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Ten Hoeve AL, Rodriguez ME, Säflund M, Michel V, Magimel L, Ripoll A, Yu T, Hakimi MA, Saeij JPJ, Ozata DM, Barragan A. Hypermigration of macrophages through the concerted action of GRA effectors on NF-κB/p38 signaling and host chromatin accessibility potentiates Toxoplasma dissemination. mBio 2024:e0214024. [PMID: 39207098 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02140-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes facilitate the dissemination of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Here, we report how a set of secreted parasite effector proteins from dense granule organelles (GRA) orchestrates dendritic cell-like chemotactic and pro-inflammatory activation of parasitized macrophages. These effects enabled efficient dissemination of the type II T. gondii lineage, a highly prevalent genotype in humans. We identify novel functions for effectors GRA15 and GRA24 in promoting CCR7-mediated macrophage chemotaxis by acting on NF-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, respectively, with contributions by GRA16/18 and counter-regulation by effector TEEGR. Furthermore, GRA28 boosted chromatin accessibility and GRA15/24/NF-κB-dependent transcription at the Ccr7 gene locus in primary macrophages. In vivo, adoptively transferred macrophages infected with wild-type T. gondii outcompeted macrophages infected with a GRA15/24 double mutant in migrating to secondary organs in mice. The data show that T. gondii, rather than being passively shuttled, actively promotes its dissemination by inducing a finely regulated pro-migratory state in parasitized human and murine phagocytes via co-operating polymorphic GRA effectors. IMPORTANCE Intracellular pathogens can hijack the cellular functions of infected host cells to their advantage, for example, for intracellular survival and dissemination. However, how microbes orchestrate the hijacking of complex cellular processes, such as host cell migration, remains poorly understood. As such, the common parasite Toxoplasma gondii actively invades the immune cells of humans and other vertebrates and modifies their migratory properties. Here, we show that the concerted action of a number of secreted effector proteins from the parasite, principally GRA15 and GRA24, acts on host cell signaling pathways to activate chemotaxis. Furthermore, the protein effector GRA28 selectively acted on chromatin accessibility in the host cell nucleus to selectively boost host gene expression. The joint activities of GRA effectors culminated in pro-migratory signaling within the infected phagocyte. We provide a molecular framework delineating how T. gondii can orchestrate a complex biological phenotype, such as the migratory activation of phagocytes to boost dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne L Ten Hoeve
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matias E Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Säflund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentine Michel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucas Magimel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Ripoll
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tianxiong Yu
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohamed-Ali Hakimi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jeroen P J Saeij
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Deniz M Ozata
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ten Hoeve AL, Rodriguez ME, Säflund M, Michel V, Magimel L, Ripoll A, Yu T, Hakimi MA, Saeij JPJ, Ozata DM, Barragan A. Hypermigration of macrophages through the concerted action of GRA effectors on NF-κB/p38 signaling and host chromatin accessibility potentiates Toxoplasma dissemination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579146. [PMID: 38370679 PMCID: PMC10871220 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes facilitate the dissemination of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Here, we report how a set of secreted parasite effector proteins from dense granule organelles (GRA) orchestrates dendritic cell-like chemotactic and pro-inflammatory activation of parasitized macrophages. These effects enabled efficient dissemination of the type II T. gondii lineage, a highly prevalent genotype in humans. We identify novel functions for effectors GRA15 and GRA24 in promoting CCR7-mediated macrophage chemotaxis by acting on NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, respectively, with contributions of GRA16/18 and counter-regulation by effector TEEGR. Further, GRA28 boosted chromatin accessibility and GRA15/24/NF-κB-dependent transcription at the Ccr7 gene locus in primary macrophages. In vivo, adoptively transferred macrophages infected with wild-type T. gondii outcompeted macrophages infected with a GRA15/24 double mutant in migrating to secondary organs in mice. The data show that T. gondii, rather than being passively shuttled, actively promotes its dissemination by inducing a finely regulated pro-migratory state in parasitized human and murine phagocytes via co-operating polymorphic GRA effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne L Ten Hoeve
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matias E Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Säflund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentine Michel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucas Magimel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Ripoll
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tianxiong Yu
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mohamed-Ali Hakimi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jeroen P J Saeij
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 California, USA
| | - Deniz M Ozata
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ribeiro E. Silva A, Diallo MA, Sausset A, Robert T, Bach S, Bussière FI, Laurent F, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Silvestre A. Overexpression of Eimeria tenella Rhoptry Kinase 2 Induces Early Production of Schizonts. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0013723. [PMID: 37260371 PMCID: PMC10434272 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00137-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is an obligate intracellular parasite responsible for avian coccidiosis. Like other apicomplexan parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii, cell invasion and intracellular development rely on apical organelle content discharge, named micronemes and rhoptries. Some rhoptry (ROP) kinases (ROPK) are key virulence factors in T. gondii. To date, among the 28 ropk genes carried by E. tenella, only two to four were confirmed by proteomic analysis or immunostaining to be expressed at the sporozoite stage. We have previously shown that EtROP1 is implicated in the inhibition of host cell apoptosis by interacting with the cellular p53. This work functionally described the second ROP kinase expressed at the sporozoite stage in E. tenella. EtROP2 is an active kinase that phosphorylates cell substrates of approximately 50 kDa. Its overexpression leads to the shortening of the prepatent period and to the early development of first-generation schizonts. Conduction of RNA sequencing analysis and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) on the host cell allowed us to identify the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the transcription factor cFos to be upregulated by EtROP2. We also showed by immunofluorescence assay that the active kinase EtROP2 is implicated in the p38 MAPK pathway activation. We established here that EtROP2 activates the p38 MAPK pathway through a direct or indirect phosphorylation, leading to the overexpression of the master transcription factor cFos known to be implicated in E. tenella development. IMPORTANCE Rhoptries are specialized secretory organelles found in zoite stages of apicomplexan parasites. In addition to well-conserved rhoptry neck proteins, their protein consists mostly of kinase proteins, highly divergent from eukaryotic kinases. Some of those kinases are described as major virulence factors in Toxoplasma gondii, secreted into the host cell to hijack signaling pathways. Most of those kinases remain to be characterized in Eimeria tenella. Deciphering their cellular function is a prerequisite to supporting their relevance as a druggable target in development of new means of Eimeria tenella control. Secreted divergent kinases that interact with host cell partners to modulate pathways are good candidates, as they coevolve with their host targets to ensure their function within the host and are less prone to mutations that would lead to drug resistance. The absence of any orthologous kinase in host cells makes these parasite kinases a promising drug target candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alix Sausset
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Thomas Robert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR 2424, Plateforme de Criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Stéphane Bach
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR 2424, Plateforme de Criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Hildebrandt F, Mohammed M, Dziedziech A, Bhandage AK, Divne AM, Barrenäs F, Barragan A, Henriksson J, Ankarklev J. scDual-Seq of Toxoplasma gondii-infected mouse BMDCs reveals heterogeneity and differential infection dynamics. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1224591. [PMID: 37575232 PMCID: PMC10415529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells and macrophages are integral parts of the innate immune system and gatekeepers against infection. The protozoan pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii, is known to hijack host immune cells and modulate their immune response, making it a compelling model to study host-pathogen interactions. Here we utilize single cell Dual RNA-seq to parse out heterogeneous transcription of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) infected with two distinct genotypes of T. gondii parasites, over multiple time points post infection. We show that the BMDCs elicit differential responses towards T. gondii infection and that the two parasite lineages distinctly manipulate subpopulations of infected BMDCs. Co-expression networks define host and parasite genes, with implications for modulation of host immunity. Integrative analysis validates previously established immune pathways and additionally, suggests novel candidate genes involved in host-pathogen interactions. Altogether, this study provides a comprehensive resource for characterizing host-pathogen interplay at high-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hildebrandt
