1
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Holbert S, Barilleau E, Yan J, Trotereau J, Koczerka M, Charton M, Le Vern Y, Pichon J, Grassl GA, Velge P, Wiedemann A. The Salmonella virulence protein PagN contributes to the advent of a hyper-replicating cytosolic bacterial population. Virulence 2024; 15:2357670. [PMID: 38804638 PMCID: PMC11135831 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2357670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium is an intracellular pathogen that invades and colonizes the intestinal epithelium. Following bacterial invasion, Salmonella is enclosed within a membrane-bound vacuole known as a Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). However, a subset of Salmonella has the capability to prematurely rupture the SCV and escape, resulting in Salmonella hyper-replication within the cytosol of epithelial cells. A recently published RNA-seq study provides an overview of cytosolic and vacuolar upregulated genes and highlights pagN vacuolar upregulation. Here, using transcription kinetics, protein production profile, and immunofluorescence microscopy, we showed that PagN is exclusively produced by Salmonella in SCV. Gentamicin protection and chloroquine resistance assays were performed to demonstrate that deletion of pagN affects Salmonella replication by affecting the cytosolic bacterial population. This study presents the first example of a Salmonella virulence factor expressed within the endocytic compartment, which has a significant impact on the dynamics of Salmonella cytosolic hyper-replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jin Yan
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, ENVT, INRAE, INSERM, Université́ de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China
- Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, China
| | | | | | - Mégane Charton
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
- Service biologie vétérinaire et santé animale, Inovalys, Angers, France
| | - Yves Le Vern
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Agnès Wiedemann
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, ENVT, INRAE, INSERM, Université́ de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
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2
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Wong Z, Ong EBB. Unravelling bacterial virulence factors in yeast: From identification to the elucidation of their mechanisms of action. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:303. [PMID: 38878203 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria employ virulence factors (VF) to establish infection and cause disease in their host. Yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pombe, are useful model organisms to study the functions of bacterial VFs and their interaction with targeted cellular processes because yeast processes and organelle structures are highly conserved and similar to higher eukaryotes. In this review, we describe the principles and applications of the yeast model for the identification and functional characterisation of bacterial VFs to investigate bacterial pathogenesis. The growth inhibition phenotype caused by the heterologous expression of bacterial VFs in yeast is commonly used to identify candidate VFs. Then, subcellular localisation patterns of bacterial VFs can provide further clues about their target molecules and functions during infection. Yeast knockout and overexpression libraries are also used to investigate VF interactions with conserved eukaryotic cell structures (e.g., cytoskeleton and plasma membrane), and cellular processes (e.g., vesicle trafficking, signalling pathways, and programmed cell death). In addition, the yeast growth inhibition phenotype is also useful for screening new drug leads that target and inhibit bacterial VFs. This review provides an updated overview of new tools, principles and applications to study bacterial VFs in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenPei Wong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800 USM, Malaysia
| | - Eugene Boon Beng Ong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800 USM, Malaysia.
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3
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Yu X, Yuan J, Shi L, Dai S, Yue L, Yan M. Necroptosis in bacterial infections. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1394857. [PMID: 38933265 PMCID: PMC11199740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1394857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis, a recently discovered form of cell-programmed death that is distinct from apoptosis, has been confirmed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections in various animal models. Necroptosis is advantageous to the host, but in some cases, it can be detrimental. To understand the impact of necroptosis on the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, we described the roles and molecular mechanisms of necroptosis caused by different bacterial infections in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jin Yuan
- Clinical Laboratory, Puer Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Puer, China
| | - Linxi Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuying Dai
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Yue
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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4
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Bindschedler A, Schmuckli-Maurer J, Buchser S, Fischer TD, Wacker R, Davalan T, Brunner J, Heussler VT. LC3B labeling of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane of Plasmodium berghei liver stage parasites depends on the V-ATPase and ATG16L1. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:1095-1111. [PMID: 38574236 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, undergoes an obligatory stage of intra-hepatic development before initiating a blood-stage infection. Productive invasion of hepatocytes involves the formation of a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) generated by the invagination of the host cell plasma membrane. Surrounded by the PV membrane (PVM), the parasite undergoes extensive replication. During intracellular development in the hepatocyte, the parasites provoke the Plasmodium-associated autophagy-related (PAAR) response. This is characterized by a long-lasting association of the autophagy marker protein, and ATG8 family member, LC3B with the PVM. LC3B localization at the PVM does not follow the canonical autophagy pathway since upstream events specific to canonical autophagy are dispensable. Here, we describe that LC3B localization at the PVM of Plasmodium parasites requires the V-ATPase and its interaction with ATG16L1. The WD40 domain of ATG16L1 is crucial for its recruitment to the PVM. Thus, we provide new mechanistic insight into the previously described PAAR response targeting Plasmodium liver stage parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Bindschedler
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Sophie Buchser
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tara D Fischer
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rahel Wacker
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tim Davalan
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Brunner
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker T Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Schulte M, Grotheer L, Hensel M. Bright individuals: Applications of fluorescent protein-based reporter systems in single-cell cellular microbiology. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:605-617. [PMID: 38234267 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Activation and function of virulence functions of bacterial pathogens are highly dynamic in time and space, and can show considerable heterogeneity between individual cells in pathogen populations. To investigate the complex events in host-pathogen interactions, single cell analyses are required. Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are excellent tools to follow the fate of individual bacterial cells during infection, and can also be deployed to use the pathogen as a sensor for its specific environment in host cells or host organisms. This Resources describes design and applications of dual fluorescence reporters (DFR) in cellular microbiology. DFR feature constitutively expressed FPs for detection of bacterial cells, and FPs expressed by an environmentally regulated promoter for interrogation of niche-specific cues or nutritional parameters. Variations of the basic design allow the generation of DFR that can be used to analyze, on single cell level, bacterial proliferation during infection, subcellular localization of intracellular bacteria, stress response, or persister state. We describe basic considerations for DFR design and review recent applications of DFR in cellular microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schulte
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- CellNanOs-Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Luisa Grotheer
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- CellNanOs-Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Scharte F, Franzkoch R, Hensel M. Flagella-mediated cytosolic motility of Salmonella enterica Paratyphi A aids in evasion of xenophagy but does not impact egress from host cells. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:413-430. [PMID: 37278220 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a common foodborne, facultative intracellular enteropathogen. Typhoidal serovars like Paratyphi A (SPA) are human restricted and cause severe systemic diseases, while many serovars like Typhimurium (STM) have a broad host range, and usually lead to self-limiting gastroenteritis. There are key differences between typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella in pathogenesis, but underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Transcriptomes and phenotypes in epithelial cells revealed induction of motility, flagella and chemotaxis genes for SPA but not STM. SPA exhibited cytosolic motility mediated by flagella. In this study, we applied single-cell microscopy to analyze triggers and cellular consequences of cytosolic motility. Live-cell imaging (LCI) revealed that SPA invades host cells in a highly cooperative manner. Extensive membrane ruffling at invasion sites led to increased membrane damage in nascent Salmonella-containing vacuole, and subsequent cytosolic release. After release into the cytosol, motile bacteria showed the same velocity as under culture conditions in media. Reduced capture of SPA by autophagosomal membranes was observed by LCI and electron microscopy. Prior work showed that SPA does not use flagella-mediated motility for cell exit via the intercellular spread. However, cytosolic motile SPA was invasion-primed if released from host cells. Our results reveal flagella-mediated cytosolic motility as a possible xenophagy evasion mechanism that could drive disease progression and contributes to the dissemination of systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Scharte
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Rico Franzkoch
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Universität Osnabrück, iBiOs-Integrated Bioimaging Facility, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Universität Osnabrück, CellNanOs-Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück, Germany
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7
