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Munno M, Mallia A, Greco A, Modafferi G, Banfi C, Eligini S. Radical Oxygen Species, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins, and Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1: A Vicious Circle in Atherosclerotic Process. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:583. [PMID: 38790688 PMCID: PMC11118168 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex condition that involves the accumulation of lipids and subsequent plaque formation in the arterial intima. There are various stimuli, cellular receptors, and pathways involved in this process, but oxidative modifications of low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) are particularly important in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Ox-LDLs promote foam-cell formation, activate proinflammatory pathways, and induce smooth-muscle-cell migration, apoptosis, and cell death. One of the major receptors for ox-LDL is LOX-1, which is upregulated in several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. LOX-1 activation in endothelial cells promotes endothelial dysfunction and induces pro-atherogenic signaling, leading to plaque formation. The binding of ox-LDLs to LOX-1 increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce LOX-1 expression and oxidize LDLs, contributing to ox-LDL generation and further upregulating LOX-1 expression. This creates a vicious circle that is amplified in pathological conditions characterized by high plasma levels of LDLs. Although LOX-1 has harmful effects, the clinical significance of inhibiting this protein remains unclear. Further studies both in vitro and in vivo are needed to determine whether LOX-1 inhibition could be a potential therapeutic target to counteract the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Munno
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Alice Mallia
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Università di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Greco
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Gloria Modafferi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Sonia Eligini
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
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Zhang Q, Du G, Tong L, Guo X, Wei Y. Overexpression of LOX-1 in hepatocytes protects vascular smooth muscle cells from phenotype transformation and wire injury induced carotid neoatherosclerosis through ALOX15. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166805. [PMID: 37468019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Neoatherosclerosis (NA), the main pathological basis of late stent failure, is the main limitation of interventional therapy. However, the specific pathogenesis and treatment remain unclear. In vivo, NA model was established by carotid wire injury and high-fat feeding in ApoE-/- mice. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1/lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (OLR1/LOX-1), a specific receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), was specifically ectopically overexpressed in hepatocytes by portal vein injection of adeno-associated serotype 8 (AAV8)-thyroid binding globulin (TBG)-Olr1 and the protective effect against NA was examined. In vitro, LOX-1 was overexpressed on HHL5 using lentivirus (LV)-OLR1 and the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)-HHL5 indirect co-culture system was established to examine its protective effect on VSMCs and the molecular mechanism. Functionally, we found that specific ectopic overexpression of LOX-1 by hepatocytes competitively engulfed and metabolized ox-LDL, alleviating its resulting phenotypic transformation of VSMCs including migration, downregulation of contractile shape markers (smooth muscle α-actin (SMαA) and smooth muscle-22α (SM22α)), and upregulation of proliferative/migratory shape markers (osteopontin (OPN) and Vimentin) as well as foaminess and apoptosis, thereby alleviating NA, which independent of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) lowering treatment (evolocumab, a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)). Mechanistically, we found that overexpression of LOX-1 in hepatocytes competitively engulfed and metabolized ox-LDL through upregulation of arachidonate-15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15), which further upregulated scavenger receptor class B type I (SRBI) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). In conclusion, the overexpression of LOX-1 in liver protects VSMCs from phenotypic transformation and wire injury induced carotid neoatherosclerosis through ALOX15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaohui Du
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Tong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Guo
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yumiao Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Zhang J, Ding W, Liu J, Wan J, Wang M. Scavenger Receptors in Myocardial Infarction and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: The Potential for Disease Evaluation and Therapy. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e027862. [PMID: 36645089 PMCID: PMC9939064 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) are a structurally heterogeneous superfamily of evolutionarily conserved receptors that are divided into classes A to J. SRs can recognize multiple ligands, such as modified lipoproteins, damage-associated molecular patterns, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and regulate lipid metabolism, immunity, and homeostasis. According to the literature, SRs may play a critical role in myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion injury, and the soluble types of SRs may be a series of promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome or acute myocardial infarction. In this review, we briefly summarize the structure and function of SRs and discuss the association between each SR and ischemic cardiac injury in patients and animal models in detail. A better understanding of the effect of SRs on ischemic cardiac injury will inspire novel ideas for therapeutic drug discovery and disease evaluation in patients with myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishou Zhang