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mubasher Mohammed
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexis Dziedziech
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Amol K. Bhandage
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maria Divne
- Microbial Single Cell Genomics Facility, SciLifeLab, Biomedical Center (BMC) Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Barrenäs
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Henriksson
- Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Center for Microbial Research, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Ankarklev
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Microbial Single Cell Genomics Facility, SciLifeLab, Biomedical Center (BMC) Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Filippini L, Ortner NJ, Kaserer T, Striessnig J. Ca v 1.3-selective inhibitors of voltage-gated L-type Ca 2+ channels: Fact or (still) fiction? Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1289-1303. [PMID: 36788128 PMCID: PMC10953394 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ -channels (LTCCs) are the target of Ca2+ -channel blockers (CCBs), which are in clinical use for the evidence-based treatment of hypertension and angina. Their cardiovascular effects are largely mediated by the Cav 1.2-subtype. However, based on our current understanding of their physiological and pathophysiological roles, Cav 1.3 LTCCs also appear as attractive drug targets for the therapy of various diseases, including treatment-resistant hypertension, spasticity after spinal cord injury and neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. Since CCBs inhibit both Cav 1.2 and Cav 1.3, Cav 1.3-selective inhibitors would be valuable tools to validate the therapeutic potential of Cav 1.3 channel inhibition in preclinical models. Despite a number of publications reporting the discovery of Cav 1.3-selective blockers, their selectivity remains controversial. We conclude that at present no pharmacological tools exist that are suitable to confirm or refute a role of Cav 1.3 channels in cellular responses. We also suggest essential criteria for a small molecule to be considered Cav 1.3-selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Filippini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of PharmacyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Nadine J. Ortner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of PharmacyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Jörg Striessnig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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Benson LN, Guo Y, Deck K, Mora C, Liu Y, Mu S. The link between immunity and hypertension in the kidney and heart. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1129384. [PMID: 36970367 PMCID: PMC10034415 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1129384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the primary cause of cardiovascular disease, which is a leading killer worldwide. Despite the prevalence of this non-communicable disease, still between 90% and 95% of cases are of unknown or multivariate cause ("essential hypertension"). Current therapeutic options focus primarily on lowering blood pressure through decreasing peripheral resistance or reducing fluid volume, but fewer than half of hypertensive patients can reach blood pressure control. Hence, identifying unknown mechanisms causing essential hypertension and designing new treatment accordingly are critically needed for improving public health. In recent years, the immune system has been increasingly implicated in contributing to a plethora of cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have demonstrated the critical role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of hypertension, particularly through pro-inflammatory mechanisms within the kidney and heart, which, eventually, drive a myriad of renal and cardiovascular diseases. However, the precise mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets remain largely unknown. Therefore, identifying which immune players are contributing to local inflammation and characterizing pro-inflammatory molecules and mechanisms involved will provide promising new therapeutic targets that could lower blood pressure and prevent progression from hypertension into renal or cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance N. Benson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
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Secreted immune metabolites that mediate immune cell communication and function. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:990-1005. [PMID: 36347788 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites are emerging as essential factors for the immune system that are involved in both metabolic circuits and signaling cascades. Accumulated evidence suggests that altered metabolic programs initiated by the activation and maturation of immune cell types are accompanied by the delivery of various metabolites into the local environment. We propose that, in addition to protein/peptide ligands, secreted immune metabolites (SIMets) are essential components of immune communication networks that fine-tune immune responses under homeostatic and pathological conditions. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of SIMets and discuss the potential mechanisms by which some metabolites engage in immunological responses through receptor-, transporter-, and post-translational-mediated regulation. These insights may contribute to understanding physiology and developing effective therapeutics for inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases.
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Ten Hoeve AL, Braun L, Rodriguez ME, Olivera GC, Bougdour A, Belmudes L, Couté Y, Saeij JPJ, Hakimi MA, Barragan A. The Toxoplasma effector GRA28 promotes parasite dissemination by inducing dendritic cell-like migratory properties in infected macrophages. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1570-1588.e7. [PMID: 36309013 PMCID: PMC9710525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Upon pathogen detection, macrophages normally stay sessile in tissues while dendritic cells (DCs) migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues. The obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii exploits the trafficking of mononuclear phagocytes for dissemination via unclear mechanisms. We report that, upon T. gondii infection, macrophages initiate the expression of transcription factors normally attributed to DCs, upregulate CCR7 expression with a chemotactic response, and perform systemic migration when adoptively transferred into mice. We show that parasite effector GRA28, released by the MYR1 secretory pathway, cooperates with host chromatin remodelers in the host cell nucleus to drive the chemotactic migration of parasitized macrophages. During in vivo challenge studies, bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with wild-type T. gondii outcompeted those challenged with MYR1- or GRA28-deficient strains in migrating and reaching secondary organs. This work reveals how an intracellular parasite hijacks chemotaxis in phagocytes and highlights a remarkable migratory plasticity in differentiated cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne L Ten Hoeve
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurence Braun
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Matias E Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriela C Olivera
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandre Bougdour
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UMR BioSanté U1292, CNRS, CEA, FR2048, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UMR BioSanté U1292, CNRS, CEA, FR2048, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jeroen P J Saeij
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mohamed-Ali Hakimi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Voldřich J, Matoušová M, Šmídková M, Slavíková B, Chodounská H, Kudová E, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H. Identification of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists using the rat postnatal mixed cortical and hippocampal neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 927:175056. [PMID: 35636520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate mixed cortical and hippocampal primary rat postnatal neuronal culture as in vitro tool for identification of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists and to find out, whether this model is comparable with other commonly used primary rat neuronal models differing in their origin (pure cortical vs. mixed cortical and hippocampal) and differentiation state (embryonal vs. postnatal). Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) - derived human glutamatergic neurons have been included in this study as well. First, the cultures were characterized by their neuron/astrocyte composition, the mRNA expression of NR2B/NR2A NMDAR subunit ratios, and the expression of glutamate transporters (GLT1, GLAST). Then, selected endogenous steroids and synthetic neuroactive steroids that have been previously identified as negative allosteric modulators of recombinant GluN1/GluN2B NMDA receptors, were evaluated for their ability to prevent an NMDA or glutamate-induced Ca2+ influx (acute effect) and excitotoxicity over 24 h. Though the neuroprotective potential against excitotoxic stimuli varied among the models studied, postnatal mixed cortical and hippocampal culture proved to be a convenient and robust tool for NMDAR antagonist screening. The most widely used embryonal (E18) cultures offered higher cell yields but at the expense of a higher sensitivity to compounds' cytotoxicity. iPSC-derived neurons were not found to be superior to rat cultures for screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Voldřich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marika Matoušová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Slavíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Chodounská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic.
