Fernandez MA. Immune modulation via dendritic cells by the effect of Thymosin-alpha-1 on immune synapse in HCMV infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111103. [PMID: 38149577 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Tα1 (Thymosin-alpha-1) is a thymus-derived hormone that has been demonstrated to be effective on diverse immune cell subsets. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro immunomodulatory effect of Tα1 in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by negative selection and cultured in the presence or absence of Tα1. The immunophenotyping of DCs was characterised by multiparametric flow cytometry assessing CD40, CD80, TIM-3 and PDL-1 markers, as well as intracellular TNFα production. Then, autologous CD4+ or CD8+ T-Lymphocytes (TLs) isolated by negative selection from PBMCs were co-cultured with DCs previously treated with Tα1 in the presence or absence of HCMV. Intracellular TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2 production, CD40-L and PD-1 expression were assessed through immunophenotyping, and polyfunctionality in total TLs and memory subsets were evaluated. The results showed that Tα1 increased CD40, CD80, TIM-3 and TNFα intracellular production while decreasing PDL-1 expression, particularly on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Therefore, Tα1 modulated the production of TNFα, IFNγ and IL-2 in both total and memory subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ TLs by upregulating CD40/CD40-L and downregulating PDL-1/PD-1 expression. Our study concludes that Tα1 enhances antigen-presenting capacity of DCs, improves TLs responses to HCMV infection, and enhances the polyfunctionality of CD8+ TLs. Consequently, Tα1 could be an alternative adjuvant for use in therapeutic cell therapy for immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Espinar-Buitrago
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Vazquez-Alejo
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Magro-Lopez
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Tarancon-Diez
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Leal
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Viamed Santa Ángela de la Cruz, 41014 Sevilla, Spain; Hogar Residencia de la Santa Caridad, 41001 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M A Muñoz-Fernandez
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Thomas AL, Godarova A, Wayman JA, Miraldi ER, Hildeman DA, Chougnet CA. Accumulation of immune-suppressive CD4 + T cells in aging - tempering inflammaging at the expense of immunity. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101836. [PMID: 37632992 PMCID: PMC10840872 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The 'immune risk profile' has been shown to predict mortality in the elderly, highlighting the need to better understand age-related immune dysfunction. While aging leads to many defects affecting all arms of the immune system, this review is focused on the accrual of immuno-suppressive CD4 + T cell populations, including FoxP3 + regulatory T cells, and subsets of IL-10-producing T follicular helper cells. New data suggest that such accumulations constitute feedback mechanisms to temper the ongoing progressive low-grade inflammation that develops with age, the so-called "inflammaging", and by doing so, how they have the potential to promote healthier aging. However, they also impair effector immune responses, notably to infections, or vaccines. These studies also reinforce the idea that the aged immune system should not be considered as a poorly functional version of the young one, but more as a dynamic system in which CD4 + T cells, and other immune/non-immune subsets, differentiate, interact with their milieu and function differently than in young hosts. A better understanding of these unique interactions is thus needed to improve effector immune responses in the elderly, while keeping inflammaging under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Thomas
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45257, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alzbeta Godarova
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45257, USA
| | - Joseph A Wayman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45257, USA
| | - Emily R Miraldi
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45257, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - David A Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45257, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45257, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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8
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Rubio-Casillas A, Redwan EM, Uversky VN. Does SARS-CoV-2 Induce IgG4 Synthesis to Evade the Immune System? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1338. [PMID: 37759738 PMCID: PMC10526126 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the COVID-19 disease, has been shown to cause immune suppression in certain individuals. This can manifest as a reduced ability of the host's immune system to effectively control the infection. Studies have reported that patients with COVID-19 can exhibit a decline in white blood cell counts, including natural killer cells and T cells, which are integral components of the immune system's response to viral pathogens. These cells play critical roles in the immune response to viral infections, and their depletion can make it harder for the body to mount an effective defense against the virus. Additionally, the virus can also directly infect immune cells, further compromising their ability to function. Some individuals with severe COVID-19 pneumonia may develop a "cytokine storm", an overactive immune response that may result in tissue damage and organ malfunction. The underlying mechanisms of immune suppression in SARS-CoV-2 are not entirely understood at this time, and research is being conducted to gain a more comprehensive understanding. Research has shown that severe SARS-CoV-2 infection promotes the synthesis of IgG4 antibodies. In this study, we propose the hypothesis that IgG4 antibodies produced by B cells in response to infection by SARS-CoV-2 generate immunological tolerance, which prevents its elimination and leads to persistent and chronic infection. In summary, we believe that this constitutes another immune evasion mechanism that bears striking similarities to that developed by cancer cells to evade immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Autlan Regional Hospital, Health Secretariat, Autlan 48900, Jalisco, Mexico
- Biology Laboratory, Autlan Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlan 48900, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg El-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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9
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Bonavita CM, White TM, Francis J, Farrell HE, Davis-Poynter NJ, Cardin RD. The Viral G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Homologs M33 and US28 Promote Cardiac Dysfunction during Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:711. [PMID: 36992420 PMCID: PMC10054303 DOI: 10.3390/v15030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects the majority of the world population and causes lifelong latent infection. HCMV has been shown to exacerbate cardiovascular diseases, including myocarditis, vascular sclerosis, and transplant vasculopathy. Recently, we have shown that murine CMV (MCMV) recapitulates the cardiovascular dysfunction observed in patients with HCMV-induced myocarditis. To understand the viral mechanisms involved in CMV-induced heart dysfunction, we further characterized cardiac function in response to MCMV and examined virally encoded G-protein-coupled receptor homologs (vGPCRs) US28 and M33 as potential factors that promote infection in the heart. We hypothesized that the CMV-encoded vGPCRs could exacerbate cardiovascular damage and dysfunction. Three viruses were used to evaluate the role of vGPCRs in cardiac dysfunction: wild-type MCMV, a M33-deficient virus (∆M33), and a virus with the M33 open reading frame (ORF) replaced with US28, an HCMV vGPCR (i.e., US28+). Our in vivo studies revealed that M33 plays a role in promoting cardiac dysfunction by increasing viral load and heart rate during acute infection. During latency, ΔM33-infected mice demonstrated reduced calcification, altered cellular gene expression, and less cardiac hypertrophy compared with wild-type MCMV-infected mice. Ex vivo viral reactivation from hearts was less efficient in ΔM33-infected animals. HCMV protein US28 expression restored the ability of the M33-deficient virus to reactivate from the heart. US28+ MCMV infection caused damage to the heart comparable with wild-type MCMV infection, suggesting that the US28 protein is sufficient to complement the function of M33 in the heart. Altogether, these data suggest a role for vGPCRs in viral pathogenesis in the heart and thus suggest that vGPCRs promote long-term cardiac damage and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Bonavita
