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Gao X, Shen Q, Roco JA, Dalton B, Frith K, Munier CML, Ballard FD, Wang K, Kelly HG, Nekrasov M, He JS, Jaeger R, Carreira P, Ellyard JI, Beattie L, Enders A, Cook MC, Zaunders JJ, Cockburn IA. Zeb2 drives the formation of CD11c + atypical B cells to sustain germinal centers that control persistent infection. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj4748. [PMID: 38330097 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj4748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
CD11c+ atypical B cells (ABCs) are an alternative memory B cell lineage associated with immunization, infection, and autoimmunity. However, the factors that drive the transcriptional program of ABCs have not been identified, and the function of this population remains incompletely understood. Here, we identified candidate transcription factors associated with the ABC population based on a human tonsillar B cell single-cell dataset. We identified CD11c+ B cells in mice with a similar transcriptomic signature to human ABCs, and using an optimized CRISPR-Cas9 knockdown screen, we observed that loss of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (Zeb2) impaired ABC formation. Furthermore, ZEB2 haplo-insufficient Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) patients have decreased circulating ABCs in the blood. In Cd23Cre/+Zeb2fl/fl mice with impaired ABC formation, ABCs were dispensable for efficient humoral responses after Plasmodium sporozoite immunization but were required to control recrudescent blood-stage malaria. Immune phenotyping revealed that ABCs drive optimal T follicular helper (TFH) cell formation and germinal center (GC) responses and they reside at the red/white pulp border, likely permitting better access to pathogen antigens for presentation. Collectively, our study shows that ABC formation is dependent on Zeb2, and these cells can limit recrudescent infection by sustaining GC reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Qian Shen
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jonathan A Roco
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Becan Dalton
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Katie Frith
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Fiona D Ballard
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ke Wang
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Hannah G Kelly
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Maxim Nekrasov
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jin-Shu He
- ANU Centre for Therapeutic Discovery, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rebecca Jaeger
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Patricia Carreira
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Julia I Ellyard
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anselm Enders
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - John J Zaunders
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Staniek J, Kalina T, Andrieux G, Boerries M, Janowska I, Fuentes M, Díez P, Bakardjieva M, Stancikova J, Raabe J, Neumann J, Schwenk S, Arpesella L, Stuchly J, Benes V, García Valiente R, Fernández García J, Carsetti R, Piano Mortari E, Catala A, de la Calle O, Sogkas G, Neven B, Rieux-Laucat F, Magerus A, Neth O, Olbrich P, Voll RE, Alsina L, Allende LM, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Böhler C, Thiel J, Venhoff N, Lorenzetti R, Warnatz K, Unger S, Seidl M, Mielenz D, Schneider P, Ehl S, Rensing-Ehl A, Smulski CR, Rizzi M. Non-apoptotic FAS signaling controls mTOR activation and extrafollicular maturation in human B cells. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj5948. [PMID: 38215192 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj5948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Defective FAS (CD95/Apo-1/TNFRSF6) signaling causes autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). Hypergammaglobulinemia is a common feature in ALPS with FAS mutations (ALPS-FAS), but paradoxically, fewer conventional memory cells differentiate from FAS-expressing germinal center (GC) B cells. Resistance to FAS-induced apoptosis does not explain this phenotype. We tested the hypothesis that defective non-apoptotic FAS signaling may contribute to impaired B cell differentiation in ALPS. We analyzed secondary lymphoid organs of patients with ALPS-FAS and found low numbers of memory B cells, fewer GC B cells, and an expanded extrafollicular (EF) B cell response. Enhanced mTOR activity has been shown to favor EF versus GC fate decision, and we found enhanced PI3K/mTOR and BCR signaling in ALPS-FAS splenic B cells. Modeling initial T-dependent B cell activation with CD40L in vitro, we showed that FAS competent cells with transient FAS ligation showed specifically decreased mTOR axis activation without apoptosis. Mechanistically, transient FAS engagement with involvement of caspase-8 induced nuclear exclusion of PTEN, leading to mTOR inhibition. In addition, FASL-dependent PTEN nuclear exclusion and mTOR modulation were defective in patients with ALPS-FAS. In the early phase of activation, FAS stimulation promoted expression of genes related to GC initiation at the expense of processes related to the EF response. Hence, our data suggest that non-apoptotic FAS signaling acts as molecular switch between EF versus GC fate decisions via regulation of the mTOR axis and transcription. The defect of this modulatory circuit may explain the observed hypergammaglobulinemia and low memory B cell numbers in ALPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Staniek
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tomas Kalina
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iga Janowska
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Proteomics Unit, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paula Díez
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Proteomics Unit, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marina Bakardjieva
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Stancikova
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Raabe
