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King HAD, Lewin SR. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in infectious disease. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39248154 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Following success in cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint blockade is emerging as an exciting potential treatment for some infectious diseases, specifically two chronic viral infections, HIV and hepatitis B. Here, we will discuss the function of immune checkpoints, their role in infectious disease pathology, and the ability of immune checkpoint blockade to reinvigorate the immune response. We focus on blockade of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) to induce durable immune-mediated control of HIV, given that anti-PD-1 can restore function to exhausted HIV-specific T cells and also reverse HIV latency, a long-lived form of viral infection. We highlight several key studies and future directions of research in relation to anti-PD-1 and HIV persistence from our group, including the impact of immune checkpoint blockade on the establishment (AIDS, 2018, 32, 1491), maintenance (PLoS Pathog, 2016, 12, e1005761; J Infect Dis, 2017, 215, 911; Cell Rep Med, 2022, 3, 100766) and reversal of HIV latency (Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 814; J Immunol, 2020, 204, 1242), enhancement of HIV-specific T cell function (J Immunol, 2022, 208, 54; iScience, 2023, 26, 108165), and investigating the effects of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 in vivo in people with HIV on ART with cancer (Sci Transl Med, 2022, 14, eabl3836; AIDS, 2021, 35, 1631; Clin Infect Dis, 2021, 73, e1973). Our future work will focus on the impact of anti-PD-1 in vivo in people with HIV on ART without cancer and potential combinations of anti-PD-1 with other interventions, including therapeutic vaccines or antibodies and less toxic immune checkpoint blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A D King
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Li TW, Park Y, Watters EG, Wang X, Zhou D, Fiches GN, Wu Z, Badley AD, Sacha JB, Ho WZ, Santoso NG, Qi J, Zhu J. KDM5A/B contribute to HIV-1 latent infection and survival of HIV-1 infected cells. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105947. [PMID: 38925368 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART) suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral replication and pathogenesis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. However, HIV-1 remains in the latent stage of infection by suppressing viral transcription, which hinders an HIV-1 cure. One approach for an HIV-1 cure is the "shock and kill" strategy. The strategy focuses on reactivating latent HIV-1, inducing the viral cytopathic effect and facilitating the immune clearance for the elimination of latent HIV-1 reservoirs. Here, we reported that the H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3)-specific demethylase KDM5A/B play a role in suppressing HIV-1 Tat/LTR-mediated viral transcription in HIV-1 latent cells. Furthermore, we evaluated the potential of KDM5-specific inhibitor JQKD82 as an HIV-1 "shock and kill" agent. Our results showed that JQKD82 increases the H3K4me3 level at HIV-1 5' LTR promoter regions, HIV-1 reactivation, and the cytopathic effects in an HIV-1-latent T cell model. In addition, we identified that the combination of JQKD82 and AZD5582, a non-canonical NF-κB activator, generates a synergistic impact on inducing HIV-1 lytic reactivation and cell death in the T cell. The latency-reversing potency of the JQKD82 and AZD5582 pair was also confirmed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from HIV-1 aviremic patients and in an HIV-1 latent monocyte. In latently infected microglia (HC69) of the brain, either deletion or inhibition of KDM5A/B results in a reversal of the HIV-1 latency. Overall, we concluded that KDM5A/B function as a host repressor of the HIV-1 lytic reactivation and thus promote the latency and the survival of HIV-1 infected reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Wei Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Youngmin Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Emily G Watters
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Guillaume N Fiches
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Netty G Santoso
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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3
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Solis-Leal A, Boby N, Mallick S, Cheng Y, Wu F, De La Torre G, Dufour J, Alvarez X, Shivanna V, Liu Y, Fennessey CM, Lifson JD, Li Q, Keele BF, Ling B. Lymphoid tissues contribute to plasma viral clonotypes early after antiretroviral therapy interruption in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadi9867. [PMID: 38091409 PMCID: PMC11244655 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi9867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The rebound-competent viral reservoir, composed of a virus that is able to persist during antiretroviral therapy (ART) and mediate reactivation of systemic viral replication and rebound viremia after ART interruption (ATI), remains the biggest obstacle to treating HIV infection. A better understanding of the cellular and tissue origins and the dynamics of viral populations that initiate rebound upon ATI could help develop therapeutic strategies for reducing the rebound-competent viral reservoir. In this study, barcoded simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), SIVmac239M, was used to infect rhesus macaques to enable monitoring of viral barcode clonotypes contributing to virus detectable in plasma after ATI. Blood and tissues from secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and inguinal lymph nodes) and from the colon, ileum, lung, liver, and brain were analyzed using viral barcode sequencing, intact proviral DNA assay, single-cell RNA sequencing, and combined CODEX and RNAscope in situ hybridization. Four of seven animals had viral barcodes detectable by deep sequencing of plasma at necropsy, although plasma viral RNA remained below 22 copies per milliliter. Among the tissues studied, mesenteric lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes, and spleen contained viral barcodes detected in plasma. CD4+ T cells were the main cell type harboring viral RNA after ATI. Furthermore, T cell zones in lymphoid tissues showed higher viral RNA abundance than B cell zones for most animals. These findings are consistent with lymphoid tissues contributing to the virus present in plasma early after ATI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Solis-Leal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Nongthombam Boby