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Timothy M. White
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Joseph Francis
- Department of Comparative Biological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Helen E. Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | | | - Rhonda D. Cardin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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10
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IL-10-Secreting CD8 + T Cells Specific for Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV): Generation, Maintenance and Phenotype. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121530. [PMID: 36558866 PMCID: PMC9781655 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HCMV-specific CD8+ T-cells are potent anti-viral effector cells in HCMV infected individuals, but evidence from other viral infections suggests that CD8+ T-cells can also produce the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10. In this work we show that there are HCMV-specific IL-10 CD8+ T-cell responses in a cohort of individuals aged 23-76 years of age, predominantly directed against the HCMV proteins known to be expressed during latent infections as well as towards the proteins US3 and pp71. The analysis of HCMV-specific responses established during primary infection has shown that the IL-10 responses to US3 and pp71 HCMV proteins are detectable in the first weeks post infection, but not the responses to latency-associated proteins, and this IL-10 response is produced by both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells. Phenotyping studies of HCMV-specific IL-10+ CD8+ T-cells show that these are CD45RA+ effector memory cells and co-express CD28 and CD57, however, the expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 varied from 90% to 30% between donors. In this study we have described for the first time the HCMV-specific IL-10 CD8+ T-cell responses and have demonstrated their broad specificity and the potential immune modulatory role of the immune response to HCMV latent carriage and periodic reactivation.
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11
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White TM, Bonavita CM, Stanfield BA, Farrell HE, Davis-Poynter NJ, Cardin RD. The CMV-encoded G protein-coupled receptors M33 and US28 play pleiotropic roles in immune evasion and alter host T cell responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1047299. [PMID: 36569845 PMCID: PMC9768342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1047299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a global health threat due to its ubiquity and lifelong persistence in infected people. During latency, host CD8+ T cell responses to HCMV continue to increase in a phenomenon known as memory inflation. We used murine CMV (MCMV) as a model for HCMV to characterize the memory inflation response to wild-type MCMV (KP) and a latency-defective mutant (ΔM33stop), which lacks M33, an MCMV chemokine receptor homolog. M33 is essential for normal reactivation from latency and this was leveraged to determine whether reactivation in vivo contributes to T cell memory inflation. Methods Mice were infected with wild-type or mutant MCMV and T cell responses were analyzed by flow cytometry at acute and latent time points. Ex vivo reactivation and cytotoxicity assays were carried out to further investigate immunity and virus replication. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (q-RTPCR) was used to examine gene expression during reactivation. MHC expression on infected cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Finally, T cells were depleted from latently-infected B cell-deficient mice to examine the in vivo difference in reactivation between wild-type and ΔM33stop. Results We found that ΔM33stop triggers memory inflation specific for peptides derived from the immediate-early protein IE1 but not the early protein m164, in contrast to wild-type MCMV. During ex vivo reactivation, gene expression in DM33stop-infected lung tissues was delayed compared to wild-type virus. Normal gene expression was partially rescued by substitution of the HCMV US28 open reading frame in place of the M33 gene. In vivo depletion of T cells in immunoglobulin heavy chain-knockout mice resulted in reactivation of wild-type MCMV, but not ΔM33stop, confirming the role of M33 during reactivation from latency. Further, we found that M33 induces isotype-specific downregulation of MHC class I on the cell surface suggesting previously unappreciated roles in immune evasion. Discussion Our results indicate that M33 is more polyfunctional than previously appreciated. In addition to its role in reactivation, which had been previously described, we found that M33 alters viral gene expression, host T cell memory inflation, and MHC class I expression. US28 was able to partially complement most functions of M33, suggesting that its role in HCMV infection may be similarly pleotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. White
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Cassandra M. Bonavita
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Brent A. Stanfield
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Helen E. Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Rhonda D. Cardin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States,*Correspondence: Rhonda D. Cardin,
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12
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Chin N, Narayan NR, Méndez-Lagares G, Ardeshir A, Chang WLW, Deere JD, Fontaine JH, Chen C, Kieu HT, Lu W, Barry PA, Sparger EE, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ. Cytomegalovirus infection disrupts the influence of short-chain fatty acid producers on Treg/Th17 balance. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:168. [PMID: 36210471 PMCID: PMC9549678 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both the gut microbiota and chronic viral infections have profound effects on host immunity, but interactions between these influences have been only superficially explored. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), for example, infects approximately 80% of people globally and drives significant changes in immune cells. Similarly, certain gut-resident bacteria affect T-cell development in mice and nonhuman primates. It is unknown if changes imposed by CMV on the intestinal microbiome contribute to immunologic effects of the infection. RESULTS We show that rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) infection is associated with specific differences in gut microbiota composition, including decreased abundance of Firmicutes, and that the extent of microbial change was associated with immunologic changes including the proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, RhCMV infection disrupted the relationship between short-chain fatty acid producers and Treg/Th17 balance observed in seronegative animals, showing that some immunologic effects of CMV are due to disruption of previously existing host-microbe relationships. CONCLUSIONS Gut microbes have an important influence on health and disease. Diet is known to shape the microbiota, but the influence of concomitant chronic viral infections is unclear. We found that CMV influences gut microbiota composition to an extent that is correlated with immunologic changes in the host. Additionally, pre-existing correlations between immunophenotypes and gut microbes can be subverted by CMV infection. Immunologic effects of CMV infection on the host may therefore be mediated by two different mechanisms involving gut microbiota. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chin