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julika Neumann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schwenk
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leonardo Arpesella
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Stuchly
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo García Valiente
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Proteomics Unit, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jonatan Fernández García
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Proteomics Unit, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- B Cell Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Albert Catala
- Department of Hematology, Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar de la Calle
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgios Sogkas
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Rieux-Laucat
- Université de Paris, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Aude Magerus
- Université de Paris, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Olaf Neth
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology and Immunology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio (HUVR), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Universidad de Sevilla/CSIC, Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica RITIP, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Peter Olbrich
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology and Immunology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio (HUVR), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Universidad de Sevilla/CSIC, Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica RITIP, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Reinhard E Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laia Alsina
- Department of Hematology, Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis M Allende
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis I Gonzalez-Granado
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute Hospital 12 Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Böhler
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Thiel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nils Venhoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raquel Lorenzetti
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Unger
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Rensing-Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristian Roberto Smulski
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Physics Department, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Marta Rizzi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Chaudhary R, Khanna J, Rohilla M, Gupta S, Bansal S. Investigation of Pancreatic-beta Cells Role in the Biological Process of Ageing. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:348-362. [PMID: 37608675 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230822095932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular senescence is associated with the formation and progression of a range of illnesses, including ageing and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. Ageing and reduced glucose tolerance are interconnected. Often, Diabetes is becoming more common, which is concerning since it raises the risk of a variety of age-dependent disorders such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are to find out the most recent research on how ageing affects the functions of pancreatic beta cells, beta cell mass, beta cell senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hormonal imbalance. METHODS Various research and review manuscripts are gathered from various records such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Mendeley, Scopus, Science Open, the Directory of Open Access Journals, and the Education Resources Information Centre, using different terms like "Diabetes, cellular senescence, beta cells, ageing, insulin, glucose". RESULTS In this review, we research novel targets in order to discover new strategies to treat diabetes. Abnormal glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly may aid in the development of novel medicines to delay or prevent diabetes onset, improve quality of life, and, finally, increase life duration. CONCLUSION Aging accelerates beta cell senescence by generating premature cell senescence, which is mostly mediated by high glucose levels. Despite higher plasma glucose levels, hepatic gluconeogenesis accelerates and adipose tissue lipolysis rises, resulting in an increase in free fatty acid levels in the blood and worsening insulin resistance throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Janvi Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Manni Rohilla
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Seema Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
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Olivieri G, Cotugno N, Palma P. Emerging insights into atypical B cells in pediatric chronic infectious diseases and immune system disorders: T(o)-bet on control of B-cell immune activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:12-27. [PMID: 37890706 PMCID: PMC10842362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive or persistent cellular stimulation in vivo has been associated with the development of a heterogeneous B-cell population that exhibits a distinctive phenotype and, in addition to classical B-cell markers, often expresses the transcription factor T-bet and myeloid marker CD11c. Research suggests that this atypical population consists of B cells with distinct B-cell receptor specificities capable of binding the antigens responsible for their development. The expansion of this population occurs in the presence of chronic inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases where different nomenclatures have been used to describe them. However, as a result of the diverse contexts in which they have been investigated, these cells have remained largely enigmatic, with much ambiguity remaining regarding their phenotype and function in humoral immune response as well as their role in autoimmunity. Atypical B cells have garnered considerable interest because of their ability to produce specific antibodies and/or autoantibodies and because of their association with key disease manifestations. Although they have been widely described in the context of adults, little information is present for children. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to describe the characteristics of this population, suggest their function in pediatric immune-related diseases and chronic infections, and explore their potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Olivieri
