1
|
van Westerhoven AC, Aguilera-Galvez C, Nakasato-Tagami G, Shi-Kunne X, Martinez de la Parte E, Chavarro-Carrero E, Meijer HJG, Feurtey A, Maryani N, Ordóñez N, Schneiders H, Nijbroek K, Wittenberg AHJ, Hofstede R, García-Bastidas F, Sørensen A, Swennen R, Drenth A, Stukenbrock EH, Kema GHJ, Seidl MF. Segmental duplications drive the evolution of accessory regions in a major crop pathogen. New Phytol 2024; 242:610-625. [PMID: 38402521 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Many pathogens evolved compartmentalized genomes with conserved core and variable accessory regions (ARs) that carry effector genes mediating virulence. The fungal plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum has such ARs, often spanning entire chromosomes. The presence of specific ARs influences the host range, and horizontal transfer of ARs can modify the pathogenicity of the receiving strain. However, how these ARs evolve in strains that infect the same host remains largely unknown. We defined the pan-genome of 69 diverse F. oxysporum strains that cause Fusarium wilt of banana, a significant constraint to global banana production, and analyzed the diversity and evolution of the ARs. Accessory regions in F. oxysporum strains infecting the same banana cultivar are highly diverse, and we could not identify any shared genomic regions and in planta-induced effectors. We demonstrate that segmental duplications drive the evolution of ARs. Furthermore, we show that recent segmental duplications specifically in accessory chromosomes cause the expansion of ARs in F. oxysporum. Taken together, we conclude that extensive recent duplications drive the evolution of ARs in F. oxysporum, which contribute to the evolution of virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C van Westerhoven
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina Aguilera-Galvez
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Giuliana Nakasato-Tagami
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqian Shi-Kunne
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Einar Martinez de la Parte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edgar Chavarro-Carrero
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold J G Meijer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alice Feurtey
- Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, 24306, Plön, Germany
- Plant Pathology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nani Maryani
- Biology Education, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Jalan Raya Palka No.Km 3, 42163, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Nadia Ordóñez
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harrie Schneiders
- KeyGene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Koen Nijbroek
- KeyGene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rene Hofstede
- KeyGene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anker Sørensen
- KeyGene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronny Swennen
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Catholic University of Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Plot 15 Naguru E Rd, Kampala, PO Box 7878, Uganda
| | - Andre Drenth
- The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Gert H J Kema
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thangavelu R, Saraswathi MS, Uma S, Loganathan M, Backiyarani S, Durai P, Raj EE, Marimuthu N, Kannan G, Swennen R. Identification of sources resistant to a virulent Fusarium wilt strain (VCG 0124) infecting Cavendish bananas. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3183. [PMID: 33542401 PMCID: PMC7862490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bananas are vital for food security in many countries, and half of banana production relies solely on ‘Cavendish’ (AAA), which is presently threatened by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) tropical race 4. This particular virulent Foc strain was also found to attack other banana varieties of commercial importance. As there is no single effective management practice available so far, this study was undertaken to determine resistant sources from the genotype collection available at the ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India for direct use by farmers and/or in breeding programmes to develop resistant hybrids. A total of 258 genotypes of different ploidies and genomic constitutions were tested against Foc race 1 (VCG 0124). In total, 19 genotypes (AA Unique-6, BB type-2, AAA Unique-1, AAA Cavendish-1, AAB Mysore-3, AAB Pome-1, AAB Plantain-4 and AAAB-1) were found to be immune; eight genotypes (AA Unique-1, BB type-3, AAA Cavendish-1, AAB Mysore-1, AAB Unique-1, AAB Plantain-1) were highly resistant; and nine genotypes (AA Unique-1, AAA Cavendish-3, AAB Silk-1, AAB Pome-4) were resistant. The genotypes that are resistant to the virulent Foc race 1 (VCG 0124) strain can be exploited directly for commercialization and/or in breeding programs to develop resistant hybrids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Thangavelu
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, 620102, India.