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Nicole R Narayan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Gema Méndez-Lagares
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Amir Ardeshir
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - W L William Chang
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Jesse D Deere
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Justin H Fontaine
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Connie Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Hung T Kieu
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Wenze Lu
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
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13
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Hassanzadeh Y, Yaghobi R, Pakzad P, Geramizadeh B. Risk assessment of Human cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplantation: Insight into
CD4
+
T cell subsets. Scand J Immunol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yashgin Hassanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Parviz Pakzad
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
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14
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Schilling HL, Hutchinson JA, Haferkamp S. Vorhersage von Immuncheckpoint-Inhibitor-bedingter Hepatitis bei Patienten mit metastasiertem Melanom. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2022; 20:773-776. [PMID: 35711038 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14726_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Schilling HL, Hutchinson JA, Haferkamp S. Prediction of immune checkpoint blockade-related hepatitis in metastatic melanoma patients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2022; 20:773-775. [PMID: 35499199 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of clinical antibodies against programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) has revolutionized cancer treatment. Immune checkpoint blockade has enormous therapeutic potential and is widely prescribed for treating various cancers. However, immune-related adverse events in checkpoint blockade-treated patients are common and limit its clinical application. Despite efforts to understand the etiology of immune-related adverse events, the underlying cellular reactions remain elusive. Recently, our group identified a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma that are predisposed to hepatitis after combined PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade. These patients are characterized by pre-treatment expansion of effector memory CD4+ T cells (TEM cells) in blood. We attributed this expansion to chronic or recurrent subclinical immune responses against cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Accordingly, baseline expansion of TEM cells is a reliable biomarker of hepatitis risk that identifies a subgroup of patients who might benefit from prophylactic CMV treatment with valganciclovir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James A Hutchinson
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haferkamp
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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16
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Lyu M, Wang S, Gao K, Wang L, Zhu X, Liu Y, Wang M, Liu X, Li B, Tian L. Dissecting the Landscape of Activated CMV-Stimulated CD4+ T Cells in Humans by Linking Single-Cell RNA-Seq With T-Cell Receptor Sequencing. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779961. [PMID: 34950144 PMCID: PMC8691692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are crucial in cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, but their role in infection remains unclear. The heterogeneity and potential functions of CMVpp65-reactivated CD4+ T cell subsets isolated from human peripheral blood, as well as their potential interactions, were analyzed by single-cell RNA-seq and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing. Tregs comprised the largest population of these reactivated cells, and analysis of Treg gene expression showed transcripts associated with both inflammatory and inhibitory functions. The detailed phenotypes of CMV-reactivated CD4+ cytotoxic T1 (CD4+ CTL1), CD4+ cytotoxic T2 (CD4+ CTL2), and recently activated CD4+ T (Tra) cells were analyzed in single cells. Assessment of the TCR repertoire of CMV-reactivated CD4+ T cells confirmed the clonal expansion of stimulated CD4+ CTL1 and CD4+ CTL2 cells, which share a large number of TCR repertoires. This study provides clues for resolving the functions of CD4+ T cell subsets and their interactions during CMV infection. The specific cell groups defined in this study can provide resources for understanding T cell responses to CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Lyu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Gao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Ya Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Xiao Liu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tian
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Shenzhen, China
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17
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Namdari H, Hosseini M, Yazdanifar M, Farajifard H, Parvizpour F, Karamigolbaghi M, Hamidieh AA, Rezaei F. Protective and pathological roles of regulatory immune cells in human cytomegalovirus infection following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2319. [PMID: 34914147 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is ubiquitously prevalent. Immune system in healthy individuals is capable of controlling HCMV infection; however, HCMV can be life-threatening for immunocompromised individuals, such as transplant recipients. Both innate and adaptive immune systems are critically involved in the HCMV infection. Recent studies have indicated that regulatory immune cells which play essential roles in maintaining a healthy immune environment are closely related to immune response in HCMV infection. However, the exact role of regulatory immune cells in immune regulation and homoeostasis during the battle between HCMV and host still requires further research. In this review, we highlight the protective and pathological roles of regulatory immune cells in HCMV infection following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haideh Namdari
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseini
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Department of Pediatrics, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Hamid Farajifard
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Parvizpour
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Karamigolbaghi
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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CD4 T Cell-Mediated Immune Control of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Murine Salivary Glands. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121531. [PMID: 34959486 PMCID: PMC8704252 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are well known for their supportive role in CD8 T cell and B cell responses during viral infection. However, during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in the salivary glands (SGs), CD4 T cells exhibit direct antiviral effector functions to control the infection. In this mucosal organ, opposed to other infected tissues, MCMV establishes a sustained lytic replication that lasts for several weeks. While the protective function of CD4 T cells is exerted through the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), the reasons for their markedly delayed control of lytic MCMV infection remain elusive. Here, we review the current knowledge on the dynamics and mechanisms of the CD4 T cell-mediated control of MCMV-infected SGs, including their localization in the SG in relation to MCMV infected cells and other immune cells, their mode of action, and their regulation.