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Britten NS, Butler JA. Ruthenium metallotherapeutics: novel approaches to combatting parasitic infections. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5159-5178. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220401105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human parasitic infections cause a combined global mortality rate of over one million people per annum and represent some of the most challenging diseases for medical intervention. Current chemotherapeutic strategies often require prolonged treatment, coupled with subsequent drug-induced cytotoxic morbidity to the host, while resistance generation is also a major concern. Metals have been used extensively throughout the history of medicine, with more recent applications as anticancer and antimicrobial agents. Ruthenium metallotherapeutic antiparasitic agents are highly effective at targeting a range of key parasites, including the causative agents of malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis and other orphan diseases, while demonstrating lower cytotoxicity profiles than current treatment strategies. Generally, such compounds also demonstrate activity against multiple cellular target sites within parasites, including inhibition of enzyme function, cell membrane perturbation, and alterations to metabolic pathways, therefore reducing the opportunity for resistance generation. This review provides a comprehensive and subjective analysis of the rapidly developing area of ruthenium metal-based antiparasitic chemotherapeutics, in the context of rational drug design and potential clinical approaches to combatting human parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Britten
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. Butler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Nugraha RYB, Jeelani G, Nozaki T. Physiological roles and metabolism of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in parasitic protozoa. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:462-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tan S, Tong WH, Vyas A. Impact of Plant-Based Foods and Nutraceuticals on Toxoplasma gondii Cysts: Nutritional Therapy as a Viable Approach for Managing Chronic Brain Toxoplasmosis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:827286. [PMID: 35284438 PMCID: PMC8914227 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.827286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that mainly infects warm-blooded animals including humans. T. gondii can encyst and persist chronically in the brain, leading to a broad spectrum of neurological sequelae. Despite the associated health threats, no clinical drug is currently available to eliminate T. gondii cysts. In a continuous effort to uncover novel therapeutic agents for these cysts, the potential of nutritional products has been explored. Herein, we describe findings from in vitro and in vivo studies that support the efficacy of plant-based foods and nutraceuticals against brain cyst burden and cerebral pathologies associated with chronic toxoplasmosis. Finally, we discuss strategies to increase the translatability of preclinical studies and nutritional products to address whether nutritional therapy can be beneficial for coping with chronic T. gondii infections in humans.
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Yin K, Xu C, Zhao G, Xie H. Epigenetic Manipulation of Psychiatric Behavioral Disorders Induced by Toxoplasma gondii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:803502. [PMID: 35237531 PMCID: PMC8882818 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.803502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is known to have a complex life cycle and infect almost all kinds of warm-blooded animals around the world. The brain of the host could be persistently infected by cerebral cysts, and a variety of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and suicide have been reported to be related with latent toxoplasmosis. The infected animals showed fear reduction and a tendency to be preyed upon. However, the mechanism of this “parasites manipulation” effects have not been elucidated. Here, we reviewed the recent infection prevalence of toxoplasmosis and the evidence of mental and behavioral disorders induced by T. gondii and discussed the related physiological basis including dopamine dysregulation and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathway and the controversial opinion of the necessity for cerebral cysts existence. Based on the recent advances, we speculated that the neuroendocrine programs and neurotransmitter imbalance may play a key role in this process. Simultaneously, studies in the evaluation of the expression pattern of related genes, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and mRNAs of the host provides a new point for understanding the mechanism of neurotransmitter dysfunction induced by parasite manipulation. Therefore, we summarized the animal models, T. gondii strains, and behavioral tests used in the related epigenetic studies and the responsible epigenetic processes; pinpointed opportunities and challenges in future research including the causality evidence of human psychiatric disorders, the statistical analysis for rodent-infected host to be more vulnerable preyed upon; and identified responsible genes and drug targets through epigenetics.
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14
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Ross EC, Olivera GC, Barragan A. Early passage of Toxoplasma gondii across the blood–brain barrier. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:450-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Bavo F, de-Jong H, Petersen J, Falk-Petersen CB, Löffler R, Sparrow E, Rostrup F, Eliasen JN, Wilhelmsen KS, Barslund K, Bundgaard C, Nielsen B, Kristiansen U, Wellendorph P, Bogdanov Y, Frølund B. Structure-Activity Studies of 3,9-Diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-Based γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Antagonists with Immunomodulatory Effect. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17795-17812. [PMID: 34908407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 3,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-based compounds 2027 and 018 have previously been reported to be potent competitive γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) antagonists showing low cellular membrane permeability. Given the emerging peripheral application of GABAAR ligands, we hypothesize 2027 analogs as promising lead structures for peripheral GABAAR inhibition. We herein report a study on the structural determinants of 2027 in order to suggest a potential binding mode as a basis for rational design. The study identified the importance of the spirocyclic benzamide, compensating for the conventional acidic moiety, for GABAAR ligands. The structurally simplified m-methylphenyl analog 1e displayed binding affinity in the high-nanomolar range (Ki = 180 nM) and was superior to 2027 and 018 regarding selectivity for the extrasynaptic α4βδ subtype versus the α1- and α2- containing subtypes. Importantly, 1e was shown to efficiently rescue inhibition of T cell proliferation, providing a platform to explore the immunomodulatory potential for this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bavo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heleen de-Jong
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Birkedahl Falk-Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebekka Löffler
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma Sparrow
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Rostrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannik Nicklas Eliasen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine S Wilhelmsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Barslund
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Uffe Kristiansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petrine Wellendorph
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yury Bogdanov
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Bente Frølund
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Olivera GC, Ross EC, Peuckert C, Barragan A. Blood-brain barrier-restricted translocation of Toxoplasma gondii from cortical capillaries. eLife 2021; 10:e69182. [PMID: 34877929 PMCID: PMC8700292 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular barriers of the central nervous system proficiently protect the brain parenchyma from infectious insults. Yet, the single-celled parasite Toxoplasma gondii commonly causes latent cerebral infection in humans and other vertebrates. Here, we addressed the role of the cerebral vasculature in the passage of T. gondii to the brain parenchyma. Shortly after inoculation in mice, parasites mainly localized to cortical capillaries, in preference over post-capillary venules, cortical arterioles or meningeal and choroidal vessels. Early invasion to the parenchyma (days 1-5) occurred in absence of a measurable increase in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, perivascular leukocyte cuffs or hemorrhage. However, sparse focalized permeability elevations were detected adjacently to replicative parasite foci. Further, T. gondii triggered inflammatory responses in cortical microvessels and endothelium. Pro- and anti-inflammatory treatments of mice with LPS and hydrocortisone, respectively, impacted BBB permeability and parasite loads in the brain parenchyma. Finally, pharmacological inhibition or Cre/loxP conditional knockout of endothelial focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a BBB intercellular junction regulator, facilitated parasite translocation to the brain parenchyma. The data reveal that the initial passage of T. gondii to the central nervous system occurs principally across cortical capillaries. The integrity of the microvascular BBB restricts parasite transit, which conversely is exacerbated by the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C Olivera
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Emily C Ross
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Christiane Peuckert
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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17
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Bhandage AK, Friedrich LM, Kanatani S, Jakobsson-Björkén S, Escrig-Larena JI, Wagner AK, Chambers BJ, Barragan A. GABAergic signaling in human and murine NK cells upon challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:617-628. [PMID: 34028876 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hi0720-431r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective cytotoxic and proinflammatory cytokine responses by NK cells impact the outcome of infections by Toxoplasma gondii, a common parasite in humans and other vertebrates. However, T. gondii can also sequester within NK cells and downmodulate their effector functions. Recently, the implication of GABA signaling in infection and inflammation-related responses of mononuclear phagocytes and T cells has become evident. Yet, the role of GABAergic signaling in NK cells has remained unknown. Here, we report that human and murine NK cells synthesize and secrete GABA in response to infection challenge. Parasitized NK cells secreted GABA, whereas activation stimuli, such as IL-12/IL-18 or parasite lysates, failed to induce GABA secretion. GABA secretion by NK cells was associated to a transcriptional up-regulation of GABA synthesis enzymes (glutamate decarboxylases [GAD65/67]) and was abrogated by GAD inhibition. Further, NK cells expressed GABA-A receptor subunits and GABA signaling regulators, with transcriptional modulations taking place upon challenge with T. gondii. Exogenous GABA and GABA-containing supernatants from parasitized dendritic cells (DCs) impacted NK cell function by reducing the degranulation and cytotoxicity of NK cells. Conversely, GABA-containing supernatants from NK cells enhanced the migratory responses of parasitized DCs. This enhanced DC migration was abolished by GABA-A receptor antagonism or GAD inhibition and was reconstituted by exogenous GABA. Jointly, the data show that NK cells are GABAergic cells and that GABA hampers NK cell cytotoxicity in vitro. We hypothesize that GABA secreted by parasitized immune cells modulates the immune responses to T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol K Bhandage
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura M Friedrich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sachie Kanatani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Jakobsson-Björkén
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - J Ignacio Escrig-Larena
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Arnika K Wagner
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedict J Chambers
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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GABAergic signaling by cells of the immune system: more the rule than the exception. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5667-5679. [PMID: 34152447 PMCID: PMC8316187 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is best known as an essential neurotransmitter in the evolved central nervous system (CNS) of vertebrates. However, GABA antedates the development of the CNS as a bioactive molecule in metabolism and stress-coupled responses of prokaryotes, invertebrates and plants. Here, we focus on the emerging findings of GABA signaling in the mammalian immune system. Recent reports show that mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes, for instance dendritic cells, microglia, T cells and NK cells, express a GABAergic signaling machinery. Mounting evidence shows that GABA receptor signaling impacts central immune functions, such as cell migration, cytokine secretion, immune cell activation and cytotoxic responses. Furthermore, the GABAergic signaling machinery of leukocytes is implicated in responses to microbial infection and is co-opted by protozoan parasites for colonization of the host. Peripheral GABA signaling is also implicated in inflammatory conditions and diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer cell metastasis. Adding to its role in neurotransmission, growing evidence shows that the non-proteinogenic amino acid GABA acts as an intercellular signaling molecule in the immune system and, as an interspecies signaling molecule in host–microbe interactions. Altogether, the data raise the assumption of conserved GABA signaling in a broad range of mammalian cells and diversification of function in the immune system.
