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Ding H, Tong J, Lin H, Ping F, Yao T, Ye Z, Chu J, Yuan D, Wang K, Liu X, Chen F. KLF4 inhibited the senescence-associated secretory phenotype in ox-LDL-treated endothelial cells via PDGFRA/NAMPT/mitochondrial ROS. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:8070-8085. [PMID: 38728249 PMCID: PMC11132013 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is one of the significant consequences of ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) is a critical source of inflammation factors. However, the molecular mechanism by which the SASP is regulated in ECs under ox-LDL conditions remains unknown. RESULTS The level of SASP was increased in ox-LDL-treated ECs, which could be augmented by KLF4 knockdown whereas restored by KLF4 knock-in. Furthermore, we found that KLF4 directly promoted PDGFRA transcription and confirmed the central role of the NAPMT/mitochondrial ROS pathway in KLF4/PDGFRA-mediated inhibition of SASP. Animal experiments showed a higher SASP HFD-fed mice, compared with normal feed (ND)-fed mice, and the endothelium of EC-specific KLF4-/- mice exhibited a higher proportion of SA-β-gal-positive cells and lower PDGFRA/NAMPT expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that KLF4 inhibits the SASP of endothelial cells under ox-LDL conditions through the PDGFRA/NAMPT/mitochondrial ROS. METHODS Ox-LDL-treated ECs and HFD-fed mice were used as endothelial senescence models in vitro and in vivo. SA-β-gal stain, detection of SAHF and the expression of inflammatory factors determined SASP and senescence of ECs. The direct interaction of KLF4 and PDGFRA promotor was analyzed by EMSA and fluorescent dual luciferase reporting analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Tong
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fan Ping
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tongqing Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiapeng Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Deqiang Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kangwei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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2
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Sin SH, Eason AB, Kim Y, Schneider JW, Damania B, Dittmer DP. The complete Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome induces early-onset, metastatic angiosarcoma in transgenic mice. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:755-767.e4. [PMID: 38653242 PMCID: PMC11305081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most common cancer in persons living with HIV. It is caused by KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). There exists no animal model for KS. Pronuclear injection of the 170,000-bp viral genome induces early-onset, aggressive angiosarcoma in transgenic mice. The tumors are histopathologically indistinguishable from human KS. As in human KS, all tumor cells express the viral latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). The tumors transcribe most viral genes, whereas endothelial cells in other organs only transcribe the viral latent genes. The tumor cells are of endothelial lineage and exhibit the same molecular pattern of pathway activation as KS, namely phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The KSHV-induced tumors are more aggressive than Ha-ras-induced angiosarcomas. Overall survival is increased by prophylactic ganciclovir. Thus, whole-virus KSHV-transgenic mice represent an accurate model for KS and open the door for the genetic dissection of KS pathogenesis and evaluation of therapies, including vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Sin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anthony B Eason
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Johann W Schneider
- National Health Laboratory Service, Division of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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3
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Lacunza E, Ahuja A, Coso OA, Abba M, Ramos JC, Cesarman E, Mesri EA, Naipauer J. Unveiling the role of KSHV-infected human mesenchymal stem cells in Kaposi's sarcoma initiation. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29684. [PMID: 38773828 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) may derive from Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) that migrate to sites characterized by inflammation and angiogenesis, promoting the initiation of KS. By analyzing the RNA sequences of KSHV-infected primary hMSCs, we have identified specific cell subpopulations, mechanisms, and conditions involved in the initial stages of KSHV-induced transformation and reprogramming of hMSCs into KS progenitor cells. Under proangiogenic environmental conditions, KSHV can reprogram hMSCs to exhibit gene expression profiles more similar to KS tumors, activating cell cycle progression, cytokine signaling pathways, endothelial differentiation, and upregulating KSHV oncogenes indicating the involvement of KSHV infection in inducing the mesenchymal-to-endothelial (MEndT) transition of hMSCs. This finding underscores the significance of this condition in facilitating KSHV-induced proliferation and reprogramming of hMSCs towards MEndT and closer to KS gene expression profiles, providing further evidence of these cell subpopulations as precursors of KS cells that thrive in a proangiogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Lacunza