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Suvadip Mallick
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Yilun Cheng
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1400 R St, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Fei Wu
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Grey De La Torre
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jason Dufour
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Rd, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Yaozhong Liu
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1400 R St, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Binhua Ling
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
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4
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Banga R, Procopio FA, Lana E, Gladkov GT, Roseto I, Parsons EM, Lian X, Armani-Tourret M, Bellefroid M, Gao C, Kauzlaric A, Foglierini M, Alfageme-Abello O, Sluka SHM, Munoz O, Mastrangelo A, Fenwick C, Muller Y, Mkindi CG, Daubenberger C, Cavassini M, Trunfio R, Déglise S, Corpataux JM, Delorenzi M, Lichterfeld M, Pantaleo G, Perreau M. Lymph node dendritic cells harbor inducible replication-competent HIV despite years of suppressive ART. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1714-1731.e9. [PMID: 37751747 PMCID: PMC11068440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Although gut and lymph node (LN) memory CD4 T cells represent major HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) tissue reservoirs, the study of the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in HIV persistence has long been limited to the blood due to difficulties to access lymphoid tissue samples. In this study, we show that LN migratory and resident DC subpopulations harbor distinct phenotypic and transcriptomic profiles. Interestingly, both LN DC subpopulations contain HIV intact provirus and inducible replication-competent HIV despite the expression of the antiviral restriction factor SAMHD1. Notably, LN DC subpopulations isolated from HIV-infected individuals treated for up to 14 years are transcriptionally silent but harbor replication-competent virus that can be induced upon TLR7/8 stimulation. Taken together, these results uncover a potential important contribution of LN DCs to HIV infection in the presence of ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhima Banga
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Andrea Procopio
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erica Lana
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Elizabeth M Parsons
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Lian
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Annamaria Kauzlaric
- Translational Bioinformatics and Statistics Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne Swiss Cancer Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Foglierini
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Alfageme-Abello
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susanna H M Sluka
- Newborn Screening Switzerland, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Munoz
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Mastrangelo
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Craig Fenwick
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Muller
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Gerald Mkindi
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Services of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Trunfio
- Services of Vascular Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Déglise
- Services of Vascular Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Corpataux
- Services of Vascular Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Translational Bioinformatics and Statistics Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne Swiss Cancer Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Gutierrez-Hoffmann M, Fan J, O’Meally RN, Cole RN, Florea L, Antonescu C, Talbot CC, Tiniakou E, Darrah E, Soloski MJ. The Interaction of Borrelia burgdorferi with Human Dendritic Cells: Functional Implications. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:612-625. [PMID: 37405694 PMCID: PMC10527078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses by serving as sensors of infection and as the primary APCs responsible for the initiation of the T cell response against invading pathogens. The naive T cell activation requires the following three key signals to be delivered from dendritic cells: engagement of the TCR by peptide Ags bound to MHC molecules (signal 1), engagement of costimulatory molecules on both cell types (signal 2), and expression of polarizing cytokines (signal 3). Initial interactions between Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, and dendritic cells remain largely unexplored. To address this gap in knowledge, we cultured live B. burgdorferi with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs) from healthy donors to examine the bacterial immunopeptidome associated with HLA-DR. In parallel, we examined changes in the expression of key costimulatory and regulatory molecules as well as profiled the cytokines released by dendritic cells when exposed to live spirochetes. RNA-sequencing studies on B. burgdorferi-pulsed dendritic cells show a unique gene expression signature associated with B. burgdorferi stimulation that differs from stimulation with lipoteichoic acid, a TLR2 agonist. These studies revealed that exposure of mo-DCs to live B. burgdorferi drives the expression of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as immunoregulatory molecules (e.g., PD-L1, IDO1, Tim3). Collectively, these studies indicate that the interaction of live B. burgdorferi with mo-DCs promotes a unique mature DC phenotype that likely impacts the nature of the adaptive T cell response generated in human Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gutierrez-Hoffmann
