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Choudhary A, Senthil-Kumar M. Drought: A context-dependent damper and aggravator of plant diseases. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2109-2126. [PMID: 38409868 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Drought dynamically influences the interactions between plants and pathogens, thereby affecting disease outbreaks. Understanding the intricate mechanistic aspects of the multiscale interactions among plants, pathogens, and the environment-known as the disease triangle-is paramount for enhancing the climate resilience of crop plants. In this review, we systematically compile and comprehensively analyse current knowledge on the influence of drought on the severity of plant diseases. We emphasise that studying these stresses in isolation is not sufficient to predict how plants respond to combined stress from both drought and pathogens. The impact of drought and pathogens on plants is complex and multifaceted, encompassing the activation of antagonistic signalling cascades in response to stress factors. The nature, intensity, and temporality of drought and pathogen stress occurrence significantly influence the outcome of diseases. We delineate the drought-sensitive nodes of plant immunity and highlight the emerging points of crosstalk between drought and defence signalling under combined stress. The limited mechanistic understanding of these interactions is acknowledged as a key research gap in this area. The information synthesised herein will be crucial for crafting strategies for the accurate prediction and mitigation of future crop disease risks, particularly in the context of a changing climate.
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Sadras V, Guirao M, Moreno A, Fereres A. Inter-virus relationships in mixed infections and virus-drought relationships in plants: a quantitative review. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1786-1799. [PMID: 37902568 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Inter-virus relationships in mixed infections and virus-drought relationships are important in agriculture and natural vegetation. In this quantitative review, we sampled published factorial experiments to probe for relationships against the null hypothesis of additivity. Our sample captured antagonistic, additive and synergistic inter-virus relationships in double infections. Virus-drought relationships in our sample were additive or antagonistic, reinforcing the notion that viruses have neutral or positive effects on droughted plants, or that drought enhances plant tolerance to viruses. Both inter-virus and virus-drought relationships vary with virus species, host plant to the level of cultivar or accession, timing of infection, plant age and trait and growing conditions. The trait-dependence of these relationships has implications for resource allocation in plants. Owing to lagging theories, more experimental research in these fields is bound to return phenomenological outcomes. Theoretical work can advance in two complementary directions. First, the effective theory models the behaviour of the system without specifying all the underlying causes that lead to system state change. Second, mechanistic theory based on a nuanced view of the plant phenotype that explicitly considers downward causation; the influence of the plant phenotype on inter-virus relations and vice versa; the impact of timing, intensity and duration of drought interacting with viruses to modulate the plant phenotype; both the soil (moisture) and atmospheric (vapour pressure deficit) aspects of drought. Theories should scale in time, from short term to full growing season, and in levels of organisation up to the relevant traits: crop yield in agriculture and fitness in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sadras
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maria Guirao
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Hoffmann G, Shukla A, López-González S, Hafrén A. Cauliflower mosaic virus disease spectrum uncovers novel susceptibility factor NCED9 in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4751-4764. [PMID: 37249342 PMCID: PMC10433934 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are intimately linked with their hosts and especially dependent on gene-for-gene interactions to establish successful infections. On the host side, defence mechanisms such as tolerance and resistance can occur within the same species, leading to differing virus accumulation in relation to symptomology and plant fitness. The identification of novel resistance genes against viruses and susceptibility factors is an important part of understanding viral patho-genesis and securing food production. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana displays a wide symptom spectrum in response to RNA virus infections, and unbiased genome-wide association studies have proven a powerful tool to identify novel disease-genes. In this study we infected natural accessions of A. thaliana with the pararetrovirus cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) to study the phenotypic variations between accessions and their correlation with virus accumulation. Through genome-wide association mapping of viral accumulation differences, we identified several susceptibility factors for CaMV, the strongest of which was the abscisic acid synthesis gene NCED9. Further experiments confirmed the importance of abscisic acid homeostasis and its disruption for CaMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Hoffmann
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aayushi Shukla
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Silvia López-González
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hafrén