| | - M S Saraswathi
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, 620102, India
| | - S Uma
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, 620102, India
| | - M Loganathan
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, 620102, India
| | - S Backiyarani
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, 620102, India
| | - P Durai
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, 620102, India
| | - E Edwin Raj
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, 620102, India
| | - N Marimuthu
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, 620102, India
| | - G Kannan
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, 620102, India
| | - R Swennen
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Arusha, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kimunye JN, Were E, Mussa F, Tazuba A, Jomanga K, Viljoen A, Swennen R, Muthoni FK, Mahuku G. Distribution of Pseudocercospora species causing Sigatoka leaf diseases of banana in Uganda and Tanzania. Plant Pathol 2020; 69:50-59. [PMID: 31894162 PMCID: PMC6919302 DOI: 10.1111/ppa.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sigatoka leaf diseases are a major constraint to banana production. A survey was conducted in Tanzania and Uganda to assess the distribution of Pseudocercospora species and severity of Sigatoka leaf diseases. Pseudocercospora species were identified using species-specific primers. Sigatoka-like leaf diseases were observed in all farms and on all cultivars, but disease severity varied significantly (P < 0.001) between countries, districts/regions within countries, altitudinal ranges and banana cultivars. In all regions except Kilimanjaro, P. fijiensis, the causal agent of black Sigatoka, was the only pathogen associated with Sigatoka disease. Mycosphaerella musae was associated with Sigatoka-like symptoms in Kilimanjaro region. Black Sigatoka disease was more severe in Uganda, with a mean disease severity index (DSI) of 37.5%, than in Tanzania (DSI = 19.9%). In Uganda, black Sigatoka disease was equally severe in Luwero district (mean DSI = 40.4%) and Mbarara district (mean DSI = 37.9%). In Tanzania, black Sigatoka was most severe in Kagera region (mean DSI = 29.2%) and least in Mbeya region (mean DSI = 11.5%). Pseudocercospora fijiensis, the most devastating sigatoka pathogen, was detected at altitudes of up to 1877 m a.s.l. This range expansion of P. fijiensis, previously confined to altitudes lower than 1350 m a.s.l. in East Africa, is of concern, especially for smallholder banana farmers growing the susceptible East African Highland bananas (EAHB). Among the banana varieties sampled, the EAHB, FHIA hybrids and Mchare were the most susceptible. Here, the loss of resistance in Yangambi KM5, a banana variety previously resistant to P. fijiensis, is reported for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. N. Kimunye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - E. Were
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda
| | - F. Mussa
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dar es Salaam, PO Box 34441, Tanzania
| | - A. Tazuba
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda
| | - K. Jomanga
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Nelson Mandela Road, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - A. Viljoen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dar es Salaam, PO Box 34441, Tanzania
| | - R. Swennen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Nelson Mandela Road, Arusha, Tanzania
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - G. Mahuku
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dar es Salaam, PO Box 34441, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mancini A, Frondini F, Capezzuoli E, Galvez Mejia E, Lezzi G, Matarazzi D, Brogi A, Swennen R. Porosity, bulk density and CaCO 3 content of travertines. A new dataset from Rapolano, Canino and Tivoli travertines (Italy). Data Brief 2019; 25:104158. [PMID: 31317062 PMCID: PMC6612004 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dataset presented in this article is used in the Quaternary Science Review research article "Evaluating the geogenic CO2 flux from geothermal areas by analysing Quaternary travertine masses. New data from western Central Italy and review of previous CO2 flux data" [1]. The present data article reports the physical properties and new compositional data of 86 travertine samples from Rapolano, Canino and Tivoli travertine deposits (Italy). The dataset include the following parameters: mass, volume, porosity, bulk density, CaCO3 content and insoluble fraction. The dataset is integrated with the photographic documentation of the sampling areas, the location and the stratigraphic position of each sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mancini
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli snc, Perugia, 06123, Italy.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via la Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy.,Department of Earth and Geoenvironmental Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Department of Geology, Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU, Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - F Frondini
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli snc, Perugia, 06123, Italy
| | - E Capezzuoli
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via la Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - E Galvez Mejia
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli snc, Perugia, 06123, Italy
| | - G Lezzi
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli snc, Perugia, 06123, Italy
| | - D Matarazzi
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli snc, Perugia, 06123, Italy
| | - A Brogi
- Department of Earth and Geoenvironmental Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - R Swennen