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina,Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina,Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Wen Ding
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina,Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina,Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina,Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina,Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina,Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina,Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
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Ohno M, Sasaki M, Orba Y, Sekiya T, Masum MA, Ichii O, Sawamura T, Kakino A, Suzuki Y, Kida H, Sawa H, Shingai M. Abnormal Blood Coagulation and Kidney Damage in Aged Hamsters Infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112137. [PMID: 34834944 PMCID: PMC8618556 DOI: 10.3390/v13112137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic symptoms have often been observed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in addition to pneumonia, however, the details are still unclear due to the lack of an appropriate animal model. In this study, we investigated and compared blood coagulation abnormalities and tissue damage between male Syrian hamsters of 9 (young) and over 36 (aged) weeks old after intranasal infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite similar levels of viral replication and inflammatory responses in the lungs of both age groups, aged but not young hamsters showed significant prolongation of prothrombin time and prominent acute kidney damage. Moreover, aged hamsters demonstrated increased intravascular coagulation time-dependently in the lungs, suggesting that consumption of coagulation factors causes prothrombin time prolongation. Furthermore, proximal urinary tract damage and mesangial matrix expansion were observed in the kidneys of the aged hamsters at early and later disease stages, respectively. Given that the severity and mortality of COVID-19 are higher in elderly human patients, the effect of aging on pathogenesis needs to be understood and should be considered for the selection of animal models. We, thus, propose that the aged hamster is a good small animal model for COVID-19 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marumi Ohno
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.O.); (H.K.)
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Toshiki Sekiya
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Md. Abdul Masum
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (M.A.M.); (O.I.)
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (M.A.M.); (O.I.)
- Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; (T.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Akemi Kakino
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; (T.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.O.); (H.K.)
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.O.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +81-11-706-5185 (H.S.); +81-11-706-9494 (M.S.)
| | - Masashi Shingai
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.O.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +81-11-706-5185 (H.S.); +81-11-706-9494 (M.S.)
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5
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Akhmedov A, Sawamura T, Chen CH, Kraler S, Vdovenko D, Lüscher TF. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1): a crucial driver of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:1797-1807. [PMID: 36282110 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), specifically lipid-driven atherosclerotic CVDs, remain the number one cause of death worldwide. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1), a scavenger receptor that promotes endothelial dysfunction by inducing pro-atherogenic signalling and plaque formation via the endothelial uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and electronegative LDL, contributes to the initiation, progression, and destabilization of atheromatous plaques, eventually leading to the development of myocardial infarction and certain forms of stroke. In addition to its expression in endothelial cells, LOX-1 is expressed in macrophages, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, further implicating this receptor in multiple aspects of atherosclerotic plaque formation. LOX-1 holds promise as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for certain CVDs; therefore, understanding the molecular structure and function of LOX-1 is of critical importance. In this review, we highlight the latest scientific findings related to LOX-1, its ligands, and their roles in the broad spectrum of CVDs. We describe recent findings from basic research, delineate their translational value, and discuss the potential of LOX-1 as a novel target for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of related CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistreet 12, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Shinshu University 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medical Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simon Kraler
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistreet 12, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Daria Vdovenko