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Han J, Aljahdali N, Zhao S, Tang H, Harbottle H, Hoffmann M, Frye JG, Foley SL. Infection biology of Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00012023. [PMID: 38415623 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0001-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the USA, with an estimated 95% of salmonellosis cases due to the consumption of contaminated food products. Salmonella can cause several different disease syndromes, with the most common being gastroenteritis, followed by bacteremia and typhoid fever. Among the over 2,600 currently identified serotypes/serovars, some are mostly host-restricted and host-adapted, while the majority of serotypes can infect a broader range of host species and are associated with causing both livestock and human disease. Salmonella serotypes and strains within serovars can vary considerably in the severity of disease that may result from infection, with some serovars that are more highly associated with invasive disease in humans, while others predominantly cause mild gastroenteritis. These observed clinical differences may be caused by the genetic make-up and diversity of the serovars. Salmonella virulence systems are very complex containing several virulence-associated genes with different functions that contribute to its pathogenicity. The different clinical syndromes are associated with unique groups of virulence genes, and strains often differ in the array of virulence traits they display. On the chromosome, virulence genes are often clustered in regions known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), which are scattered throughout different Salmonella genomes and encode factors essential for adhesion, invasion, survival, and replication within the host. Plasmids can also carry various genes that contribute to Salmonella pathogenicity. For example, strains from several serovars associated with significant human disease, including Choleraesuis, Dublin, Enteritidis, Newport, and Typhimurium, can carry virulence plasmids with genes contributing to attachment, immune system evasion, and other roles. The goal of this comprehensive review is to provide key information on the Salmonella virulence, including the contributions of genes encoded in SPIs and plasmids during Salmonella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hailin Tang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Heather Harbottle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Agricutlutral Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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Zhou L, Li Y, You J, Wu C, Zuo L, Chen Y, Kang L, Zhou Z, Huang R, Wu S. Salmonella spvC gene suppresses macrophage/neutrophil antibacterial defense mediated by gasdermin D. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:19-33. [PMID: 38135851 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a representative model organism for investigating host-pathogen interactions. It was reported that S. Typhimurium spvC gene alleviated intestinal inflammation to aggravate systemic infection, while the precise mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the influence of spvC on the antibacterial defense of macrophage/neutrophil mediated by gasdermin D (GSDMD) was investigated. METHODS Mouse macrophage-like cell lines J774A.1 and RAW264.7, neutrophil-like cells derived from HL-60 cells (human promyletic leukemia cell lines) were infected with S. Typhimurium wild type, spvC deletion and complemented strains. Cell death was evaluated by LDH release and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Macrophage pyroptosis and neutrophil NETosis were detected by western blotting, live cell imaging and ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to assess the impact of spvC on macrophage-neutrophil cooperation in macrophage (dTHP-1)-neutrophil (dHL-60) co-culture model pretreated with GSDMD inhibitor disulfiram. Wild-type and Gsdmd-/- C57BL/6J mice were utilized for in vivo assay. The degree of phagocytes infiltration and inflammation were analyzed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Here we find that spvC inhibits pyroptosis in macrophages via Caspase-1/Caspase-11 dependent canonical and non-canonical pathways, and restrains neutrophil extracellular traps extrusion in GSDMD-dependent manner. Moreover, spvC could ameliorate macrophages/neutrophils infiltration and cooperation in the inflammatory response mediated by GSDMD to combat Salmonella infection. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the antibacterial activity of GSDMD in phagocytes and reveal a novel pathogenic mechanism employed by spvC to counteract this host defense, which may shed new light on designing effective therapeutics to control S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Dushu Lake Hospital, Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Experimental Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayi You
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaoyi Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingli Zuo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Kang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Sun X, Yang Y, Meng X, Li J, Liu X, Liu H. PANoptosis: Mechanisms, biology, and role in disease. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:246-262. [PMID: 37823450 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell death can be executed through distinct subroutines. PANoptosis is a unique inflammatory cell death modality involving the interactions between pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, which can be mediated by multifaceted PANoptosome complexes assembled via integrating components from other cell death modalities. There is growing interest in the process and function of PANoptosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that PANoptosis occurs under diverse stimuli, for example, viral or bacterial infection, cytokine storm, and cancer. Given the impact of PANoptosis across the disease spectrum, this review briefly describes the relationships between pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, highlights the key molecules in PANoptosome formation and PANoptosis activation, and outlines the multifaceted roles of PANoptosis in diseases together with a potential for therapeutic targeting. We also discuss important concepts and pressing issues for future PANoptosis research. Improved understanding of PANoptosis and its mechanisms is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Sun
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanpeng Yang
- Cardiac Care Unit, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaona Meng
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huaimin Liu
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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10
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Castanheira S, García-Del Portillo F. Evidence of two differentially regulated elongasomes in Salmonella. Commun Biol 2023; 6:923. [PMID: 37689828 PMCID: PMC10492807 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell shape is genetically inherited by all forms of life. Some unicellular microbes increase niche adaptation altering shape whereas most show invariant morphology. A universal system of peptidoglycan synthases guided by cytoskeletal scaffolds defines bacterial shape. In rod-shaped bacteria, this system consists of two supramolecular complexes, the elongasome and divisome, which insert cell wall material along major and minor axes. Microbes with invariant shape are thought to use a single morphogenetic system irrespective of the occupied niche. Here, we provide evidence for two elongasomes that generate (rod) shape in the same bacterium. This phenomenon was unveiled in Salmonella, a pathogen that switches between extra- and intracellular lifestyles. The two elongasomes can be purified independently, respond to different environmental cues, and are directed by distinct peptidoglycan synthases: the canonical PBP2 and the pathogen-specific homologue PBP2SAL. The PBP2-elongasome responds to neutral pH whereas that directed by PBP2SAL assembles in acidic conditions. Moreover, the PBP2SAL-elongasome moves at a lower speed. Besides Salmonella, other human, animal, and plant pathogens encode alternative PBPs with predicted morphogenetic functions. Therefore, contrasting the view of morphological plasticity facilitating niche adaptation, some pathogens may have acquired alternative systems to preserve their shape in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Castanheira
- Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB)-CSIC, Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Del Portillo
- Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB)-CSIC, Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Boyle KB, Ellison CJ, Elliott PR, Schuschnig M, Grimes K, Dionne MS, Sasakawa C, Munro S, Martens S, Randow F. TECPR1 conjugates LC3 to damaged endomembranes upon detection of sphingomyelin exposure. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113012. [PMID: 37409490 PMCID: PMC10476172 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive bacteria enter the cytosol of host cells through initial uptake into bacteria-containing vacuoles (BCVs) and subsequent rupture of the BCV membrane, thereby exposing to the cytosol intraluminal, otherwise shielded danger signals such as glycans and sphingomyelin. The detection of glycans by galectin-8 triggers anti-bacterial autophagy, but how cells sense and respond to cytosolically exposed sphingomyelin remains unknown. Here, we identify TECPR1 (tectonin beta-propeller repeat containing 1) as a receptor for cytosolically exposed sphingomyelin, which recruits ATG5 into an E3 ligase complex that mediates lipid conjugation of LC3 independently of ATG16L1. TECPR1 binds sphingomyelin through its N-terminal DysF domain (N'DysF), a feature not shared by other mammalian DysF domains. Solving the crystal structure of N'DysF, we identified key residues required for the interaction, including a solvent-exposed tryptophan (W154) essential for binding to sphingomyelin-positive membranes and the conjugation of LC3 to lipids. Specificity of the ATG5/ATG12-E3 ligase responsible for the conjugation of LC3 is therefore conferred by interchangeable receptor subunits, that is, the canonical ATG16L1 and the sphingomyelin-specific TECPR1, in an arrangement reminiscent of certain multi-subunit ubiquitin E3 ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith B Boyle
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid ChemistryMRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Cara J Ellison
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid ChemistryMRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Paul R Elliott
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid ChemistryMRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Martina Schuschnig
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Krista Grimes
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and InfectionImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Marc S Dionne
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and InfectionImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Medical Mycology Research CenterChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- Nippon Institute for Biological ScienceOmeJapan
| | - Sean Munro
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid ChemistryMRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Sascha Martens
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Felix Randow