- Department of Geology, Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU, Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cappuyns V, Swennen R. Release of vanadium from oxidized sediments: insights from different extraction and leaching procedures. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:2272-2282. [PMID: 24057962 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the attention for vanadium (V) as a potentially harmful element is growing and some countries adopted threshold values for V in soils, sediments, groundwater, or surface water, V is generally of little importance in environmental legislation and the knowledge about the behavior of V in the environment is still limited. In the present study, the release of V from oxidized sediments, sediment-derived soils, and certified reference materials was investigated by means of several types of leaching tests and extractions that are frequently used for soil and sediment characterization. The pHstat leaching tests and single and sequential extractions applied in this study show that V generally displays a very limited actual and potential mobility in sediment. "Mobile" V concentrations, as estimated by the amount of V released by a single extraction with CaCl2 0.01 mol L(-1), were low, even in the most contaminated sediment samples. Only under strongly acidifying conditions (pH 2), such as in the case of ingestion of soil or sediment or in accidental spills, a substantial release of V can be expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Cappuyns
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel, Warmoesberg 26, 1000, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - R Swennen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Silva LC, Paiva R, Swennen R, Andre E, Panis B. Shoot-tip cryopreservation by droplet vitrification of Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss.: a woody tropical and medicinal plant species from Brazilian cerrado. Cryo Letters 2013; 34:338-348. [PMID: 23995401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of plant species is poorly investigated in Brazil. The aim of this study was to cryopreserve Byrsonima intermedia shoot apical meristems through droplet vitrification. A culture medium for shoot-tips growth was established using the Woody Plant Medium supplemented with 2.22 uM 6-benzylaminopurine. Excised shoot-tips were subjected to pre-culture and/or post-culture treatments on Murashige and Skoog medium with 0.3 M sucrose for 24 h prior dehydration on PVS2 at 0°C for 15, 30 or 45 minutes prior to plunging in liquid nitrogen. The effect of 15 days of shoot pre-growth on a high osmotic medium (0.3 M sucrose or 0.21 M sorbitol + 0.09 M sucrose) prior to meristem excision and cryopreservation was also investigated. Pre-culturing shoot-tips on 0.3 M sucrose for 24 h prior to cryopreservation increased the regrowth level after thawing to 90%. Shoot-tips excised from shoots pre-grown on MS + 0.21 M sorbitol + 0.09 M sucrose for 15 days presented a satisfactory regrowth level (67%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brasil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Chiang YW, Santos RM, Ghyselbrecht K, Cappuyns V, Martens JA, Swennen R, Van Gerven T, Meesschaert B. Strategic selection of an optimal sorbent mixture for in-situ remediation of heavy metal contaminated sediments: framework and case study. J Environ Manage 2012; 105:1-11. [PMID: 22507455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic sediments contaminated with heavy metals originating from mining and metallurgical activities pose significant risk to the environment and human health. These sediments not only act as a sink for heavy metals, but can also constitute a secondary source of heavy metal contamination. A variety of sorbent materials has demonstrated the potential to immobilize heavy metals. However, the complexity of multi-element contamination makes choosing the appropriate sorbent mixture and application dosage highly challenging. In this paper, a strategic framework is designed to systematically address the development of an in-situ sediment remediation solution through Assessment, Feasibility and Performance studies. The decision making tools and the experimental procedures needed to identify optimum sorbent mixtures are detailed. Particular emphasis is given to the utilization and combination of commercially available and waste-derived sorbents to enhance the sustainability of the solution. A specific case study for a contaminated sediment site in Northern Belgium with high levels of As, Cd, Pb and Zn originating from historical non-ferrous smelting is presented. The proposed framework is utilized to achieve the required remediation targets and to meet the imposed regulations on material application in natural environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y W Chiang
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vanhove A, Garcia S, Swennen R, Panis B, Carpentier SC. Understanding Musa drought stress physiology using an autotrophic growth system. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2012; 77:89-93. [PMID: 22558762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Vanhove
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Production, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Panis B, Piette B, André E, Van den houwe I, Swennen R. DROPLET VITRIFICATION: THE FIRST GENERIC CRYOPRESERVATION PROTOCOL FOR ORGANIZED PLANT TISSUES? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2011.908.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
11
|
Vertommen A, Møller A, Cordewener J, Swennen R, Panis B, Finnie C, America A, Carpentier S. A workflow for peptide-based proteomics in a poorly sequenced plant: A case study on the plasma membrane proteome of banana. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1218-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Swennen R, Carpentier S, Henry I, Vertommen A, Van den houwe I, Kovacs G, Sagi L, Remy S, Panis B. FROM FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH DISCOVERIES TO APPLICATIONS FOR BANANA IMPROVEMENT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2011.897.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Condello E, Caboni E, Andre E, Piette B, Druart R, Swennen R, Panis B. Cryopreservation of apple in vitro axillary buds using droplet-vitrification. Cryo Letters 2011; 32:175-185. [PMID: 21766147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In vitro axillary buds of two apple cultivars, Pinova and Jonagold, were successfully cryopreserved by droplet-vitrification. In vitro axillary buds of cv. Pinova were subjected to PVS2 for 15, 30, 45, 60, 80 or 100 min, while Jonagold buds were treated with PVS2 for 15, 30, 45 or 60 min. In addition, the effect of age of in vitro mother-plants on recovery after cryopreservation was evaluated. Recovery was performed on medium with various combinations of BA, IBA and GA3. Regrowth percentages for cv. Pinova increased in line with increasing PVS2 exposure durations, from 15 to 60 min. Cv. Jonagold showed a similar trend with an increase in regrowth from 30 to 60 min PVS2 exposure. Improved regrowth was observed when axillary buds were excised from aged mother-plants in comparison to those excised from plantlets that were regularly subcultured. The highest shoot regrowth was obtained when applying a 60 min PVS2 treatment to axillary buds excised from non-preconditioned 4-month old in vitro shoots and performing regrowth on recovery medium containing 4.50 microM BA and 0.50 microM IBA. This optimal protocol was also successfully applied to apple rootstocks M26 and Jork 9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Condello