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jinshui Fan
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Robert N. O’Meally
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility,
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility,
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Liliana Florea
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins
University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Corina Antonescu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins
University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - C. Conover Talbot
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns
Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eleni Tiniakou
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Erika Darrah
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mark J. Soloski
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Effective innate immune response in natural HIV-1 controllers. Can mimicking lead to novel preventive and cure strategies against HIV-1? Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:308-314. [PMID: 35938465 PMCID: PMC9415221 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-1 controller individuals represents a model that can be useful for the development of novel vaccines and therapies. Initial studies pointed to the involvement of improved adaptive immunity, however, new emerging evidence suggests the contribution of innate cells to effective antiviral responses in spontaneous controllers. Therefore, understanding the alterations on innate cell subsets might be crucial to develop new effective therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Among different innate immune cells, dendritic cell (DC) and natural killer (NK) cell are essential for effective antiviral responses. DC from controllers display improved innate detection of HIV-1 transcripts, higher induction of interferons, higher antigen presenting capacities and increased metabolism and higher capacities to induce polyfunctional CD8+ T-cell responses. Such properties have been mimicked by Toll-like receptor ligands and applied to DC-based immunotherapies in humans and in animal models. NK cells from controllers display higher expression of activating receptors promoting increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural cytotoxicity activities. Neutralizing antibodies in combination with interleukin-15 superagonist or interferon-α can increase ADCC and cytotoxicity in NK cells from HIV-1 progressors. SUMMARY Mimicking DC and NK cell innate profiles in controllers has become a promising strategy to step forward a novel efficient immunotherapy against the HIV-1 infection.
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Active PD-L1 incorporation within HIV virions functionally impairs T follicular helper cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010673. [PMID: 35788752 PMCID: PMC9286290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs) during HIV infection is classically attributed to an inadequate B-cell help brought by functionally impaired T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. However, the determinants of Tfh-cell functional impairment and the signals contributing to this condition remain elusive. In the present study, we showed that PD-L1 is incorporated within HIV virions through an active mechanism involving p17 HIV matrix protein. We subsequently showed that in vitro produced PD-L1high but not PD-L1low HIV virions, significantly reduced Tfh-cell proliferation and IL-21 production, ultimately leading to a decreased of IgG1 secretion from GC B cells. Interestingly, Tfh-cell functions were fully restored in presence of anti-PD-L1/2 blocking mAbs treatment, demonstrating that the incorporated PD-L1 proteins were functionally active. Taken together, the present study unveils an immunovirological mechanism by which HIV specifically exploits the regulatory potential of PD-L1 to suppress the immune system during the course of HIV infection. During HIV infection, the development of effective BnAbs remains a rare phenomenon, occurring in only 15–20% of HIV-infected individuals after years of infection. Although multiple mechanisms may be involved, recent studies have suggested that functional impairment of Tfh cells, through immune checkpoint (IC)/IC-Ligand (IC-L) interactions, may lead to a decrease in B-cell help leading to low BnAbs production. Our laboratory recently showed that PD-L1 was predominantly expressed on lymph node (LN) migratory dendritic cells located predominantly in extra-follicular areas, implying that the source of IC-L contributing to Tfh-cell functional impairment may be independent of cellular expression of IC-L. These observations prompted us to investigate the potential contribution of IC-L incorporated within HIV virion envelope to Tfh-cell functional impairment. We subsequently demonstrated that PD-L1 was incorporated into a large fraction of HIV virions in the plasma of viremic HIV-infected individuals. Interestingly, PD-L1 remains active when incorporated into HIV virions envelope and could impaired Tfh-cell proliferation, resulting in decreased IgG1 production by B cells in vitro. These findings demonstrate an unsuspected mechanism contributing to the regulation of Tfh-cell function, which may contribute to the low production of BnAbs by B cells during HIV infection.
