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Lin Y, Pan G, Qi Y, Wang B, Jin C, Fang W. A novel hypovirulence-associated Hadaka virus 1 (HadV1-LA6) in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. mSphere 2024; 9:e0042824. [PMID: 39012104 PMCID: PMC11351034 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00428-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) poses a significant threat to banana crops as a lethal fungal pathogen. The global spread of Foc underscores the formidable challenges associated with traditional management methods in combating this pathogen. This study delves into the hypovirulence-associated mycovirus in Foc. From Foc strain LA6, we isolated and characterized a novel member of the Hadakaviridae family, named Hadaka virus 1 strain LA6 (HadV1-LA6). HadV1-LA6 comprises 10 genomic RNA segments, with RNA1 to RNA7 sharing 80.9%-95.0% amino acid sequence identity with known HadV1-7n, while RNA8 to RNA10 display significantly lower identity. HadV1-LA6 demonstrates horizontal transmission capabilities in an all-or-none fashion between different Foc strains via coculturing. Phenotypic comparisons highlight that HadV1-LA6 significantly reduces the growth rates of its host fungus under cell wall stress and oxidative stress conditions. Importantly, HadV1-LA6 attenuates Foc's virulence in detached leaves and banana plants. This study represents the first introduction of a novel hypovirulence-associated Hadaka virus 1 in Foc.IMPORTANCEFusarium wilt of banana (FWB) is a severe fungal disease caused by soil-borne Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Among various strategies, biocontrol emerges as a safe, ecologically friendly, and cost-effective approach to managing FWB. In this study, we focus on exploring the potential of a novel hypovirulent member of hadakavirid, HadV1-LA6. Previous reports suggest that HadV1 shows no apparent effect on the host. However, through phenotypic assessments, we demonstrate that HadV1-LA6 significantly impedes the growth rates of its host fungus under stress conditions. More importantly, HadV1-LA6 exhibits a remarkable capacity to attenuate Foc's virulence in detached leaves and banana plants. Furthermore, HadV1-LA6 could be horizontally transmitted between different Foc strains, presenting a promising resource for revealing the molecular mechanism of the interaction between Hadaka virus 1 and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfu Lin
- Institute of Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guangqun Pan
- Institute of Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanhua Qi
- Institute of Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Fang
- Institute of Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Chen Y, Li X, Zhou D, Wei Y, Feng J, Cai B, Qi D, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Li K, Pan Z, Wang W, Xie J. Streptomyces-Secreted Fluvirucin B6 as a Potential Bio-Fungicide for Managing Banana Fusarium Wilt and Mycotoxins and Modulating the Soil Microbial Community Structure. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17890-17902. [PMID: 39083645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Banana Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc TR4) is the most destructive soil-borne fungal disease. Until now, there has been a lack of effective measures to control the disease. It is urgent to explore biocontrol agents to control Foc TR4 and the secretion of mycotoxin. In this study, fluvirucin B6 was screened from Streptomyces solisilvae using an activity-guided method. Fluvirucin B6 exhibited strong antifungal activity against Foc TR4 (0.084 mM of EC50 value) and significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination. Further studies demonstrated that fluvirucin B6 could cause the functional loss of mitochondria, the disorder of metabolism of Foc TR4 cells, and the decrease of enzyme activities in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain, ultimately inhibiting mycotoxin metabolism. In a pot experiment, the application of fluvirucin B6 significantly decreased the incidence of banana Fusarium wilt and the amount of Foc TR4 and controlled fungal toxins in the soil. Additionally, fluvirucin B6 could positively regulate the changes in the structure of the banana rhizosphere microbial community, significantly enriching beneficial microbes associated with disease resistance. In summary, this study identifies fluvirucin B6, which plays versatile roles in managing fungal diseases and mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - XiaoJuan Li
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Dengbo Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yongzan Wei
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Junting Feng
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Bingyu Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Dengfeng Qi
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Miaoyi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yankun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Kai Li
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jianghui Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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Tripathi JN, Ntui VO, Tripathi L. Precision genetics tools for genetic improvement of banana. THE PLANT GENOME 2024; 17:e20416. [PMID: 38012108 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Banana is an important food security crop for millions of people in the tropics but it faces challenges from diseases and pests. Traditional breeding methods have limitations, prompting the exploration of precision genetic tools like genetic modification and genome editing. Extensive efforts using transgenic approaches have been made to develop improved banana varieties with resistance to banana Xanthomonas wilt, Fusarium wilt, and nematodes. However, these efforts should be extended for other pests, diseases, and abiotic stresses. The commercialization of transgenic crops still faces continuous challenges with regulatory and public acceptance. Genome editing, particularly CRISPR/Cas, offers precise modifications to the banana genome and has been successfully applied in the improvement of banana. Targeting specific genes can contribute to the development of improved banana varieties with enhanced resistance to various biotic and abiotic constraints. This review discusses recent advances in banana improvement achieved through genetic modification and genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