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunologicas Basicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- University of Miami-Centre for AIDS Research/Sylvester Cancer Comprehensive Center Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anuj Ahuja
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Omar A Coso
- University of Miami-Centre for AIDS Research/Sylvester Cancer Comprehensive Center Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunologicas Basicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- University of Miami-Centre for AIDS Research/Sylvester Cancer Comprehensive Center Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Ramos
- University of Miami-Centre for AIDS Research/Sylvester Cancer Comprehensive Center Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Enrique A Mesri
- University of Miami-Centre for AIDS Research/Sylvester Cancer Comprehensive Center Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Julian Naipauer
- University of Miami-Centre for AIDS Research/Sylvester Cancer Comprehensive Center Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Algandaby MM, Esmat A, Nasrullah MZ, Alhakamy NA, Abdel-Naim AB, Rashad OM, Elhady SS, Eltamany EE. LC-MS based metabolic profiling and wound healing activity of a chitosan nanoparticle-loaded formula of Teucrium polium in diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115626. [PMID: 37852098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Healing of wounds is the most deteriorating diabetic experience. Felty germander (Teucrium polium) possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities that could accelerate wound healing. Further, nanohydrogels help quicken healing and are ideal biomaterials for drug delivery. In the current study, the chemical profiling, and standardization of T. polium methanolic extract by LC-ESI/TOF/MS/MS and quantitative HPLC-DAD analyses were achieved. The wound healing enhancement in diabetic rats by T. polium nanopreparation (TP-NP) as chitosan nanogel (CS-NG) and investigating the potential mechanisms were investigated. The prepared hydrogel-based TP-NP were characterized with respect to particle size, zeta potential, pH, viscosity, and release of major components. LC-ESI/TOF/MS/MS metabolomic profiling of T. polium revealed the richness of the plant with phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids. In addition, several terpenoids were detected. Kaempferol content of T. polium was estimated to be 7.85 ± 0.022 mg/ g of dry extract. The wound healing activity of TP-NP was explored in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetic animals were subjected to surgical wounding (1 cm diameter). Then they were divided in 5 groups (10 each). These included Group 1 (untreated control rats), Group 2 received the vehicle of CS-NG; Group 3 (0.5 g of TP prepared in hydrogel), Group 4 (0.5 g of TP-NP), Group 5 represented a positive control treated with 0.5 g of a commercial product. All treatments were applied topically for 21 days. Application of TP-NP on skin wounds of diabetic animals accelerated the healing process as evidenced by epithelium regeneration, formation of granulation tissue followed by epidermal proliferation, along with keratinization as verified by H&E. This was confirmed through enhanced collagen synthesis, as shown by raised hydroxyproline content and Col1A1 gene expression. Moreover, TP-NP significantly alleviated wound oxidative burst and diminished the expressions of inflammatory biomarkers. Meanwhile, TP-NP could enhance the expressions of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), in addition to the angiogenic markers; vascular endothelia growth factor A (VEGFA) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα). Collectively, chitosan nanogel of T. polium accelerates wound healing in diabetic rats, which could be explained - at least partly - through alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation coupled with pro-angiogenic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi M Algandaby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Esmat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Z Nasrullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ashraf B Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Omar M Rashad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt.