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8
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Calvet-Mirabent M, Sánchez-Cerrillo I, Martín-Cófreces N, Martínez-Fleta P, de la Fuente H, Tsukalov I, Delgado-Arévalo C, Calzada MJ, de Los Santos I, Sanz J, García-Fraile L, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alfranca A, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Buzón MJ, Martín-Gayo E. Antiretroviral therapy duration and immunometabolic state determine efficacy of ex vivo dendritic cell-based treatment restoring functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in people living with HIV. EBioMedicine 2022; 81:104090. [PMID: 35665682 PMCID: PMC9301875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has restricted the efficacy of dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapies against HIV-1. Heterogeneous immune exhaustion and metabolic states of CD8+ T cells might differentially associate with dysfunction. However, specific parameters associated to functional restoration of CD8+ T cells after DC treatment have not been investigated. Methods We studied association of restoration of functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses after stimulation with Gag-adjuvant-primed DC with ART duration, exhaustion, metabolic and memory cell subsets profiles. Findings HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses from a larger proportion of PLWH on long-term ART (more than 10 years; LT-ARTp) improved polyfunctionality and capacity to eliminate autologous p24+ infected CD4+ T cells in vitro. In contrast, functional improvement of CD8+ T cells from PLWH on short-term ART (less than a decade; ST-ARTp) after DC treatment was limited. This was associated with lower frequencies of central memory CD8+ T cells, increased co-expression of PD1 and TIGIT and reduced mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis induction upon TCR activation. In contrast, CD8+ T cells from LT-ARTp showed increased frequencies of TIM3+ PD1− cells and preserved induction of glycolysis. Treatment of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells from ST-ARTp with combined anti-PD1 and anti-TIGIT antibodies plus a glycolysis promoting drug restored their ability to eliminate infected CD4+ T cells. Interpretation Together, our study identifies specific immunometabolic parameters for different PLWH subgroups potentially useful for future personalized DC-based HIV-1 vaccines. Funding NIH (R21AI140930), MINECO/FEDER RETOS (RTI2018-097485-A-I00) and CIBERINF grants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sánchez-Cerrillo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Martín-Cófreces
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Delgado-Arévalo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio de Los Santos
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Sanz
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucio García-Fraile
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Immunology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recerca Hospital Univesritari Vall d'Hebrón (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Malatinkova E, Thomas J, De Spiegelaere W, Rutsaert S, Geretti AM, Pollakis G, Paxton WA, Vandekerckhove L, Ruggiero A. Measuring Proviral HIV-1 DNA: Hurdles and Improvements to an Assay Monitoring Integration Events Utilising Human Alu Repeat Sequences. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121410. [PMID: 34947941 PMCID: PMC8706387 DOI: 10.3390/life11121410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated HIV-1 DNA persists despite antiretroviral therapy and can fuel viral rebound following treatment interruption. Hence, methods to specifically measure the integrated HIV-1 DNA portion only are important to monitor the reservoir in eradication trials. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview of the literature on the different approaches used to measure integrated HIV-1 DNA. Further, we propose an implemented standard-curve free assay to quantify integrated HIV-1 DNA, so-called Alu-5LTR PCR, which utilises novel primer combinations. We tested the Alu-5LTR PCR in 20 individuals on suppressive ART for a median of nine years; the results were compared to those produced with the standard-free Alu-gag assay. The numbers of median integrated HIV-1 DNA copies were 5 (range: 1–12) and 14 (5–26) with the Alu-gag and Alu-5LTR, respectively. The ratios between Alu-gag vs Alu-5LTR results were distributed within the cohort as follows: most patients (12/20, 60%) provided ratios between 2–5, with 3/20 (15%) and 5/20 (25%) being below or above this range, respectively. Alu-5LTR assay sensitivity was also determined using an “integrated standard”; the data confirmed the increased sensitivity of the assay, i.e., equal to 0.25 proviruses in 10,000 genomes. This work represents an improvement in the field of measuring proviral HIV-1 DNA that could be employed in future HIV-1 persistence and eradication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Malatinkova
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (E.M.); (S.R.); (L.V.)
| | - Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (J.T.); (G.P.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Laboratory of Veterinary Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, B-9820 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Sofie Rutsaert
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (E.M.); (S.R.); (L.V.)
| | - Anna Maria Geretti
- Fondazione PTV and Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (J.T.); (G.P.); (W.A.P.)
| | - William A. Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (J.T.); (G.P.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (E.M.); (S.R.); (L.V.)
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (J.T.); (G.P.); (W.A.P.)