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Shipman A, Tian M. Combined Use of Phenotype-Based and Genome-Informed Approaches Identified a Unique Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Isolate in Hawaii. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1305-1319. [PMID: 38038692 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-23-0257-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is a serious disease that threatens banana production worldwide. It is a long-standing problem in Hawaii, but previously, there was little knowledge of the causal pathogen. We isolated a strain of Foc, named Foc-UH, from a field experiencing the disease epidemic in Hawaii. Infection assays of a diverse panel of 26 banana clones, including varieties used for differentiating pathogen races and fruit production, revealed that Foc-UH has a race 1 pathogenic phenotype with an intermediate race 2 virulence and revealed the differential resistance of varieties to infection. Separate phylogenetic analyses using the barcoding regions of three nuclear genes, seven complete nuclear genes, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms within conserved whole-genome protein coding sequences placed Foc-UH into recently proposed taxonomic frameworks relevant to Foc and the F. oxysporum species complex. Screening of the 99.7% complete draft genome identified five secreted in xylem (SIX) gene homologs: SIX1d, SIX1f, SIX9a, SIX9b, and SIX13a. This profile is similar to that of several race 1 isolates except for the absence of SIX4 and SIX6. Foc-UH was morphologically dissimilar to the nearest related isolates. Altogether, this study identified a unique isolate that causes banana Fusarium wilt, which represents the first characterization of the causal pathogen in Hawaii. The findings and genomic resources generated in this study are expected to guide banana breeding and cultivar deployment in Hawaii and beyond and contribute to further understanding of the pathogenicity and evolutionary systematics of Foc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Shipman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Miaoying Tian
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
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5
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Martínez-de la Parte E, Pérez-Vicente L, Torres DE, van Westerhoven A, Meijer HJG, Seidl MF, Kema GHJ. Genetic diversity of the banana Fusarium wilt pathogen in Cuba and across Latin America and the Caribbean. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16636. [PMID: 38783572 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of bananas (FWB) is a severe plant disease that leads to substantial losses in banana production worldwide. It remains a major concern for Cuban banana cultivation. The disease is caused by members of the soil-borne Fusarium oxysporum species complex. However, the genetic diversity among Fusarium species infecting bananas in Cuba has remained largely unexplored. In our comprehensive survey, we examined symptomatic banana plants across all production zones in the country, collecting 170 Fusarium isolates. Leveraging genotyping-by-sequencing and whole-genome comparisons, we investigated the genetic diversity within these isolates and compared it with a global Fusarium panel. Notably, typical FWB symptoms were observed in Bluggoe cooking bananas and Pisang Awak subgroups across 14 provinces. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that F. purpurascens, F. phialophorum, and F. tardichlamydosporum are responsible for FWB in Cuba, with F. tardichlamydosporum dominating the population. Furthermore, we identified between five and seven distinct genetic clusters, with F. tardichlamydosporum isolates forming at least two subgroups. This finding underscores the high genetic diversity of Fusarium spp. contributing to FWB in the Americas. Our study sheds light on the population genetic structure and diversity of the FWB pathogen in Cuba and the broader Latin American and Caribbean regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Martínez-de la Parte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal (INISAV), Ministry of Agriculture, Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis Pérez-Vicente
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal (INISAV), Ministry of Agriculture, Havana, Cuba
| | - David E Torres
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk van Westerhoven
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold J G Meijer
- BU Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert H J Kema
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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van Westerhoven AC, Aguilera-Galvez C, Nakasato-Tagami G, Shi-Kunne X, Martinez de la Parte E, Chavarro-Carrero E, Meijer HJG, Feurtey A, Maryani N, Ordóñez N, Schneiders H, Nijbroek K, Wittenberg AHJ, Hofstede R, García-Bastidas F, Sørensen A, Swennen R, Drenth A, Stukenbrock EH, Kema GHJ, Seidl MF. Segmental duplications drive the evolution of accessory regions in a major crop pathogen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:610-625. [PMID: 38402521 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Many pathogens evolved compartmentalized genomes with conserved core and variable accessory regions (ARs) that carry effector genes mediating virulence. The fungal plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum has such ARs, often spanning entire chromosomes. The presence of specific ARs influences the host range, and horizontal transfer of ARs can modify the pathogenicity of the receiving strain. However, how these ARs evolve in strains that infect the same host remains largely unknown. We defined the pan-genome of 69 diverse F. oxysporum strains that cause Fusarium wilt of banana, a significant constraint to global banana production, and analyzed the diversity and evolution of the ARs. Accessory regions in F. oxysporum strains infecting the same banana cultivar are highly diverse, and we could not identify any shared genomic regions and in planta-induced effectors. We demonstrate that segmental duplications drive the evolution of ARs. Furthermore, we show that recent segmental duplications specifically in accessory chromosomes cause the expansion of ARs in F. oxysporum. Taken together, we conclude that extensive recent duplications drive the evolution of ARs in F. oxysporum, which contribute to the evolution of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C van Westerhoven