- CRA - Fruit Tree Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vertommen A, Panis B, Swennen R, Carpentier SC. Challenges and solutions for the identification of membrane proteins in non-model plants. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1165-81. [PMID: 21354347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The workhorse for proteomics in non-model plants is classical two-dimensional electrophoresis, a combination of iso-electric focusing and SDS-PAGE. However, membrane proteins with multiple membrane spanning domains are hardly detected on classical 2-DE gels because of their low abundance and poor solubility in aqueous media. In the current review, solutions that have been proposed to handle these two problems in non-model plants are discussed. An overview of alternative techniques developed for membrane proteomics is provided together with a comparison of their strong and weak points. Subsequently, strengths and weaknesses of the different techniques and methods to evaluate the identification of membrane proteins are discussed. Finally, an overview of recent plant membrane proteome studies is provided with the used separation technique and the number of identified membrane proteins listed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Vertommen
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Marco-Medina A, Luis Casas J, Swennen R, Panis B. Cryopreservation of Thymus moroderi by droplet vitrification. Cryo Letters 2010; 31:14-23. [PMID: 20309505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Thymus moroderi Pau ex Martinez (Labiatae) was successfully cryopreserved using the droplet vitrification method. After 20 min in loading solution at room temperature, shoot tips were dehydrated with PVS2 at 0 degree C for 30 min and immersed into LN. For thawing, shoot-tips were transferred into recovery solution for 15 min. A test of different recovery media revealed that the best results were obtained when the medium was supplement with 0.275 micromolar BA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Marco-Medina
- Institute of Biodiversity, University of Alicant, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vermeir S, Hertog M, Vankerschaver K, Swennen R, Nicolaï B, Lammertyn J. Instrumental based flavour characterisation of banana fruit. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
17
|
Sánchez-Romero C, Swennen R, Panis B. Cryopreservation of olive embryogenic cultures. Cryo Letters 2009; 30:359-372. [PMID: 19946658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to optimize a protocol for the cryopreservation of embryogenic cultures of olive (Olea europaea L.). Exposure time to loading solution and PVS2 significantly influenced the regrowth rate of both organized and non-organized tissues. Organized tissues were more sensitive to prolonged treatments with vitrification solutions compared to non-organized tissues. Three cryopreservation protocols were compared using non-organized tissues: the "classical" vitrification protocol, an ultra-fast freezing method using droplet vitrification on aluminium foil strips and a "classical" slow freezing method (1 degree C per min). The best results were obtained using the droplet vitrification method after a 60 min dehydration period with PVS2. Under these conditions, all cryopreserved cultures showed renewed embryogenesis six weeks after thawing. A long-term (7-8 weeks) sucrose preculture had a significant effect on the initial response of the cultures, allowing particularly to protect cells against the toxic effects of the vitrification solution.
Collapse
|
18
|
Elsen A, Gervacio D, Swennen R, De Waele D. AMF-induced biocontrol against plant parasitic nematodes in Musa sp.: a systemic effect. Mycorrhiza 2008; 18:251-256. [PMID: 18392645 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-008-0173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although mycorrhizal colonization provides a bioprotectional effect against a broad range of soil-borne pathogens, including plant parasitic nematodes, the commercial use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as biocontrol agents is still in its infancy. One of the main reasons is the poor understanding of the modes of action. Most AMF mode of action studies focused on AMF-bacterial/fungal pathogens. Only few studies so far examined AMF-plant parasitic nematode interactions. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine whether the AMF Glomus intraradices was able to incite systemic resistance in banana plants towards Radopholus similis and Pratylenchus coffeae, two plant parasitic nematodes using a split-root compartmental set-up. The AMF reduced both nematode species by more than 50%, even when the AMF and the plant parasitic nematodes were spatially separated. The results obtained demonstrate for the first time that AMF have the ability to induce systemic resistance against plant parasitic nematodes in a root system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Elsen
- Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - D Gervacio
- Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R Swennen
- Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D De Waele
- Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Suganthagunthalam D, Swennen R, De Waele D, Elsen A. Host plant response of burrowing nematode resistant Musa genotypes to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2008; 73:219-222. [PMID: 18831278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Suganthagunthalam
