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McKay LS, Spandrio AR, Johnson RM, Sobran MA, Marlatt SA, Mote KB, Dedloff MR, Nash ZM, Julio SM, Cotter PA. Cytochrome oxidase requirements in Bordetella reveal insights into evolution towards life in the mammalian respiratory tract. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012084. [PMID: 38976749 PMCID: PMC11257404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Little is known about oxygen utilization during infection by bacterial respiratory pathogens. The classical Bordetella species, including B. pertussis, the causal agent of human whooping cough, and B. bronchiseptica, which infects nearly all mammals, are obligate aerobes that use only oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor for electron transport-coupled oxidative phosphorylation. B. bronchiseptica, which occupies many niches, has eight distinct cytochrome oxidase-encoding loci, while B. pertussis, which evolved from a B. bronchiseptica-like ancestor but now survives exclusively in and between human respiratory tracts, has only three functional cytochrome oxidase-encoding loci: cydAB1, ctaCDFGE1, and cyoABCD1. To test the hypothesis that the three cytochrome oxidases encoded within the B. pertussis genome represent the minimum number and class of cytochrome oxidase required for respiratory infection, we compared B. bronchiseptica strains lacking one or more of the eight possible cytochrome oxidases in vitro and in vivo. No individual cytochrome oxidase was required for growth in ambient air, and all three of the cytochrome oxidases conserved in B. pertussis were sufficient for growth in ambient air and low oxygen. Using a high-dose, large-volume persistence model and a low-dose, small-volume establishment of infection model, we found that B. bronchiseptica producing only the three B. pertussis-conserved cytochrome oxidases was indistinguishable from the wild-type strain for infection. We also determined that CyoABCD1 is sufficient to cause the same level of bacterial burden in mice as the wild-type strain and is thus the primary cytochrome oxidase required for murine infection, and that CydAB1 and CtaCDFGE1 fulfill auxiliary roles or are important for aspects of infection we have not assessed, such as transmission. Our results shed light on the environment at the surface of the ciliated epithelium, respiration requirements for bacteria that colonize the respiratory tract, and the evolution of virulence in bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana S. McKay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexa R. Spandrio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Ashley Sobran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara A. Marlatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katlyn B. Mote
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Margaret R. Dedloff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zachary M. Nash
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Julio
- Department of Biology, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Peggy A. Cotter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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2
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Shealy NG, Baltagulov M, Byndloss MX. A long journey to the colon: The role of the small intestine microbiota in intestinal disease. Mol Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38690771 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The small intestine represents a complex and understudied gut niche with significant implications for human health. Indeed, many infectious and non-infectious diseases center within the small intestine and present similar clinical manifestations to large intestinal disease, complicating non-invasive diagnosis and treatment. One major neglected aspect of small intestinal diseases is the feedback relationship with the resident collection of commensal organisms, the gut microbiota. Studies focused on microbiota-host interactions in the small intestine in the context of infectious and non-infectious diseases are required to identify potential therapeutic targets dissimilar from those used for large bowel diseases. While sparsely populated, the small intestine represents a stringent commensal bacterial microenvironment the host relies upon for nutrient acquisition and protection against invading pathogens (colonization resistance). Indeed, recent evidence suggests that disruptions to host-microbiota interactions in the small intestine impact enteric bacterial pathogenesis and susceptibility to non-infectious enteric diseases. In this review, we focus on the microbiota's impact on small intestine function and the pathogenesis of infectious and non-infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We also discuss gaps in knowledge on the role of commensal microorganisms in proximal GI tract function during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G Shealy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Madi Baltagulov
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mariana X Byndloss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Microbiome Innovation Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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3
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Sinha R, LeVeque RM, Callahan SM, Chatterjee S, Stopnisek N, Kuipel M, Johnson JG, DiRita VJ. Gut metabolite L-lactate supports Campylobacter jejuni population expansion during acute infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316540120. [PMID: 38170751 PMCID: PMC10786315 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316540120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