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina Aguilera-Galvez
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Giuliana Nakasato-Tagami
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqian Shi-Kunne
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Einar Martinez de la Parte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edgar Chavarro-Carrero
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold J G Meijer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alice Feurtey
- Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, 24306, Plön, Germany
- Plant Pathology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nani Maryani
- Biology Education, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Jalan Raya Palka No.Km 3, 42163, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Nadia Ordóñez
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harrie Schneiders
- KeyGene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Koen Nijbroek
- KeyGene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rene Hofstede
- KeyGene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anker Sørensen
- KeyGene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronny Swennen
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Catholic University of Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Plot 15 Naguru E Rd, Kampala, PO Box 7878, Uganda
| | - Andre Drenth
- The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Gert H J Kema
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Martínez de la Parte E, Pérez-Vicente L, García-Bastidas F, Bermúdez-Caraballoso I, Schnabel S, Meijer HJG, Kema GHJ. The Vulnerability of Cuban Banana Production to Fusarium Wilt Caused by Tropical Race 4. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:111-118. [PMID: 37311735 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-23-0127-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bananas are major agricultural commodities in Cuba. One of the main constraints of banana production worldwide is Fusarium wilt of banana. Recent outbreaks in Colombia, Perú, and Venezuela have raised widespread concern in Latin America due to the potential devastating impact on the sustainability of banana production, food security, and livelihoods of millions of people in the region. Here, we phenotyped 18 important Cuban banana and plantain varieties with two Fusarium strains-Tropical Race 4 (TR4) and Race 1-under greenhouse conditions. These varieties represent 72.8% of the national banana acreage in Cuba and are also widely distributed in Latin America and the Caribbean region. A broad range of disease responses from resistant to very susceptible was observed against Race 1. On the contrary, not a single banana variety was resistant to TR4. These results underscore that TR4 potentially threatens nearly 56% of the contemporary Cuban banana production area, which is planted with susceptible and very susceptible varieties, and call for a preemptive evaluation of new varieties obtained in the national breeding program and the strengthening of quarantine measures to prevent the introduction of TR4 into the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Martínez de la Parte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal (INISAV), Ministry of Agriculture, Cuba
| | - Luis Pérez-Vicente
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal (INISAV), Ministry of Agriculture, Cuba
| | | | - Idalmis Bermúdez-Caraballoso
- Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas (IBP), Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Ministry of High Education (MES), Cuba
| | - Sabine Schnabel
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold J G Meijer
- Wageningen Research, Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert H J Kema
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
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8
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Were E, Viljoen A, Rasche F. Iron necessity for chlamydospore germination in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4. Biometals 2023; 36:1295-1306. [PMID: 37380939 PMCID: PMC10684721 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt disease of banana, caused by the notorious soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), is extremely difficult to manage. Manipulation of soil pH or application of synthetic iron chelators can suppress the disease through iron starvation, which inhibits the germination of pathogen propagules called chlamydospores. However, the effect of iron starvation on chlamydospore germination is largely unknown. In this study, scanning electron microscopy was used to assemble the developmental sequence of chlamydospore germination and to assess the effect of iron starvation and pH in vitro. Germination occurs in three distinct phenotypic transitions (swelling, polarized growth, outgrowth). Outgrowth, characterized by formation of a single protrusion (germ tube), occurred at 2 to 3 h, and a maximum value of 69.3% to 76.7% outgrowth was observed at 8 to 10 h after germination induction. Germination exhibited plasticity with pH as over 60% of the chlamydospores formed a germ tube between pH 3 and pH 11. Iron-starved chlamydospores exhibited polarized-growth arrest, characterized by the inability to form a germ tube. Gene expression analysis of rnr1 and rnr2, which encode the iron-dependent enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, showed that rnr2 was upregulated (p < 0.0001) in iron-starved chlamydospores compared to the control. Collectively, these findings suggest that iron and extracellular pH are crucial for chlamydospore germination in Foc TR4. Moreover, inhibition of germination by iron starvation may be linked to a different mechanism, rather than repression of the function of ribonucleotide reductase, the enzyme that controls growth by regulation of DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans Were