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; PhD Program in Immunology, Molecular Medicine and Applied Biotechnology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, Molecular Medicine, and Applied Biotechnology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, Molecular Medicine, and Applied Biotechnology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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5
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Sadighi Akha AA, Csomós K, Ujházi B, Walter JE, Kumánovics A. Evolving Approach to Clinical Cytometry for Immunodeficiencies and Other Immune Disorders. Clin Lab Med 2023; 43:467-483. [PMID: 37481324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies were initially identified on the basis of recurrent, severe or unusual infections. Subsequently, it was noted that these diseases can also manifest with autoimmunity, autoinflammation, allergy, lymphoproliferation and malignancy, hence a conceptual change and their renaming as inborn errors of immunity. Ongoing advances in flow cytometry provide the opportunity to expand or modify the utility and scope of existing laboratory tests in this field to mirror this conceptual change. Here we have used the B cell subset, variably known as CD21low B cells, age-associated B cells and T-bet+ B cells, as an example to demonstrate this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Sadighi Akha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Krisztián Csomós
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, University of South Florida, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Boglárka Ujházi
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, University of South Florida, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Jolán E Walter
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, University of South Florida, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Attila Kumánovics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Vinuesa CG, Shen N, Ware T. Genetics of SLE: mechanistic insights from monogenic disease and disease-associated variants. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:558-572. [PMID: 37438615 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The past few years have provided important insights into the genetic architecture of systemic autoimmunity through aggregation of findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing studies. In the prototypic systemic autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), monogenic disease accounts for a small fraction of cases but has been instrumental in the elucidation of disease mechanisms. Defects in the clearance or digestion of extracellular or intracellular DNA or RNA lead to increased sensing of nucleic acids, which can break B cell tolerance and induce the production of type I interferons leading to tissue damage. Current data suggest that multiple GWAS SLE risk alleles act in concert with rare functional variants to promote SLE development. Moreover, introduction of orthologous variant alleles into mice has revealed that pathogenic X-linked dominant and recessive SLE can be caused by novel variants in TLR7 and SAT1, respectively. Such bespoke models of disease help to unravel pathogenic pathways and can be used to test targeted therapies. Cell type-specific expression data revealed that most GWAS SLE risk genes are highly expressed in age-associated B cells (ABCs), which supports the view that ABCs produce lupus autoantibodies and contribute to end-organ damage by persisting in inflamed tissues, including the kidneys. ABCs have thus emerged as key targets of promising precision therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola G Vinuesa
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- University College London, London, UK.
- China Australia Centre for Personalized Immunology (CACPI), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China.
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Aetiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thuvaraka Ware
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- University College London, London, UK
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Yu SC, Chen KC, Huang RYJ. Nodal reactive proliferation of monocytoid B-cells may represent atypical memory B-cells. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023; 56:729-738. [PMID: 37080839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive lymphadenopathies such as toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus lymphadenitis are associated with monocytoid cell proliferation. Monocytoid cells are B-lymphocytes with an undetermined subset. METHODS Using digital spatial profiling whole transcriptome analyses, this study compared monocytoid and control B-cells. The B-cell subset of monocytoid cells was assigned according to gene expression profiles. RESULTS This study identified 466 differentially expressed genes between monocytoid and control B-cells. The cellular deconvolution algorithm identified monocytoid cells as memory B-cells instead of as naïve B-cells. A comparison of the upregulated genes revealed that atypical memory B-cells had the largest number of genes overlapping with monocytoid cells compared with other memory B-cell subsets. Atypical memory B-cell markers, namely TBX21 (T-bet), FCRL4 (IRTA1), and ITGAX (CD11c), were all upregulated in monocytoid cells. Similar to atypical memory B-cells, monocytoid cells exhibited (1) upregulated transcription factors (TBX21, TOX), (2) upregulated genes associated with B-cell inhibition (FCRL5, FCRL4) and downregulated genes associated with B-cell activation (PIK3CG, NFKB1A, CD40), (3) downregulated cell cycle-related genes (CDK6, MYC), and (4) downregulated cytokine receptors (IL4R). This study also analyzed the expression of monocytoid cell signature genes in various memory B-cell subsets. Atypical memory B-cells exhibited a gene expression pattern similar to that of monocytoid cells, but other memory B-cell subsets did not. Furthermore, monocytoid cells and marginal zone lymphomas differed in gene expression profiles. CONCLUSION Spatial transcriptomic analyses indicated that monocytoid cells may be atypical memory B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Chi Yu