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19
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are responsible for restraining excessive inflammation, a hallmark of COVID-19. We identified a striking phenotype in Tregs from patients with severe disease, as well as an interesting role for interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-18. An increased suppressive profile, including increased Treg proportions, combined with the expression of proinflammatory mediators, distinguished severe patients and persisted in some of those recovered. This phenotype is in notable similarity to that found in tumor-infiltrating Tregs, which are generally associated with poor prognosis, and suggests both a detrimental role for these cells in COVID-19 as well as a potential explanation for some of the still largely unexplored complications associated with recovery. The hallmark of severe COVID-19 is an uncontrolled inflammatory response, resulting from poorly understood immunological dysfunction. We hypothesized that perturbations in FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Treg), key enforcers of immune homeostasis, contribute to COVID-19 pathology. Cytometric and transcriptomic profiling revealed a distinct Treg phenotype in severe COVID-19 patients, with an increase in Treg proportions and intracellular levels of the lineage-defining transcription factor FoxP3, correlating with poor outcomes. These Tregs showed a distinct transcriptional signature, with overexpression of several suppressive effectors, but also proinflammatory molecules like interleukin (IL)-32, and a striking similarity to tumor-infiltrating Tregs that suppress antitumor responses. Most marked during acute severe disease, these traits persisted somewhat in convalescent patients. A screen for candidate agents revealed that IL-6 and IL-18 may individually contribute different facets of these COVID-19–linked perturbations. These results suggest that Tregs may play nefarious roles in COVID-19, by suppressing antiviral T cell responses during the severe phase of the disease, and by a direct proinflammatory role.
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20
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Characterization of murine cytomegalovirus infection and induction of calcification in Murine Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (MOVAS). J Virol Methods 2021; 297:114270. [PMID: 34461152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that causes lifelong latent infection in the majority of the world population. HCMV is associated with increased incidence and severity of many cardiovascular diseases including myocarditis, atherosclerosis, and transplant vasculopathy. Due to the species-restricted nature of cytomegalovirus infection, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a useful model that recapitulates many of the features of HCMV infection of the cardiovascular system. While in vivo MCMV studies are able to answer many questions regarding pathogenesis of infection, in vitro experiments using cell lines are useful tools to further understand the potential underlying mechanisms. In this study, we characterize MCMV infection of the murine aortic smooth muscle cell line (MOVAS). Our findings demonstrate that MOVAS cells are permissive for MCMV infection, form plaques under carboxymethyl cellulose overlay, and produce progeny virus similar to NIH 3T3 murine embryonic fibroblasts. In addition, MCMV infection induces calcification in MOVAS cells similar to that seen in the epicardium of MCMV-infected hearts. We conclude that MOVAS cells are a useful in vitro tool for studying CMV-mediated cardiac calcification.
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21
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A Phase I Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial of Valganciclovir in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 18:1291-1297. [PMID: 33740394 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202102-108oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Human herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus are frequently detectable in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and could contribute to disease pathogenesis. Objectives: With the goal of inhibiting herpesvirus replication, we tested the safety and tolerability of adding valganciclovir to standard IPF therapy (pirfenidone). Methods: We performed a single-center, Phase I, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing valganciclovir 900 mg daily with placebo in patients with IPF with serologic evidence of prior Epstein-Barr virus and/or cytomegalovirus infection who were tolerating full-dose pirfenidone (2,403 mg/d). Subjects were randomized to valganciclovir or placebo 2:1 for 12 weeks of active treatment with off-treatment follow-up for up to 12 months. The primary safety endpoint was the number of subjects discontinuing the study drug before completing 12 weeks of treatment. Results: Thirty-one subjects with IPF were randomized to valganciclovir (n = 20) or placebo (n = 11). All subjects completed assigned therapy except one subject in the valganciclovir group, who discontinued the study drug after developing a rash. The total number of adverse events was similar between study groups. In a prespecified analysis of secondary physiologic endpoints, we observed a trend toward improved forced vital capacity from randomization to Week 12 in valganciclovir-treated subjects (-10 ml; interquartile range [IQR], -65 to 70 ml) versus placebo-treated subjects (40 ml; IQR, -130 to 60 ml), which persisted through 12 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Valganciclovir is safe and well tolerated as an add-on therapy to pirfenidone in patients with IPF. Clinical trial registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02871401).
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22
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Bonavita CM, Cardin RD. Don't Go Breaking My Heart: MCMV as a Model for HCMV-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases. Pathogens 2021; 10:619. [PMID: 34069957 PMCID: PMC8157551 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that causes lifelong latent infection and is associated with the exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases in seropositive individuals. Of particular impact, HCMV infection is known to worsen many cardiovascular diseases including myocarditis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and transplant vasculopathy. Due to its similarity to HCMV, murine CMV (MCMV) is an appropriate model to understand HCMV-induced pathogenesis in the heart and vasculature. MCMV shares similar sequence homology and recapitulates much of the HCMV pathogenesis, including HCMV-induced cardiovascular diseases. This review provides insight into HCMV-associated cardiovascular diseases and the murine model of MCMV infection, which has been used to study the viral pathogenesis and mechanisms contributing to cardiovascular diseases. Our new functional studies using echocardiography demonstrate tachycardia and hypertrophy in the mouse, similar to HCMV-induced myocarditis in humans. For the first time, we show long term heart dysfunction and that MCMV reactivates from latency in the heart, which raises the intriguing idea that HCMV latency and frequent virus reactivation perturbs long term cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhonda D. Cardin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
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23
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Hutchinson JA, Kronenberg K, Riquelme P, Wenzel JJ, Glehr G, Schilling HL, Zeman F, Evert K, Schmiedel M, Mickler M, Drexler K, Bitterer F, Cordero L, Beyer L, Bach C, Koestler J, Burkhardt R, Schlitt HJ, Hellwig D, Werner JM, Spang R, Schmidt B, Geissler EK, Haferkamp S. Virus-specific memory T cell responses unmasked by immune checkpoint blockade cause hepatitis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1439. [PMID: 33664251 PMCID: PMC7933278 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of advanced melanoma with combined PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade commonly causes serious immune-mediated complications. Here, we identify a subset of patients predisposed to immune checkpoint blockade-related hepatitis who are distinguished by chronic expansion of effector memory CD4+ T cells (TEM cells). Pre-therapy CD4+ TEM cell expansion occurs primarily during autumn or winter in patients with metastatic disease and high cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific serum antibody titres. These clinical features implicate metastasis-dependent, compartmentalised CMV reactivation as the cause of CD4+ TEM expansion. Pre-therapy CD4+ TEM expansion predicts hepatitis in CMV-seropositive patients, opening possibilities for avoidance or prevention. 3 of 4 patients with pre-treatment CD4+ TEM expansion who received αPD-1 monotherapy instead of αPD-1/αCTLA-4 therapy remained hepatitis-free. 4 of 4 patients with baseline CD4+ TEM expansion given prophylactic valganciclovir and αPD-1/αCTLA-4 therapy remained hepatitis-free. Our findings exemplify how pathogen exposure can shape clinical reactions after cancer therapy and how this insight leads to therapeutic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Hutchinson
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kronenberg
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paloma Riquelme
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen J. Wenzel
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Glehr