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistreet 12, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistreet 12, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehause Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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Takahashi T, Huang Y, Yamamoto K, Hamano G, Kakino A, Kang F, Imaizumi Y, Takeshita H, Nozato Y, Nozato S, Yokoyama S, Nagasawa M, Kawai T, Takeda M, Fujimoto T, Hongyo K, Nakagami F, Akasaka H, Takami Y, Takeya Y, Sugimoto K, Gaisano HY, Sawamura T, Rakugi H. The endocytosis of oxidized LDL via the activation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. iScience 2021; 24:102076. [PMID: 33659870 PMCID: PMC7890409 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrestin-dependent activation of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) triggers endocytotic internalization of the receptor complex. We analyzed the interaction between the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) receptor (LOX-1) and the GPCR angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) to report a hitherto unidentified mechanism whereby internalization of the GPCR mediates cellular endocytosis of the PRR ligand. Using genetically modified Chinese hamster ovary cells, we found that oxLDL activates Gαi but not the Gαq pathway of AT1 in the presence of LOX-1. Endocytosis of the oxLDL-LOX-1 complex through the AT1-β-arrestin pathway was demonstrated by real-time imaging of the membrane dynamics of LOX-1 and visualization of endocytosis of oxLDL. Finally, this endocytotic pathway involving GPCR kinases (GRKs), β-arrestin, and clathrin is relevant in accumulating oxLDL in human vascular endothelial cells. Together, our findings indicate that oxLDL activates selective G proteins and β-arrestin-dependent internalization of AT1, whereby the oxLDL-LOX-1 complex undergoes endocytosis. The binding of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) to LOX-1 induces selective activation of AT1 oxLDL and angiotensin II additively or competitively activate AT1 in different cells oxLDL promotes β-arrestin-dependent internalization of oxLDL-LOX-1-AT1 complex
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Yibin Huang
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamamoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Corresponding author
| | - Go Hamano
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akemi Kakino
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Yuki Imaizumi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hikari Takeshita
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nozato
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoko Nozato
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Serina Yokoyama
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motonori Nagasawa
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masao Takeda
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hongyo
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Futoshi Nakagami
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akasaka
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takami
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takeya
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Herbert Y. Gaisano
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Jimenez RV, Szalai AJ. Therapeutic Lowering of C-Reactive Protein. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619564. [PMID: 33633738 PMCID: PMC7901964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the blood of healthy individuals C-reactive protein (CRP) is typically quite scarce, whereas its blood concentration can rise robustly and rapidly in response to tissue damage and inflammation associated with trauma and infectious and non-infectious diseases. Consequently, CRP plasma or serum levels are routinely monitored in inpatients to gauge the severity of their initial illness and injury and their subsequent response to therapy and return to health. Its clinical utility as a faithful barometer of inflammation notwithstanding, it is often wrongly concluded that the biological actions of CRP (whatever they may be) are manifested only when blood CRP is elevated. In fact over the last decades, studies done in humans and animals (e.g. human CRP transgenic and CRP knockout mice) have shown that CRP is an important mediator of biological activities even in the absence of significant blood elevation, i.e. even at baseline levels. In this review we briefly recap the history of CRP, including a description of its discovery, early clinical use, and biosynthesis at baseline and during the acute phase response. Next we overview evidence that we and others have generated using animal models of arthritis, neointimal hyperplasia, and acute kidney injury that baseline CRP exerts important biological effects. In closing we discuss the possibility that therapeutic lowering of baseline CRP might be a useful way to treat certain diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V Jimenez
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Alexander J Szalai
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Mentrup T, Cabrera-Cabrera F, Schröder B. Proteolytic Regulation of the Lectin-Like Oxidized Lipoprotein Receptor LOX-1. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:594441. [PMID: 33553253 PMCID: PMC7856673 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.594441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) receptor LOX-1, which is broadly expressed in vascular cells, represents a key mediator of endothelial activation and dysfunction in atherosclerotic plaque development. Being a member of the C-type lectin receptor family, LOX-1 can bind different ligands, with oxLDL being the best characterized. LOX-1 mediates oxLDL uptake into vascular cells and by this means can promote foam cell formation. In addition, LOX-1 triggers multiple signaling pathways, which ultimately induce a pro-atherogenic and pro-fibrotic transcriptional program. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this signal transduction remain incompletely understood. In this regard, proteolysis has recently emerged as a regulatory mechanism of LOX-1 function. Different proteolytic cleavages within the LOX-1 protein can initiate its turnover and control the cellular levels of this receptor. Thereby, cleavage products with individual biological functions and/or medical significance are produced. Ectodomain shedding leads to the release of a soluble form of the receptor (sLOX1) which has been suggested to have diagnostic potential as a biomarker. Removal of the ectodomain leaves behind a membrane-bound N-terminal fragment (NTF), which despite being devoid of the ligand-binding domain is actively involved in signal transduction. Degradation of this LOX-1 NTF, which represents an athero-protective mechanism, critically depends on the aspartyl intramembrane proteases Signal peptide peptidase-like 2a and b (SPPL2a/b). Here, we present an overview of the biology of LOX-1 focusing on how proteolytic cleavages directly modulate the function of this receptor and, what kind of pathophysiological implications this has in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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9