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid ChemistryMRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's HospitalUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Egan MS, O’Rourke EA, Mageswaran SK, Zuo B, Martynyuk I, Demissie T, Hunter EN, Bass AR, Chang YW, Brodsky IE, Shin S. Inflammasomes primarily restrict cytosolic Salmonella replication within human macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.17.549348. [PMID: 37503120 PMCID: PMC10370064 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.17.549348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a facultative intracellular pathogen that utilizes its type III secretion systems (T3SSs) to inject virulence factors into the host cell and colonize the host. In turn, a subset of cytosolic immune receptors respond to T3SS ligands by forming multimeric signaling complexes called inflammasomes, which activate caspases that induce interleukin-1 (IL-1) family cytokine release and an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. Human macrophages mount a multifaceted inflammasome response to Salmonella infection that ultimately restricts intracellular bacterial replication. However, how inflammasomes restrict Salmonella replication remains unknown. We find that caspase-1 is essential for mediating inflammasome responses to Salmonella and subsequent restriction of bacterial replication within human macrophages, with caspase-4 contributing as well. We also demonstrate that the downstream pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) and ninjurin-1 (NINJ1), a mediator of terminal cell lysis, play a role in controlling Salmonella replication in human macrophages. Notably, in the absence of inflammasome responses, we observed hyperreplication of Salmonella within the cytosol of infected cells, and we also observed increased bacterial replication within vacuoles, suggesting that inflammasomes control Salmonella replication primarily within the cytosol and also within vacuoles. These findings reveal that inflammatory caspases and pyroptotic factors mediate inflammasome responses that restrict the subcellular localization of intracellular Salmonella replication within human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa S. Egan
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily A. O’Rourke
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shrawan Kumar Mageswaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Biao Zuo
- Electron Microscopy Resource Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Inna Martynyuk
- Electron Microscopy Resource Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tabitha Demissie
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emma N. Hunter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Antonia R. Bass
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yi-Wei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Igor E. Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sunny Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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13
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Dong H, Gao M, Lu L, Gui R, Fu Y. Doxorubicin-Loaded Platelet Decoys for Enhanced Chemoimmunotherapy Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Mice Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3577-3593. [PMID: 37409026 PMCID: PMC10319348 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s403339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype with a poor prognosis. Current single-agent checkpoint therapy has limited effectiveness in TNBC patients. In this study, we developed doxorubicin-loaded platelet decoys (PD@Dox) for chemotherapy and induction of tumor immunogenic cell death (ICD). By combining PD-1 antibody, PD@Dox has the potential to enhance tumor therapy through chemoimmunotherapy in vivo. Methods Platelet decoys were prepared using 0.1% Triton X-100 and co-incubated with doxorubicin to obtain PD@Dox. Characterization of PDs and PD@Dox was performed using electron microscopy and flow cytometry. We evaluated the properties of PD@Dox to retain platelets through sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, flow cytometry, and thromboelastometry. In vitro experiments assessed drug-loading capacity, release kinetics, and the enhanced antitumor activity of PD@Dox. The mechanism of PD@Dox was investigated through cell viability assays, apoptosis assays, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining. In vivo studies were performed using a TNBC tumor-bearing mouse model to assess the anticancer effects. Results Electron microscopic observations confirmed that platelet decoys and PD@Dox exhibited a round shape similar to normal platelets. Platelet decoys demonstrated superior drug uptake and loading capacity compared to platelets. Importantly, PD@Dox retained the ability to recognize and bind tumor cells. The released doxorubicin induced ICD, resulting in the release of tumor antigens and damage-related molecular patterns that recruit dendritic cells and activate antitumor immunity. Notably, the combination of PD@Dox and immune checkpoint blockade therapy using PD-1 antibody achieved significant therapeutic efficacy by blocking tumor immune escape and promoting ICD-induced T cell activation. Conclusion Our results suggest that PD@Dox, in combination with immune checkpoint blockade therapy, holds promise as a potential strategy for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Dong
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Gui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Fu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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14
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Pillay TD, Hettiarachchi SU, Gan J, Diaz-Del-Olmo I, Yu XJ, Muench JH, Thurston TL, Pearson JS. Speaking the host language: how Salmonella effector proteins manipulate the host. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001342. [PMID: 37279149 PMCID: PMC10333799 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella injects over 40 virulence factors, termed effectors, into host cells to subvert diverse host cellular processes. Of these 40 Salmonella effectors, at least 25 have been described as mediating eukaryotic-like, biochemical post-translational modifications (PTMs) of host proteins, altering the outcome of infection. The downstream changes mediated by an effector's enzymatic activity range from highly specific to multifunctional, and altogether their combined action impacts the function of an impressive array of host cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and both innate and adaptive immune responses. Salmonella and related Gram-negative pathogens have been a rich resource for the discovery of unique enzymatic activities, expanding our understanding of host signalling networks, bacterial pathogenesis as well as basic biochemistry. In this review, we provide an up-to-date assessment of host manipulation mediated by the Salmonella type III secretion system injectosome, exploring the cellular effects of diverse effector activities with a particular focus on PTMs and the implications for infection outcomes. We also highlight activities and functions of numerous effectors that remain poorly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timesh D. Pillay
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sahampath U. Hettiarachchi
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiyao Gan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ines Diaz-Del-Olmo
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiu-Jun Yu
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Janina H. Muench
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Teresa L.M. Thurston
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jaclyn S. Pearson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Zhou G, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H. Manipulation of host immune defenses by effector proteins delivered from multiple secretion systems of Salmonella and its application in vaccine research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152017. [PMID: 37081875 PMCID: PMC10112668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important zoonotic bacterial species and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. Depending on the host, Salmonella can cause diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening systemic infection. In this review, we discuss the effector proteins used by Salmonella to evade or manipulate four different levels of host immune defenses: commensal flora, intestinal epithelial-mucosal barrier, innate and adaptive immunity. At present, Salmonella has evolved a variety of strategies against host defense mechanisms, among which various effector proteins delivered by the secretory systems play a key role. During its passage through the digestive system, Salmonella has to face the intact intestinal epithelial barrier as well as competition with commensal flora. After invasion of host cells, Salmonella manipulates inflammatory pathways, ubiquitination and autophagy processes with the help of effector proteins. Finally, Salmonella evades the adaptive immune system by interfering the migration of dendritic cells and interacting with T and B lymphocytes. In conclusion, Salmonella can manipulate multiple aspects of host defense to promote its replication in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huoying Shi,
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16
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Choudhury A, Saha S, Maiti NC, Datta S. Exploring structural features and potential lipid interactions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa type three secretion effector PemB by spectroscopic and calorimetric experiments. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4627. [PMID: 36916835 PMCID: PMC10044109 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Type Three Secretion System (T3SS) is a sophisticated nano-scale weapon utilized by several gram negative bacteria under stringent spatio-temporal regulation to manipulate and evade host immune systems in order to cause infection. To the best of our knowledge, this present study is the first report where we embark upon characterizing inherent features of native type three secretion effector protein PemB through biophysical techniques. Herein, first, we demonstrate binding affinity of PemB for phosphoinositides through isothermal calorimetric titrations. Second, we shed light on its strong homo-oligomerization propensity in aqueous solution through multiple biophysical methods. Third, we also employ several spectroscopic techniques to delineate its disordered and helical conformation. Lastly, we perform a phylogenetic analysis of this new effector to elucidate evolutionary relationship with other organisms. Taken together, our results shall surely contribute to our existing knowledge of Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaprabha Choudhury
- Department of Structural Biology and BioinformaticsCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB)Kolkata700032India
- Biological SciencesAcademy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)201002GhaziabadIndia
| | - Saumen Saha
- Department of Structural Biology and BioinformaticsCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB)Kolkata700032India
| | - Nakul Chandra Maiti
- Department of Structural Biology and BioinformaticsCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB)Kolkata700032India
- Biological SciencesAcademy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)201002GhaziabadIndia
| | - Saumen Datta
- Department of Structural Biology and BioinformaticsCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB)Kolkata700032India
- Biological SciencesAcademy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)201002GhaziabadIndia
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17