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19
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Mulas F, Wang X, Song S, Nishanth G, Yi W, Brunn A, Larsen PK, Isermann B, Kalinke U, Barragan A, Naumann M, Deckert M, Schlüter D. The deubiquitinase OTUB1 augments NF-κB-dependent immune responses in dendritic cells in infection and inflammation by stabilizing UBC13. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1512-1527. [PMID: 32024978 PMCID: PMC8167118 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are indispensable for defense against pathogens but may also contribute to immunopathology. Activation of DCs upon the sensing of pathogens by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is largely mediated by pattern recognition receptor/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and depends on the appropriate ubiquitination of the respective signaling molecules. However, the ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes involved and their interactions are only incompletely understood. Here, we reveal that the deubiquitinase OTU domain, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1 (OTUB1) is upregulated in DCs upon murine Toxoplasma gondii infection and lipopolysaccharide challenge. Stimulation of DCs with the TLR11/12 ligand T. gondii profilin and the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide induced an increase in NF-κB activation in OTUB1-competent cells, resulting in elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production, which was also observed upon the specific stimulation of TLR2, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9. Mechanistically, OTUB1 promoted NF-κB activity in DCs by K48-linked deubiquitination and stabilization of the E2-conjugating enzyme UBC13, resulting in increased K63-linked ubiquitination of IRAK1 (IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1) and TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6). Consequently, DC-specific deletion of OTUB1 impaired the production of cytokines, in particular IL-12, by DCs over the first 2 days of T. gondii infection, resulting in the diminished production of protective interferon-γ (IFN-γ) by natural killer cells, impaired control of parasite replication, and, finally, death from chronic T. encephalitis, all of which could be prevented by low-dose IL-12 treatment in the first 3 days of infection. In contrast, impaired OTUB1-deficient DC activation and cytokine production by OTUB1-deficient DCs protected mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced immunopathology. Collectively, these findings identify OTUB1 as a potent novel regulator of DCs during infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Mulas
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Shanshan Song
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gopala Nishanth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wenjing Yi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Brunn
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Larsen
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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20
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Ross EC, Ten Hoeve AL, Barragan A. Integrin-dependent migratory switches regulate the translocation of Toxoplasma-infected dendritic cells across brain endothelial monolayers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5197-5212. [PMID: 34023934 PMCID: PMC8254729 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple cellular processes, such as immune responses and cancer cell metastasis, crucially depend on interconvertible migration modes. However, knowledge is scarce on how infectious agents impact the processes of cell adhesion and migration at restrictive biological barriers. In extracellular matrix, dendritic cells (DCs) infected by the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii undergo mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition (MAT) for rapid integrin-independent migration. Here, in a cellular model of the blood–brain barrier, we report that parasitised DCs adhere to polarised endothelium and shift to integrin-dependent motility, accompanied by elevated transendothelial migration (TEM). Upon contact with endothelium, parasitised DCs dramatically reduced velocities and adhered under both static and shear stress conditions, thereby obliterating the infection-induced amoeboid motility displayed in collagen matrix. The motility of adherent parasitised DCs on endothelial monolayers was restored by blockade of β1 and β2 integrins or ICAM-1, which conversely reduced motility on collagen-coated surfaces. Moreover, parasitised DCs exhibited enhanced translocation across highly polarised primary murine brain endothelial cell monolayers. Blockade of β1, β2 integrins, ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 reduced TEM frequencies. Finally, gene silencing of the pan-integrin-cytoskeleton linker talin (Tln1) or of β1 integrin (Itgb1) in primary DCs resulted in increased motility on endothelium and decreased TEM. Adding to the paradigms of leukocyte diapedesis, the findings provide novel insights in how an intracellular pathogen impacts the migratory plasticity of leukocytes in response to the cellular environment, to promote infection-related dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Ross
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne L Ten Hoeve
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Xia Y, He F, Wu X, Tan B, Chen S, Liao Y, Qi M, Chen S, Peng Y, Yin Y, Ren W. GABA transporter sustains IL-1β production in macrophages. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/15/eabe9274. [PMID: 33827820 PMCID: PMC8026138 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that nervous system governs host immune responses; however, how γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system shapes the function of innate immune cells is poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that GABA transporter (GAT2) modulates the macrophage function. GAT2 deficiency lowers the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in proinflammatory macrophages. Mechanistically, GAT2 deficiency boosts the betaine/S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)/hypoxanthine metabolic pathway to inhibit transcription factor KID3 expression through the increased DNA methylation in its promoter region. KID3 regulates oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) via targeting the expression of OXPHOS-related genes and is also critical for NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1 complex formation. Likewise, GAT2 deficiency attenuates macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses in vivo, including lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis, infection-induced pneumonia, and high-fat diet-induced obesity. Together, we propose that targeting GABAergic system (e.g., GABA transporter) could provide previously unidentified therapeutic opportunities for the macrophage-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bie Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuexia Liao
- College of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ming Qi
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Elsheikha HM, Marra CM, Zhu XQ. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00115-19. [PMID: 33239310 PMCID: PMC7690944 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00115-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is known to infect a considerable number of mammalian and avian species and a substantial proportion of the world's human population. The parasite has an impressive ability to disseminate within the host's body and employs various tactics to overcome the highly regulatory blood-brain barrier and reside in the brain. In healthy individuals, T. gondii infection is largely tolerated without any obvious ill effects. However, primary infection in immunosuppressed patients can result in acute cerebral or systemic disease, and reactivation of latent tissue cysts can lead to a deadly outcome. It is imperative that treatment of life-threatening toxoplasmic encephalitis is timely and effective. Several therapeutic and prophylactic regimens have been used in clinical practice. Current approaches can control infection caused by the invasive and highly proliferative tachyzoites but cannot eliminate the dormant tissue cysts. Adverse events and other limitations are associated with the standard pyrimethamine-based therapy, and effective vaccines are unavailable. In this review, the epidemiology, economic impact, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of cerebral toxoplasmosis are discussed, and critical areas for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Christina M Marra
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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23