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Takebayashi K, Suzuki T, Yamauchi M, Hara K, Tsuchiya T, Inukai T, Hashimoto K. Association of circulating soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 with inflammatory markers and urinary albumin excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211064468. [PMID: 34992779 PMCID: PMC8724995 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211064468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main purpose of the study was to study the association between circulating soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels and various markers, including inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen, serum lipids, and renal function, in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. METHODS The subjects were 70 patients (men 45, women 25) who were hospitalized for treatment of poor glycemic control. Plasma soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels were assayed using a sandwich chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Circulating soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 was significantly positively correlated with lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein-1 ligands containing apolipoprotein B, reflecting modified low-density lipoprotein, and with inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and urinary albumin excretion. CONCLUSIONS Soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 may serve as a marker reflecting the degrees of inflammation and albuminuria in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohzo Takebayashi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Emergency and Critical Care Center, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Mototaka Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Kenji Hara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuchiya
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Inukai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seibu General Hospital, Omiya, Japan
| | - Koshi Hashimoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
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10
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Yamashita M, Nomura Y, Ishikawa M, Shimoda S, Hanada N. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Promotes In Vitro Calcification. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225120. [PMID: 33202824 PMCID: PMC7697660 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcification plays an important role in the human body in maintaining homeostasis. In the human body, the presence of a high amount of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is a consistent feature of the local areas that are common sites of ectopic calcification, namely dental calculus, renal calculus, and the areas affected by arteriosclerosis. Hence, ox-LDL may have some effect on calcification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation revealed a high amount of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) when ox-LDL was included in the solution. In the in vitro experiment, the highest amount of precipitation of calcium phosphate was observed in the solution containing ox-LDL compared to the inclusion of other biomaterials and was 4.2 times higher than that of deionized water for 4.86 mM calcium and 2.71 mM phosphate. The morphology of calcium phosphate precipitates in the solution containing ox-LDL differed from that of the precipitates in solutions containing other biomaterials, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through the time course observation of the sediments using TEM, it was observed that the sediments changed from spherical or oval shape to a thin film shape. These results indicate that sediments acquired a long-range order array, and the phase transitioned from non-crystalline to crystalline with an increased time and density of ACP. Thus, it is concluded that ox-LDL promoted ACP precipitation and it plays an important role in ectopic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Yamashita
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.Y.); (N.H.)
| | - Yoshiaki Nomura
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.Y.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Misao Ishikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Nobuhiro Hanada
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.Y.); (N.H.)
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11