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Meng K, Zhu P, Shi L, Li S. Determination of the Salmonella intracellular lifestyle by the diversified interaction of Type III secretion system effectors and host GTPases. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1587. [PMID: 36250298 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria have developed sophisticated strategies to subvert the host endomembrane system to establish a stable replication niche. Small GTPases are critical players in regulating each step of membrane trafficking events, such as vesicle biogenesis, cargo transport, tethering, and fusion events. Salmonella is a widely studied facultative intracellular bacteria. Salmonella delivers several virulence proteins, termed effectors, to regulate GTPase dynamics and subvert host trafficking for their benefit. In this review, we summarize an updated and systematic understanding of the interactions between bacterial effectors and host GTPases in determining the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Meng
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Liuliu Shi
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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18
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Cruz E, Haeberle AL, Westerman TL, Durham ME, Suyemoto MM, Knodler LA, Elfenbein JR. Nonredundant Dimethyl Sulfoxide Reductases Influence Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Anaerobic Growth and Virulence. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0057822. [PMID: 36722978 PMCID: PMC9933680 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00578-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Facultative anaerobic enteric pathogens can utilize a diverse array of alternate electron acceptors to support anaerobic metabolism and thrive in the hypoxic conditions within the mammalian gut. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is produced by methionine catabolism and can act as an alternate electron acceptor to support anaerobic respiration. The DMSO reductase complex consists of three subunits, DmsA, DmsB, and DmsC, and allows bacteria to grow anaerobically with DMSO as an electron acceptor. The genomes of nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica encode three putative dmsABC operons, but the impact of the apparent genetic redundancy in DMSO reduction on the fitness of nontyphoidal S. enterica during infection remains unknown. We hypothesized that DMSO reduction would be needed for S. enterica serotype Typhimurium to colonize the mammalian gut. We demonstrate that an S. Typhimurium mutant with loss of function in all three putative DMSO reductases (ΔdmsA3) poorly colonizes the mammalian intestine when the microbiota is intact and when inflammation is absent. DMSO reduction enhances anaerobic growth through nonredundant contributions of two of the DMSO reductases. Furthermore, DMSO reduction influences virulence by increasing expression of the type 3 secretion system 2 and reducing expression of the type 3 secretion system 1. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the DMSO reductases of S. Typhimurium are functionally nonredundant and suggest DMSO is a physiologically relevant electron acceptor that supports S. enterica fitness in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Cruz
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - A. L. Haeberle
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - T. L. Westerman
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. E. Durham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. M. Suyemoto
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - L. A. Knodler
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - J. R. Elfenbein
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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19
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Yuan H, Zhou L, Chen Y, You J, Hu H, Li Y, Huang R, Wu S. Salmonella effector SopF regulates PANoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells to aggravate systemic infection. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2180315. [PMID: 36803521 PMCID: PMC9980482 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2180315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SopF, a newly discovered effector secreted by Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 type III secretion system (T3SS1), was reported to target phosphoinositide on host cell membrane and aggravate systemic infection, while its functional relevance and underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. PANoptosis (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis) of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) has been characterized as a pivotal host defense to limit the dissemination of foodborne pathogens, whereas the effect of SopF on IECs PANoptosis induced by Salmonella is rather limited. Here, we show that SopF can attenuate intestinal inflammation and suppress IECs expulsion to promote bacterial dissemination in mice infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). We revealed that SopF could activate phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) to phosphorylate p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) which down-regulated Caspase-8 activation. Caspase-8 inactivated by SopF resulted in inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis, but promotion of necroptosis. The administration of both AR-12 (PDK1 inhibitor) and BI-D1870 (RSK inhibitor) potentially overcame Caspase-8 blockade and subverted PANoptosis challenged by SopF. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that this virulence strategy elicited by SopF aggregates systemic infection via modulating IEC PANoptosis through PDK1-RSK signaling, which throws light on novel functions of bacterial effectors, as well as a mechanism employed by pathogens to counteract host immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Yuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Department of Medical Technology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine
| | - Yilin Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayi You
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongye Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine,CONTACT Shuyan Wu; Rui Huang ; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, PR China
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20
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Lv P, Zhang X, Song M, Hao G, Wang F, Sun S. Oral administration of recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing a multi-epitope protein induces strong immune responses against Salmonella Enteritidis. Vet Microbiol 2023; 276:109632. [PMID: 36521295 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The S. Enteritidis causes serious economic losses to the poultry industry every year. Vaccines that induce a mucosal immune response may be successful against an S. Enteritidis infection because mucosa plays an important role in preventing S. Enteritidis from entering the body. In order to develop novel and potent oral vaccines based on Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) to control the spread of S. Enteritidis in the poultry industry, we constructed a B. subtilis that can secrete a multi-epitope protein (OmpC-FliC-SopF-SseB-IL-18). Oral immunization of chickens was performed, and serum antibodies, mucosal antibodies, specific cellular immunity and serum cytokines were detected. Immunizing chicks with S. Enteritidis was evaluated. The results showed high levels of specific IgG in addition to high levels of specific secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in chickens who received oral administrations of recombinant B. subtilis. Additionally, recombinant B. subtilis may significantly increase the levels of IL-2 and T cell-mediated immunity. Recombinant B. subtilis effectively protected chickens against S. Enteritidis and reduced pathological damage to the spleen and jejunum. Our study's outcomes indicate that the expression of the multi-epitope protein OmpC-FliC-SopF-SseB-IL-18 by B. subtilis could generate a mucosal vaccine candidate for animals to defend against S. Enteritidis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghao Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Mengze Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Guijuan Hao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Fangkun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Shuhong Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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21
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Wang Y, Ramos M, Jefferson M, Zhang W, Beraza N, Carding S, Powell PP, Stewart JP, Mayer U, Wileman T. Control of infection by LC3-associated phagocytosis, CASM, and detection of raised vacuolar pH by the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3298. [PMID: 36288298 PMCID: PMC9604538 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of pathogens to lysosomes for degradation provides an important defense against infection. Degradation is enhanced when LC3 is conjugated to endosomes and phagosomes containing pathogens to facilitate fusion with lysosomes. In phagocytic cells, TLR signaling and Rubicon activate LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) where stabilization of the NADPH oxidase leads to sustained ROS production and raised vacuolar pH. Raised pH triggers the assembly of the vacuolar ATPase on the vacuole membrane where it binds ATG16L1 to recruit the core LC3 conjugation complex (ATG16L1:ATG5-12). This V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis is also activated in nonphagocytic cells to conjugate LC3 to endosomes containing extracellular microbes. Pathogens provide additional signals for recruitment of LC3 when they raise vacuolar pH with pore-forming toxins and proteins, phospholipases, or specialized secretion systems. Many microbes secrete virulence factors to inhibit ROS production and/or the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis to slow LC3 recruitment and avoid degradation in lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Wang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Maria Ramos
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Weijiao Zhang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Penny P. Powell
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Thomas Wileman
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
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22
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Luk CH, Enninga J, Valenzuela C. Fit to dwell in many places – The growing diversity of intracellular Salmonella niches. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:989451. [PMID: 36061869 PMCID: PMC9433700 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.989451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is capable of invading different host cell types including epithelial cells and M cells during local infection, and immune cells and fibroblasts during the subsequent systemic spread. The intracellular lifestyles of Salmonella inside different cell types are remarkable for their distinct residential niches, and their varying replication rates. To study this, researchers have employed different cell models, such as various epithelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts. In epithelial cells, S. Typhimurium dwells within modified endolysosomes or gains access to the host cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the pathogen is exposed to the host autophagy machinery or poised for rapid multiplication, whereas it grows at a slower rate or remains dormant within the endomembrane-bound compartments. The swift bimodal lifestyle is not observed in fibroblasts and immune cells, and it emerges that these cells handle intracellular S. Typhimurium through different clearance machineries. Moreover, in these cell types S. Typhimurium grows withing modified phagosomes of distinct functional composition by adopting targeted molecular countermeasures. The preference for one or the other intracellular niche and the diverse cell type-specific Salmonella lifestyles are determined by the complex interactions between a myriad of bacterial effectors and host factors. It is important to understand how this communication is differentially regulated dependent on the host cell type and on the distinct intracellular growth rate. To support the efforts in deciphering Salmonella invasion across the different infection models, we provide a systematic comparison of the findings yielded from cell culture models. We also outline the future directions towards a better understanding of these differential Salmonella intracellular lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak Hon Luk