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Bhandage AK, Olivera GC, Kanatani S, Thompson E, Loré K, Varas-Godoy M, Barragan A. A motogenic GABAergic system of mononuclear phagocytes facilitates dissemination of coccidian parasites. eLife 2020; 9:60528. [PMID: 33179597 PMCID: PMC7685707 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) serves diverse biological functions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including neurotransmission in vertebrates. Yet, the role of GABA in the immune system has remained elusive. Here, a comprehensive characterization of human and murine myeloid mononuclear phagocytes revealed the presence of a conserved and tightly regulated GABAergic machinery with expression of GABA metabolic enzymes and transporters, GABA-A receptors and regulators, and voltage-dependent calcium channels. Infection challenge with the common coccidian parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum activated GABAergic signaling in phagocytes. Using gene silencing and pharmacological modulators in vitro and in vivo in mice, we identify the functional determinants of GABAergic signaling in parasitized phagocytes and demonstrate a link to calcium responses and migratory activation. The findings reveal a regulatory role for a GABAergic signaling machinery in the host-pathogen interplay between phagocytes and invasive coccidian parasites. The co-option of GABA underlies colonization of the host by a Trojan horse mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol K Bhandage
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriela C Olivera
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sachie Kanatani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Cancer Cell Biology Laboratory, Center for Cell Biology and Biomedicine (CEBICEM), Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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de Campos VS, Calaza KC, Adesse D. Implications of TORCH Diseases in Retinal Development-Special Focus on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:585727. [PMID: 33194824 PMCID: PMC7649341 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.585727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are certain critical periods during pregnancy when the fetus is at high risk for exposure to teratogens. Some microorganisms, including Toxoplasma gondii, are known to exhibit teratogenic effects, interfering with fetal development and causing irreversible disturbances. T. gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite and the etiological agent of Toxoplasmosis, a zoonosis that affects one third of the world's population. Although congenital infection can cause severe fetal damage, the injury extension depends on the gestational period of infection, among other factors, like parasite genotype and host immunity. This parasite invades the Central Nervous System (CNS), forming tissue cysts, and can interfere with neurodevelopment, leading to frequent neurological abnormalities associated with T. gondii infection. Therefore, T. gondii is included in the TORCH complex of infectious diseases that may lead to neurological malformations (Toxoplasmosis, Others, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes). The retina is part of CNS, as it is derived from the diencephalon. Except for astrocytes and microglia, retinal cells originate from multipotent neural progenitors. After cell cycle exit, cells migrate to specific layers, undergo morphological and neurochemical differentiation, form synapses and establish their circuits. The retina is organized in nuclear layers intercalated by plexus, responsible for translating and preprocessing light stimuli and for sending this information to the brain visual nuclei for image perception. Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is a very debilitating condition and may present high severity in areas in which virulent strains are found. However, little is known about the effect of congenital infection on the biology of retinal progenitors/ immature cells and how this infection may affect the development of this tissue. In this context, this study reviews the effects that congenital infections may cause to the developing retina and the cellular and molecular aspects of these diseases, with special focus on congenital OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Souza de Campos
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Retina, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karin C. Calaza
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Retina, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Ortiz-Guerrero G, Gonzalez-Reyes RE, de-la-Torre A, Medina-Rincón G, Nava-Mesa MO. Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration by Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060369. [PMID: 32545619 PMCID: PMC7349234 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite considered one of the most successful pathogens in the world, owing to its ability to produce long-lasting infections and to persist in the central nervous system (CNS) in most warm-blooded animals, including humans. This parasite has a preference to invade neurons and affect the functioning of glial cells. This could lead to neurological and behavioral changes associated with cognitive impairment. Although several studies in humans and animal models have reported controversial results about the relationship between toxoplasmosis and the onset of dementia as a causal factor, two recent meta-analyses have shown a relative association with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. Different authors have found that toxoplasmosis may affect Aβ production in brain areas linked with memory functioning, and can induce a central immune response and neurotransmitter imbalance, which in turn, affect the nervous system microenvironment. In contrast, other studies have revealed a reduction of Aβ plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau protein formation in animal models, which might cause some protective effects. The aim of this article is to summarize and review the newest data in regard to different pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral toxoplasmosis and their relationship with the development of AD and cognitive impairment. All these associations should be investigated further through clinical and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ortiz-Guerrero
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Rodrigo E. Gonzalez-Reyes
- GI en Neurociencias-NeURos, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (R.E.G.-R.); (A.d.-l.-T.); (G.M.-R.)
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- GI en Neurociencias-NeURos, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (R.E.G.-R.); (A.d.-l.-T.); (G.M.-R.)
| | - German Medina-Rincón
- GI en Neurociencias-NeURos, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (R.E.G.-R.); (A.d.-l.-T.); (G.M.-R.)
| | - Mauricio O. Nava-Mesa
- GI en Neurociencias-NeURos, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (R.E.G.-R.); (A.d.-l.-T.); (G.M.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-1-2970200 (ext. 3354); Fax: +571-3440351
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26
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Li ZY, Guo HT, Calderón-Mantilla G, He JJ, Wang JL, Bonev BB, Zhu XQ, Elsheikha HM. Immunostimulatory efficacy and protective potential of putative TgERK7 protein in mice experimentally infected by Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Med Microbiol 2020; 310:151432. [PMID: 32654774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) serve as important determinants of cellular signal transduction pathways, and hence may play important roles during infections. Previous work suggested that putative ERK7 of Toxoplasma gondii is required for efficient intracellular replication of the parasite. However, the antigenic and immunostimulatory properties of TgERK7 protein remain unknown. The objective of this study was to produce a recombinant TgERK7 protein in vitro and to evaluate its effect on the induction of humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses against T. gondii infection in BALB/c mice. Immunization using TgERK7 mixed with Freund's adjuvants significantly increased the ratio of CD3e+CD4+ T/CD3e+CD8a+ T lymphocytes in spleen and elevated serum cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-23, MCP-1, and TNF-α) in immunized mice compared to control mice. On the contrary, immunization did not induce high levels of serum IgG antibodies. Five predicted peptides of TgERK7 were synthesized and conjugated with KLH and used to analyze the antibody specificity in the sera of immunized mice. We detected a progressive increase in the antibody level only against TgERK7 peptide A (DEVDKHVLRKYD). Antibody raised against this peptide significantly decreased intracellular proliferation of T. gondii in vitro, suggesting that peptide A can potentially induce a protective antibody response. We also showed that immunization improved the survival rate of mice challenged with a virulent strain and significantly reduced the parasite cyst burden within the brains of chronically infected mice. Our data show that TgERK7-based immunization induced TgERK7 peptide A-specific immune responses that can impart protective immunity against T. gondii infection. The therapeutic potential of targeting ERK7 signaling pathway for future toxoplasmosis treatment is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541199, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Hai-Ting Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541199, China