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Frank Rasche
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Long W, Chen Y, Wei Y, Feng J, Zhou D, Cai B, Qi D, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Li K, Liu YZ, Wang W, Xie J. A newly isolated Trichoderma Parareesei N4-3 exhibiting a biocontrol potential for banana fusarium wilt by Hyperparasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1289959. [PMID: 37941669 PMCID: PMC10629295 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1289959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Banana Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race4 (Foc TR4) is one of the most destructive soil-borne fungal diseases and currently threatens banana production around the world. Until now, there is lack of an effective method to control banana Fusarium wilt. Therefore, it is urgent to find an effective and eco-friendly strategy against the fungal disease. In this study, a strain of Trichoderma sp. N4-3 was isolated newly from the rhizosphere soil of banana plants. The isolate was identified as Trichoderma parareesei through analysis of TEF1 and RPB2 genes as well as morphological characterization. In vitro antagonistic assay demonstrated that strain N4-3 had a broad-spectrum antifungal activity against ten selected phytopathogenic fungi. Especially, it demonstrated a strong antifungal activity against Foc TR4. The results of the dual culture assay indicated that strain N4-3 could grow rapidly during the pre-growth period, occupy the growth space, and secrete a series of cell wall-degrading enzymes upon interaction with Foc TR4. These enzymes contributed to the mycelial and spore destruction of the pathogenic fungus by hyperparasitism. Additionally, the sequenced genome proved that strain N4-3 contained 21 genes encoding chitinase and 26 genes encoding β-1,3-glucanase. The electron microscopy results showed that theses cell wall-degrading enzymes disrupted the mycelial, spore, and cell ultrastructure of Foc TR4. A pot experiment revealed that addition of strain N4-3 significantly reduced the amount of Foc TR4 in the rhizosphere soil of bananas at 60 days post inoculation. The disease index was decreased by 45.00% and the fresh weight was increased by 63.74% in comparison to the control. Hence, Trichoderma parareesei N4-3 will be a promising biological control agents for the management of plant fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Long
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yongzan Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Junting Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Dengbo Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Bingyu Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Dengfeng Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Miaoyi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yankun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Kai Li
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianghui Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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10
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Chen A, Sun J, Viljoen A, Mostert D, Xie Y, Mangila L, Bothma S, Lyons R, Hřibová E, Christelová P, Uwimana B, Amah D, Pearce S, Chen N, Batley J, Edwards D, Doležel J, Crisp P, Brown AF, Martin G, Yahiaoui N, D’Hont A, Coin L, Swennen R, Aitken EAB. Genetic Mapping, Candidate Gene Identification and Marker Validation for Host Plant Resistance to the Race 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Using Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis. Pathogens 2023; 12:820. [PMID: 37375510 PMCID: PMC10303076 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana is a devastating disease that has decimated banana production worldwide. Host resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense (Foc), the causal agent of this disease, is genetically dissected in this study using two Musa acuminata ssp. Malaccensis segregating populations, segregating for Foc Tropical (TR4) and Subtropical (STR4) race 4 resistance. Marker loci and trait association using 11 SNP-based PCR markers allowed the candidate region to be delimited to a 12.9 cM genetic interval corresponding to a 959 kb region on chromosome 3 of 'DH-Pahang' reference assembly v4. Within this region, there was a cluster of pattern recognition receptors, namely leucine-rich repeat ectodomain containing receptor-like protein kinases, cysteine-rich cell-wall-associated protein kinases, and leaf rust 10 disease-resistance locus receptor-like proteins, positioned in an interspersed arrangement. Their transcript levels were rapidly upregulated in the resistant progenies but not in the susceptible F2 progenies at the onset of infection. This suggests that one or several of these genes may control resistance at this locus. To confirm the segregation of single-gene resistance, we generated an inter-cross between the resistant parent 'Ma850' and a susceptible line 'Ma848', to show that the STR4 resistance co-segregated with marker '28820' at this locus. Finally, an informative SNP marker 29730 allowed the locus-specific resistance to be assessed in a collection of diploid and polyploid banana plants. Of the 60 lines screened, 22 lines were predicted to carry resistance at this locus, including lines known to be TR4-resistant, such as 'Pahang', 'SH-3362', 'SH-3217', 'Ma-ITC0250', and 'DH-Pahang/CIRAD 930'. Additional screening in the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture's collection suggests that the dominant allele is common among the elite 'Matooke' NARITA hybrids, as well as in other triploid or tetraploid hybrids derived from East African highland bananas. Fine mapping and candidate gene identification will allow characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying the TR4 resistance. The markers developed in this study can now aid the marker-assisted selection of TR4 resistance in breeding programs around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chen
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia; (J.S.); (L.M.); (R.L.); (N.C.); (P.C.); (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Jiaman Sun
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia; (J.S.); (L.M.); (R.L.); (N.C.); (P.C.); (E.A.B.A.)