| | - Sameh S Elhady
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Enas E Eltamany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
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5
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Olson AT, Kang Y, Ladha AM, Zhu S, Lim CB, Nabet B, Lagunoff M, Gujral TS, Geballe AP. Polypharmacology-based kinome screen identifies new regulators of KSHV reactivation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011169. [PMID: 37669313 PMCID: PMC10503724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes several human diseases including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a leading cause of cancer in Africa and in patients with AIDS. KS tumor cells harbor KSHV predominantly in a latent form, while typically <5% contain lytic replicating virus. Because both latent and lytic stages likely contribute to cancer initiation and progression, continued dissection of host regulators of this biological switch will provide insights into fundamental pathways controlling the KSHV life cycle and related disease pathogenesis. Several cellular protein kinases have been reported to promote or restrict KSHV reactivation, but our knowledge of these signaling mediators and pathways is incomplete. We employed a polypharmacology-based kinome screen to identify specific kinases that regulate KSHV reactivation. Those identified by the screen and validated by knockdown experiments included several kinases that enhance lytic reactivation: ERBB2 (HER2 or neu), ERBB3 (HER3), ERBB4 (HER4), MKNK2 (MNK2), ITK, TEC, and DSTYK (RIPK5). Conversely, ERBB1 (EGFR1 or HER1), MKNK1 (MNK1) and FRK (PTK5) were found to promote the maintenance of latency. Mechanistic characterization of ERBB2 pro-lytic functions revealed a signaling connection between ERBB2 and the activation of CREB1, a transcription factor that drives KSHV lytic gene expression. These studies provided a proof-of-principle application of a polypharmacology-based kinome screen for the study of KSHV reactivation and enabled the discovery of both kinase inhibitors and specific kinases that regulate the KSHV latent-to-lytic replication switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel T. Olson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yuqi Kang
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anushka M. Ladha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Songli Zhu
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chuan Bian Lim
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Behnam Nabet
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Lagunoff
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Taranjit S. Gujral
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Adam P. Geballe
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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6
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Lu ZZ, Sun C, Zhang X, Peng Y, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Zhu N, Yuan Y, Zeng MS. Neuropilin 1 is an entry receptor for KSHV infection of mesenchymal stem cell through TGFBR1/2-mediated macropinocytosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg1778. [PMID: 37224259 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and other malignancies. The cellular origin of KS has been suggested to be either mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or endothelial cells. However, receptor(s) for KSHV to infect MSCs remains unknown. By combining bioinformatics analysis and shRNA screening, we identify neuropilin 1 (NRP1) as an entry receptor for KSHV infection of MSCs. Functionally, NRP1 knockout and overexpression in MSCs significantly reduce and promote, respectively, KSHV infection. Mechanistically, NRP1 facilitated the binding and internalization of KSHV by interacting with KSHV glycoprotein B (gB), which was blocked by soluble NRP1 protein. Furthermore, NRP1 interacts with TGF-β receptor type 2 (TGFBR2) through their respective cytoplasmic domains and thus activates the TGFBR1/2 complex, which facilitates the macropinocytosis-mediated KSHV internalization via the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1. Together, these findings implicate that KSHV has evolved a strategy to invade MSCs by harnessing NRP1 and TGF-beta receptors to stimulate macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Zhou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Peng
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Precision clinical laboratory, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524037, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Nannan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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7
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Damania B, Dittmer DP. Today's Kaposi sarcoma is not the same as it was 40 years ago, or is it? J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28773. [PMID: 37212317 PMCID: PMC10266714 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review will provide an overview of the notion that Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a disease that manifests under diverse and divergent circumstances. We begin with a historical introduction of KS and KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), highlight the diversity of clinical presentations of KS, summarize what we know about the cell of origin for this tumor, explore KSHV viral load as a potential biomarker for acute KSHV infections and KS-associated complications, and discuss immune modulators that impact KSHV infection, KSHV persistence, and KS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive CB#7295, Rm 12-048, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive CB#7295, Rm 12-048, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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8
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Naipauer J, Mesri EA. The Kaposi's sarcoma progenitor enigma: KSHV-induced MEndT-EndMT axis. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:188-200. [PMID: 36635149 PMCID: PMC9957928 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition has been described in tumors as a source of mesenchymal stroma, while the reverse process has been proposed in tumor vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. A human oncogenic virus, Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV), can regulate both processes in order to transit through this transition 'boulevard' when infecting KS oncogenic progenitor cells. Endothelial or mesenchymal circulating progenitor cells can serve as KS oncogenic progenitors recruited by inflammatory cytokines because KSHV can reprogram one into the other through endothelial-to-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-to-endothelial transitions. Through these novel insights, the identity of the potential oncogenic progenitor of KS is revealed while gaining knowledge of the biology of the mesenchymal-endothelial differentiation axis and pointing to this axis as a therapeutic target in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Naipauer