| | - Guillermo Calderón-Mantilla
- Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Común, Km. 7, Autopista Norte de Bogotá. Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Jun-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Jin-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Boyan B Bonev
- School of life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
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27
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Ólafsson EB, Barragan A. The unicellular eukaryotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii hijacks the migration machinery of mononuclear phagocytes to promote its dissemination. Biol Cell 2020; 112:239-250. [PMID: 32359185 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan with the ability to infect virtually any type of nucleated cell in warm-blooded vertebrates including humans. Toxoplasma gondii invades immune cells, which the parasite employs as shuttles for dissemination by a Trojan horse mechanism. Recent findings are starting to unveil how this parasite orchestrates the subversion of the migratory functions of parasitised mononuclear phagocytes, especially dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes. Here, we focus on how T. gondii impacts host cell signalling that regulates leukocyte motility and systemic migration in tissues. Shortly after active parasite invasion, DCs undergo mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition and adopt a high-speed amoeboid mode of motility. To trigger migratory activation - termed hypermigratory phenotype - T. gondii induces GABAergic signalling, which results in calcium fluxes mediated by voltage-gated calcium channels in parasitised DCs and brain microglia. Additionally, a TIMP-1-CD63-ITGB1-FAK signalling axis and signalling via the receptor tyrosine kinase MET promotes sustained hypermigration of parasitised DCs. Recent reports show that the activated signalling pathways converge on the small GTPase Ras to activate the MAPK Erk signalling cascade, a central regulator of cell motility. To date, three T. gondii-derived putative effector molecules have been linked to hypermigration: Tg14-3-3, TgWIP and ROP17. Here, we discuss their impact on the hypermigratory phenotype of phagocytes. Altogether, the emerging concept suggests that T. gondii induces metastasis-like migratory properties in parasitised mononuclear phagocytes to promote infection-related dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar B Ólafsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
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28
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Nam JE, Jo SY, Ahn CW, Kim YS. Baicalin attenuates fibrogenic process in human renal proximal tubular cells (HK-2) exposed to diabetic milieu. Life Sci 2020; 254:117742. [PMID: 32360619 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Baicalin, a flavonoid glycoside substance extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has been shown to exhibit multiple therapeutic properties owing to its anti-inflammatory effect. Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, inflammation and oxidative stress, which promote renal fibrosis and kidney failure. Although anti-fibrogenic effects of baicalin in lung and liver have been reported previously, no study has investigated its roles in renal fibrosis. Here, we demonstrated protective effects of baicalin against fibrogenic process in human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) exposed to diabetic milieu. MAIN METHODS To investigate the effects of baicalin on oxidative stress- and inflammation-induced fibrosis in HK-2 cells, protein and gene expressions of NF-κB- and STAT3-associated inflammatory molecules and TGFβ-associated extracellular matrix proteins were examined by western blotting, immunocytochemistry and qRT-PCR. To determine physiological changes of HK-2 exposed to diabetic milieu in response to baicalin, production of cAMP and cGMP and Ca2+ influx were measured. KEY FINDINGS Baicalin attenuated oxidative stress- and inflammation-inudced IκB and JAK2 phosphorylations and, subsequent, NF-κB nuclear translocation and STAT3 phosphorylation. Consequently, it markedly reduced transactivation of NF-κB- and STAT3-associated inflammatory genes such as ICAM1, VCAM1, TGFβ, IL1β and MCP1, and protein expression of TGFβ-associated extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin and collagen IV. These effects are, partially, attributed to its regulatory function of intracellular concentration of Ca2+ via interaction with type A γ-aminobutyric acid receptor. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study which investigated anti-fibrogenic effect of baicalin in human kidney cells, and our results highlight a potential therapeutic application of baicalin for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Nam
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Jo
- Department of Medicine, the Graduate school of Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Woo Ahn
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Sik Kim
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Ólafsson EB, Ten Hoeve AL, Li-Wang X, Westermark L, Varas-Godoy M, Barragan A. Convergent Met and voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel signaling drives hypermigration of Toxoplasma-infected dendritic cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 134:jcs241752. [PMID: 32161101 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras-Erk MAPK signaling controls many of the principal pathways involved in metazoan cell motility, drives metastasis of multiple cancer types and is targeted in chemotherapy. However, its putative roles in immune cell functions or in infections have remained elusive. Here, using primary dendritic cells (DCs) in an infection model with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, we show that two pathways activated by infection converge on Ras-Erk MAPK signaling to promote migration of parasitized DCs. We report that signaling through the receptor tyrosine kinase Met (also known as HGF receptor) contributes to T. gondii-induced DC hypermotility. Furthermore, voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC, subtype CaV1.3) signaling impacted the migratory activation of DCs via calmodulin-calmodulin kinase II. We show that convergent VGCC signaling and Met signaling activate the GTPase Ras to drive Erk1 and Erk2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively) phosphorylation and hypermotility of T. gondii-infected DCs. The data provide a molecular basis for the hypermigratory mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition (MAT) of parasitized DCs. This emerging concept suggests that parasitized DCs acquire metastasis-like migratory properties that promote infection-related dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar B Ólafsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne L Ten Hoeve
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoze Li-Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Westermark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Cancer Cell Biology Laboratory, Center for Cell Biology and Biomedicine (CEBICEM), Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastian, 7620001 Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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In Vivo CRISPR Screen Identifies TgWIP as a Toxoplasma Modulator of Dendritic Cell Migration. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 26:478-492.e8. [PMID: 31600500 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma can reach distant organs, especially the brain, leading to a lifelong chronic phase. However, genes involved in related in vivo processes are currently unknown. Here, we use focused CRISPR libraries to identify Toxoplasma genes that affect in vivo fitness. We focus on TgWIP, whose deletion affects Toxoplasma dissemination to distant organs. We show that TgWIP is secreted into the host cell upon invasion and interacts with the host WAVE regulatory complex and SHP2 phosphatase, both of which regulate actin dynamics. TgWIP affects the morphology of dendritic cells and mediates the dissolution of podosomes, which dendritic cells use to adhere to extracellular matrix. TgWIP enhances the motility and transmigration of parasitized dendritic cells, likely explaining its effect on in vivo fitness. Our results provide a framework for systemic identification of Toxoplasma genes with in vivo effects at the site of infection or on dissemination to distant organs, including the brain.