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ko-Chen Chen
- School of Medicine & Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- School of Medicine & Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hieber C, Grabbe S, Bros M. Counteracting Immunosenescence-Which Therapeutic Strategies Are Promising? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1085. [PMID: 37509121 PMCID: PMC10377144 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging attenuates the overall responsiveness of the immune system to eradicate pathogens. The increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by innate immune cells under basal conditions, termed inflammaging, contributes to impaired innate immune responsiveness towards pathogen-mediated stimulation and limits antigen-presenting activity. Adaptive immune responses are attenuated as well due to lowered numbers of naïve lymphocytes and their impaired responsiveness towards antigen-specific stimulation. Additionally, the numbers of immunoregulatory cell types, comprising regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, that inhibit the activity of innate and adaptive immune cells are elevated. This review aims to summarize our knowledge on the cellular and molecular causes of immunosenescence while also taking into account senescence effects that constitute immune evasion mechanisms in the case of chronic viral infections and cancer. For tumor therapy numerous nanoformulated drugs have been developed to overcome poor solubility of compounds and to enable cell-directed delivery in order to restore immune functions, e.g., by addressing dysregulated signaling pathways. Further, nanovaccines which efficiently address antigen-presenting cells to mount sustained anti-tumor immune responses have been clinically evaluated. Further, senolytics that selectively deplete senescent cells are being tested in a number of clinical trials. Here we discuss the potential use of such drugs to improve anti-aging therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hieber
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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9
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T-bet highCD21 low B cells: the need to unify our understanding of a distinct B cell population in health and disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102300. [PMID: 36931129 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
After many years of a niche research in a few laboratories of the world, T-bethighCD21low B cells have entered the limelight during the last years after the discovery of T-bet as common transcription factor of this unconventional B cell population and the increasing awareness of the expansion of these cells in autoimmune and infectious diseases. This population consists of different subsets which share large parts of their transcriptome, essential phenotypic markers, and reduced B cell receptor (BCR) signaling capacity. Inborn errors of immunity have helped to delineate essential signals for their differentiation. While our comprehension of their origin has improved, future research will hopefully profit from a common definition of the different T-bethighCD21low subpopulations in order to better define their specific roles during normal and aberrant immune responses.
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10
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Long A, Kleiner A, Looney RJ. Immune dysregulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:70-80. [PMID: 36608984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of immune dysregulation in many different diseases continues to grow. There is increasing evidence that altered microbiome and gut barrier dysfunction contribute to systemic inflammation in patients with primary immunodeficiency and in patients with rheumatic disease. Recent research provides insight into the process of induction and maturation of pathogenic age-associated B cells and highlights the role of age-associated B cells in creating tissue inflammation. T follicular regulatory cells are shown to help maintain B-cell tolerance, and therapeutic approaches to increase or promote T follicular regulatory cells may help prevent or decrease immune dysregulation. Meanwhile, novel studies of systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis reveal a strong HLA association with interstitial lung disease and identify key aspects of the pathogenesis of macrophage activation syndrome. Studies of hyperinflammatory syndromes, including the recently described multisystem inflammatory syndrome of children, characterize similarities and differences in cytokine profiles and T-cell activation. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of immune dysregulation and describes potential key factors that may function as biomarkers for disease or targets for therapeutic interventions. Future trials are necessary to address the many remaining questions with regards to pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune, inflammatory, and immunodeficiency syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Long
- Allergy Immunology Rheumatology Division, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Anatole Kleiner
- Allergy Immunology Rheumatology Division, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - R John Looney
- Allergy Immunology Rheumatology Division, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY.