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute of Functional Genomics and Statistical Bioinformatics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hannah-Lou Schilling
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Zeman
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katja Evert
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schmiedel
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marion Mickler
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Drexler
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Bitterer
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Cordero
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Beyer
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bach
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Josef Koestler
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans J. Schlitt
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hellwig
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jens M. Werner
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Spang
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute of Functional Genomics and Statistical Bioinformatics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Edward K. Geissler
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany ,Personalised Tumour Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haferkamp
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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McCall LI. Quo vadis? Central Rules of Pathogen and Disease Tropism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:640987. [PMID: 33718287 PMCID: PMC7947345 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.640987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding why certain people get sick and die while others recover or never become ill is a fundamental question in biomedical research. A key determinant of this process is pathogen and disease tropism: the locations that become infected (pathogen tropism), and the locations that become damaged (disease tropism). Identifying the factors that regulate tropism is essential to understand disease processes, but also to drive the development of new interventions. This review intersects research from across infectious diseases to define the central mediators of disease and pathogen tropism. This review also highlights methods of study, and translational implications. Overall, tropism is a central but under-appreciated aspect of infection pathogenesis which should be at the forefront when considering the development of new methods of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
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25
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Pathak S, Meyer EH. Tregs and Mixed Chimerism as Approaches for Tolerance Induction in Islet Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612737. [PMID: 33658995 PMCID: PMC7917336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation is a promising method for the treatment of type 1 and type 3 diabetes whereby replacement of islets may be curative. However, long-term treatment with immunosuppressive drugs (ISDs) remains essential for islet graft survival. Current ISD regimens carry significant side-effects for transplant recipients, and are also toxic to the transplanted islets. Pre-clinical efforts to induce immune tolerance to islet allografts identify ways in which the recipient immune system may be reeducated to induce a sustained transplant tolerance and even overcome autoimmune islet destruction. The goal of these efforts is to induce tolerance to transplanted islets with minimal to no long-term immunosuppression. Two most promising cell-based therapeutic strategies for inducing immune tolerance include T regulatory cells (Tregs) and donor and recipient hematopoietic mixed chimerism. Here, we review preclinical studies which utilize Tregs for tolerance induction in islet transplantation. We also review myeloablative and non-myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) strategies in preclinical and clinical studies to induce sustained mixed chimerism and allograft tolerance, in particular in islet transplantation. Since Tregs play a critical role in the establishment of mixed chimerism, it follows that the combination of Treg and HSCT may be synergistic. Since the success of the Edmonton protocol, the feasibility of clinical islet transplantation has been established and nascent clinical trials testing immune tolerance strategies using Tregs and/or hematopoietic mixed chimerism are underway or being formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Pathak
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Everett H. Meyer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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26
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Hayashi F, Isobe N, Glanville J, Matsushita T, Maimaitijiang G, Fukumoto S, Watanabe M, Masaki K, Kira JI. A new clustering method identifies multiple sclerosis-specific T-cell receptors. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:163-176. [PMID: 33400858 PMCID: PMC7818280 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize T-cell receptors (TCRs) and identify target epitopes in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from 39 MS patients and 19 healthy controls (HCs). TCR repertoires for α/β/δ/γ chains, TCR diversity, and V/J usage were determined by next-generation sequencing. TCR β chain repertoires were compared with affectation status using a novel clustering method, Grouping of Lymphocyte Interactions by Paratope Hotspots (GLIPH). Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-IgG was measured in an additional 113 MS patients and 93 HCs. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS TCR diversity for all four chains decreased with age. TCRα and TCRβ diversity was higher in MS patients (P = 0.0015 and 0.024, respectively), even after age correction. TRAJ56 and TRBV4-3 were more prevalent in MS patients than in HCs (pcorr = 0.027 and 0.040, respectively). GLIPH consolidated 208,674 TCR clones from MS patients into 1,294 clusters, among which two candidate clusters were identified. The TRBV4-3 cluster was shared by HLA-DRB1*04:05-positive patients (87.5%) and predicted to recognize CMV peptides (CMV-TCR). MS Severity Score (MSSS) was lower in patients with CMV-TCR than in those without (P = 0.037). CMV-IgG-positivity was associated with lower MSSS in HLA-DRB1*04:05 carriers (P = 0.0053). HLA-DRB1*04:05-positive individuals demonstrated higher CMV-IgG titers than HLA-DRB1*04:05-negative individuals (P = 0.017). CMV-IgG-positive patients had more Tregs than CMV-IgG-negative patients (P = 0.054). INTERPRETATION High TCRα/TCRβ diversity, regardless of age, is characteristic of MS. Association of a CMV-recognizing TCR with mild disability indicates CMV's protective role in HLA-DRB1*04:05-positive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Hayashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jacob Glanville
- Computational and Systems Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Takuya Matsushita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Shoko Fukumoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Masaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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27
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Estrada Brull A, Rost F, Oderbolz J, Kirchner FR, Leibundgut-Landmann S, Oxenius A, Joller N. CD85k Contributes to Regulatory T Cell Function in Chronic Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010031. [PMID: 33375121 PMCID: PMC7792974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent excessive immune responses and limit immune pathology upon infections. To fulfill this role in different immune environments elicited by different types of pathogens, Tregs undergo functional specialization into distinct subsets. During acute type 1 immune responses, type 1 Tregs are induced and recruited to the site of ongoing Th1 responses to efficiently control Th1 responses. However, whether a similar specialization process also takes place following chronic infections is still unknown. In this study, we investigated Treg specialization in persistent viral infections using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection as models for chronic and latent infections, respectively. We identify CD85k as a Th1-specific co-inhibitory receptor with sustained expression in persistent viral infections and show that recombinant CD85k inhibits LCMV-specific effector T cells. Furthermore, expression of the CD85k ligand ALCAM is induced on LCMV-specific and exhausted T cells during chronic LCMV infection. Finally, we demonstrate that type 1 Tregs arising during chronic LCMV infection suppress Th1 effector cells in an ALCAM-dependent manner. These results extend the current knowledge of Treg specialization from acute to persistent viral infections and reveal an important functional role of CD85k in Treg-mediated suppression of type 1 immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/metabolism
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/metabolism
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/virology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muromegalovirus/immunology
- Muromegalovirus/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Estrada Brull
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
| | - Felix Rost
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
| | - Josua Oderbolz
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.O.); (A.O.)