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31
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Ten Hoeve AL, Hakimi MA, Barragan A. Sustained Egr-1 Response via p38 MAP Kinase Signaling Modulates Early Immune Responses of Dendritic Cells Parasitized by Toxoplasma gondii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:349. [PMID: 31681626 PMCID: PMC6797980 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a response to a diverse array of external stimuli, early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) plays important roles in the transcriptional regulation of inflammation and the cellular immune response. However, a number of intracellular pathogens colonize immune cells and the implication of Egr-1 in the host-pathogen interplay has remained elusive. Here, we have characterized the Egr-1 responses of primary murine and human dendritic cells (DCs) upon challenge with the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. We report that live intracellular parasites induce a sustained high expression of Egr-1 in DCs, different from the immediate-early Egr-1 response to parasite lysates, inactivated parasites or LPS. Moreover, a distinct nuclear localization of elevated amounts of Egr-1 protein was detected in infected DCs, but not in by-stander DCs. The ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway mediated the canonical immediate-early Egr-1 response to soluble antigens in a MyD88/TLR-dependent fashion. In contrast, a non-canonical extended Egr-1 response that relied primarily on p38 MAPK signaling was induced by intracellular parasites and was exhibited similarly by MyD88-deficient and wildtype DCs. The extended phase Egr-1 response was dramatically reduced upon challenge of DCs with T. gondii parasites deficient in GRA24, a secreted p38-interacting protein. Further, Egr-1-silenced primary DCs maintained their migratory responses upon T. gondii challenge. Importantly, Egr-1 silencing led to elevated expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80) in Toxoplasma-infected DCs and in LPS-challenged immature DCs, indicating that Egr-1 responses suppressed maturation of DCs. Moreover, the IL-12 and IL-2 responses of Toxoplasma-challenged DCs were modulated in a GRA24-dependent fashion. Jointly, the data show that the Egr-1 responses of DCs to microbial external stimuli and intracellular stimuli can be selectively mediated by ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK signaling, and that Egr-1 can act as an intrinsic negative modulator of maturation in primary DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne L Ten Hoeve
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohamed-Ali Hakimi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Poncet AF, Blanchard N, Marion S. Toxoplasma and Dendritic Cells: An Intimate Relationship That Deserves Further Scrutiny. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:870-886. [PMID: 31492624 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (Tg), an obligate intracellular parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, infects a wide range of animals, including humans. A hallmark of Tg infection is the subversion of host responses, which is thought to favor parasite persistence and propagation to new hosts. Recently, a variety of parasite-secreted modulatory effectors have been uncovered in fibroblasts and macrophages, but the specific interplay between Tg and dendritic cells (DCs) is just beginning to emerge. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on Tg-DC interactions, including innate recognition, cytokine production, and antigen presentation, and discuss open questions regarding how Tg-secreted effectors may shape DC functions to perturb innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs F Poncet
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France. @inserm.fr
| | - Sabrina Marion
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France. @pasteur-lille.fr
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33
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Drewry LL, Sibley LD. The hitchhiker's guide to parasite dissemination. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13070. [PMID: 31219666 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a parasitic protist that can infect nearly all nucleated cell types and tissues of warm-blooded vertebrate hosts. T. gondii utilises a unique form of gliding motility to cross cellular barriers, enter tissues, and penetrate host cells, thus enhancing spread within an infected host. However, T. gondii also disseminates by hijacking the migratory abilities of infected leukocytes. Traditionally, this process has been viewed as a route to cross biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier. Here, we review recent findings that challenge this view by showing that infection of monocytes downregulates the program of transendothelial migration. Instead, infection by T. gondii enhances Rho-dependent interstitial migration of monocytes and macrophages, which enhances dissemination within tissues. Collectively, the available evidence indicates that T. gondii parasites use multiple means to disseminate within the host, including enhanced motility in tissues and translocation across biological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Drewry
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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34
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García-Sánchez M, Jiménez-Pelayo L, Horcajo P, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Ólafsson EB, Bhandage AK, Barragan A, Werling D, Ortega-Mora LM, Collantes-Fernández E. Differential Responses of Bovine Monocyte-Derived Macrophages to Infection by Neospora caninum Isolates of High and Low Virulence. Front Immunol 2019; 10:915. [PMID: 31114577 PMCID: PMC6503000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum, a protozoan parasite closely related to Toxoplasma gondii, represents one of the main causes of abortion in cattle. Macrophages (MØs) are mediators of the innate immune response against infection and likely one of the first cells encountered by the parasite during the host infection process. In this study, we investigated in vitro how high or low virulent isolates of N. caninum (Nc-Spain7 and Nc-Spain1H, respectively) interact with bovine monocyte-derived MØs and the influence of the isolate virulence on the subsequent cellular response. Both isolates actively invaded, survived and replicated in the MØs. However, Nc-Spain7 showed a higher invasion rate and a replication significantly faster, following an exponential growth model, whereas Nc-Spain1H presented a delayed replication and a lower growth rate without an exponential pattern. N. caninum infection induced a hypermigratory phenotype in bovine MØs that was characterized by enhanced motility and transmigration in vitro and was accompanied by morphological changes and abrogated extracellular matrix degradation. A significantly higher hypermotility was observed with the highly virulent isolate Nc-Spain7. Nc-Spain1H-infected MØs showed elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and IL12p40 expression, which also resulted in increased IFN-γ release by lymphocytes, compared to cells infected with Nc-Spain7. Furthermore, IL-10 was upregulated in MØs infected with both isolates. Infected MØs exhibited lower expression of MHC Class II, CD86, and CD1b molecules than uninfected MØs, with non-significant differences between isolates. This work characterizes for the first time N. caninum replication in bovine monocyte-derived MØs and details isolate-dependent differences in host cell responses to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Sánchez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez-Pelayo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Horcajo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Einar B. Ólafsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amol K. Bhandage
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, United Kingdom
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35
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Kutyrev IA, Franke F, Kurtz J, Scharsack JP. In vitro effects of the neuroactive substances serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid on leucocytes from sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:286-296. [PMID: 30664930 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The majority of parasites have evolved strategies to evade the immune responses of their hosts. Neuroactive substances produced by cestodes are possible candidate molecules for regulating host immune responses. The neurons of helminths can synthesize a wide range of molecules that are identical to the ones functioning in their host organisms, and host lymphocytes have receptors for these neuroactive substances. We hypothesized that in teleost fish, antihelminthic immune responses are regulated via 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, or serotonin) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the present study, we investigated the in vitro influence of serotonin, GABA and Schistocephalus solidus (helminth) antigens on basic characteristics of the three-spined stickleback Schistocephalus solidus cellular immune response. Head kidney leucocytes (HKLs) were analysed by flow cytometry for cell viability and the frequency of leucocyte subsets (the granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio) and by a chemiluminescence assay for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In short-term (2-h) HKL cultures, 5-HT did not change the total numbers of live HKLs, but the production of ROS decreased significantly with all 5-HT concentrations. In long-term (96-h) cultures, high 5-HT concentrations induced a decrease in leucocyte viability. This coincided with elevated ROS production in cultures with all 5-HT concentrations. In short-term (2-h) HKL cultures, GABA did not change the total numbers of live HKLs, but the production of ROS decreased significantly with high (100 nmol L-1) GABA concentrations. In long-term (96-h) cultures, high and medium concentrations of GABA (100 nmol L-1 and 10 nmol L-1) elevated the numbers of live HKLs compared to controls. The granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratios generally increased upon exposure to GABA at all concentrations. All concentrations of GABA alone elevated the ROS production of HKLs compared to controls. In the present work, we showed that the neuroactive substances serotonin and GABA regulate the teleost immune system. Our study supports the hypothesis that these substances might be immunomodulators in tapeworm-fish parasite-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Kutyrev
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoi st. 6, 670047, Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation; Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Frederik Franke
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörn P Scharsack