How the microaerobic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni establishes its niche and expands in the gut lumen during infection is poorly understood. Using 6-wk-old ferrets as a natural disease model, we examined this aspect of C. jejuni pathogenicity. Unlike mice, which require significant genetic or physiological manipulation to become colonized with C. jejuni, ferrets are readily infected without the need to disarm the immune system or alter the gut microbiota. Disease after C. jejuni infection in ferrets reflects closely how human C. jejuni infection proceeds. Rapid growth of C. jejuni and associated intestinal inflammation was observed within 2 to 3 d of infection. We observed pathophysiological changes that were noted by cryptic hyperplasia through the induction of tissue repair systems, accumulation of undifferentiated amplifying cells on the colon surface, and instability of HIF-1α in colonocytes, which indicated increased epithelial oxygenation. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that lactate levels in colon content were elevated in infected animals. A C. jejuni mutant lacking lctP, which encodes an L-lactate transporter, was significantly decreased for colonization during infection. Lactate also influences adhesion and invasion by C. jejuni to a colon carcinoma cell line (HCT116). The oxygenation required for expression of lactate transporter (lctP) led to identification of a putative thiol-based redox switch regulator (LctR) that may repress lctP transcription under anaerobic conditions. Our work provides better insights into the pathogenicity of C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Sinha
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics, & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824
| | - Rhiannon M. LeVeque
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics, & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824
| | - Sean M. Callahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996
| | - Shramana Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics, & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824
| | - Nejc Stopnisek
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics, & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824
| | - Matti Kuipel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824
| | | | - Victor J. DiRita
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics, & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824
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4
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Liu Q, Li C, Zhang X, Ding M, Liao X, Yan J, Hu M, Yang L, Wang X, Liao L, Li P, Zhou X. PhcX Is a LqsR-family response regulator that contributes to Ralstonia solanacearum virulence and regulates multiple virulence factors. mBio 2023; 14:e0202823. [PMID: 37787568 PMCID: PMC10653808 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02028-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The bacterial wilt caused by the soil-borne phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive crop diseases. To achieve a successful infection, R. solanacearum has evolved an intricate regulatory network to orchestrate the expression of an arsenal of virulence factors and fine-tune the allocation of energy. However, despite the wealth of knowledge gained in the past decades, many players and connections are still missing from the network. The importance of our study lies in the identification of PhcX, a novel conserved global regulator with critical roles in modulating the virulence and metabolism of R. solanacearum. PhcX affects many well-characterized regulators and exhibits contrasting modes of regulation from the central regulator PhcA on a variety of virulence-associated traits and genes. Our findings add a valuable piece to the puzzle of how the pathogen regulates its proliferation and infection, which is critical for understanding its pathogenesis and developing disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuhao Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengfan Ding
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinli Yan
- School of Agricultural Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisheng Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Plant and Animal Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Sinha R, LeVeque RM, Callahan SM, Chatterjee S, Stopnisek N, Kuipel M, Johnson JG, DiRita VJ. Gut metabolite L-lactate supports Campylobacter jejuni population expansion during acute infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560557. [PMID: 37873437 PMCID: PMC10592923 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
How the microaerobic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni establishes its niche and expands in the gut lumen during infection is poorly understood. Using six-week-old ferrets as a natural disease model, we examined this aspect of C. jejuni pathogenicity. Unlike mice, which require significant genetic or physiological manipulation to become colonized with C. jejuni , ferrets are readily infected without the need to disarm the immune system or alter the gut microbiota. Disease after C. jejuni infection in ferrets reflects closely how human C. jejuni infection proceeds. Rapid growth of C. jejuni and associated intestinal inflammation was observed within two-three days of infection. We observed pathophysiological changes that were noted by cryptic hyperplasia through the induction of tissue repair systems, accumulation of undifferentiated amplifying cells on the colon surface, and instability of HIF-1α in colonocytes, which indicated increased epithelial oxygenation. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that lactate levels in colon content were elevated in infected animals. A C. jejuni mutant lacking lctP , which encodes an L-lactate transporter, was significantly decreased for colonization during infection. Lactate also influences adhesion and invasion by C. jejuni to a colon carcinoma cell line (HCT116). The oxygenation required for expression of lactate transporter ( lctP ) led to discovery of a putative thiol based redox switch regulator (LctR) that may repress lctP transcription under anaerobic conditions. Our work provides new insights into the pathogenicity of C. jejuni . Significance There is a gap in knowledge about the mechanisms by which C. jejuni populations expand during infection. Using an animal model which accurately reflects human infection without the need to alter the host microbiome or the immune system prior to infection, we explored pathophysiological alterations of the gut after C. jejuni infection. Our study identified the gut metabolite L-lactate as playing an important role as a growth substrate for C. jejuni during acute infection. We identified a DNA binding protein, LctR, that binds to the lctP promoter and may repress lctP expression, resulting in decreased lactate transport under low oxygen levels. This work provides new insights about C. jejuni pathogenicity.