- Department Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine-University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-802-7190
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10
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Harwood O, O’Connor S. Therapeutic Potential of IL-15 and N-803 in HIV/SIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:1750. [PMID: 34578331 PMCID: PMC8473246 DOI: 10.3390/v13091750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15, a proinflammatory cytokine critical for the generation, maintenance, and homeostasis of T cell responses, is produced naturally in response to HIV/SIV infection, but has also demonstrated therapeutic potential. IL-15 can boost CD4+ and CD8+ T cell and NK cell proliferation, activation, and function. However, IL-15 treatment may cause aberrant immune activation and accelerated disease progression in certain circumstances. Moreover, the relationship between the timing of IL-15 administration and disease progression remains unclear. The IL-15 superagonist N-803 was developed to expand the therapeutic potential of IL-15 by maximizing its tissue distribution and half-life. N-803 has garnered enthusiasm recently as a way to enhance the innate and cellular immune responses to HIV/SIV by improving CD8+ T cell recognition and killing of virus-infected cells and directing immune cells to mucosal sites and lymph nodes, the primary sites of virus replication. N-803 has also been evaluated in "shock and kill" strategies due to its potential to reverse latency (shock) and enhance antiviral immunity (kill). This review examines the current literature about the effects of IL-15 and N-803 on innate and cellular immunity, viral burden, and latency reversal in the context of HIV/SIV, and their therapeutic potential both alone and combined with additional interventions such as antiretroviral therapy (ART) and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelby O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA;
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11
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Castelli V, Lombardi A, Palomba E, Bozzi G, Ungaro R, Alagna L, Mangioni D, Muscatello A, Bandera A, Gori A. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in People Living with HIV/AIDS: Facts and Controversies. Cells 2021; 10:2227. [PMID: 34571876 PMCID: PMC8467545 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are reshaping the landscape of cancer treatment, redefining the prognosis of several tumors. They act by restoring the cytotoxic activity of tumor-specific T lymphocytes that are in a condition of immune exhaustion. The same condition has been widely described in chronic HIV infection. In this review, we dissect the role of ICIs in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHIV). First, we provide an overview of the immunologic scenario. Second, we discuss the possible use of ICIs as adjuvant treatment of HIV to achieve elimination of the viral reservoir. Third, we examine the influence of HIV infection on ICI safety and effectiveness. Finally, we describe how the administration of ICIs impacts opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Castelli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (E.P.); (G.B.); (R.U.); (L.A.); (D.M.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrea Lombardi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (E.P.); (G.B.); (R.U.); (L.A.); (D.M.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Palomba
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (E.P.); (G.B.); (R.U.); (L.A.); (D.M.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Giorgio Bozzi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (E.P.); (G.B.); (R.U.); (L.A.); (D.M.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Riccardo Ungaro
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (E.P.); (G.B.); (R.U.); (L.A.); (D.M.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Laura Alagna
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (E.P.); (G.B.); (R.U.); (L.A.); (D.M.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Davide Mangioni
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (E.P.); (G.B.); (R.U.); (L.A.); (D.M.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Muscatello
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (E.P.); (G.B.); (R.U.); (L.A.); (D.M.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Bandera
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (E.P.); (G.B.); (R.U.); (L.A.); (D.M.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (E.P.); (G.B.); (R.U.); (L.A.); (D.M.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV persists in distinct cellular and anatomical compartments in the body including blood, Central nervous system, and lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes [LNs], gut-associated lymphoid tissue) by diverse mechanisms despite antiretroviral therapy. Within LNs, human and animal studies have highlighted that a specific CD4 T cell subset - called T follicular helper cells locating in B cell follicles is enriched in cells containing replication-competent HIV as compared to extra-follicular CD4 T cells. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to focus on the potential mechanisms allowing HIV to persist within LN microenvironment. RECENT FINDINGS The combination of factors that might be involved in the regulation of HIV persistence within LNs remain to be fully identified but may include - the level of activation, antiretroviral drug concentrations, presence of cytolytic mechanisms and/or regulatory cells, in addition to cell survival and proliferation propensity which would ultimately determine the fate of HIV-infected cells within LN tissue areas. SUMMARY HIV persistence in blood and distinct body compartments despite long-standing and potent therapy is one of the major barriers to a cure. Given that the HIV reservoir is established early and is highly complex based on composition, viral diversity, distribution, replication competence, migration dynamics across the human body and possible compartmentalization in specific tissues, combinatorial therapeutic approaches are needed that may synergize to target multiple viral reservoirs to achieve a cure for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhima Banga