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vertommen A, Panis B, Swennen R, Carpentier SC. The study of hydrophobic proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana and banana, a model and non model crop. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2008; 73:33-36. [PMID: 18831241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Vertommen
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Horckmans L, Swennen R, Deckers J. Retention and release of Zn and Cd in spodic horizons as determined by pH(stat) analysis and single extractions. Sci Total Environ 2007; 376:86-99. [PMID: 17307244 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the northern Campine in Belgium, large areas are contaminated by heavy metals such as Zn and Cd due to the (former) non-ferro metal industry. In the sandy soils, the heavy metal adsorption/attenuation in the spodic horizon represents the main retention mechanism of leached pollutants from the contaminated topsoils. In this study, the pH-dependent behaviour of the elements in these spodic horizons was tested by pH(stat) experiments and compared to sandy loam soils. Extractions with CaCl(2) 0.01 M and EDTA 0.05 M provided a further insight into the binding mechanisms. The results indicate that organic matter is the main factor responsible for the mobility of Cd, Zn and Ca in the spodic horizons. The binding of elements is not very strong, however, and highly dependent on pH. A slight decrease in pH can cause a significant release of metals from the spodic horizons, with up to 60% of Cd and 90% of Zn being released within a 1.5 unit change in pH (starting from the naturally occurring pH). This pH change can happen rapidly in these soils, due to the low buffering capacity, and is realistic given the acidification in Flanders. For the sandy loam soils, a pH decrease of 3 units is needed to release 40% of Cd and 20% of Zn, and the acid neutralization capacity is exhausted more gradually, suggesting that slower buffering mechanisms take place. For the sandy loam soils, Cd retention is mainly governed by organic matter, while for Zn other factors such as the clay minerals also play an important role. Despite the high potential mobility and pH dependence of the heavy metal retention in the spodic horizons, the actual risk for groundwater pollution is limited. For the diffusely contaminated areas, where traditional remediation is not an option, spodic horizons may therefore contribute to a natural attenuation of the soil contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Horckmans
- Geologie, K.U.Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shtiza A, Swennen R, Tashko A. Chromium speciation and existing natural attenuation conditions in lagoonal and pond sediments in the former chemical plant of Porto-Romano (Albania). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00254-007-0703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
23
|
Helliot B, Panis B, Busogoro JP, Sobry S, Poumay Y, Raes M, Swennen R, Lepoivre P. Immunogold silver staining associated with epi-fluorescence for cucumber mosaic virus localisation on semi-thin sections of banana tissues. Eur J Histochem 2007; 51:153-8. [PMID: 17664166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunogold-silver staining (IGSS) technique in combination with epi-fluorescence detection was used to localise cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) particles within banana infected tissues. For this purpose, tissue samples (2 mm3) were excised from CMV-infected and highly proliferating meristem cultures of Williams BSJ banana (ITC. 0570, AAA, Cavendish subgroup). These samples were immediately fixed in a 2% paraformaldehyde/0.25% glutaraldehyde mixture, dehydrated in ethanol, and finally embedded in L.R. White resin. Semi-thin sections were cut, mounted on clean treated glass slides and immunostained for CMV particles using gold-labelled secondary antibodies and silver enhancement. Sections were counterstained with basic fuchsin and examined using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Negative controls included immuno-stained samples excised from non-virus infected material as well as infected material on which primary or secondary antibodies were not applied. Images of autofluorescence (in red) and of epi-reflectance of silver-enhanced immunogold particles (in green) were recorded separately and merged, allowing the specific localisation of CMV particles at the cellular level on semi-thin sections of aldehyde-fixed banana tissues. The main advantage of this analytical approach compared to previously published protocols is that it combines a fast staining procedure, stable preparation, a high resolution, and a narrow plane of focus with the flexibility in generation, processing and analysis of images offered by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Finally, the presence of numerous CMV particles within banana meristems constitutes a clear explanation of the very low CMV elimination efficiency when using meristem-tip culture alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Helliot
- Plant Pathology Unit, Gembloux Agricultural University, Passage des Déportés, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vertommen A, Carpentier SC, Remmerie N, Witters E, Swennen R, Panis B. Towards the identification of protein complexes in banana (Musa spp). meristems. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2007; 72:51-54. [PMID: 18018859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Vertommen
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement. Division of Crop Biotechnics Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Van der Veken L, Win PP, Massart A, Elsen A, Swennen R, De Waele D. Autotropic in vitro model system for the in-depth study between nematodes and Rhizobium spp. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2007; 72:651-653. [PMID: 18399499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Van der Veken
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Faculty of Bio-engineering, KULeuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Elsen A, Gervacio D, Vos C, Swennen R, De Waele D. AMF-induced bioprotection against migratory plant-parasitic nematodes: which mechanisms are responsible? Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2007; 72:667-670. [PMID: 18399502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Elsen