- Institut Pasteur, Unité « Dynamique des interactions hôte-pathogène » and CNRS UMR3691, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Chak Hon Luk, ; Camila Valenzuela,
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Unité « Dynamique des interactions hôte-pathogène » and CNRS UMR3691, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Camila Valenzuela
- Institut Pasteur, Unité « Dynamique des interactions hôte-pathogène » and CNRS UMR3691, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Chak Hon Luk, ; Camila Valenzuela,
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23
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Hooper KM, Jacquin E, Li T, Goodwin JM, Brumell JH, Durgan J, Florey O. V-ATPase is a universal regulator of LC3-associated phagocytosis and non-canonical autophagy. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213194. [PMID: 35511089 PMCID: PMC9082624 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-canonical autophagy is a key cellular pathway in immunity, cancer, and neurodegeneration, characterized by conjugation of ATG8 to endolysosomal single membranes (CASM). CASM is activated by engulfment (endocytosis, phagocytosis), agonists (STING, TRPML1), and infection (influenza), dependent on K490 in the ATG16L1 WD40-domain. However, factors associated with non-canonical ATG16L1 recruitment and CASM induction remain unknown. Here, using pharmacological inhibitors, we investigate a role for V-ATPase during non-canonical autophagy. We report that increased V0–V1 engagement is associated with, and sufficient for, CASM activation. Upon V0–V1 binding, V-ATPase recruits ATG16L1, via K490, during LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), STING- and drug-induced CASM, indicating a common mechanism. Furthermore, during LAP, key molecular players, including NADPH oxidase/ROS, converge on V-ATPase. Finally, we show that LAP is sensitive to Salmonella SopF, which disrupts the V-ATPase–ATG16L1 axis and provide evidence that CASM contributes to the Salmonella host response. Together, these data identify V-ATPase as a universal regulator of CASM and indicate that SopF evolved in part to evade non-canonical autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elise Jacquin
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale UMR-S 1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Taoyingnan Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John H Brumell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Durgan
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Florey
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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24
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Godlee C, Cerny O, Liu M, Blundell S, Gallagher AE, Shahin M, Holden DW. The Salmonella transmembrane effector SteD hijacks AP1-mediated vesicular trafficking for delivery to antigen-loading MHCII compartments. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010252. [PMID: 35622870 PMCID: PMC9182567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
SteD is a transmembrane effector of the Salmonella SPI-2 type III secretion system that inhibits T cell activation by reducing the amounts of at least three proteins –major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII), CD86 and CD97 –from the surface of antigen-presenting cells. SteD specifically localises at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and MHCII compartments; however, the targeting, membrane integration and trafficking of SteD are not understood. Using systematic mutagenesis, we identify distinct regions of SteD that are required for these processes. We show that SteD integrates into membranes of the ER/Golgi through a two-step mechanism of membrane recruitment from the cytoplasm followed by integration. SteD then migrates to and accumulates within the TGN. From here it hijacks the host adaptor protein (AP)1-mediated trafficking pathway from the TGN to MHCII compartments. AP1 binding and post-TGN trafficking require a short sequence in the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail of SteD that resembles the AP1-interacting dileucine sorting signal, but in inverted orientation, suggesting convergent evolution. Salmonella enterica is an intracellular pathogen that causes a range of diseases from gastroenteritis to systemic typhoid fever. Its pathogenesis relies on virulence proteins known as effectors that are delivered into host cells and modulate host cellular processes. The ability of the Salmonella effector SteD to localise within host MHCII compartment membranes is essential for its function in disrupting the adaptive immune response. Here we show that SteD integrates into membranes of the early secretory pathway through a two-step recruitment and integration mechanism. SteD then behaves like a transmembrane cargo protein and hijacks a post-Golgi vesicular trafficking pathway to reach MHCII compartments. This study highlights the sophistication by which bacterial pathogens interact with host cell biology at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Godlee
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CG); (DWH)
| | - Ondrej Cerny
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Liu
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samkeliso Blundell
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alanna E. Gallagher
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meriam Shahin
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Holden
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CG); (DWH)
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25
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Zheng L, Wei F, Li G. The crosstalk between bacteria and host autophagy: host defense or bacteria offense. J Microbiol 2022; 60:451-460. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-2009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Gutierrez MG, Enninga J. Intracellular niche switching as host subversion strategy of bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 76:102081. [PMID: 35487154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Numerous bacterial pathogens "confine" themselves within host cells with an intracellular localization as main or exclusive niche. Many of them switch dynamically between a membrane-bound or cytosolic lifestyle. This requires either membrane damage and/or repair of the bacterial-containing compartment. Niche switching has profound consequences on how the host cell recognizes the pathogens in time and space for elimination. Moreover, niche switching impacts how bacteria communicate with host cells to obtain nutrients, and it affects the accessibility to antibiotics. Understanding the local environments and cellular phenotypes that lead to niche switching is critical for developing new host-targeted antimicrobial strategies, and has the potential to shed light into fundamental cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Jost Enninga
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit and UMR3691 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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27
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Lau N, Thomas DR, Lee YW, Knodler LA, Newton HJ. Perturbation of ATG16L1 function impairs the biogenesis of Salmonella and Coxiella replication vacuoles. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:235-251. [PMID: 34874584 PMCID: PMC8844213 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-bacterial autophagy, known as xenophagy, is a host innate immune response that targets invading pathogens for degradation. Some intracellular bacteria, such as the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), utilize effector proteins to interfere with autophagy. One such S. Typhimurium effector, SopF, inhibits recruitment of ATG16L1 to damaged Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs), thereby inhibiting the host xenophagic response. SopF is also required to maintain the integrity of the SCV during the early stages of infection. Here we show disruption of the SopF-ATG16L1 interaction leads to an increased proportion of cytosolic S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, SopF was utilized as a molecular tool to examine the requirement for ATG16L1 in the intracellular lifestyle of Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that requires a functional autophagy pathway to replicate efficiently and form a single, spacious vacuole called the Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). ATG16L1 is required for CCV expansion and fusion but does not influence C. burnetii replication. In contrast, SopF did not affect CCV formation or replication, demonstrating that the contribution of ATG16L1 to CCV biogenesis is via its role in autophagy, not xenophagy. This study highlights the diverse capabilities of bacterial effector proteins to dissect the molecular details of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lau
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R Thomas
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi Wei Lee
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leigh A Knodler
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Hayley J Newton
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Xu Y, Cheng S, Zeng H, Zhou P, Ma Y, Li L, Liu X, Shao F, Ding J. ARF GTPases activate Salmonella effector SopF to ADP-ribosylate host V-ATPase and inhibit endomembrane damage-induced autophagy. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:67-77. [PMID: 35046574 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective autophagy helps eukaryotes to cope with endogenous dangers or foreign invaders; its initiation often involves membrane damage. By studying a Salmonella effector SopF, we recently identified the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase)-ATG16L1 axis that initiates bacteria-induced autophagy. Here we show that SopF is an ADP-ribosyltransferase specifically modifying Gln124 of ATP6V0C in V-ATPase. We identify GTP-bound ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPases as a cofactor required for SopF functioning. Crystal structures of SopF-ARF1 complexes not only reveal structural basis of SopF ADP-ribosyltransferase activity but also a unique effector-binding mode adopted by ARF GTPases. Further, the N terminus of ARF1, although dispensable for high-affinity binding to SopF, is critical for activating SopF to modify ATP6V0C. Moreover, lysosome or Golgi damage-induced autophagic LC3 activation is inhibited by SopF or Q124A mutation of ATP6V0C, thus also mediated by the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis. In this process, the V-ATPase functions to sense membrane damages, which can be uncoupled from its proton-pumping activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sen Cheng
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zeng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China. .,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingjin Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China. .,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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29