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; University of Miami- Center for AIDS Research (UM-CFAR)/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Enrique A Mesri
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; University of Miami- Center for AIDS Research (UM-CFAR)/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally Induced AIDS-Malignancies, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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9
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Olson AT, Kang Y, Ladha AM, Lim CB, Lagunoff M, Gujral TS, Geballe AP. Polypharmacology-based kinome screen identifies new regulators of KSHV reactivation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.01.526589. [PMID: 36778430 PMCID: PMC9915688 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes several human diseases including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a leading cause of cancer in Africa and in patients with AIDS. KS tumor cells harbor KSHV predominantly in a latent form, while typically <5% contain lytic replicating virus. Because both latent and lytic stages likely contribute to cancer initiation and progression, continued dissection of host regulators of this biological switch will provide insights into fundamental pathways controlling the KSHV life cycle and related disease pathogenesis. Several cellular protein kinases have been reported to promote or restrict KSHV reactivation, but our knowledge of these signaling mediators and pathways is incomplete. We employed a polypharmacology-based kinome screen to identifiy specific kinases that regulate KSHV reactivation. Those identified by the screen and validated by knockdown experiments included several kinases that enhance lytic reactivation: ERBB2 (HER2 or neu ), ERBB3 (HER3), ERBB4 (HER4), MKNK2 (MNK2), ITK, TEC, and DSTYK (RIPK5). Conversely, ERBB1 (EGFR1 or HER1), MKNK1 (MNK1) and FRK (PTK5) were found to promote the maintenance of latency. Mechanistic characterization of ERBB2 pro-lytic functions revealed a signaling connection between ERBB2 and the activation of CREB1, a transcription factor that drives KSHV lytic gene expression. These studies provided a proof-of-principle application of a polypharmacology-based kinome screen for the study of KSHV reactivation and enabled the discovery of both kinase inhibitors and specific kinases that regulate the KSHV latent-to-lytic replication switch. Author Summary Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer particularly prevalent in Africa. In cancer cells, the virus persists in a quiescent form called latency, in which only a few viral genes are made. Periodically, the virus switches into an active replicative cycle in which most of the viral genes are made and new virus is produced. What controls the switch from latency to active replication is not well understood, but cellular kinases, enzymes that control many cellular processes, have been implicated. Using a cell culture model of KSHV reactivation along with an innovative screening method that probes the effects of many cellular kinases simultaneously, we identified drugs that significantly limit KSHV reactivation, as well as specific kinases that either enhance or restrict KSHV replicative cycle. Among these were the ERBB kinases which are known to regulate growth of cancer cells. Understanding how these and other kinases contribute to the switch leading to production of more infectious virus helps us understand the mediators and mechanisms of KSHV diseases. Additionally, because kinase inhibitors are proving to be effective for treating other diseases including some cancers, identifying ones that restrict KSHV replicative cycle may lead to new approaches to treating KSHV-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel T. Olson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuqi Kang
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anushka M. Ladha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chuan Bian Lim
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Lagunoff
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Taran S. Gujral
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam P. Geballe
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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10
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) are traditionally viewed as homogenous regarding viral transcription and lineage of origin, but so far this contention has not been explored at the single-cell level. Single-cell RNA sequencing of latently infected PEL supports the existence of multiple subpopulations even within a single cell line. At most 1% of the cells showed evidence of near-complete lytic transcription. The majority of cells only expressed the canonical viral latent transcripts: those originating from the latency locus, the viral interferon regulatory factor locus, and the viral lncRNA nut-1/Pan/T1.1; however, a significant fraction of cells showed various degrees of more permissive transcription, and some showed no evidence of KSHV transcripts whatsoever. Levels of viral interleukin-6 (IL-6)/K2 mRNA emerged as the most distinguishing feature to subset KSHV-infected PEL. One newly uncovered phenotype is the existence of BCBL-1 cells that readily adhered to fibronectin and that displayed mesenchymal lineage-like characteristics. IMPORTANCE Latency is the defining characteristic of the Herpesviridae and central to the tumorigenesis phenotype of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV-driven primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) rapidly develop resistance to therapy, suggesting tumor instability and plasticity. At any given time, a fraction of PEL cells spontaneously reactivate KSHV, suggesting transcriptional heterogeneity even within a clonal cell line under optimal growth conditions. This study employed single-cell mRNA sequencing to explore the within-population variability of KSHV transcription and how it relates to host cell transcription. Individual clonal PEL cells exhibited differing patterns of viral transcription. Most cells showed the canonical pattern of KSHV latency (LANA, vCyc, vFLIP, Kaposin, and vIRFs), but a significant fraction evidenced extended viral gene transcription, including of the viral IL-6 homolog, open reading frame K2. This study suggests new targets of intervention for PEL. It establishes a conceptual framework to design KSHV cure studies analogous to those for HIV.