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11
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Li ZY, Cai ML, Qin Y, Chen Z. Age/autoimmunity-associated B cells in inflammatory arthritis: An emerging therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1103307. [PMID: 36817481 PMCID: PMC9933781 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Age/autoimmunity-associated B cells (ABCs) are a novel B cell subpopulation with a unique transcriptional signature and cell surface phenotype. They are not sensitive to BCR but rely on TLR7 or TLR9 in the context of T cell-derived cytokines for the differentiation. It has been established that aberrant expansion of ABCs is linked to the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Recently, we and other groups have shown that increased ABCs is associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity and have demonstrated their pathogenic role in RA, indicating that targeting specific B cell subsets is a promising strategy for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of ABCs, focusing on their emerging role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. A deep understanding of the biology of ABCs in the context of inflammatory settings in vivo will ultimately contribute to the development of novel targeted therapies for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ming-Long Cai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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12
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Age-associated B cells are long-lasting effectors that impede latent γHV68 reactivation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21189. [PMID: 36477199 PMCID: PMC9729602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs; CD19+CD11c+T-bet+) are a unique population that are increased in an array of viral infections, though their role during latent infection is largely unexplored. Here, we use murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) to demonstrate that ABCs remain elevated long-term during latent infection and express IFNγ and TNF. Using a recombinant γHV68 that is cleared following acute infection, we show that ABCs persist in the absence of latent virus, though their expression of IFNγ and TNF is decreased. With a fluorescent reporter gene-expressing γHV68 we demonstrate that ABCs are infected with γHV68 at similar rates to other previously activated B cells. We find that mice without ABCs display defects in anti-viral IgG2a/c antibodies and are more susceptible to reactivation of γHV68 following virus challenges that typically do not break latency. Together, these results indicate that ABCs are a persistent effector subset during latent viral infection that impedes γHV68 reactivation.
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13
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Mouat IC, Shanina I, Horwitz MS. Age-associated B cells are long-lasting effectors that impede latent γHV68 reactivation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21189. [PMID: 36477199 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.29.474434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs; CD19+CD11c+T-bet+) are a unique population that are increased in an array of viral infections, though their role during latent infection is largely unexplored. Here, we use murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) to demonstrate that ABCs remain elevated long-term during latent infection and express IFNγ and TNF. Using a recombinant γHV68 that is cleared following acute infection, we show that ABCs persist in the absence of latent virus, though their expression of IFNγ and TNF is decreased. With a fluorescent reporter gene-expressing γHV68 we demonstrate that ABCs are infected with γHV68 at similar rates to other previously activated B cells. We find that mice without ABCs display defects in anti-viral IgG2a/c antibodies and are more susceptible to reactivation of γHV68 following virus challenges that typically do not break latency. Together, these results indicate that ABCs are a persistent effector subset during latent viral infection that impedes γHV68 reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Mouat
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Iryna Shanina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Room 3551, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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14
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Mouat IC, Allanach JR, Fettig NM, Fan V, Girard AM, Shanina I, Osborne LC, Vorobeychik G, Horwitz MS. Gammaherpesvirus infection drives age-associated B cells toward pathogenicity in EAE and MS. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade6844. [PMID: 36427301 PMCID: PMC9699667 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
While age-associated B cells (ABCs) are known to expand and persist following viral infection and during autoimmunity, their interactions are yet to be studied together in these contexts. Here, we directly compared CD11c+T-bet+ ABCs using models of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68), multiple sclerosis (MS), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and found that each drives the ABC population to opposing phenotypes. EBV infection has long been implicated in MS, and we have previously shown that latent γHV68 infection exacerbates EAE. Here, we demonstrate that ABCs are required for γHV68-enhanced disease. We then show that the circulating ABC population is expanded and phenotypically altered in people with relapsing MS. In this study, we show that viral infection and autoimmunity differentially affect the phenotype of ABCs in humans and mice, and we identify ABCs as functional mediators of viral-enhanced autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C. Mouat
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica R. Allanach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Naomi M. Fettig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vina Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anna M. Girard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Iryna Shanina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lisa C. Osborne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Galina Vorobeychik
- Fraser Health Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc S. Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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15
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Hočevar S, Puddinu V, Haeni L, Petri-Fink A, Wagner J, Alvarez M, Clift MJD, Bourquin C. PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles Target Age-Associated B Cells In Vivo. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18119-18132. [PMID: 36301574 PMCID: PMC9706664 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineered gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have become a useful tool in various therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Uncertainty remains regarding the possible impact of GNPs on the immune system. In this regard, we investigated the interactions of polymer-coated GNPs with B cells and their functions in mice. Surprisingly, we observed that polymer-coated GNPs mainly interact with the recently identified subpopulation of B lymphocytes named age-associated B cells (ABCs). Importantly, we also showed that GNPs did not affect cell viability or the percentages of other B cell populations in different organs. Furthermore, GNPs did not activate B cell innate-like immune responses in any of the tested conditions, nor did they impair adaptive B cell responses in immunized mice. Together, these data provide an important contribution to the otherwise limited knowledge about GNP interference with B cell immune function, and demonstrate that GNPs represent a safe tool to target ABCs in vivo for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hočevar