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Fattinger SA, Sellin ME, Hardt WD. Salmonella effector driven invasion of the gut epithelium: breaking in and setting the house on fire. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 64:9-18. [PMID: 34492596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) is a major cause of diarrheal disease. The invasion into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is a central step in the infection cycle. It is associated with gut inflammation and thought to benefit S.Tm proliferation also in the intestinal lumen. Importantly, it is still not entirely clear how inflammation is elicited and to which extent it links to IEC invasion efficiency in vivo. In this review, we summarize recent findings explaining IEC invasion by type-three-secretion-system-1 (TTSS-1) effector proteins and discuss their effects on invasion and gut inflammation. In non-polarized tissue culture cells, the TTSS-1 effectors (mainly SopB/E/E2) elicit large membrane ruffles fueling cooperative invasion, and can directly trigger pro-inflammatory signaling. By contrast, in the murine gut, we observe discreet-invasion (mainly via the TTSS-1 effector SipA) and a prominent pro-inflammatory role of the host?"s epithelial inflammasome(s), which sense pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We discuss why it has remained a major challenge to tease apart direct and indirect inflammatory effects of TTSS-1 effectors and explain why further research will be needed to fully determine their inflammation-modulating role(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Fattinger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Walch P, Selkrig J, Knodler LA, Rettel M, Stein F, Fernandez K, Viéitez C, Potel CM, Scholzen K, Geyer M, Rottner K, Steele-Mortimer O, Savitski MM, Holden DW, Typas A. Global mapping of Salmonella enterica-host protein-protein interactions during infection. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1316-1332.e12. [PMID: 34237247 PMCID: PMC8561747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens inject effector proteins to hijack host cellular processes and promote their survival and proliferation. To systematically map effector-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs) during infection, we generated a library of 32 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) strains expressing chromosomally encoded affinity-tagged effectors and quantified PPIs in macrophages and epithelial cells. We identified 446 effector-host PPIs, 25 of which were previously described, and validated 13 by reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation. While effectors converged on the same host cellular processes, most had multiple targets, which often differed between cell types. We demonstrate that SseJ, SseL, and SifA modulate cholesterol accumulation at the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) partially via the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1 protein. PipB recruits the organelle contact site protein PDZD8 to the SCV, and SteC promotes actin bundling by phosphorylating formin-like proteins. This study provides a method for probing host-pathogen PPIs during infection and a resource for interrogating STm effector mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Walch
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joel Selkrig
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leigh A Knodler
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, USA; Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Mandy Rettel
- EMBL, Proteomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- EMBL, Proteomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keith Fernandez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Viéitez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany; EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Clément M Potel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karoline Scholzen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Olivia Steele-Mortimer
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Mikhail M Savitski
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany; EMBL, Proteomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David W Holden
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Athanasios Typas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
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31
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Powers TR, Haeberle AL, Predeus AV, Hammarlöf DL, Cundiff JA, Saldaña-Ahuactzi Z, Hokamp K, Hinton JCD, Knodler LA. Intracellular niche-specific profiling reveals transcriptional adaptations required for the cytosolic lifestyle of Salmonella enterica. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009280. [PMID: 34460873 PMCID: PMC8432900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrheal disease in humans and animals. During salmonellosis, S. Typhimurium colonizes epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract. S. Typhimurium has an unusual lifestyle in epithelial cells that begins within an endocytic-derived Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), followed by escape into the cytosol, epithelial cell lysis and bacterial release. The cytosol is a more permissive environment than the SCV and supports rapid bacterial growth. The physicochemical conditions encountered by S. Typhimurium within the epithelial cytosol, and the bacterial genes required for cytosolic colonization, remain largely unknown. Here we have exploited the parallel colonization strategies of S. Typhimurium in epithelial cells to decipher the two niche-specific bacterial virulence programs. By combining a population-based RNA-seq approach with single-cell microscopic analysis, we identified bacterial genes with cytosol-induced or vacuole-induced expression signatures. Using these genes as environmental biosensors, we defined that Salmonella is exposed to oxidative stress and iron and manganese deprivation in the cytosol and zinc and magnesium deprivation in the SCV. Furthermore, iron availability was critical for optimal S. Typhimurium replication in the cytosol, as well as entC, fepB, soxS, mntH and sitA. Virulence genes that are typically associated with extracellular bacteria, namely Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) and SPI4, showed increased expression in the cytosol compared to vacuole. Our study reveals that the cytosolic and vacuolar S. Typhimurium virulence gene programs are unique to, and tailored for, residence within distinct intracellular compartments. This archetypical vacuole-adapted pathogen therefore requires extensive transcriptional reprogramming to successfully colonize the mammalian cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- TuShun R. Powers
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Haeberle
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander V. Predeus
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Disa L. Hammarlöf
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Cundiff
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zeus Saldaña-Ahuactzi
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh A. Knodler
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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32
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Liu K, Kong L, Graham DB, Carey KL, Xavier RJ. SAC1 regulates autophagosomal phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate for xenophagy-directed bacterial clearance. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109434. [PMID: 34320354 PMCID: PMC8327279 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are important molecules in lipid signaling, membrane identity, and trafficking that are spatiotemporally controlled by factors from both mammalian cells and intracellular pathogens. Here, using small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases, we screen for regulators of the host innate defense response to intracellular bacterial replication. We identify SAC1, a transmembrane phosphoinositide phosphatase, as an essential regulator of xenophagy. Depletion or inactivation of SAC1 compromises fusion between Salmonella-containing autophagosomes and lysosomes, leading to increased bacterial replication. Mechanistically, the loss of SAC1 results in aberrant accumulation of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] on Salmonella-containing autophagosomes, thus facilitating recruitment of SteA, a PI(4)P-binding Salmonella effector protein, which impedes lysosomal fusion. Replication of Salmonella lacking SteA is suppressed by SAC-1-deficient cells, however, demonstrating bacterial adaptation to xenophagy. Our findings uncover a paradigm in which a host protein regulates the level of its substrate and impairs the function of a bacterial effector during xenophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lingjia Kong
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel B Graham
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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33
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Hussain S, Ouyang P, Zhu Y, Khalique A, He C, Liang X, Shu G, Yin L. Type 3 secretion system 1 of Salmonella typhimurium and its inhibitors: a novel strategy to combat salmonellosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:34154-34166. [PMID: 33966165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unsuccessful vaccination against Salmonella due to a large number of serovars, and antibiotic resistance, necessitates the development of novel therapeutics to treat salmonellosis. The development of anti-virulence agents against multi-drug-resistant bacteria is a novel strategy because of its non-bacterial feature. Hence, a thorough study of the type three secretion system (T3SS) of Salmonella would help us better understand its role in bacterial pathogenesis and development of anti-virulence agents. However, T3SS can be inhibited by different chemicals at different stages of infection and sequenced delivery of effectors can be blocked to restrict the progression of disease. This review highlights the role of T3SS-1 in the internalization, survival, and replication of Salmonella within the intestinal epithelium and T3SS inhibitors. We concluded that the better we understand the structures and functions of T3SS, the more we have chances to develop anti-virulence agents. Furthermore, greater insights into the T3SS inhibitors of Salmonella would help in the mitigation of the antibiotic resistance problem and would lead us to the era of new therapeutics against salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Hussain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingkun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Abdul Khalique
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Changliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Shu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China.
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Chong A, Cooper KG, Kari L, Nilsson OR, Hillman C, Fleming BA, Wang Q, Nair V, Steele-Mortimer O. Cytosolic replication in epithelial cells fuels intestinal expansion and chronic fecal shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1177-1185.e6. [PMID: 34043959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Persistent and intermittent fecal shedding, hallmarks of Salmonella infections, are important for fecal-oral transmission. In the intestine, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) actively invades intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and survives in the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) and the cell cytosol. Cytosolic STm replicate rapidly, express invasion factors, and induce extrusion of infected epithelial cells into the intestinal lumen. Here, we engineered STm that self-destruct in the cytosol (STmCytoKill), but replicates normally in the SCV, to examine the role of cytosolic STm in infection. Intestinal expansion and fecal shedding of STmCytoKill are impaired in mouse models of infection. We propose a model whereby repeated rounds of invasion, cytosolic replication, and release of invasive STm from extruded IECs fuels the high luminal density required for fecal shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Chong