- K.U.Leuven, Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wuyts N, Lognay G, Swennen R, De Waele D. Nematode infection and reproduction in transgenic and mutant Arabidopsis and tobacco with an altered phenylpropanoid metabolism. J Exp Bot 2006; 57:2825-35. [PMID: 16831845 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erl044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic and mutant Arabidopsis and tobacco plants with altered phenylpropanoid metabolism were infected with the plant parasitic root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita to assess the effect of the transgene or mutation on nematode infection and reproduction. Modifications in the lignin biosynthetic pathway which alter lignin composition in roots affected reproduction. In Arabidopsis with increased levels of syringyl lignin, reproduction was lower than in wild-type plants, while in tobacco with reduced levels of syringyl lignin, life cycle progression was stimulated. Overexpression of a MYB transcription factor of phenylpropanoid metabolism in tobacco significantly stimulated reproduction of M. incognita, while overexpression of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase had no effect. Arabidopsis transparent testa mutants with deficiencies in flavonoid pathway enzymes did not affect reproduction of M. incognita in the present infection tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Wuyts
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Catholic University of Leuven, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Criel B, Hausman F, Oufir M, Swennen R, Panis B, Renaut J. Proteome and sugar analysis of abiotic stress underlying cryopreservation in potato. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2006; 71:3-6. [PMID: 17191462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Criel
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Panis B, Helliot B, Strosse H, Remy S, Lepoivre P, Swennen R. GERMPLASM CONSERVATION, VIRUS ERADICATION AND SAFE STORAGE OF TRANSFORMATION COMPETENT CULTURES IN BANANA: THE IMPORTANCE OF CRYOPRESERVATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2005.692.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
30
|
Carpentier S, Witters E, Laukens K, Panis B, Swennen R. Proteome analysis: a successful approach for functional research in recalcitrant non-model crops. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2005; 70:3-4. [PMID: 16366263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Carpentier
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vancampenhout K, Wouters K, Caus A, De Vos B, Gullentops F, Dudal R, Swennen R, Deckers J. Humic fingerprinting of soil organic matter as a proxy for palaeo-reconstruction. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2005; 70:263-7. [PMID: 16366322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
|
32
|
Criel B, Panta A, Carpentier S, Renaut J, Swennen R, Panis B, Hausman JF. Cryopreservation and abiotic stress tolerance in potato: a proteomic approach. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2005; 70:83-6. [PMID: 16366280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Criel
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Helliot B, Panis B, Frison E, De Clercq E, Swennen R, Lepoivre P, Neyts J. The acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues, adefovir, tenofovir and PMEDAP, efficiently eliminate banana streak virus from banana (Musa spp.). Antiviral Res 2003; 59:121-6. [PMID: 12895695 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(03)00067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report that the anti-retroviral and anti-hepadnavirus molecules, adefovir, tenofovir and 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP), efficiently eradicate the episomal form of Banana streak virus (BSV) from banana plants. Up to 90% of plants regenerated from BSV-infected highly proliferating meristems were virus free following a 6-month treatment period with 10 microg/ml (a non-phytotoxic concentration) of either compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Helliot
- Plant Pathology Unit, Gembloux Agricultural University, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Helliot B, Swennen R, Poumay Y, Frison E, Lepoivre P, Panis B. Ultrastructural changes associated with cryopreservation of banana ( Musa spp.) highly proliferating meristems. Plant Cell Rep 2003; 21:690-698. [PMID: 12789420 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-002-0537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2002] [Revised: 07/15/2002] [Accepted: 08/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation has been shown to improve the frequency of virus elimination - specifically cucumber mosaic virus and banana streak virus - from banana ( Musa spp.) plants. To understand the mode of action of cryopreservation for the eradication of viral particles, we examined the ultrastructure of meristem tips at each step of the cryopreservation process. Excised meristematic clumps produced from infected banana plants belonging to cv. Williams (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) were cryopreserved through vitrification using the PVS-2 solution. We demonstrated that the cryopreservation method used only allowed survival of small areas of cells in the meristematic dome and at the base of the primordia. Cellular and subcellular changes occurring during the cryopreservation process are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Helliot
- Plant Pathology Unit, Gembloux Agricultural University, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
AbstractWe propose a novel method to characterize the fluid-filled (usually air or water) space in images of porous media at the pore scale. First, an aperture map is created based on a skeleton process, to describe all local sizes in the pore space. Then the pore space is segmented in pores, defined as elementary objects that compose the pore space. Using this segmented image, a pore network is created, which is a graphic representation of the pore space that includes local sizes and direct information about connectivity at the pore scale. As an application of this method for pore space modelling, the equivalent hydraulic conductivity or permeability for a soil sample is computed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Delerue