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Li HY, Liu XL, Liu YT, Jia ZK, Filep JG, Potempa LA, Ji SR, Wu Y. Matrix sieving-enforced retrograde transcytosis regulates tissue accumulation of C-reactive protein. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:440-452. [PMID: 29992240 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Circulating proteins larger than 3 nm can be transported across continuous endothelial barrier of blood vessels via transcytosis. However, excessive accumulation of serum proteins within the vessel walls is uncommon even for those abundant in the circulation. The aim of this study was to investigate how transcytosis regulates tissue accumulation of the prototypical acute-phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) and other serum proteins. Methods and results Transcytosis of CRP as well as of transferrin and low-density lipoprotein across aortic endothelial cells is bidirectional with directional preference from the apical (blood) to basolateral (tissue) direction both in vitro and in vivo. This directional preference is, however, reversed by the basement membrane (BM) matrix underlying the basolateral surface of endothelial cells. This is due to the sieving effect of the BM that physically hinders the diffusion of transcytosed proteins from the apical compartment towards underlying tissues, resulting in immediate retrograde transcytosis that limits basolateral protein accumulation. Conversely, CRP produced within vessel wall lesions can also be transported into the circulation. Conclusion Our findings identify matrix sieving-enforced retrograde transcytosis as a general mechanism that prevents excessive tissue accumulation of blood-borne proteins and suggest that lesion-derived CRP might also contribute to elevated serum CRP levels associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yu-Tong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Zhe-Kun Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - János G Filep
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montréal, 5415 boulevard de l'Assomption, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Shang-Rong Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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12
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Zhang CM, Tan YB, Zhou HH, Ge ZB, Feng JR, Lv GB, Sun ZY, Fu Y, Wang MY. Intra-subunit Disulfide Determines the Conversion and Structural Stability of CRP Isoforms. Inflammation 2019; 43:466-477. [PMID: 31760526 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a major human acute-phase reactant that is composed of five identical subunits. CRP dissociates into subunits at inflammatory loci forming monomeric CRP (mCRP) with substantially enhanced activities, which can be further activated by reducing the intra-subunit disulfide bond. However, conformational changes underlying the activation process of CRP are less well understood. Conformational changes accompanying the conversion of CRP to mCRP with or without reduction were examined with circular dichroism spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, electron microscopy, size-exclusion chromatography, and neoepitope expression. The conversion of CRP to mCRP follows a two-stage process. In the first stage, CRP dissociates into molten globular subunits characterized by intact secondary structure elements with greatly impaired tertiary packing. In the second stage, these intermediates completely lose their native subunit conformation and assemble into high-order aggregates. The inclusion of reductant accelerates the formation of molten globular subunits in the first step and promotes the formation of more compact aggregates in the second stage. We further show a significant contribution of electrostatic interactions to the stabilization of native CRP. The conformational features of dissociated subunits and the aggregation of mCRP may have a key impact on their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Miao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Bo Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhou
- Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Bo Ge
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Rui Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Bo Lv
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Rahimi P, Mesbah-Namin SA, Ostadrahimi A, Separham A, Asghari Jafarabadi M. Betalain- and betacyanin-rich supplements’ impacts on the PBMC SIRT1 and LOX1 genes expression and Sirtuin-1 protein levels in coronary artery disease patients: A pilot crossover clinical trial. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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14
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Singh SK, Agrawal A. Functionality of C-Reactive Protein for Atheroprotection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1655. [PMID: 31379851 PMCID: PMC6646712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a pentameric molecule made up of identical monomers. CRP can be seen in three different forms: native pentameric CRP (native CRP), non-native pentameric CRP (non-native CRP), and monomeric CRP (mCRP). Both native and non-native CRP execute ligand-recognition functions for host defense. The fate of any pentameric CRP after binding to a ligand is dissociation into ligand-bound mCRP. If ligand-bound mCRP is proinflammatory, like free mCRP has been shown to be in vitro, then mCRP along with the bound ligand must be cleared from the site of inflammation. Once pentameric CRP is bound to atherogenic low-density lipoprotein (LDL), it reduces both formation of foam cells and proinflammatory effects of atherogenic LDL. A CRP mutant, that is non-native CRP, which readily binds to atherogenic LDL, has been found to be atheroprotective in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Thus, unlike statins, a drug that can lower only cholesterol levels but not CRP levels should be developed. Since non-native CRP has been shown to bind to all kinds of malformed proteins in general, it is possible that non-native CRP would be protective against all inflammatory states in which host proteins become pathogenic. If it is proven through experimentation employing transgenic mice that non-native CRP is beneficial for the host, then using a small-molecule compound to target CRP with the goal of changing the conformation of endogenous native CRP would be preferred over using recombinant non-native CRP as a biologic to treat diseases caused by pathogenic proteins such as oxidized LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alok Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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15