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Bhandage AK, Kanatani S, Barragan A. Toxoplasma-Induced Hypermigration of Primary Cortical Microglia Implicates GABAergic Signaling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:73. [PMID: 30949457 PMCID: PMC6436526 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread obligate intracellular parasite that causes chronic infection and life-threatening acute infection in the central nervous system. Previous work identified Toxoplasma-infected microglia and astrocytes during reactivated infections in mice, indicating an implication of glial cells in acute toxoplasmic encephalitis. However, the mechanisms leading to the spread of Toxoplasma in the brain parenchyma remain unknown. Here, we report that, shortly after invasion by T. gondii tachyzoites, parasitized microglia, but not parasitized astrocytes, undergo rapid morphological changes and exhibit dramatically enhanced migration in 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional matrix confinements. Interestingly, primary microglia secreted the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the supernatant as a consequence of T. gondii infection but not upon stimulation with LPS or heat-inactivated T. gondii. Further, microglia transcriptionally expressed components of the GABAergic machinery, including GABA-A receptor subunits, regulatory molecules and voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). Further, their transcriptional expression was modulated by challenge with T. gondii. Transcriptional analysis indicated that GABA was synthesized via both, the conventional pathway (glutamate decarboxylases GAD65 and GAD67) and a more recently characterized alternative pathway (aldehyde dehydrogenases ALDH2 and ALDH1a1). Pharmacological inhibitors targeting GABA synthesis, GABA-A receptors, GABA-A regulators and VDCC signaling inhibited Toxoplasma-induced hypermotility of microglia. Altogether, we show that primary microglia express a GABAergic machinery and that T. gondii induces hypermigration of microglia in a GABA-dependent fashion. We hypothesize that migratory activation of parasitized microglia by Toxoplasma may promote parasite dissemination in the brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bhandage AK, Barragan A. Calling in the Ca Valry- Toxoplasma gondii Hijacks GABAergic Signaling and Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channel Signaling for Trojan horse-Mediated Dissemination. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:61. [PMID: 30949456 PMCID: PMC6436472 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are regarded as the gatekeepers of the immune system but can also mediate systemic dissemination of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Here, we review the current knowledge on how T. gondii hijacks the migratory machinery of DCs and microglia. Shortly after active invasion by the parasite, infected cells synthesize and secrete the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and activate GABA-A receptors, which sets on a hypermigratory phenotype in parasitized DCs in vitro and in vivo. The signaling molecule calcium plays a central role for this migratory activation as signal transduction following GABAergic activation is mediated via the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (L-VDCC) subtype Cav1.3. These studies have revealed that DCs possess a GABA/L-VDCC/Cav1.3 motogenic signaling axis that triggers migratory activation upon T. gondii infection. Moreover, GABAergic migration can cooperate with chemotactic responses. Additionally, the parasite-derived protein Tg14-3-3 has been associated with hypermigration of DCs and microglia. We discuss the interference of T. gondii infection with host cell signaling pathways that regulate migration. Altogether, T. gondii hijacks non-canonical signaling pathways in infected immune cells to modulate their migratory properties, and thereby promote its own dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Schlüter D, Barragan A. Advances and Challenges in Understanding Cerebral Toxoplasmosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:242. [PMID: 30873157 PMCID: PMC6401564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasitic pathogen that infects over one third of the global human population. The parasite invades and chronically persists in the central nervous system (CNS) of the infected host. Parasite spread and persistence is intimately linked to an ensuing immune response, which does not only limit parasite-induced damage but also may facilitate dissemination and induce parasite-associated immunopathology. Here, we discuss various aspects of toxoplasmosis where knowledge is scarce or controversial and, the recent advances in the understanding of the delicate interplay of T. gondii with the immune system in experimental and clinical settings. This includes mechanisms for parasite passage from the circulation into the brain parenchyma across the blood-brain barrier during primary acute infection. Later, as chronic latent infection sets in with control of the parasite in the brain parenchyma, the roles of the inflammatory response and of immune cell responses in this phase of the disease are discussed. Additionally, the function of brain resident cell populations is delineated, i.e., how neurons, astrocytes and microglia serve both as target cells for the parasite but also actively contribute to the immune response. As the infection can reactivate in the CNS of immune-compromised individuals, we bring up the immunopathogenesis of reactivated toxoplasmosis, including the special case of congenital CNS manifestations. The relevance, advantages and limitations of rodent infection models for the understanding of human cerebral toxoplasmosis are discussed. Finally, this review pinpoints questions that may represent challenges to experimental and clinical science with respect to improved diagnostics, pharmacological treatments and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schlüter
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ólafsson EB, Ross EC, Varas-Godoy M, Barragan A. TIMP-1 promotes hypermigration of Toxoplasma-infected primary dendritic cells via CD63-ITGB1-FAK signaling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.225193. [PMID: 30635444 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.225193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) exerts pleiotropic effects on cells including conferring metastatic properties to cancer cells. As for metastatic cells, recent paradigms of leukocyte migration attribute important roles to the amoeboid migration mode of dendritic cells (DCs) for rapid locomotion in tissues. However, the role of TIMP-1 in immune cell migration and in the context of infection has not been addressed. We report that, upon challenge with the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, primary DCs secrete TIMP-1 with implications for their migratory properties. Using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) gene silencing approach, we demonstrate that secreted TIMP-1 and its ligand CD63 are required for the onset of hypermotility in DCs challenged with T. gondii Further, gene silencing and antibody blockade of the β1-integrin CD29 (ITGB1) inhibited DC hypermotility, indicating that signal transduction occurred via ITGB1. Finally, gene silencing of the ITGB1-associated focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2), as well as pharmacological antagonism of FAK and associated kinases SRC and PI3K, abrogated hypermotility. The present study identifies a TIMP-1-CD63-ITGB1-FAK signaling axis in primary DCs, which T. gondii hijacks to drive high-speed amoeboid migration of the vehicle cells that facilitate its systemic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar B Ólafsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 09 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emily C Ross
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 09 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, 7620001 Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 09 Stockholm, Sweden
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Tyebji S, Seizova S, Hannan AJ, Tonkin CJ. Toxoplasmosis: A pathway to neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 96:72-92. [PMID: 30476506 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that resides, in a latent form, in the human central nervous system. Infection with Toxoplasma drastically alters the behaviour of rodents and is associated with the incidence of specific neuropsychiatric conditions in humans. But the question remains: how does this pervasive human pathogen alter behaviour of the mammalian host? This fundamental question is receiving increasing attention as it has far reaching public health implications for a parasite that is very common in human populations. Our current understanding centres on neuronal changes that are elicited directly by this intracellular parasite versus indirect changes that occur due to activation of the immune system within the CNS, or a combination of both. In this review, we explore the interactions between Toxoplasma and its host, the proposed mechanisms and consequences on neuronal function and mental health, and discuss Toxoplasma infection as a public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiraz Tyebji
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3052, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Simona Seizova
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3052, Australia.
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Tonkin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3052, Australia.
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41
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D'Elia JA, Weinrauch LA. Calcium Ion Channels: Roles in Infection and Sepsis Mechanisms of Calcium Channel Blocker Benefits in Immunocompromised Patients at Risk for Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2465. [PMID: 30134544 PMCID: PMC6164603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression may occur for a number of reasons related to an individual's frailty, debility, disease or from therapeutic iatrogenic intervention or misadventure. A large percentage of morbidity and mortality in immunodeficient populations is related to an inadequate response to infectious agents with slow response to antibiotics, enhancements of antibiotic resistance in populations, and markedly increased prevalence of acute inflammatory response, septic and infection related death. Given known relationships between intracellular calcium ion concentrations and cytotoxicity and cellular death, we looked at currently available data linking blockade of calcium ion channels and potential decrease in expression of sepsis among immunosuppressed patients. Notable are relationships between calcium, calcium channel, vitamin D mechanisms associated with sepsis and demonstration of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that may utilize channels sensitive to calcium channel blocker. We note that sepsis shock syndrome represents loss of regulation of inflammatory response to infection and that vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor, and klotho interact with sepsis defense mechanisms in which movement of calcium and phosphorus are part of the process. Given these observations we consider that further investigation of the effect of relatively inexpensive calcium channel blockade agents of infections in immunosuppressed populations might be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A D'Elia
- E P Joslin Research Laboratory, Kidney and Hypertension Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston and Cambridge, 521 Mount Auburn Street Watertown, MA 02472, USA. jd'
| | - Larry A Weinrauch
- E P Joslin Research Laboratory, Kidney and Hypertension Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston and Cambridge, 521 Mount Auburn Street Watertown, MA 02472, USA.
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Sáez PJ, Sáez JC, Lennon-Duménil AM, Vargas P. Role of calcium permeable channels in dendritic cell migration. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 52:74-80. [PMID: 29715579 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is an essential second messenger involved in multiple cellular and subcellular processes. Ca2+ can be released and sensed globally or locally within cells, providing complex signals of variable amplitudes and time-scales. The key function of Ca2+ in the regulation of acto-myosin contractility has provided a simple explanation for its role in the regulation of immune cell migration. However, many questions remain, including the identity of the Ca2+ stores, channels and upstream signals involved in this process. Here, we focus on dendritic cells (DCs), because their immune sentinel function heavily relies on their capacity to migrate within tissues and later on between tissues and lymphoid organs. Deciphering the mechanisms by which cytoplasmic Ca2+ regulate DC migration should shed light on their role in initiating and tuning immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J Sáez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005, France; Instittut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005, France.
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago 6513677, Chile; Instituto Milenio, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360103, Chile
| | | | - Pablo Vargas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, F-75005, France; Instittut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005, France.
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