| | - Florian R. Kirchner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salomé Leibundgut-Landmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.O.); (A.O.)
| | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Galvan-Pena S, Leon J, Chowdhary K, Michelson DA, Vijaykumar B, Yang L, Magnuson A, Manickas-Hill Z, Piechocka-Trocha A, Worrall DP, Hall KE, Ghebremichael M, Walker BD, Li JZ, Yu XG, Mathis D, Benoist C. Profound Treg perturbations correlate with COVID-19 severity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33330871 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.11.416180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of severe COVID-19 disease has been an uncontrolled inflammatory response, resulting from poorly understood immunological dysfunction. We explored the hypothesis that perturbations in FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Treg), key enforcers of immune homeostasis, contribute to COVID-19 pathology. Cytometric and transcriptomic profiling revealed a distinct Treg phenotype in severe COVID-19 patients, with an increase in both Treg proportions and intracellular levels of the lineage-defining transcription factor FoxP3, which correlated with poor outcomes. Accordingly, these Tregs over-expressed a range of suppressive effectors, but also pro-inflammatory molecules like IL32. Most strikingly, they acquired similarity to tumor-infiltrating Tregs, known to suppress local anti-tumor responses. These traits were most marked in acute patients with severe disease, but persisted somewhat in convalescent patients. These results suggest that Tregs may play nefarious roles in COVID-19, via suppressing anti-viral T cell responses during the severe phase of the disease, and/or via a direct pro-inflammatory role.
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29
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Predictive biomarkers for cytomegalovirus reactivation before and after immunosuppressive therapy: A single-institution retrospective long-term analysis of patients with drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS)/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic syndrome (DRESS). Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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30
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Chinta P, Garcia EC, Tajuddin KH, Akhidenor N, Davis A, Faure L, Spencer JV. Control of Cytokines in Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100858. [PMID: 33096622 PMCID: PMC7589642 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has evolved a number of mechanisms for long-term co-existence within its host. HCMV infects a wide range of cell types, including fibroblasts, epithelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and myeloid progenitor cells. Lytic infection, with the production of infectious progeny virions, occurs in differentiated cell types, while undifferentiated myeloid precursor cells are the primary site of latent infection. The outcome of HCMV infection depends partly on the cell type and differentiation state but is also influenced by the composition of the immune environment. In this review, we discuss the role of early interactions between HCMV and the host immune system, particularly cytokine and chemokine networks, that facilitate the establishment of lifelong latent infection. A better understanding of these cytokine signaling pathways could lead to novel therapeutic targets that might prevent latency or eradicate latently infected cells.
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31
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Almanan M, Raynor J, Ogunsulire I, Malyshkina A, Mukherjee S, Hummel SA, Ingram JT, Saini A, Xie MM, Alenghat T, Way SS, Deepe GS, Divanovic S, Singh H, Miraldi E, Zajac AJ, Dent AL, Hölscher C, Chougnet C, Hildeman DA. IL-10-producing Tfh cells accumulate with age and link inflammation with age-related immune suppression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb0806. [PMID: 32832688 PMCID: PMC7439492 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Aging results in profound immune dysfunction, resulting in the decline of vaccine responsiveness previously attributed to irreversible defects in the immune system. In addition to increased interleukin-6 (IL-6), we found aged mice exhibit increased systemic IL-10 that requires forkhead box P3-negative (FoxP3-), but not FoxP3+, CD4+T cells. Most IL-10-producing cells manifested a T follicular helper (Tfh) phenotype and required the Tfh cytokines IL-6 and IL-21 for their accrual, so we refer to them as Tfh10 cells. IL-21 was also required to maintain normal serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10. Notably, antigen-specific Tfh10 cells arose after immunization of aged mice, and neutralization of IL-10 receptor signaling significantly restored Tfh-dependent antibody responses, whereas depletion of FoxP3+ regulatory and follicular regulatory cells did not. Thus, these data demonstrate that immune suppression with age is reversible and implicate Tfh10 cells as an intriguing link between "inflammaging" and impaired immune responses with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Almanan
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jana Raynor
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ireti Ogunsulire
- Division of Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Anna Malyshkina
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Shibabrata Mukherjee
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sarah A. Hummel
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jennifer T. Ingram
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ankur Saini
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Markus M. Xie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - George S. Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Emily Miraldi
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Allan J. Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alexander L. Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Division of Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Claire Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - David A. Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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32
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Rost F, Lambert K, Rakebrandt N, Joller N. Preceding Viral Infections Do Not Imprint Long-Term Changes in Regulatory T Cell Function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8350. [PMID: 32433493 PMCID: PMC7239864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain peripheral self-tolerance and limit immune mediated pathology. Like effector T cells, Tregs can specialize in TH1-dominated immune responses and co-express T-bet together with Foxp3. This allows for expression of CXCR3 and efficient homing to sites of TH1 responses. However, whether such functional specialization is paralleled by memory generation among Tregs is unknown. In this study, we investigated the ability of polyclonal Tregs to form functional memory in response to viral infection. Using adoptive transfer models to compare infection-experienced Tregs generated upon acute Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) WE and Vaccinia Virus (VV) infections with naive Tregs, we observed no differences in their phenotype or their in vivo maintenance. When comparing functional properties of infection-experienced and naive Tregs, we found no differences in in vitro suppressive capacity nor in their ability to limit the effector response upon homologous, systemic or local re-challenge in vivo. Our results suggest that no functional Treg memory is generated in the context of systemic LCMV or VV infection, but we cannot rule out the possibility that the generation of Treg memory may be possible in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Rost