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Walker ME, Matthan NR, Lamon-Fava S, Solano-Aguilar G, Jang S, Lakshman S, Molokin A, Urban JF, Faits T, Johnson WE, Lichtenstein AH. A Western-Type Dietary Pattern Induces an Atherogenic Gene Expression Profile in the Coronary Arteries of the Ossabaw Pig. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz023. [PMID: 31049488 PMCID: PMC6488722 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current cardiovascular risk reduction guidance focuses on shifts in dietary patterns, rather than single foods or nutrients. Experimental studies are needed to identify the mechanisms by which food-based diets affect the development and progression of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 2 food-based dietary patterns and statin therapy on the transcriptome of the left anterior descending coronary artery of the Ossabaw pig. METHODS Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups and fed isocaloric diets for 6 mo; Heart Healthy-style diet (HHD) (high in unsaturated fat, unrefined grain, fruits/vegetables) or Western-style diet (WD) (high in saturated fat, cholesterol, refined grain), with or without atorvastatin. A 2-factor edge R analysis was used to determine differential gene expression in the left anterior descending coronary artery. RESULTS Relative to the HHD, the WD resulted in the differential expression of 143 genes, of which 139 genes were upregulated and 4 genes were downregulated (all log fold change ≥0.6, false discovery rate <0.10). The WD, compared with the HHD, resulted in the statistically significant upregulation of 8 atherosclerosis-associated pathways implicated in immune and inflammatory processes. There were no genes with significant differential expression attributable to statin therapy. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a WD induces alterations in the transcriptome of the coronary artery consistent with an inflammatory atherogenic phenotype in the Ossabaw pig with no significant modification by concurrent statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura E Walker
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Nirupa R Matthan
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Gloria Solano-Aguilar
- USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Saebyeol Jang
- USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Sukla Lakshman
- USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Aleksey Molokin
- USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Joseph F Urban
- USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Tyler Faits
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - W Evan Johnson
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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16
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Ghazi-Khanloosani M, Bandegi AR, Kokhaei P, Barati M, Pakdel A. CRP and LOX-1: a Mechanism for Increasing the Tumorigenic Potential of Colorectal Cancer Carcinoma Cell Line. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 25:1467-1475. [PMID: 30368730 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and dyslipidemia are associated with an increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). Serum C- reactive protein (CRP) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), as Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) ligands, increase during inflammation and dyslipidemia, respectively. To evaluate the effects of CRP on the expression of important genes involved in the development of CRC, the CRC cell line, LS174T, was treated with the commercial CRP. Based on the Real-time PCR data, in the presence of CRP, LOX-1, CEA, MMP1, and MMP2 mRNA expression significantly increased, compared to the control group. Moreover, in the presence of CRP, secretion, and expression of CEA in the cell lysate and conditioned media increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of flow cytometry showed that expression of LOX-1 receptors at the cell surface increased significantly in the presence of 10 mg/L of CRP. However, inhibition of LOX-1 receptors with a specific monoclonal antibody reduced the effects of CRP on protein/mRNA expression. In conclusion, Increased CRP level, can potentially elevate the expression of important genes in CRC by stimulating LOX-1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Ghazi-Khanloosani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bandegi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Pakdel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. .,Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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17
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Abstract
Esophageal cancer-related gene 4 (Ecrg4) encodes a hormone-like peptide that is believed to be involved in a variety of physiological phenomena, including tumour suppression. Recent progress in the study of Ecrg4 has shown that Ecrg4 is a proinflammatory factor and induces the expression of several cytokines and chemokines in macrophages/microglia. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of Ecrg4 signalling, especially the Ecrg4 receptors, remain poorly understood. Here, using retrovirus-mediated expression cloning, we identified lectin-like oxidised low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) as a membrane protein that binds amino acid residues 71–132 of Ecrg4 (Ecrg4(71–132)). Moreover, in addition to LOX-1, several scavenger receptors, such as Scarf1, Cd36 and Stabilin-1, facilitated the efficient internalisation of Ecrg4(71–132) into cells. A broad competitive inhibitor of scavenger receptors, polyinosinic acid, reduced both the binding of Ecrg4(71–132) and the activation of NF-κB in microglia. This activation was dependent on MyD88, an adaptor protein that recruits signalling proteins to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), with the consequent induction of various immune responses. These data suggest that multiple scavenger receptors recognise Ecrg4(71–132) and transduce its signals, together with TLRs, in microglia.