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kendal G Cooper
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Laszlo Kari
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Olof R Nilsson
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Chad Hillman
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Brittany A Fleming
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Qinlu Wang
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Vinod Nair
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Olivia Steele-Mortimer
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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Luk CH, Valenzuela C, Gil M, Swistak L, Bomme P, Chang YY, Mallet A, Enninga J. Salmonella enters a dormant state within human epithelial cells for persistent infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009550. [PMID: 33930101 PMCID: PMC8115778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an enteric bacterium capable of invading a wide range of hosts, including rodents and humans. It targets different host cell types showing different intracellular lifestyles. S. Typhimurium colonizes different intracellular niches and is able to either actively divide at various rates or remain dormant to persist. A comprehensive tool to determine these distinct S. Typhimurium lifestyles remains lacking. Here we developed a novel fluorescent reporter, Salmonella INtracellular Analyzer (SINA), compatible for fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry in single-bacterium level quantification. This identified a S. Typhimurium subpopulation in infected epithelial cells that exhibits a unique phenotype in comparison to the previously documented vacuolar or cytosolic S. Typhimurium. This subpopulation entered a dormant state in a vesicular compartment distinct from the conventional Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCV) as well as the previously reported niche of dormant S. Typhimurium in macrophages. The dormant S. Typhimurium inside enterocytes were viable and expressed Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI-2) virulence factors at later time points. We found that the formation of these dormant S. Typhimurium is not triggered by the loss of SPI-2 effector secretion but it is regulated by (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent response through RelA and SpoT. We predict that intraepithelial dormant S. Typhimurium represents an important pathogen niche and provides an alternative strategy for S. Typhimurium pathogenicity and its persistence. Salmonella Typhimurium is a clinically relevant bacterial pathogen that causes Salmonellosis. It can actively or passively invade various host cell types and reside in a Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) within host cells. The SCV can be remodeled into a replicative niche with the aid of Salmonella Type III Secretion System 2 (T3SS2) effectors or else, the SCV is ruptured for the access of the nutrient-rich host cytosol. Depending on the infected host cell type, S. Typhimurium undertake different lifestyles that are distinct by their subcellular localization, replication rate and metabolic rate. We present here a novel fluorescent reporter system that rapidly detects S. Typhimurium lifestyles using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. We identified a dormant S. Typhimurium population within enterocyte that displays capacities in host cell persistence, dormancy exit and antibiotic tolerance. We deciphered the (p)ppGpp stringent response pathway that suppresses S. Typhimurium dormancy in enterocytes while promoting dormancy in macrophages, pinpointing a divergent physiological consequence regulated by the same set of S. Typhimurium molecular mediators. Altogether, our work demonstrated the potential of fluorescent reporters in facile bacterial characterization, and revealed a dormant S. Typhimurium population in human enterocytes that are phenotypically distinct from that observed in macrophages and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak Hon Luk
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit and UMR3691 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Camila Valenzuela
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit and UMR3691 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Magdalena Gil
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit and UMR3691 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Léa Swistak
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit and UMR3691 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Perrine Bomme
- Ultrastructural Bioimaging UTechS, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yuen-Yan Chang
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit and UMR3691 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Ultrastructural Bioimaging UTechS, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit and UMR3691 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Willems P, Fels U, Staes A, Gevaert K, Van Damme P. Use of Hybrid Data-Dependent and -Independent Acquisition Spectral Libraries Empowers Dual-Proteome Profiling. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:1165-1177. [PMID: 33467856 PMCID: PMC7871992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the context of bacterial infections, it is imperative that physiological responses can be studied in an integrated manner, meaning a simultaneous analysis of both the host and the pathogen responses. To improve the sensitivity of detection, data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based proteomics was found to outperform data-dependent acquisition (DDA) workflows in identifying and quantifying low-abundant proteins. Here, by making use of representative bacterial pathogen/host proteome samples, we report an optimized hybrid library generation workflow for DIA mass spectrometry relying on the use of data-dependent and in silico-predicted spectral libraries. When compared to searching DDA experiment-specific libraries only, the use of hybrid libraries significantly improved peptide detection to an extent suggesting that infection-relevant host-pathogen conditions could be profiled in sufficient depth without the need of a priori bacterial pathogen enrichment when studying the bacterial proteome. Proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifiers PXD017904 and PXD017945.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Willems
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent
University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Department
of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- VIB-UGent
Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Ursula Fels
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent
University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- VIB-UGent
Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - An Staes
- VIB-UGent
Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Department
of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent
Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Department
of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent
University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Sachdeva K, Sundaramurthy V. The Interplay of Host Lysosomes and Intracellular Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595502. [PMID: 33330138 PMCID: PMC7714789 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are an integral part of the intracellular defense system against microbes. Lysosomal homeostasis in the host is adaptable and responds to conditions such as infection or nutritional deprivation. Pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Salmonella avoid lysosomal targeting by actively manipulating the host vesicular trafficking and reside in a vacuole altered from the default lysosomal trafficking. In this review, the mechanisms by which the respective pathogen containing vacuoles (PCVs) intersect with lysosomal trafficking pathways and maintain their distinctness are discussed. Despite such active inhibition of lysosomal targeting, emerging literature shows that different pathogens or pathogen derived products exhibit a global influence on the host lysosomal system. Pathogen mediated lysosomal enrichment promotes the trafficking of a sub-set of pathogens to lysosomes, indicating heterogeneity in the host-pathogen encounter. This review integrates recent advancements on the global lysosomal alterations upon infections and the host protective role of the lysosomes against these pathogens. The review also briefly discusses the heterogeneity in the lysosomal targeting of these pathogens and the possible mechanisms and consequences.
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Stévenin V, Chang YY, Le Toquin Y, Duchateau M, Gianetto QG, Luk CH, Salles A, Sohst V, Matondo M, Reiling N, Enninga J. Dynamic Growth and Shrinkage of the Salmonella-Containing Vacuole Determines the Intracellular Pathogen Niche. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3958-3973.e7. [PMID: 31851926 PMCID: PMC6931108 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a human and animal pathogen that causes gastro-enteric diseases. The key to Salmonella infection is its entry into intestinal epithelial cells, where the bacterium resides within a Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Salmonella entry also induces the formation of empty macropinosomes, distinct from the SCV, in the vicinity of the entering bacteria. A few minutes after its formation, the SCV increases in size through fusions with the surrounding macropinosomes. Salmonella also induces membrane tubules that emanate from the SCV and lead to SCV shrinkage. Here, we show that these antipodal events are utilized by Salmonella to either establish a vacuolar niche or to be released into the cytosol by SCV rupture. We identify the molecular machinery underlying dynamic SCV growth and shrinkage. In particular, the SNARE proteins SNAP25 and STX4 participate in SCV inflation by fusion with macropinosomes. Thus, host compartment size control emerges as a pathogen strategy for intracellular niche regulation. The early SCV simultaneously grows and shrinks through fusion and tubule formation SCV shrinkage promotes vacuolar rupture and cytosolic release IAMs are enriched in the host SNAREs SNAP25 and STX4, enabling IAM-SCV fusion Promoting SNX1-mediated tubule formation, SopB fosters SCV ruptures
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Stévenin
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Yuen-Yan Chang
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Le Toquin
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Duchateau
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, C2RT, USR 2000 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, C2RT, USR 2000 CNRS, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, C3BI, USR CNRS 3756, Paris, France
| | - Chak Hon Luk
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Salles
- Institut Pasteur, UtechS Photonic BioImaging PBI (Imagopole), Centre de Recherche et de Ressources Technologiques C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Victoria Sohst
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, RG Microbial Interface Biology, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, C2RT, USR 2000 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, RG Microbial Interface Biology, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France.