- School of Life Science, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (A.V.); (D.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Diane Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (A.V.); (D.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Yucong Xie
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA;
| | - Leroy Mangila
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia; (J.S.); (L.M.); (R.L.); (N.C.); (P.C.); (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Sheryl Bothma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (A.V.); (D.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Rebecca Lyons
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia; (J.S.); (L.M.); (R.L.); (N.C.); (P.C.); (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Eva Hřibová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Bio-Technological and Agricultural Research, CZ-77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (E.H.); (P.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Pavla Christelová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Bio-Technological and Agricultural Research, CZ-77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (E.H.); (P.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Brigitte Uwimana
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kampala P.O. Box 7878, Uganda; (B.U.); (R.S.)
| | - Delphine Amah
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan PMB 5320, Nigeria;
| | - Stephen Pearce
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK;
| | - Ning Chen
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia; (J.S.); (L.M.); (R.L.); (N.C.); (P.C.); (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (J.B.); (D.E.)
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (J.B.); (D.E.)
- The Centre for Applied Bioinformatics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Bio-Technological and Agricultural Research, CZ-77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (E.H.); (P.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Peter Crisp
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia; (J.S.); (L.M.); (R.L.); (N.C.); (P.C.); (E.A.B.A.)
| | - Allan F. Brown
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania;
| | - Guillaume Martin
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (G.M.); (N.Y.); (A.D.)
- UMR AGAP Institut, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Nabila Yahiaoui
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (G.M.); (N.Y.); (A.D.)
- UMR AGAP Institut, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Angelique D’Hont
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (G.M.); (N.Y.); (A.D.)
- UMR AGAP Institut, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Lachlan Coin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Rony Swennen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kampala P.O. Box 7878, Uganda; (B.U.); (R.S.)
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A. B. Aitken
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia; (J.S.); (L.M.); (R.L.); (N.C.); (P.C.); (E.A.B.A.)
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11
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van Westerhoven AC, Meijer HJG, Houdijk J, Martínez de la Parte E, Matabuana EL, Seidl MF, Kema GHJ. Dissemination of Fusarium Wilt of Banana in Mozambique Caused by Fusarium odoratissimum Tropical Race 4. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:628-632. [PMID: 35984393 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-22-1576-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) is a serious soil-borne fungal disease. In the previous century, FWB already destroyed Gros Michel-based banana cultures in Central America, and currently, the disease threatens all major banana-producing regions of the world. The causal agents of these epidemics, however, are diverse. Gros Michel was infected by a wide range of Fusarium species, the so-called Race 1 strains, whereas the contemporary Cavendish-based cultures are affected by Fusarium odoratissimum, colloquially called Tropical Race 4 (TR4). TR4 was reported in Mozambique on two commercial banana farms in 2013, but no incursions were found outside the farm boundaries in 2015, suggesting that the disease was under control. Here we report the presence of TR4 outside of these farm boundaries. We obtained fungal samples from 13 banana plants in smallholder and roadside plantings at various locations throughout northern Mozambique. These samples tested positive for TR4 by molecular diagnostics and in greenhouse pathogenicity assays. The results were confirmed with reisolations, thereby completing Koch's postulates. To study the diversity of TR4 isolates in Mozambique, we selected five samples for whole-genome sequencing. Comparison with a global collection of TR4 samples revealed very little genetic variation, indicating that the fungus is clonally spreading in Mozambique. Furthermore, isolates from Mozambique are clearly genetically separated from other geographic incursions, and thus we cannot trace the origin of TR4 in Mozambique. Nevertheless, our data demonstrates the dissemination of TR4 in Mozambique, underscoring the failure of disease management strategies. This threatens African banana production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C van Westerhoven
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harold J G Meijer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Houdijk
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Michael F Seidl
- Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert H J Kema