- UR Geodes, IRD
32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France
- Laboratory of Building Physics, K.U. Leuven
Celestijnenlaan 131, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - E. Perrier
- UR Geodes, IRD
32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France
| | - A. Timmerman
- Institute for Land and Water Management, K.U. Leuven
Vital Decosterstraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - R. Swennen
- Physico-chemical Geology, K.U. Leuven
Celestijnenlaan 200C, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
AbstractX-ray computed tomography (CT) is a non-destructive technique with wide applications in various geological disciplines. It reveals the internal structure of objects, determined by variations in density and atomic composition. Large numbers of parallel 2D sections can be obtained, which allows 3D imaging of selected features. Important applications are the study of porosity and fluid flow, applied to investigations in the fields of petroleum geology, rock mechanics and soil science. Expected future developments include the combined use of CT systems with different resolutions, the wider use of related X-ray techniques and the integration of CT data with results of compatible non-destructive techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Mees
- Department of Geology and Soil Science, Ghent University
Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - R. Swennen
- Physico-chemical Geology, K.U. Leuven
Celestijnenlaan 200C, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - M. Van Geet
- Physico-chemical Geology, K.U. Leuven
Celestijnenlaan 200C, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - P. Jacobs
- SCK-CEN, Waste & Disposal Department
Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
AbstractPorosity of reservoir rocks is an important petrophysical characteristic, used as a basic parameter in simulation studies for predicting reservoir quality. An extensive debate continues about the techniques that are available for porosity measurements and visualization. One aspect is the fact that petrophysical measurements are performed on volumetric samples, whereas classical geological petrography using a petrographical microscope is restricted to 2D analysis. This leads to a discrepancy between petrographical and petrophysical studies. This paper aims to evaluate microfocus X-ray computed tomography (μCT) as a technique that can link petrography and petrophysics. A short overview of the μCT technique is given, together with a discussion of its limitations, mainly due to artefacts. Optimization of image quality and procedures for quantification are outlined. μCT results for porosity measurements of a limestone and a sandstone are compared with results obtained by other techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Van Geet
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Fysico-chemische Geologie
Celestijnenlaan 200C, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- SCK-CEM, Waste and Disposal Department
Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - D. Lagrou
- Vito, Energy Technology
Boeretan 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - R. Swennen
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Fysico-chemische Geologie
Celestijnenlaan 200C, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cappuyns V, Van Herreweghe S, Swennen R, Ottenburgs R, Deckers J. Arsenic pollution at the industrial site of Reppel-Bocholt (north Belgium). Sci Total Environ 2002; 295:217-240. [PMID: 12186289 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An industrial site, polluted with As and heavy metals, was investigated by combining chemical (sequential extractions and pHstat leaching tests), physical and mineralogical characterization of soil samples and slag fragments, and by the analysis of soil porewater aimed at assessing the distribution, speciation and mobility of heavy metals and As. On the site itself, arsenic concentrations up to 3.6% in surficial soil samples and up to 22% in slag fragments were found, together with elevated concentrations (percentage level) of Cu, Co, Ni, Zn and Pb. High concentrations of arsenic (up to 38,000 microg/l) and heavy metals (up to 1700 microg/l Cu and 4700 microg/l Zn) were also found in the in situ sampled soil porewater, highlighting the considerable availability of As, Zn and Cu for uptake by plants and leaching to the ground water. Sequential extractions also indicated a high availability of arsenic and copper in most samples and slag fragments of the industrial site, although poorly reactive phases were encountered as well. pHstat leaching tests confirmed that the present leaching of contaminants is alarming. Moreover, soil acidification will enhance the leaching of contaminants, emphasizing that remediation of the industrial site is urgent. Small scale variability of total metal concentrations and metal speciation, both in the horizontal and vertical direction, and the occurrence of a camouflage layer underline the importance of elaborate sampling for pollution assessment on an industrial site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Cappuyns
- Physico-Chemical Geology, K. U. Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Schenk PM, Remans T, Sági L, Elliott AR, Dietzgen RG, Swennen R, Ebert PR, Grof CP, Manners JM. Promoters for pregenomic RNA of banana streak badnavirus are active for transgene expression in monocot and dicot plants. Plant Mol Biol 2001; 47:399-412. [PMID: 11587511 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011680008868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Two putative promoters from Australian banana streak badnavirus (BSV) isolates were analysed for activity in different plant species. In transient expression systems the My (2105 bp) and Cv (1322 bp) fragments were both shown to have promoter activity in a wide range of plant species including monocots (maize, barley, banana, millet, wheat, sorghum), dicots (tobacco, canola, sunflower, Nicotiana benthamiana, tipu tree), gymnosperm (Pinus radiata) and fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia). Evaluation of the My and Cv promoters in transgenic sugarcane, banana and tobacco plants demonstrated that these promoters could drive high-level expression of either