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11
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Méndez-Solís O, Bendjennat M, Naipauer J, Theodoridis PR, Ho JJD, Verdun RE, Hare JM, Cesarman E, Lee S, Mesri EA. Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus activates the hypoxia response to usurp HIF2α-dependent translation initiation for replication and oncogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110144. [PMID: 34965440 PMCID: PMC9121799 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is an angiogenesis-inducing oncovirus whose ability to usurp the oxygen-sensing machinery is central to its oncogenicity. By upregulating the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), KSHV reprograms infected cells to a hypoxia-like state, triggering angiogenesis. Here we identify a link between KSHV replicative biology and oncogenicity by showing that KSHV's ability to regulate HIF2α levels and localization to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in normoxia enables translation of viral lytic mRNAs through the HIF2α-regulated eIF4E2 translation-initiation complex. This mechanism of translation in infected cells is critical for lytic protein synthesis and contributes to KSHV-induced PDGFRA activation and VEGF secretion. Thus, KSHV regulation of the oxygen-sensing machinery allows virally infected cells to initiate translation via the mTOR-dependent eIF4E1 or the HIF2α-dependent, mTOR-independent, eIF4E2. This "translation initiation plasticity" (TRIP) is an oncoviral strategy used to optimize viral protein expression that links molecular strategies of viral replication to angiogenicity and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayra Méndez-Solís
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mourad Bendjennat
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Julian Naipauer
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Phaedra R Theodoridis
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - J J David Ho
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ramiro E Verdun
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Stephen Lee
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Enrique A Mesri
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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12
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Chen W, Ding Y, Liu D, Lu Z, Wang Y, Yuan Y. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vFLIP promotes MEndT to generate hybrid M/E state for tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009600. [PMID: 34936683 PMCID: PMC8735625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative and invasive tumor caused by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). The cellular origin of KS tumor cells remains contentious. Recently, evidence has accrued indicating that KS may arise from KSHV-infected mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition (MEndT), but the transformation process has been largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the KSHV-mediated MEndT process and found that KSHV infection rendered MSCs incomplete endothelial lineage differentiation and formed hybrid mesenchymal/endothelial (M/E) state cells characterized by simultaneous expression of mesenchymal markers Nestin/PDGFRA/α-SAM and endothelial markers CD31/PDPN/VEGFR2. The hybrid M/E cells have acquired tumorigenic phenotypes in vitro and the potential to form KS-like lesions after being transplanted in mice under renal capsules. These results suggest a homology of KSHV-infected MSCs with Kaposi’s sarcoma where proliferating KS spindle-shaped cells and the cells that line KS-specific aberrant vessels were also found to exhibit the hybrid M/E state. Furthermore, the genetic analysis identified KSHV-encoded FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP) as a crucial regulator controlling KSHV-induced MEndT and generating hybrid M/E state cells for tumorigenesis. Overall, KSHV-mediated MEndT that transforms MSCs to tumorigenic hybrid M/E state cells driven by vFLIP is an essential event in Kaposi’s sarcomagenesis. Kaposi’s sarcoma manifests as multifocal lesions with spindle cell proliferation, intense angiogenesis, and erythrocyte extravasation. Although the origin and malignant nature of KS remain contentious, it is established that KSHV infection with concomitant viral oncogene expression in normal cell progenitors causes KS. The mechanism of KSHV oncogenesis could be revealed through a reproduction of KS by infection of normal cells. This study reports that the KSHV infection of mesenchymal stem cells initiates mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition (MEndT) that generates mesenchymal/endothelial (M/E) hybrid state cells. The hybrid M/E cells acquired tumorigenic phenotypes, including tumor initiation, angiogenesis, migration, and the potential to form KS-like lesions after transplanted in mice. This finding faithfully recapitulates Kaposi’s sarcoma where proliferating KS spindle cells and the cells that line KS-specific aberrant vessels are also found to exhibit the hybrid M/E phenotype. We also found that KSHV-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP) plays a crucial role in promoting MEndT and the generation of M/E state cells. These results provide a new layer of evidence for KSHV-infected MSCs being the cell source of KS spindle cells and reveal novel insight into KS pathogenesis and viral tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Ding