- University of Zurich, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Lambert
- University of Zurich, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.,Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Nikolas Rakebrandt
- University of Zurich, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.,F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Joller
- University of Zurich, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
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33
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Bonavita CM, White TM, Francis J, Cardin RD. Heart Dysfunction Following Long-Term Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection: Fibrosis, Hypertrophy, and Tachycardia. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:237-245. [PMID: 32286167 PMCID: PMC7185328 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is associated with increased risk of chronic diseases of the heart and vasculature, including myocarditis, atherosclerosis, and transplant vasculopathy. To investigate CMV infection of the heart, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was used to evaluate both acute and latent infection and the subsequent phenotypic and functional consequences of infection. Female BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) inoculated with 1 × 106 pfu of MCMV and evaluated at 14 and 50 days postinfection (dpi). At each time point, echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac function and histology was conducted for phenotypic evaluation. MCMV replication in the heart was detected as early as 3 dpi and was no longer detectable at 14 dpi. Infected animals had significant cardiac pathology at 14 and 50 dpi when compared to uninfected controls. Histology revealed fibrosis of the heart as early as 14 dpi and the presence of white fibrous deposits on the surface of the heart. Functional evaluation showed significantly increased heart rate and muscle thickening in the latently infected animals when compared to the control animals. At 50 dpi, latent virus was measured by explant reactivation assay, demonstrating that MCMV establishes latency and is capable of reactivation from the heart, similar to other tissues such as spleen and salivary glands. Collectively, these studies illustrate that MCMV infection results in phenotypic alterations within the heart as early as 14 dpi, which progress to functional abnormalities during latency. These findings are similar to sinus tachycardia and hypertrophy of the heart muscle observed in cases of HCMV-induced acute myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Bonavita
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Timothy M. White
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Joseph Francis
- Department of Comparative Biological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Rhonda D. Cardin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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34
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Geisler J, Touma J, Rahbar A, Söderberg-Nauclér C, Vetvik K. A Review of the Potential Role of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infections in Breast Cancer Carcinogenesis and Abnormal Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121842. [PMID: 31766600 PMCID: PMC6966479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously recognized classical human onco-viruses can regulate complex neoplastic events, and are estimated to play a role during carcinogenesis in 15-20% of cancer cases. Although the DNA and gene products of several viruses have been found in breast tumors, none of the classical onco-viruses have definitely been linked to the initiation of breast cancer. However, recent evidence shows that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene products are found in >90% of tumors and metastases of breast cancers, and their increased expression can be correlated to a more aggressive breast cancer phenotype. Supporting the active role of HCMV in breast cancer, a specific HCMV strain, HCMV-DB, was recently shown to exert oncogenic transformational activity in breast epithelial cells in vitro, and to give rise to fast-growing, triple-negative breast tumors when injected into immune deficient mice. The same observation holds true for clinical studies implying increased HCMV protein expression in triple negative breast cancer biopsies. In addition to functionally being able to hijack tumor-promoting cellular events, HCMV is known to exhibit a wide range of immunosuppressive effects, which can have radical impact on the tumor microenvironment. HCMV infected cells can avoid recognition and elimination by the immune system by orchestrating polarization of immunosuppressive type II macrophages, preventing antigen presentation, by expressing T cell inhibitory molecules, and possibly, by the induction of regulatory T (Treg) cell responses. These actions would be especially deleterious for the antigenic activation and proliferation of tumor specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), whose effector functions have recently been targeted by successful, experimental immunotherapy protocols. The recognition of alternative causes and drivers of breast cancer is a pivotal research topic for the development of diagnostics and novel, effective preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting both tumor cells and their microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Geisler
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (J.G.); (J.T.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Joel Touma
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (J.G.); (J.T.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery at Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.R.); (C.S.-N.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.R.); (C.S.-N.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katja Vetvik
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery at Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-95796638
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35
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Baumann NS, Welten SPM, Torti N, Pallmer K, Borsa M, Barnstorf I, Oduro JD, Cicin-Sain L, Oxenius A. Early primed KLRG1- CMV-specific T cells determine the size of the inflationary T cell pool. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007785. [PMID: 31083700 PMCID: PMC6532941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cell inflation is a process in which a subset of cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific CD8 T cells continuously expands mainly during latent infection and establishes a large and stable population of effector memory cells in peripheral tissues. Here we set out to identify in vivo parameters that promote and limit CD8 T cell inflation in the context of MCMV infection. We found that the inflationary T cell pool comprised mainly high avidity CD8 T cells, outcompeting lower avidity CD8 T cells. Furthermore, the size of the inflationary T cell pool was not restricted by the availability of specific tissue niches, but it was directly related to the number of virus-specific CD8 T cells that were activated during priming. In particular, the amount of early-primed KLRG1- cells and the number of inflationary cells with a central memory phenotype were a critical determinant for the overall magnitude of the inflationary T cell pool. Inflationary memory CD8 T cells provided protection from a Vaccinia virus challenge and this protection directly correlated with the size of the inflationary memory T cell pool in peripheral tissues. These results highlight the remarkable protective potential of inflationary CD8 T cells that can be harnessed for CMV-based T cell vaccine approaches. Cytomegalovirus induces a lifelong infection in the majority of the world's population, due to the ability of the virus to establish latency. Upon CMV infection, large numbers of effector memory T cells are induced in peripheral tissues, a process that is termed memory inflation. As inflationary T cells are highly functional, CMV-based vaccines have gained substantial interest for vaccination purposes. Here we examine factors that promote and limit memory T cell inflation. We found that there were no constraints on the availability of specific niches for inflationary T cells in tissues and that high avidity T cells predominately contribute to the inflationary T cell population in the beginning of infection. Moreover, the number of early primed KLRG1- CMV-specific T cells in the acute phase of infection set the limit for memory T cell inflation. Furthermore, we show that inflationary T cells provided protection from a pathogenic challenge in peripheral tissues such as the ovaries. Thus, inflationary T cells comprise a population of T cells that can protect peripheral tissues from pathogenic infections and their efficacy can be regulated by balancing the number of KLRG1- CMV-specific cells during priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Torti