- Divisions of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Akiyama M, Suzuki K, Yoshimoto K, Yasuoka H, Kaneko Y, Takeuchi T. Peripheral TIGIT+ T Follicular Helper Cells That Produce High Levels of Interleukin-21 via OX40 Represent Disease Activity in IgG4-Related Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651357. [PMID: 33936071 PMCID: PMC8079782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Multiple studies suggest that interleukin (IL)-21 plays a pivotal role in the differentiation of B cells and activation of cytotoxic T cells and is involved in the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) is a new marker of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, yet its significance remains unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate whether TIGIT expression could detect high IL-21-producing peripheral Tfh populations and their association with disease activity in IgG4-RD. Methods TIGIT expression in peripheral CD4+T cell subsets was comprehensively analyzed by multi-color flow cytometry. Single cell mapping was performed by t-SNE method, and IL-21 production was compared in TIGIT+ and TIGIT-T cells. The effect of OX40 signal on cytokine expression was analyzed by RNA-sequencing. Clinical significance of TIGIT+ and TIGIT- peripheral T cells was analyzed in active patients with IgG4-RD, both at baseline and after 12 weeks of glucocorticoid treatment. Results Unbiased single cell mapping revealed two high IL-21-producing peripheral T cell populations; TIGIT+ Tfh and TIGIT-T helper cells. OX40 signal was associated with high IL-21 production in TIGIT+ Tfh and TIGIT-T helper cells. IL-21 production in Tfh cells correlated with the proportion of TIGIT+ cells in Tfh cells, serum IgG4 level, and scores of disease activity. Furthermore, the skewing toward peripheral TIGIT+ Tfh cells, particularly TIGIT+Tfh2 subset correlated with disease activity and was corrected by glucocorticoid treatment in IgG4-RD. Conclusions OX40 is associated with high IL-21 production in peripheral TIGIT+ Tfh cells, and the increase in peripheral TIGIT+ Tfh cells reflects disease activity in IgG4-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Akiyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Suzuki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Yoshimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekata Yasuoka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Kaneko
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Horn C, Augustin M, Ercanoglu MS, Heger E, Knops E, Bondet V, Duffy D, Chon SH, Nierhoff D, Oette M, Schäfer H, Vivaldi C, Held K, Anderson J, Geldmacher C, Suárez I, Rybniker J, Klein F, Fätkenheuer G, Müller-Trutwin M, Lehmann C. HIV DNA reservoir and elevated PD-1 expression of CD4 T-cell subsets particularly persist in the terminal ileum of HIV-positive patients despite cART. HIV Med 2021; 22:397-408. [PMID: 33421299 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite its importance as an HIV anatomic sanctuary, little is known about the characteristics of the HIV reservoir in the terminal ileum (TI). In blood, the immune checkpoint inhibitor programmed-death-1 (PD-1) has been linked to the HIV reservoir and T-cell immune dysfunction. We thus evaluated PD-1 expression and cell-associated HIV DNA in memory CD4 T-cell subsets from TI, peripheral blood (PB) and rectum (RE) of untreated and treated HIV-positive patients to identify associations between PD-1 and HIV reservoir in other sites. METHODS Using mononuclear cells from PB, TI and RE of untreated HIV-positive (N = 6), treated (n = 18) HIV-positive and uninfected individuals (n = 16), we identified and sorted distinct memory CD4 T-cell subsets by flow cytometry, quantified their cell-associated HIV DNA using quantitative PCR and assessed PD-1 expression levels using geometric mean fluorescence intensity. Combined HIV-1 RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry was performed on ileal biopsy sections. RESULTS Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated patients with undetectable HIV RNA and significantly lower levels of HIV DNA in PB showed particularly high PD-1 expression in PB and TI, and high HIV DNA levels in TI, irrespective of clinical characteristics. By contrast, in treatment-naïve patients HIV DNA levels in memory CD4 T-cell subsets were high in PB and TI. CONCLUSION Elevated PD-1 expression on memory CD4 T-cells in PB and TI despite treatment points to continuous immune dysfunction and underlines the importance of evaluating immunotherapy in reversing HIV latency and T-cell reconstitution. As HIV DNA particularly persists in TI despite cART, investigating samples from TI is crucial in understanding HIV immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Horn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Cologne, Germany
| | - M Augustin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Cologne, Germany
| | - M S Ercanoglu
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - E Heger
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - E Knops
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - V Bondet
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells Unit, Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - D Duffy
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells Unit, Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - S-H Chon
- Department of General, Visceral Surgery and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - D Nierhoff
- Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Oette
- Clinic for Coloproctology, PanKlinik, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Schäfer
- Clinic for Coloproctology, PanKlinik, Cologne, Germany
| | - C Vivaldi
- Clinic for Coloproctology, PanKlinik, Cologne, Germany
| | - K Held