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengzhou Lu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Gaglia MM. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus at 27. Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200223. [PMID: 34153523 PMCID: PMC8250455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) was discovered 27 years ago and its link to several pathologies - Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and the B cell variant of Multicentric Castleman disease - is now well established. However, many questions remain about how KSHV causes tumors. Here, I will review studies from the last few years (primarily 2019-2021) that report new information about KSHV biology and tumorigenesis, including new results about KSHV proteins implicated in tumorigenesis, genetic and environmental variability in KSHV-related tumor development, and potential vulnerabilities of KSHV-caused tumors that could be novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maria Gaglia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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14
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Ding Y, Chen W, Lu Z, Wang Y, Yuan Y. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus promotes mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition by resolving the bivalent chromatin of PROX1 gene. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009847. [PMID: 34492084 PMCID: PMC8448337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) arises from Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition (MEndT). KSHV infection promotes MSC differentiation of endothelial lineage and acquisition of tumorigeneic phenotypes. To understand how KSHV induces MEndT and transforms MSCs to KS cells, we investigated the mechanism underlying KSHV-mediated MSC endothelial lineage differentiation. Like embryonic stem cells, MSC differentiation and fate determination are under epigenetic control. Prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) is a master regulator that controls lymphatic vessel development and endothelial differentiation. We found that the PROX1 gene in MSCs harbors a distinctive bivalent epigenetic signature consisting of both active marker H3K4me3 and repressive marker H3K27me3, which poises expression of the genes, allowing timely activation upon differentiation signals or environmental stimuli. KSHV infection effectively resolves the bivalent chromatin by decreasing H3K27me3 and increasing H3K4me3 to activate the PROX1 gene. vIL-6 signaling leads to the recruitment of MLL2 and SET1 complexes to the PROX1 promoter to increase H3K4me3, and the vGPCR-VEGF-A axis is responsible for removing PRC2 from the promoter to reduce H3K27me3. Therefore, through a dual signaling process, KSHV activates PROX1 gene expression and initiates MEndT, which renders MSC tumorigenic features including angiogenesis, invasion and migration. Numerous parallelisms between development and cancer led to the concept that cancer is a development problem over the past 50 years. As our knowledge of epigenetic regulation is advancing, the similarities between development and cancer are becoming more apparent, providing further support to the theory. KSHV infection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may result in Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) through mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition (MEndT), a process resembling endothelial differentiation during development. KSHV initiates MEndT by activating the homeobox gene PROX1, a master regulator of the lymphatic endothelial cell differentiation, at the epigenetic level. Here we found that the PROX1 gene resides in bivalent domain chromatin in MSCs and KSHV infection resolves it through a dual signaling process to activates the PROX1 gene, which initiates MEndT and confers MSC KS-like phenotypes. The significance of this study is two-fold. First, the study elucidated the mechanism underlying KSHV-mediated MEndT and KS development at the transcription level. Second, KSHV uses two independent pathways to elevate activating histone modification and decrease repressive marker, respectively, to resolved bivalent chromatin, revealing a two-factor-authentication mechanism in the epigenetic regulation, which may grant a more efficient and accurate response to activate a gene in bivalent chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ding
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weikang Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengzhou Lu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus is associated with osteosarcoma in Xinjiang populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016653118. [PMID: 33674386 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016653118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant tumor of bone predominately affecting adolescents and young adults. Based on animal studies, a viral etiology of osteosarcoma was proposed more than a half-century ago, but no viral association with human osteosarcoma has been found. The Uyghur ethnic population in Xinjiang, China, has an unusually high prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection and elevated incidence of osteosarcoma. In the current study, we explored the possible association of KSHV infection and osteosarcoma occurrence. Our seroepidemiological study revealed that KSHV prevalence was significantly elevated in Uyghur osteosarcoma patients versus the general Uyghur population (OR, 10.23; 95%CI, 4.25, 18.89). The KSHV DNA genome and viral latent nuclear antigen LANA were detected in most osteosarcoma tumor cells. Gene expression profiling analysis showed that KSHV-positive osteosarcoma represents a distinct subtype of osteosarcomas with viral gene-activated signaling pathways important for osteosarcoma development. We conclude that KSHV infection is a risk factor for osteosarcoma, and KSHV is associated with some osteosarcomas, representing a newly identified viral-associated endemic cancer.