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Gan J, Giogha C, Hartland EL. Molecular mechanisms employed by enteric bacterial pathogens to antagonise host innate immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 59:58-64. [PMID: 32862049 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many Gram-negative enteric pathogens, including enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC), Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia species have evolved strategies to combat host defence mechanisms. Critical bacterial virulence factors, which often include but are not limited to type III secreted effector proteins, are deployed to cooperatively interfere with key host defence pathways. Recent studies in this area have not only contributed to our knowledge of bacterial pathogenesis, but have also shed light on the host pathways that are critical for controlling bacterial infection. In this review, we summarise recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the mechanisms utilised by enteric bacterial pathogens to rewire critical host innate immune responses, including cell death and inflammatory signaling and cell-intrinsic anti-microbial responses such as xenophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Gan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Giogha
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Hartland
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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40
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Transbilayer Movement of Sphingomyelin Precedes Catastrophic Breakage of Enterobacteria-Containing Vacuoles. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2974-2983.e6. [PMID: 32649908 PMCID: PMC7416114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria enter the cytosol of host cells through uptake into bacteria-containing vacuoles (BCVs) and subsequent rupture of the vacuolar membrane [1]. Bacterial invaders are sensed either directly, through cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors specific for bacterial ligands, or indirectly, through danger receptors that bind host molecules displayed in an abnormal context, for example, glycans on damaged BCVs [2, 3, 4]. In contrast to damage caused by Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram-positive bacterium, BCV rupture by Gram-negative pathogens such as Shigella flexneri or Salmonella Typhimurium remains incompletely understood [5, 6]. The latter may cause membrane damage directly, when inserting their Type Three Secretion needles into host membranes, or indirectly through translocated bacterial effector proteins [7, 8, 9]. Here, we report that sphingomyelin, an abundant lipid of the luminal leaflet of BCV membranes, and normally absent from the cytosol, becomes exposed to the cytosol as an early predictive marker of BCV rupture by Gram-negative bacteria. To monitor subcellular sphingomyelin distribution, we generated a live sphingomyelin reporter from Lysenin, a sphingomyelin-specific toxin from the earthworm Eisenia fetida [10, 11]. Using super resolution live imaging and correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), we discovered that BCV rupture proceeds through two distinct successive stages: first, sphingomyelin is gradually translocated into the cytosolic leaflet of the BCV, invariably followed by cytosolic exposure of glycans, which recruit galectin-8, indicating bacterial entry into the cytosol. Exposure of sphingomyelin on BCVs may therefore act as an early danger signal alerting the cell to imminent bacterial invasion. Lysenin serves as a reporter of sphingomyelin exposure in the mammalian cytosol Chemical-, toxin-, or pathogen-induced membrane damage exposes sphingomyelin Sphingomyelin exposure precedes catastrophic breakage of bacteria-containing vacuoles Cytosolic sphingomyelin is indicative of membrane stress and imminent pathogen entry
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Sanchez-Garrido J, Shenoy AR. Regulation and repurposing of nutrient sensing and autophagy in innate immunity. Autophagy 2020; 17:1571-1591. [PMID: 32627660 PMCID: PMC8354595 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1783119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrients not only act as building blocks but also as signaling molecules. Nutrient-availability promotes cell growth and proliferation and suppresses catabolic processes, such as macroautophagy/autophagy. These effects are mediated by checkpoint kinases such as MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), which is activated by amino acids and growth factors, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is activated by low levels of glucose or ATP. These kinases have wide-ranging activities that can be co-opted by immune cells upon exposure to danger signals, cytokines or pathogens. Here, we discuss recent insight into the regulation and repurposing of nutrient-sensing responses by the innate immune system during infection. Moreover, we examine how natural mutations and pathogen-mediated interventions can alter the balance between anabolic and autophagic pathways leading to a breakdown in tissue homeostasis and/or host defense.Abbreviations: AKT1/PKB: AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; EIF2AK4/GCN2: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FFAR: free fatty acid receptor; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP3K7/TAK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NLR: NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PRR: pattern-recognition receptor; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RALB: RAS like proto-oncogene B; RHEB: Ras homolog, MTORC1 binding; RIPK1: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; RRAG: Ras related GTP binding; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1/TMEM173: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TLR: toll like receptor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6; TRIM: tripartite motif protein; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+-proton-translocating ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sanchez-Garrido
- Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Avinash R Shenoy
- Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Satellite Group Leader, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Salmonella enterica Infection of Murine and Human Enteroid-Derived Monolayers Elicits Differential Activation of Epithelium-Intrinsic Inflammasomes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00017-20. [PMID: 32284374 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00017-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have determined that inflammasome signaling plays an important role in driving intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) responses to bacterial infections, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. There are two primary inflammasome pathways, canonical (involving caspase-1) and noncanonical (involving caspase-4 and -5 in humans and caspase-11 in mice). Prior studies identified the canonical inflammasome as the major pathway leading to interleukin-18 (IL-18) release and restriction of S Typhimurium replication in the mouse cecum. In contrast, the human C2Bbe1 colorectal carcinoma cell line expresses little caspase-1 but instead utilizes caspase-4 to respond to S Typhimurium infection. Intestinal enteroid culture has enabled long-term propagation of untransformed IECs from multiple species, including mouse and human. Capitalizing on this technology, we used a genetic approach to directly compare the relative importance of different inflammatory caspases in untransformed mouse and human IECs and transformed human IECs upon S Typhimurium infection in vitro We show that caspase-1 is important for restricting intracellular S Typhimurium replication and initiating IL-18 secretion in mouse IECs but is dispensable in human IECs. In contrast, restriction of intracellular S Typhimurium and production of IL-18 are dependent on caspase-4 in both transformed and untransformed human IECs. Notably, cytosolic replication in untransformed cells from both species was less pronounced than in transformed human cells, suggesting that transformation may impact additional pathways that restrict S Typhimurium replication. Taken together, these data highlight the differences between mouse and human IECs and the utility of studying transformed and untransformed cells in parallel.
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43
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Varela-Chavez C, Blondel A, Popoff MR. Bacterial intracellularly active toxins: Membrane localisation of the active domain. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13213. [PMID: 32353188 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Numerous bacterial toxins exert their activity by inactivating or modulating a specific intracellular host target. For this purpose, these toxins have developed efficient strategies to overcome the different host cell defences including specific binding to cell surface, internalisation, passage through the endosome or plasma membrane, exploiting intracellular trafficking and addressing to intracellular targets. Several intracellularly active toxins deliver an active domain into the cytosol that interacts with a target localised to the inner face of the plasma membrane. Thus, the large clostridial glucosylating toxins (LCGTs) target Rho/Ras-GTPases, certain virulence factors of Gram negative bacteria, Rho-GTPases, while Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) targets trimeric G-proteins. Others such as botulinum neurotoxins and tetanus neurotoxin have their substrate on synaptic vesicle membrane. LCGTs, PMT, and certain virulence factors from Vibrio sp. show a particular structure constituted of a four-helix bundle membrane (4HBM) protruding from the catalytic site that specifically binds to the membrane phospholipids and then trap the catalytic domain at the proximity of the membrane anchored substrate. Structural and functional analysis indicate that the 4HBM tip of the Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin (TcsL) from the LCGT family contain two loops forming a cavity that mediates the binding to phospholipids and more specifically to phosphatidylserine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnaud Blondel
- Unité de Bio-Informatique Structurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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"Make way": Pathogen exploitation of membrane traffic. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 65:78-85. [PMID: 32234681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to manipulate their host cells to survive and replicate in a hostile environment. They often exploit membrane trafficking pathways to enter the cell, establish a replicative niche, avoid degradation and immune response, acquire nutrients and lastly, egress. Recent studies on membrane trafficking exploitation by intracellular pathogens have led to the discovery of novel and fascinating cell biology, including a noncanonical mechanism of ubiquitination and a novel mitophagy receptor. Thus, studying how pathogens target host cell membrane trafficking pathways is not only important for the development of new therapeutics, but also helps understanding fundamental mechanisms of cell biology.
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Röder J, Hensel M. Presence of SopE and mode of infection result in increased
Salmonella
‐containing vacuole damage and cytosolic release during host cell infection by
Salmonella enterica. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13155. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Röder
- Abteilung MikrobiologieUniversitat Osnabruck Osnabrück Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung MikrobiologieUniversitat Osnabruck Osnabrück Germany
- CellNanOs – Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Fachbereich Biologie/ChemieUniversität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
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The vacuole guard hypothesis: how intravacuolar pathogens fight to maintain the integrity of their beloved home. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 54:51-58. [PMID: 32044688 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intravacuolar bacterial pathogens establish intracellular niches by constructing membrane-encompassed compartments. The vacuoles surrounding the bacteria are remarkably stable, facilitating microbial replication and preventing exposure to host cytoplasmically localized innate immune sensing mechanisms. To maintain integrity of the membrane compartment, the pathogen is armed with defensive weapons that prevent loss of vacuole integrity and potential exposure to host innate signaling. In some cases, the microbial components that maintain vacuolar integrity have been identified, but the basis for why the compartment degrades in their absence is unclear. In this review, we point out that lessons from the microbial-programmed degradation of the vacuole by the cytoplasmically localized Shigella flexneri provide crucial insights into how degradation of pathogen vacuoles occurs. We propose that in the absence of bacterial-encoded guard proteins, aberrant trafficking of host membrane-associated components results in a dysfunctional pathogen compartment. As a consequence, the vacuole is poisoned and replication is terminated.
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Intestinal epithelial NAIP/NLRC4 restricts systemic dissemination of the adapted pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium due to site-specific bacterial PAMP expression. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:530-544. [PMID: 31953493 PMCID: PMC7181392 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes can prevent systemic dissemination of enteropathogenic bacteria. As adapted pathogens including Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm) have evolved evasion strategies, it has remained unclear when and where inflammasomes restrict their dissemination. Bacterial population dynamics establish that the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome specifically restricts S. Tm migration from the gut to draining lymph nodes. This is solely attributable to NAIP/NLRC4 within intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), while S. Tm evades restriction by phagocyte NAIP/NLRC4. NLRP3 and Caspase-11 also fail to restrict S. Tm mucosa traversal, migration to lymph nodes, and systemic pathogen growth. The ability of IECs (not phagocytes) to mount a NAIP/NLRC4 defense in vivo is explained by particularly high NAIP/NLRC4 expression in IECs and the necessity for epithelium-invading S. Tm to express the NAIP1-6 ligands-flagella and type-III-secretion-system-1. Imaging reveals both ligands to be promptly downregulated following IEC-traversal. These results highlight the importance of intestinal epithelial NAIP/NLRC4 in blocking bacterial dissemination in vivo, and explain why this constitutes a uniquely evasion-proof defense against the adapted enteropathogen S. Tm.
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