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6
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Abstract
In order for successful fecal-oral transmission, enteric bacterial pathogens have to successfully compete with the intestinal microbiota and reach high concentrations during infection. Vibrio cholerae requires cholera toxin (CT) to cause diarrheal disease, which is thought to promote the fecal-oral transmission of the pathogen. Besides inducing diarrheal disease, the catalytic activity of CT also alters host intestinal metabolism, which promotes the growth of V. cholerae during infection through the acquisition of host-derived nutrients. Furthermore, recent studies have found that CT-induced disease activates a niche-specific suite of V. cholerae genes during infection, some of which may be important for fecal-oral transmission of the pathogen. Our group is currently exploring the concept that CT-induced disease promotes the fecal-oral transmission of V. cholerae by modulating both host and pathogen metabolism. Furthermore, the role of the intestinal microbiota in pathogen growth and transmission during toxin-induced disease merits further investigation. These studies open the door to investigating whether other bacterial toxins also enhance pathogen growth and transmission during infection, which may shed light on the design of novel therapeutics for intervention or prevention of diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. L. Chapman
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew Kapinos
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fabian Rivera-Chávez
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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7
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Kostiuk B, Becker ME, Churaman CN, Black JJ, Payne SM, Pukatzki S, Koestler BJ. Vibrio cholerae Alkalizes Its Environment via Citrate Metabolism to Inhibit Enteric Growth In Vitro. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0491722. [PMID: 36916917 PMCID: PMC10100763 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04917-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative pathogen, living in constant competition with other bacteria in marine environments and during human infection. One competitive advantage of V. cholerae is the ability to metabolize diverse carbon sources, such as chitin and citrate. We observed that when some V. cholerae strains were grown on a medium with citrate, the medium's chemical composition turned into a hostile alkaline environment for Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. We found that although the ability to exclude competing bacteria was not contingent on exogenous citrate, V. cholerae C6706 citrate metabolism mutants ΔoadA-1, ΔcitE, and ΔcitF were not able to inhibit S. flexneri or E. coli growth. Lastly, we demonstrated that while the V. cholerae C6706-mediated increased medium pH was necessary for the enteric exclusion phenotype, secondary metabolites, such as bicarbonate (protonated to carbonate in the raised pH) from the metabolism of citrate, enhanced the ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli. These data provide a novel example of how V. cholerae outcompetes other Gram-negative bacteria. IMPORTANCE Vibrio cholerae must compete with other bacteria in order to cause disease. Here, we show that V. cholerae creates an alkaline environment, which is able to inhibit the growth of other enteric bacteria. We demonstrate that V. cholerae environmental alkalization is linked to the capacity of the bacteria to metabolize citrate. This behavior could potentially contribute to V. cholerae's ability to colonize the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kostiuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 6-020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark E. Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Candice N. Churaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua J. Black
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shelley M. Payne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Stefan Pukatzki
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Koestler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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8
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Creasy-Marrazzo A, Saber MM, Kamat M, Bailey LS, Brinkley L, Cato E, Begum Y, Rashid MM, Khan AI, Qadri F, Basso KB, Shapiro BJ, Nelson EJ. Genome-wide association studies reveal distinct genetic correlates and increased heritability of antimicrobial resistance in Vibrio cholerae under anaerobic conditions. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000905. [PMID: 36748512 PMCID: PMC9837564 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic formulary is threatened by high rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among enteropathogens. Enteric bacteria are exposed to anaerobic conditions within the gastrointestinal tract, yet little is known about how oxygen exposure influences AMR. The facultative anaerobe Vibrio cholerae was chosen as a model to address this knowledge gap. We obtained V. cholerae isolates from 66 cholera patients, sequenced their genomes, and grew them under anaerobic and aerobic conditions with and without three clinically relevant antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, doxycycline). For ciprofloxacin and azithromycin, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) increased under anaerobic conditions compared to aerobic conditions. Using standard resistance breakpoints, the odds of classifying isolates as resistant increased over 10 times for ciprofloxacin and 100 times for azithromycin under anaerobic conditions compared to aerobic conditions. For doxycycline, nearly all isolates were sensitive under both conditions. Using genome-wide association studies, we found associations between genetic elements and AMR phenotypes that varied by oxygen exposure and antibiotic concentrations. These AMR phenotypes were more heritable, and the AMR-associated genetic elements were more often discovered, under anaerobic conditions. These AMR-associated genetic elements are promising targets for future mechanistic research. Our findings provide a rationale to determine whether increased MICs under anaerobic conditions are associated with therapeutic failures and/or microbial escape in cholera patients. If so, there may be a need to determine new AMR breakpoints for anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton Creasy-Marrazzo
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Morteza M. Saber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Manasi Kamat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laura S. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lindsey Brinkley
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emilee Cato
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yasmin Begum
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) and Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahbubur Rashid
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) and Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful I. Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) and Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD) and Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kari B. Basso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - B. Jesse Shapiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Gainesville, FL, USA,*Correspondence: B. Jesse Shapiro,
| | - Eric J. Nelson
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,*Correspondence: Eric J. Nelson,
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9
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Gao H, Hu W, Guan Y, Ji Y, Yang X, Hou M. Respiratory metabolism and quality in postharvest sweet cherries (
Prunus avium
L.) in response to high
CO
2
treatment. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongdou Gao
- College of Life Sciences Dalian Minzu University Dalian P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education Dalian P. R. China
| | - Wenzhong Hu
- College of Life Sciences Dalian Minzu University Dalian P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yuge Guan
- School of Food and Health Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yaru Ji
- School of Bioengineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhe Yang
- School of Bioengineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian P. R. China
| | - Mengyang Hou
- School of Bioengineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian P. R. China
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