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16
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Pietropaolo V, Prezioso C, Moens U. Role of Virus-Induced Host Cell Epigenetic Changes in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158346. [PMID: 34361112 PMCID: PMC8346956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor viruses human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) account for approximately 15% of all human cancers. Although the oncoproteins of these tumor viruses display no sequence similarity to one another, they use the same mechanisms to convey cancer hallmarks on the infected cell. Perturbed gene expression is one of the underlying mechanisms to induce cancer hallmarks. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA affect gene expression without introducing changes in the DNA sequence. Increasing evidence demonstrates that oncoviruses cause epigenetic modifications, which play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. In this review, recent advances in the role of host cell epigenetic changes in virus-induced cancers are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
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17
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Viral Manipulation of the Host Epigenome as a Driver of Virus-Induced Oncogenesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061179. [PMID: 34070716 PMCID: PMC8227491 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis due to viral infection accounts for a high fraction of the total global cancer burden (15–20%) of all human cancers. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which viral infection leads to tumor development is extremely important. One of the main mechanisms by which viruses induce host cell proliferation programs is through controlling the host’s epigenetic machinery. In this review, we dissect the epigenetic pathways through which oncogenic viruses can integrate their genome into host cell chromosomes and lead to tumor progression. In addition, we highlight the potential use of drugs based on histone modifiers in reducing the global impact of cancer development due to viral infection.
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18
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Wang X, Chen W, Yuan Y. KSHV enhances mesenchymal stem cell homing and promotes KS-like pathogenesis. Virology 2020; 549:5-12. [PMID: 32777727 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tends to occur in injured or inflamed sites of the body, which is described as the "Koebner phenomenon". KS is also unique in its extraordinary angio-hyperplastic inflammatory phenotype. Recently, evidence has accrued indicating that KS may derive from KSHV-infected mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which possess enhanced migration and homing ability. Inspired by these findings, we hypothesized that KS may arise from KSHV-infected MSCs that chemotactically migrate to preexisting inflammatory or injured sites. Here we report that KSHV infection of human MSCs significantly up-regulated expression of several chemokine receptors and enhanced cell migration ability in vitro. Furthermore, using a wound mouse model, we demonstrated that KSHV infection dramatically promotes MSCs migrating and settling in the wound sites. In addition, two mice in the KSHV-infected group showed purpura and tumors with KS-like features. Taken together, KSHV-enhanced MSC migration ability and inflammatory microenvironment play crucial roles in KS development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ear
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Humans
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Periodontal Ligament/cytology
- Primary Cell Culture
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CCR1/genetics
- Receptors, CCR1/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CCR3/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CCR4/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Signal Transduction
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stem Cells/pathology
- Stem Cells/virology
- Wounds, Nonpenetrating/pathology
- Wounds, Nonpenetrating/virology
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weikang Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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19
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Regulation of KSHV Latency and Lytic Reactivation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091034. [PMID: 32957532 PMCID: PMC7551196 DOI: 10.3390/v12091034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with three malignancies— Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). Central to the pathogenesis of these diseases is the KSHV viral life cycle, which is composed of a quiescent latent phase and a replicative lytic phase. While the establishment of latency enables persistent KSHV infection and evasion of the host immune system, lytic replication is essential for the dissemination of the virus between hosts and within the host itself. The transition between these phases, known as lytic reactivation, is controlled by a complex set of environmental, host, and viral factors. The effects of these various factors converge on the regulation of two KSHV proteins whose functions facilitate each phase of the viral life cycle—latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) and the master switch of KSHV reactivation, replication and transcription activator (RTA). This review presents the current understanding of how the transition between the phases of the KSHV life cycle is regulated, how the various phases contribute to KSHV pathogenesis, and how the viral life cycle can be exploited as a therapeutic target.