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Barnstorf
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer D Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
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36
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Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein may be critical for CD8 + T cell function following MCMV infection. Cell Immunol 2019; 338:43-50. [PMID: 30981413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients are characterized by immunodeficiency and viral infections. T cells derived from WAS patients and WAS protein (WASP)-deficient mice have various defects. However, whether WASP plays a role in immune control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains unclear. We analyzed the distribution of CD8+ T subsets and the pathological damage to various organs and tissues in MCMV infected Was knockout (KO) mice. A relatively high number of MCMV-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) were observed in the spleen of Was KO mice. In MCMV infected Was KO mice, the late differentiated CD8+ T subset (CD27-CD28-) decreased in lungs, compared with those in the spleen and peripheral blood. Additionally, we found that the most severe pathological lesions occurred in the lungs, the main target organ of MCMV infection. By stimulating the spleen-derived CD8+ T lymphocytes of Was KO mice, we found that IL-2 and granzyme B production declined compared with that in wild- type mice. Moreover, the number of apoptotic CD8+ T cells increased in Was KO mice compared with the number in wild-type mice. Therefore, our results demonstrate that WASP may be involved in regulating cytotoxic function and apoptosis in CD8+ T cells following MCMV infection, which is supported by the distribution and memory compartment of MCMV-specific T cells in MCMV infected WAS mice.
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37
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Welten SPM, Baumann NS, Oxenius A. Fuel and brake of memory T cell inflation. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:329-338. [PMID: 30852648 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cell inflation is a process in which a large number of effector memory T cells accumulates in peripheral tissues. This phenomenon is observed upon certain low level persistent virus infections, but it is most commonly described upon infection with the β-herpesvirus Cytomegalovirus. Due to the induction of this large pool of functional effector CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, the interest in using CMV-based vaccine vectors for vaccination purposes is rising. However, the exact mechanisms of memory T cell inflation are not yet fully understood. It is clear that repetitive exposure to antigen is a key determinant for memory inflation, and therefore the viral inoculum dose and the subsequent number of viral reactivation events strongly impact on the magnitude of the inflationary T cell pool. In addition, the number of CMV-specific CD8 T cells that is able to sense these reactivation events affects the size of the inflationary T cell pool. In the following, we will discuss factors that either promote or limit T cell inflation from both the virus and host perspective. These factors mostly operate by influencing the amount of available antigen or by affecting the T cell pool that is able to respond to the antigen. Furthermore, we will discuss the recent use of CMV-based vaccines in pre-clinical experimental settings, where these vectors have shown promising results by inducing prolonged effector memory T cell responses to foreign-introduced epitopes and thereby provided protection from subsequent virus or tumour challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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38
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Lin S, Wu H, Wang C, Xiao Z, Xu F. Regulatory T Cells and Acute Lung Injury: Cytokines, Uncontrolled Inflammation, and Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1545. [PMID: 30038616 PMCID: PMC6046379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury (ALI) was described in 1967. The uncontrolled inflammation is a central issue of the syndrome. The regulatory T cells (Tregs), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells. Tregs indirectly limits immune inflammation-inflicted tissue damage by employing multiple mechanisms and creating the appropriate immune environment for successful tissue repair. And it plays a central role in the resolution of ALI. Accordingly, for this review, we will focus on Treg populations which are critical for inflammatory immunity of ALI, and the effect of interaction between Treg subsets and cytokines on ALI. And then explore the possibility of cytokines as beneficial factors in inflammation resolution of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Lin
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Chuanjiang Wang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhibo Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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39
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Cicin-Sain L, Arens R. Exhaustion and Inflation at Antipodes of T Cell Responses to Chronic Virus Infection. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:498-509. [PMID: 29249600 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Viruses that have coevolved with their host establish chronic infections that are well tolerated by the host. Other viruses, that are partly adapted to their host, may induce chronic infections where persistent replication and viral antigen expression occur. The former induce highly functional and resilient CD8T cell responses called memory inflation. The latter induce dysfunctional and exhausted responses. The reasons compelling T cell responses towards inflationary or exhausted responses are only partly understood. In this review we compare the two conditions and describe mechanistic similarities and differences. We also provide a list of potential reasons why exhaustion or inflation occur in different virus infections. We propose that T cell-mediated transcriptional repression of viral gene expression provides a critical feature of inflation that allows peaceful virus and host coexistence. The virus is controlled, but its genome is not eradicated. If this mechanism is not available, as in the case of RNA viruses, the virus and the host are compelled to an arms race. If virus proliferation and spread proceed uncontrolled for too long, T cells are forced to strike a balance between viral control and tissue destruction, losing antiviral potency and facilitating virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Virology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover/Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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