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - J Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - I Suárez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Rybniker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Cologne, Germany
| | - F Klein
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - G Fätkenheuer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Cologne, Germany
| | - M Müller-Trutwin
- Unité HIV, Inflammation & Persistence, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - C Lehmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Cologne, Germany
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15
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Kuo HH, Banga R, Lee GQ, Gao C, Cavassini M, Corpataux JM, Blackmer JE, zur Wiesch S, Yu XG, Pantaleo G, Perreau M, Lichterfeld M. Blood and Lymph Node Dissemination of Clonal Genome-Intact Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 DNA Sequences During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:655-660. [PMID: 32236405 PMCID: PMC8493664 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of cells with latent human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection are located in lymphoid tissues that are difficult to access. In the current study, we used single-genome near-full-length proviral sequencing to evaluate intact and defective proviruses in blood and lymph node CD4 T cells enriched for specific functional polarizations. We observed minor variations between the frequencies of proviral sequences within individual CD4 T-cell subsets and across tissue compartments. However, we noted multiple clonal clusters of identical intact or defective proviral sequences from distinct compartments and CD4 T-cell subpopulations, suggesting frequent interchanges between viral reservoir cells in blood and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsuan Kuo
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Riddhima Banga
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital,
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guinevere Q Lee
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital,
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Corpataux
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital,
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jane E Blackmer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Xu G Yu
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital,
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital,
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Fenwick C, Joo V, Jacquier P, Noto A, Banga R, Perreau M, Pantaleo G. T-cell exhaustion in HIV infection. Immunol Rev 2020; 292:149-163. [PMID: 31883174 PMCID: PMC7003858 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The T‐cell response is central in the adaptive immune‐mediated elimination of pathogen‐infected and/or cancer cells. This activated T‐cell response can inflict an overwhelming degree of damage to the targeted cells, which in most instances leads to the control and elimination of foreign invaders. However, in conditions of chronic infection, persistent exposure of T cells to high levels of antigen results in a severe T‐cell dysfunctional state called exhaustion. T‐cell exhaustion leads to a suboptimal immune‐mediated control of multiple viral infections including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this review, we will discuss the role of T‐cell exhaustion in HIV disease progression, the long‐term defect of T‐cell function even in aviremic patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), the role of exhaustion‐specific markers in maintaining a reservoir of latently infected cells, and exploiting these markers in HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Fenwick
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Joo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Jacquier
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Noto
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riddhima Banga
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Thomas J, Ruggiero A, Paxton WA, Pollakis G. Measuring the Success of HIV-1 Cure Strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:134. [PMID: 32318356 PMCID: PMC7154081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 eradication strategies aim to achieve viral remission in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The development of an HIV-1 cure remains challenging due to the latent reservoir (LR): long-lived CD4 T cells that harbor transcriptionally silent HIV-1 provirus. The LR is stable despite years of suppressive ART and is the source of rebound viremia following therapy interruption. Cure strategies such as "shock and kill" aim to eliminate or reduce the LR by reversing latency, exposing the infected cells to clearance via the immune response or the viral cytopathic effect. Alternative strategies include therapeutic vaccination, which aims to prime the immune response to facilitate control of the virus in the absence of ART. Despite promising advances, these strategies have been unable to significantly reduce the LR or increase the time to viral rebound but have provided invaluable insight in the field of HIV-1 eradication. The development and assessment of an HIV-1 cure requires robust assays that can measure the LR with sufficient sensitivity to detect changes that may occur following treatment. The viral outgrowth assay (VOA) is considered the gold standard method for LR quantification due to its ability to distinguish intact and defective provirus. However, the VOA is time consuming and resource intensive, therefore several alternative assays have been developed to bridge the gap between practicality and accuracy. Whilst a cure for HIV-1 infection remains elusive, recent advances in our understanding of the LR and methods for its eradication have offered renewed hope regarding achieving ART free viral remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Immune and Infectious Disease Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - William A Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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