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20
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Naipauer J, Salyakina D, Journo G, Rosario S, Williams S, Abba M, Shamay M, Mesri EA. High-throughput sequencing analysis of a "hit and run" cell and animal model of KSHV tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008589. [PMID: 32603362 PMCID: PMC7357787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), is an AIDS-associated neoplasm caused by the KS herpesvirus (KSHV/ HHV-8). KSHV-induced sarcomagenesis is the consequence of oncogenic viral gene expression as well as host genetic and epigenetic alterations. Although KSHV is found in all KS-lesions, the percentage of KSHV-infected (LANA+) spindle-cells of the lesion is variable, suggesting the existence of KS-spindle cells that have lost KSHV and proliferate autonomously or via paracrine mechanisms. A mouse model of KSHVBac36-driven tumorigenesis allowed us to induce KSHV-episome loss before and after tumor development. Although infected cells that lose the KSHV-episome prior to tumor formation lose their tumorigenicity, explanted tumor cells that lost the KSHV-episome remained tumorigenic. This pointed to the existence of virally-induced irreversible oncogenic alterations occurring during KSHV tumorigenesis supporting the possibility of hit and run viral-sarcomagenesis. RNA-sequencing and CpG-methylation analysis were performed on KSHV-positive and KSHV-negative tumors that developed following KSHV-episome loss from explanted tumor cells. When KSHV-positive cells form KSHV-driven tumors, along with viral-gene upregulation there is a tendency for hypo-methylation in genes from oncogenic and differentiation pathways. In contrast, KSHV-negative tumors formed after KSHV-episome loss, show a tendency towards gene hyper-methylation when compared to KSHV-positive tumors. Regarding occurrence of host-mutations, we found the same set of innate-immunity related mutations undetected in KSHV-infected cells but present in all KSHV-positive tumors occurring en exactly the same position, indicating that pre-existing host mutations that provide an in vivo growth advantage are clonally-selected and contribute to KSHV-tumorigenesis. In addition, KSHV-negative tumors display de novo mutations related to cell proliferation that, together with the PDGFRAD842V and other proposed mechanism, could be responsible for driving tumorigenesis in the absence of KSHV-episomes. KSHV-induced irreversible genetic and epigenetic oncogenic alterations support the possibility of “hit and run” KSHV-sarcomagenesis and point to the existence of selectable KSHV-induced host mutations that may impact AIDS-KS treatment. KSHV-infected KS lesions are composed of latently-infected cells, as well as cells expressing lytic genes that have been implicated in the development of the KS angioproliferative phenotype. The existence of KS lesions with varying levels of KSHV-infected cells suggests also the existence of virus-independent “hit and run” mechanisms of sarcomagenesis, whereby viral infection irreversibly induce genetic or epigenetic oncogenic alterations in host cells. We used the unique mECK36 animal model of multistep KSHV sarcomagenesis to dissect transcriptional, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of KSHV dependent tumorigenesis and during tumorigenesis following KSHV-episome loss (“hit and run”) sarcomagenesis in an unbiased high-throughput fashion. These analyses revealed that KSHV in vivo tumorigenesis: A) Occurs predominantly with CpG hypo-methylation of oncogenic and differentiation pathways. B) Selects for pre-existing host mutations that allow the KSHV oncovirus to express oncogenic lytic genes by creating permissive environment for viral-induced innate immunity and inflammation, which provides a selective advantage in vivo conducive to tumorigenesis. Our results highlight the mutagenic potential of KSHV pointing to the existence in KS lesions, of KSHV-induced oncogenic host mutations that could be selected upon treatment and impact AIDS-KS therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- DNA Methylation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/metabolism
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Naipauer
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daria Salyakina
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Guy Journo
- Daniella Lee Casper Laboratory in Viral Oncology, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Santas Rosario
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sion Williams
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Neurology Basic Science Division, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin Abba
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Meir Shamay
- Daniella Lee Casper Laboratory in Viral Oncology, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- * E-mail: (MS); (EAM)
| | - Enrique A. Mesri
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MS); (EAM)
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Fröhlich J, Grundhoff A. Epigenetic control in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and associated disease. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:143-157. [PMID: 32219477 PMCID: PMC7174275 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of several malignancies of endothelial and B-cell origin. The fact that latently infected tumor cells in these malignancies do not express classical viral oncogenes suggests that pathogenesis of KSHV-associated disease results from multistep processes that, in addition to constitutive viral gene expression, may require accumulation of cellular alterations. Heritable changes of the epigenome have emerged as an important co-factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of many non-viral cancers. Since KSHV encodes a number of factors that directly or indirectly manipulate host cell chromatin, it is an intriguing possibility that epigenetic reprogramming also contributes to the pathogenesis of KSHV-associated tumors. The fact that heritable histone modifications have also been shown to regulate viral gene expression programs in KSHV-infected tumor cells underlines the importance of epigenetic control during latency and tumorigenesis. We here review what is presently known about the role of epigenetic regulation of viral and host chromatin in KSHV infection and discuss how viral manipulation of these processes may contribute to the development of KSHV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Fröhlich
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.
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