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18
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Hofmann A, Brunssen C, Morawietz H. Contribution of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and LOX-1 modulating compounds to vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 107:S1537-1891(17)30171-4. [PMID: 29056472 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is the major receptor for binding and uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in endothelial cells. LOX-1 is also expressed in macrophages, smooth muscle cells and platelets. Following internalization of oxLDL, LOX-1 initiates a vicious cycle from activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, thus promoting an increased reactive oxygen species formation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in the development of endothelial dysfunction, foam cell and advanced lesions formation as well as in myocardial ischemia. Furthermore, it is known that LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial DNA damage, vascular cell apoptosis, and autophagy. A large number of studies provide evidence of a LOX-1's role in endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. In addition, novel insights into LOX-1 ligands and the activated signaling pathways have been gained. Recent studies have shown an interaction of LOX-1 with microRNA's, thus providing novel tools to regulate LOX-1 function. Because LOX-1 is increased in atherosclerotic plaques and contributes to endothelial dysfunction, several compounds were tested in vivo and in vitro to modulate the LOX-1 expression in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Nakano A, Kawashima H, Miyake Y, Zeniya T, Yamamoto A, Koshino K, Temma T, Fukuda T, Fujita Y, Kakino A, Kanaya S, Sawamura T, Iida H. 123I-Labeled oxLDL Is Widely Distributed Throughout the Whole Body in Mice. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 52:144-153. [PMID: 29662563 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-017-0497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) plays a key role in endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and atherogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess blood clearance and in vivo kinetics of radiolabeled oxLDL in mice. Methods We synthesized 123I-oxLDL by the iodine monochloride method, and performed an uptake study in CHO cells transfected with lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). In addition, we evaluated the consistency between the 123I-oxLDL autoradiogram and the fluorescence image of DiI-oxLDL after intravenous injection for both spleen and liver. Whole-body dynamic planar images were acquired 10 min post injection of 123I-oxLDL to generate regional time-activity curves (TACs) of the liver, heart, lungs, kidney, head, and abdomen. Regional radioactivity for those excised tissues as well as the bladder, stomach, gut, and thyroid were assessed using a gamma counter, yielding percent injected dose (%ID) and dose uptake ratio (DUR). The presence of 123I-oxLDL in serum was assessed by radio-HPLC. Results The cellular uptakes of 123I-oxLDL were identical to those of DiI-oxLDL, and autoradiograms and fluorescence images also exhibited consistent distributions. TACs after injection of 123I-oxLDL demonstrated extremely fast kinetics. The radioactivity uptake at 10 min post-injection was highest in the liver (40.8 ± 2.4% ID). Notably, radioactivity uptake was equivalent throughout the rest of the body (39.4 ± 2.7% ID). HPLC analysis revealed no remaining 123I-oxLDL or its metabolites in the blood. Conclusion 123I-OxLDL was widely distributed not only in the liver, but also throughout the whole body, providing insight into the pathophysiological effects of oxLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atushi Nakano
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan.,2Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Kawashima
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan.,3Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 1 Misasagi-shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Miyake
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Zeniya
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan.,4Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akihide Yamamoto
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Koshino
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Takashi Temma
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan.,5Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fukuda
- Department Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovacular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Fujita
- 7Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Akemi Kakino
- 7Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Kanaya
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Techonology, Takayama, Nara, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- 7Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Iida
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan.,Department Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovacular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Techonology, Takayama, Nara, Japan
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20
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LOX-1 and Its Splice Variants: A New Challenge for Atherosclerosis and Cancer-Targeted Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020290. [PMID: 28146073 PMCID: PMC5343826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a process in which precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing sites are differentially selected to diversify the protein isoform population. Changes in AS patterns have an essential role in normal development, differentiation and response to physiological stimuli. It is documented that AS can generate both “risk” and “protective” splice variants that can contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases including atherosclerosis. The main endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDLs) is LOX-1 receptor protein encoded by the OLR1 gene. When OLR1 undergoes AS events, it generates three variants: OLR1, OLR1D4 and LOXIN. The latter lacks exon 5 and two-thirds of the functional domain. Literature data demonstrate a protective role of LOXIN in pathologies correlated with LOX-1 overexpression such as atherosclerosis and tumors. In this review, we summarize recent developments in understanding of OLR1 AS while also highlighting data warranting further investigation of this process as a novel therapeutic target.