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Viola Puddinu
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Haeni
- BioNanomaterials,
Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of
Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials,
Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of
Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Julia Wagner
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Alvarez
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | | | - Carole Bourquin
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Department
of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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16
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Leffler J, Trend S, Hart PH, French MA. Epstein-Barr virus infection, B-cell dysfunction and other risk factors converge in gut-associated lymphoid tissue to drive the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1418. [PMID: 36325491 PMCID: PMC9621333 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, B-cell dysfunction, gut dysbiosis, and environmental and genetic risk factors, including female sex. A disease model incorporating all these factors remains elusive. Here, we hypothesise that EBV-infected memory B cells (MBCs) migrate to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) through EBV-induced expression of LPAM-1, where they are subsequently activated by gut microbes and/or their products resulting in EBV reactivation and compartmentalised anti-EBV immune responses. These responses involve marginal zone (MZ) B cells that activate CD4+ T-cell responses, via HLA-DRB1, which promote downstream B-cell differentiation towards CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs, as well as conventional MBCs. Intrinsic expression of low-affinity B-cell receptors (BCRs) by MZ B cells and CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs promotes polyreactive BCR/antibody responses against EBV proteins (e.g. EBNA-1) that cross-react with central nervous system (CNS) autoantigens (e.g. GlialCAM). EBV protein/autoantigen-specific CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs migrate to the meningeal immune system and CNS, facilitated by their expression of CXCR3, and induce cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against CNS autoantigens amplified by BAFF, released from EBV-infected MBCs. An increased abundance of circulating IgA+ MBCs, observed in MS patients, might also reflect GALT-derived immune responses, including disease-enhancing IgA antibody responses against EBV and gut microbiota-specific regulatory IgA+ plasma cells. Female sex increases MZ B-cell and CD11c+/T-bet+ MBC activity while environmental risk factors affect gut dysbiosis. Thus, EBV infection, B-cell dysfunction and other risk factors converge in GALT to generate aberrant B-cell responses that drive pathogenic T-cell responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Leffler
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Martyn A French
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia,Immunology DivisionPathWest Laboratory MedicinePerthWAAustralia
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17
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Rivera-Correa J, Rodriguez A. Autoantibodies during infectious diseases: Lessons from malaria applied to COVID-19 and other infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938011. [PMID: 36189309 PMCID: PMC9520403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity is a common phenomenon reported in many globally relevant infections, including malaria and COVID-19. These and other highly inflammatory diseases have been associated with the presence of autoantibodies. The role that these autoantibodies play during infection has been an emerging topic of interest. The vast numbers of studies reporting a range of autoantibodies targeting cellular antigens, such as dsDNA and lipids, but also immune molecules, such as cytokines, during malaria, COVID-19 and other infections, underscore the importance that autoimmunity can play during infection. During both malaria and COVID-19, the presence of autoantibodies has been correlated with associated pathologies such as malarial anemia and severe COVID-19. Additionally, high levels of Atypical/Autoimmune B cells (ABCs and atypical B cells) have been observed in both diseases. The growing literature of autoimmune B cells, age-associated B cells and atypical B cells in Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune disorders has identified recent mechanistic and cellular targets that could explain the development of autoantibodies during infection. These new findings establish a link between immune responses during infection and autoimmune disorders, highlighting shared mechanistic insights. In this review, we focus on the recent evidence of autoantibody generation during malaria and other infectious diseases and their potential pathological role, exploring possible mechanisms that may explain the development of autoimmunity during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rivera-Correa
- Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Juan Rivera-Correa,
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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18
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Torrance BL, Haynes L. Cellular senescence is a key mediator of lung aging and susceptibility to infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006710. [PMID: 36119079 PMCID: PMC9473698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging results in systemic changes that leave older adults at much higher risk for adverse outcomes following respiratory infections. Much work has been done over the years to characterize and describe the varied changes that occur with aging from the molecular/cellular up to the organismal level. In recent years, the systemic accumulation of senescent cells has emerged as a key mediator of many age-related declines and diseases of aging. Many of these age-related changes can impair the normal function of the respiratory system and its capability to respond appropriately to potential pathogens that are encountered daily. In this review, we aim to establish the effects of cellular senescence on the disruption of normal lung function with aging and describe how these effects compound to leave an aged respiratory system at great risk when exposed to a pathogen. We will also discuss the role cellular senescence may play in the inability of most vaccines to confer protection against respiratory infections when administered to older adults. We posit that cellular senescence may be the point of convergence of many age-related immunological declines. Enhanced investigation into this area could provide much needed insight to understand the aging immune system and how to effectively ameliorate responses to pathogens that continue to disproportionately harm this vulnerable population.