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Prakash V, Nihranz CT, Casteel CL. The Potyviral Protein 6K2 from Turnip Mosaic Virus Increases Plant Resilience to Drought. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:189-197. [PMID: 36534062 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-22-0183-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection can increase drought tolerance of infected plants compared with noninfected plants; however, the mechanisms mediating virus-induced drought tolerance remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection increases Arabidopsis thaliana survival under drought compared with uninfected plants. To determine if specific TuMV proteins mediate drought tolerance, we cloned the coding sequence for each of the major viral proteins and generated transgenic A. thaliana that constitutively express each protein. Three TuMV proteins, 6K1, 6K2, and NIa-Pro, enhanced drought tolerance of A. thaliana when expressed constitutively in plants compared with controls. While in the control plant, transcripts related to abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and ABA levels were induced under drought, there were no changes in ABA or related transcripts in plants expressing 6K2 under drought compared with well-watered conditions. Expression of 6K2 also conveyed drought tolerance in another host plant, Nicotiana benthamiana, when expressed using a virus overexpression construct. In contrast to ABA, 6K2 expression enhanced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in both Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana. These results suggest 6K2-induced drought tolerance is mediated through increased SA levels and SA-dependent induction of plant secondary metabolites, osmolytes, and antioxidants that convey drought tolerance. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Chad T Nihranz
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Clare L Casteel
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
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Jeger MJ. Tolerance of plant virus disease: Its genetic, physiological, and epidemiological significance. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael John Jeger
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Imperial College London Ascot UK
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Water Deficit Improves Reproductive Fitness in Nicotiana benthamiana Plants Infected by Cucumber mosaic virus. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091240. [PMID: 35567241 PMCID: PMC9105947 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants are concurrently exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses, including infection by viruses and drought. Combined stresses result in plant responses that are different from those observed for each individual stress. We investigated compensatory effects induced by virus infection on the fitness of hosts grown under water deficit, and the hypothesis that water deficit improves tolerance, estimated as reproductive fitness, to virus infection. Our results show that infection by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) or Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) promotes drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. However, neither CMV nor TuMV had a positive impact on host reproductive fitness following withdrawal of water, as determined by measuring the number of individuals producing seeds, seed grains, and seed germination rates. Importantly, infection by CMV but not by TuMV improved the reproductive fitness of N. benthamiana plants when exposed to drought compared to watered, virus-infected plants. However, no such conditional phenotype was found in Arabidopsis plants infected with CMV. Water deficit did not affect the capacity of infected plants to transmit CMV through seeds. These findings highlight a conditional improvement in biological efficacy of N. benthamiana plants infected with CMV under water deficit, and lead to the prediction that plants can exhibit increased tolerance to specific viruses under some of the projected climate change scenarios.
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Mishra R, Shteinberg M, Shkolnik D, Anfoka G, Czosnek H, Gorovits R. Interplay between abiotic (drought) and biotic (virus) stresses in tomato plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:475-488. [PMID: 34970822 PMCID: PMC8916204 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
With climate warming, drought becomes a vital challenge for agriculture. Extended drought periods affect plant-pathogen interactions. We demonstrate an interplay in tomato between drought and infection with tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Infected plants became more tolerant to drought, showing plant readiness to water scarcity by reducing metabolic activity in leaves and increasing it in roots. Reallocation of osmolytes, such as carbohydrates and amino acids, from shoots to roots suggested a role of roots in protecting infected tomatoes against drought. To avoid an acute response possibly lethal for the host organism, TYLCV down-regulated the drought-induced activation of stress response proteins and metabolites. Simultaneously, TYLCV promoted the stabilization of osmoprotectants' patterns and water balance parameters, resulting in the development of buffering conditions in infected plants subjected to prolonged stress. Drought-dependent decline of TYLCV amounts was correlated with HSFA1-controlled activation of autophagy, mostly in the roots. The tomato response to combined drought and TYLCV infection points to a mutual interaction between the plant host and its viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Mishra
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in AgricultureRobert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Moshik Shteinberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in AgricultureRobert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Doron Shkolnik
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in AgricultureRobert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Ghandi Anfoka
- Faculty of Agricultural TechnologyAl Balqa' UniversityAl‐SaltJordan
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in AgricultureRobert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in AgricultureRobert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