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Martínez G, Olivares BO, Rey JC, Rojas J, Cardenas J, Muentes C, Dawson C. The Advance of Fusarium Wilt Tropical Race 4 in Musaceae of Latin America and the Caribbean: Current Situation. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020277. [PMID: 36839549 PMCID: PMC9963102 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (syn. Fusarium odoratissimum) (Foc TR4) causes vascular wilt in Musaceae plants and is considered the most lethal for these crops. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), it was reported for the first time in Colombia (2019), later in Peru (2021), and recently declared in Venezuela (2023). This work aimed to analyze the evolution of Foc TR4 in Musaceae in LAC between 2018 and 2022. This perspective contains a selection of topics related to Foc TR4 in LAC that address and describe (i) the threat of Foc TR4 in LAC, (ii) a bibliometric analysis of the scientific production of Foc TR4 in LAC, (iii) the current situation of Foc TR4 in Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela, (iv) medium-term prospects in LAC member countries, and (v) export trade and local food security. In this study, the presence of Foc TR4 in Venezuela and the possible consequences of the production of Musaceae in the long term were reported for the first time. In conclusion, TR4 is a major threat to banana production in Latin America and the world, and it is important to take measures to control the spread of the fungus and minimize its impact on the banana industry. It is important to keep working on the control of Foc TR4, which requires the participation of the local and international industry, researchers, and consumers, among others, to prevent the disappearance of bananas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas (INIA-CENIAP), Avenida Universidad vía El Limón, Maracay 02105, Venezuela
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (B.O.O.)
| | - Barlin O. Olivares
- Grupo de Investigación en Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Campus Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (B.O.O.)
| | - Juan Carlos Rey
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas (INIA-CENIAP), Avenida Universidad vía El Limón, Maracay 02105, Venezuela
| | - Juan Rojas
- Programa Nacional de Frutales, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), La Molina 15024, Peru
| | - Jaime Cardenas
- FAO Plant Protection International Consultant, Manizales 170004, Colombia
| | - Carlos Muentes
- Agencia de Regulación y Control Fito y Zoosanitario (AGROCALIDAD), Quito 170516, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Dawson
- Center for International Cooperation in Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UPR GECO, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, TA B-26, 34398 Montpellier, France
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13
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Wang X, Du Z, Chen C, Guo S, Mao Q, Wu W, Wu R, Han W, Xie P, Zeng Y, Shan W, Wang Z, Yu X. Antifungal effects and biocontrol potential of lipopeptide-producing Streptomyces against banana Fusarium wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1177393. [PMID: 37180271 PMCID: PMC10172682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1177393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), especially tropical race 4 (TR4), presents the foremost menace to the global banana production. Extensive efforts have been made to search for efficient biological control agents for disease management. Our previous study showed that Streptomyces sp. XY006 exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against several phytopathogenic fungi, including F. oxysporum. Here, the corresponding antifungal metabolites were purified and determined to be two cyclic lipopeptide homologs, lipopeptin A and lipopeptin B. Combined treatment with lipopeptin complex antagonized Foc TR4 by inhibiting mycelial growth and conidial sporulation, suppressing the synthesis of ergosterol and fatty acids and lowering the production of fusaric acid. Electron microscopy observation showed that lipopeptide treatment induced a severe disruption of the plasma membrane, leading to cell leakage. Lipopeptin A displayed a more pronounced antifungal activity against Foc TR4 than lipopeptin B. In pot experiments, strain XY006 successfully colonized banana plantlets and suppressed the incidence of FWB, with a biocontrol efficacy of up to 87.7%. Additionally, XY006 fermentation culture application improved plant growth parameters and induced peroxidase activity in treated plantlets, suggesting a possible role in induced resistance. Our findings highlight the potential of strain XY006 as a biological agent for FWB, and further research is needed to enhance its efficacy and mode of action in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chanxin Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianzhuo Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ruimei Wu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Han
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peifeng Xie
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiping Zeng
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenna Shan
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Universities Engineering Research Center of Marine Biology and Drugs, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zonghua Wang, ; Xiaomin Yu,
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zonghua Wang, ; Xiaomin Yu,
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