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19
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Mouat IC, Goldberg E, Horwitz MS. Age-associated B cells in autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:402. [PMID: 35798993 PMCID: PMC9263041 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a transcriptionally and functionally unique B cell population. In addition to arising with age and following infection, ABCs are expanded during autoimmune disease, including those with systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The exact nature of how ABCs impact disease remains unclear. Here, we review what is known regarding ABC development and distribution during diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. We discuss possible mechanisms by which ABCs could contribute to disease, including the production of cytokines and autoantibodies or stimulation of T cells. Finally, we speculate on how ABCs might act as mediators between sex, infection, and autoimmune disease, and discuss avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Mouat
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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20
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Qin Y, Cai ML, Jin HZ, Huang W, Zhu C, Bozec A, Huang J, Chen Z. Age-associated B cells contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis by inducing activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes via TNF-α-mediated ERK1/2 and JAK-STAT1 pathways. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1504-1514. [PMID: 35760450 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2022-222605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a recently identified B cell subset, whose expansion has been increasingly linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. This study aimed to investigate whether ABCs are involved in the pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS ABCs were assessed in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice and patients with RA using flow cytometry. Transcriptomic features of RA ABCs were explored using RNA-seq. Primary fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) derived from the synovial tissue of patients with RA were cocultured with ABCs or ABCs-conditioned medium (ABCsCM). IL-6, MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 levels in the coculture supernatant were detected by ELISA. Signalling pathways related to ABCs-induced FLS activation were examined using western blotting. RESULTS Increased ABCs levels in the blood, spleen and inflammatory joints of CIA mice were observed. Notably, ABCs were elevated in the blood, synovial fluid and synovial tissue of patients with RA and positively correlated with disease activity. RNA-seq revealed upregulated chemotaxis-related genes in RA ABCs compared with those in naive and memory B cells. Coculture of FLS with RA ABCs or ABCsCM led to an active phenotype of FLS, with increased production of IL-6, MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13. Mechanistically, ABCsCM-derived TNF-α promoted the upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes in FLS, with elevated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT1. Furthermore, blockage of ERK1/2 and Janus Kinase (JAK)-STAT1 pathways inhibited the activation of FLS induced by ABCsCM. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that ABCs contribute to the pathogenesis of RA by inducing the activation of FLS via TNF-α-mediated ERK1/2 and JAK-STAT1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ming-Long Cai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hui-Zhi Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Clinical Immunology University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jingang Huang
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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21
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Sachinidis A, Garyfallos A. Involvement of age-associated B cells in EBV-triggered autoimmunity. Immunol Res 2022; 70:546-549. [PMID: 35575824 PMCID: PMC9109436 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract EBV infection has long been suspected to play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, a recently published study has provided the strongest evidence to date that EBV is truly a trigger for multiple sclerosis, a well known inflammatory and neurodegenerative autoimmune disorder. Taking into account the data derived from mice models of autoimmune diseases that were also infected with a murine analog of EBV, in this commentary, we highlight the involvement of age-associated B cells, a B cell population defined as CD19+CD11c+CD21−T-bet+, in the process of EBV-triggered autoimmunity. Of note, the aforementioned B cell subset expands continuously with age in healthy individuals, whereas displays a premature strong accumulation in cases of autoimmune diseases. These cells contribute to autoimmune disease pathogenesis via a variety of functions, such as the production of autoantibodies and/or the formation of spontaneous germinal centers. Latent form of EBV seems to modify these B cells, so as to function pathogenically in cases of autoimmunity. Targeting of ABCs, as well as the elimination of EBV, may both be potential treatments for autoimmunity. Highlights Latent form of EBV potentially triggers autoimmune diseases ABCs expand in autoimmunity and contribute to disease pathogenesis EBV modifies ABCs, so as to function pathogenically in autoimmune diseases Apart from EBV elimination, targeting of ABCs may also bring therapeutic benefits to autoimmune patients
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Sachinidis
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Alexandros Garyfallos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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