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Kuromori T, Fujita M, Takahashi F, Yamaguchi‐Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. Inter-tissue and inter-organ signaling in drought stress response and phenotyping of drought tolerance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:342-358. [PMID: 34863007 PMCID: PMC9300012 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant response to drought stress includes systems for intracellular regulation of gene expression and signaling, as well as inter-tissue and inter-organ signaling, which helps entire plants acquire stress resistance. Plants sense water-deficit conditions both via the stomata of leaves and roots, and transfer water-deficit signals from roots to shoots via inter-organ signaling. Abscisic acid is an important phytohormone involved in the drought stress response and adaptation, and is synthesized mainly in vascular tissues and guard cells of leaves. In leaves, stress-induced abscisic acid is distributed to various tissues by transporters, which activates stomatal closure and expression of stress-related genes to acquire drought stress resistance. Moreover, the stepwise stress response at the whole-plant level is important for proper understanding of the physiological response to drought conditions. Drought stress is sensed by multiple types of sensors as molecular patterns of abiotic stress signals, which are transmitted via separate parallel signaling networks to induce downstream responses, including stomatal closure and synthesis of stress-related proteins and metabolites. Peptide molecules play important roles in the inter-organ signaling of dehydration from roots to shoots, as well as signaling of osmotic changes and reactive oxygen species/Ca2+ . In this review, we have summarized recent advances in research on complex plant drought stress responses, focusing on inter-tissue signaling in leaves and inter-organ signaling from roots to shoots. We have discussed the mechanisms via which drought stress adaptations and resistance are acquired at the whole-plant level, and have proposed the importance of quantitative phenotyping for measuring plant growth under drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuromori
- Gene Discovery Research GroupRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science2‐1 HirosawaWakoSaitama351‐0198Japan
| | - Miki Fujita
- Gene Discovery Research GroupRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science3‐1‐1 KoyadaiTsukubaIbaraki305‐0074Japan
| | - Fuminori Takahashi
- Gene Discovery Research GroupRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science3‐1‐1 KoyadaiTsukubaIbaraki305‐0074Japan
- Department of Biological Science and TechnologyGraduate School of Advanced EngineeringTokyo University of Science6‐3‐1 Niijyuku, Katsushika‐kuTokyo125‐8585Japan
| | - Kazuko Yamaguchi‐Shinozaki
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular PhysiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo1‐1‐1 Yayoi, Bunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐8657Japan
- Research Institute for Agricultural and Life SciencesTokyo University of Agriculture1‐1‐1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya‐kuTokyo156‐8502Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research GroupRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science2‐1 HirosawaWakoSaitama351‐0198Japan
- Gene Discovery Research GroupRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science3‐1‐1 KoyadaiTsukubaIbaraki305‐0074Japan
- Biotechonology CenterNational Chung Hsing University (NCHU)Taichung402Taiwan
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Bergès SE, Vile D, Yvon M, Masclef D, Dauzat M, van Munster M. Water deficit changes the relationships between epidemiological traits of Cauliflower mosaic virus across diverse Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24103. [PMID: 34916537 PMCID: PMC8677750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in plant abiotic environments may alter plant virus epidemiological traits, but how such changes actually affect their quantitative relationships is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of water deficit on Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) traits (virulence, accumulation, and vectored-transmission rate) in 24 natural Arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown under strictly controlled environmental conditions. CaMV virulence increased significantly in response to water deficit during vegetative growth in all A. thaliana accessions, while viral transmission by aphids and within-host accumulation were significantly altered in only a few. Under well-watered conditions, CaMV accumulation was correlated positively with CaMV transmission by aphids, while under water deficit, this relationship was reversed. Hence, under water deficit, high CaMV accumulation did not predispose to increased horizontal transmission. No other significant relationship between viral traits could be detected. Across accessions, significant relationships between climate at collection sites and viral traits were detected but require further investigation. Interactions between epidemiological traits and their alteration under abiotic stresses must be accounted for when modelling plant virus epidemiology under scenarios of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy E Bergès
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Vile
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
| | - Michel Yvon
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Diane Masclef
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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Plant virus evolution under strong drought conditions results in a transition from parasitism to mutualism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020990118. [PMID: 33526695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020990118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions are an important factor driving pathogens' evolution. Here, we explore the effects of drought stress in plant virus evolution. We evolved turnip mosaic potyvirus in well-watered and drought conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions that differ in their response to virus infection. Virus adaptation occurred in all accessions independently of watering status. Drought-evolved viruses conferred a significantly higher drought tolerance to infected plants. By contrast, nonsignificant increases in tolerance were observed in plants infected with viruses evolved under standard watering. The magnitude of this effect was dependent on the plant accessions. Differences in tolerance were correlated to alterations in the expression of host genes, some involved in regulation of the circadian clock, as well as in deep changes in the balance of phytohormones regulating defense and growth signaling pathways. Our results show that viruses can promote host survival in situations of abiotic stress, with the magnitude of such benefit being a selectable trait.
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