the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene (uidA) in vegetative plant cells. In transgenic sugarcane plants harbouring the Cv promoter, GFP expression levels were comparable or higher (up to 1.06% of total soluble leaf protein as GFP) than those of plants containing the maize ubiquitin promoter (up to 0.34% of total soluble leaf protein). GUS activities in transgenic in vitro-grown banana plants containing the My promoter were up to seven-fold stronger in leaf tissue and up to four-fold stronger in root and corm tissue than in plants harbouring the maize ubiquitin promoter. The Cv promoter showed activities that were similar to the maize ubiquitin promoter in in vitro-grown banana plants, but was significantly reduced in larger glasshouse-grown plants. In transgenic in vitro-grown tobacco plants, the My promoter reached activities close to those of the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), while the Cv promoter was about half as active as the CaMV 35S promoter. The BSV promoters for pregenomic RNA represent useful tools for the high-level expression of foreign genes in transgenic monocots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Schenk
- Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Plant Pathology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
- I Wiame
- Catholic University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
|
44
|
Remy S, François I, Cammue B, Swennen R, Sági L. CO-TRANSFORMATION AS A POTENTIAL TOOL TO CREATE MULTIPLE AND DURABLE DISEASE RESISTANCE IN BANANA (MUSA SPP.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.1998.461.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
45
|
Sági L, Panis B, Remy S, Schoofs H, De Smet K, Swennen R, Cammue BP. Genetic transformation of banana and plantain (Musa spp.) via particle bombardment. Biotechnology (N Y) 1995; 13:481-5. [PMID: 9634789 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0595-481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a simple protocol to allow the production of transgenic banana plants. Foreign genes were delivered into embryogenic suspension cells using accelerated particles coated with DNA. Bombardment parameters were optimized for a modified particle gun resulting in high levels of transient expression of the beta-glucuronidase gene in both banana and plantain cells. Bombarded banana cells were selected with hygromycin and regenerated into plants. Molecular and histochemical characterization of transformants revealed the stable integration of the transferred genes into the banana genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Sági
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Husbandry, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sagi L, Remy S, Panis B, Swennen R, Volckaert G. Transient gene expression in electroporated banana (Musa spp., cv. 'Bluggoe', ABB group) protoplasts isolated from regenerable embryogenetic cell suspensions. Plant Cell Rep 1994; 13:262-6. [PMID: 24193761 DOI: 10.1007/bf00233316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/1993] [Revised: 10/28/1993] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation conditions were established for transient expression of introduced DNA in banana (Musa spp., cv. 'Bluggoe') protoplasts isolated from regenerable embryogenic cell suspensions. The following parameters were found to be highly influential: electroporation buffer, polyethylene glycol treatment and its duration before electroporation, use of a heat shock, and chimaeric gene constructs. The maximum frequency of DNA introduction as detected by an in situ assay for transient expression of the uidA gene, amounted to 1.8% of total protoplasts. Since plants have recently been regenerated from banana protoplasts at a high frequency, the present results may contribute to the production of transgenic banana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Sagi
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Catholic University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Peeters MC, Willems K, Swennen R. Protoplast-to-plant regeneration in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Coker 312) using feeder layers. Plant Cell Rep 1994; 13:208-211. [PMID: 24193653 DOI: 10.1007/bf00239894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/1993] [Revised: 09/06/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the regeneration of protoplasts isolated from two embryogenic cell lines of Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Coker 312 initiated from hypocotylderived callus. Protoplasts plated on cellulose nitrate filters and placed over feeder layers formed embryogenic callus from which plants were regenerated. Plating efficiency up to 12.8% depended upon the cell line. Addition of phytohormones to the protoplast medium had no stimulating effect on plating efficiency. The influence of feeder cells and conditioned medium on plating efficiency was significantly different for the two cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Peeters
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Husbandry, Catholic University of Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Panis B, Van Wauwe A, Swennen R. Plant regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis from protoplasts of banana (Musa spp.). Plant Cell Rep 1993; 12:403-407. [PMID: 24197341 DOI: 10.1007/bf00234701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/1992] [Revised: 03/27/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the isolation and regeneration of protoplasts from an embryogenic banana (Musa spp.) cell suspension culture initiated from in vitro proliferating meristems. A high yielding isolation method (up to 6×10(7) protoplasts.ml(-1) packed cells) is discussed. Optimal regeneration, with more than 50% of the protoplasts showing initial cell division, occurred when high inoculation densities (10(6) protoplasts.ml(-1)) or nurse cultures were applied. Under these conditions, the frequency of microcolony formation was 20-40%. These microcolonies developed directly, without an intervening callus phase, into somatic embryos which later germinated and formed plantlets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Panis
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Husbandry, Catholic University of Leuven (K. U. Leuven), Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|