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21
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Fujita K, Kondoh E, Chigusa Y, Mogami H, Kawasaki K, Ujita M, Fujita M, Konishi I. A pilot study investigating the LOX index as a potential biomarker of endothelial function in pregnancy. HYPERTENSION RESEARCH IN PREGNANCY 2017. [DOI: 10.14390/jsshp.hrp2017-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Fujita
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Eiji Kondoh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshitsugu Chigusa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Haruta Mogami
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kaoru Kawasaki
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mari Ujita
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Ikuo Konishi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
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Roy N, Ohtani K, Hidaka Y, Amano Y, Matsuda Y, Mori K, Hwang I, Inoue N, Wakamiya N. Three pentraxins C-reactive protein, serum amyloid p component and pentraxin 3 mediate complement activation using Collectin CL-P1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:1-14. [PMID: 27864148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pentraxins (PTXs) are a superfamily of multifunctional conserved proteins involved in acute-phase responses. Recently, we have shown that collectin placenta 1 (CL-P1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) mediated complement activation and failed to form terminal complement complex (TCC) in normal serum conditions because of complement factor H inhibition. METHODS We used CL-P1 expressing CHO/ldlA7 cells to study the interaction with PTXs. Soluble type CL-P1 was used in an ELISA assay for the binding, C3 and TCC deposition experiments. Furthermore, we used our previously established CL-P1 expressing HEK293 cells for the C3 fragment and TCC deposition assay. RESULTS We demonstrated that CL-P1 also bound serum amyloid p component (SAP) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) to activate the classical pathway and the alternative pathway using factor B. CRP and PTX3 further amplified complement deposition by properdin. We found that CRP and PTX3 recruit CFH, whereas SAP recruits C4 binding protein on CL-P1 expressing cell surfaces to prevent the formation of TCC in normal serum conditions. In addition, depletion of CFH, C4BP and complement factor I (CFI) failed to prevent TCC formation both in ELISA and cell experiments. Furthermore, soluble complement receptor 1, an inhibitor of all complement pathways prevents PTX induced TCC formation. CONCLUSION Our current study hypothesizes that the interaction of pentraxins with CL-P1 is involved in complement activation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE CL-P1 might generally inhibit PTX induced complement activation and host damage to protect self-tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitai Roy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuki Ohtani
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hidaka
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Amano
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagano Red Cross Hospital, 5-22-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matsuda
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Mori
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Insu Hwang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Inoue
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Wakamiya
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
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23
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Esenwa CC, Elkind MS. Inflammatory risk factors, biomarkers and associated therapy in ischaemic stroke. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:594-604. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Zeya B, Arjuman A, Chandra NC. Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor (LOX-1): A Chameleon Receptor for Oxidized LDL. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4437-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Zeya
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
| | - Albina Arjuman
- Division of P&I, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Nimai Chand Chandra
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
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25
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Chu YC, Huang KT. CRP/oxLDL co-incubates impair endothelial functions through CD32, LOX-1, and keratin 1 with dependence on their ratio. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Roy N, Ohtani K, Matsuda Y, Mori K, Hwang I, Suzuki Y, Inoue N, Wakamiya N. Collectin CL-P1 utilizes C-reactive protein for complement activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1118-28. [PMID: 26922829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma pentraxin family protein that is massively induced as part of the innate immune response to infection and tissue injury. CRP and other pentraxin proteins can activate a complement pathway through C1q, collectins, or on microbe surfaces. It has been found that a lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), which is an endothelial scavenger receptor (SR) having a C-type lectin-like domain, interacts with CRP to activate the complement pathway using C1q. However it remains elusive whether other lectins or SRs are involved in CRP-mediated complement activation and the downstream effect of the complement activation is also unknown. METHODS We prepared CHO/ldlA7 cells expressing collectin placenta-1 (CL-P1) and studied the interaction of CRP with cells. We further used ELISA for testing binding between proteins. We tested for C3 fragment deposition and terminal complement complex (TCC) formation on HEK293 cells expressing CL-P1. RESULTS Here, we demonstrated that CL-P1 bound CRP in a charge dependent manner and the interaction of CRP with CL-P1 mediated a classical complement activation pathway through C1q and additionally drove an amplification pathway using properdin. However, CRP also recruits complement factor H (CFH) on CL-P1 expressing cell surfaces, to inhibit the formation of a terminal complement complex in normal complement serum conditions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The interaction of collectin CL-P1 with CFH might be key for preventing attack on "self" as a result of complement activation induced by the CL-P1 and CRP interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitai Roy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuki Ohtani
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matsuda
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Mori
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Insu Hwang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Inoue
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Wakamiya
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
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Kakino A, Sawamura T. Modified LDL functions in human and LOX-1-mediated signal transductions. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 147:107-13. [PMID: 26860651 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.147.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Lin GM, Liu K, Colangelo LA, Lakoski SG, Tracy RP, Greenland P. Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentrations and Association of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Concentrations With Incident Coronary Heart Disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:46-52. [PMID: 26597828 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) in numerous but not all observational studies, and whether low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) alter this association is unknown. In the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2000-2012), we prospectively assessed the association of hs-CRP concentrations with incident CHD in participants who did not receive lipid-lowering therapy, as well as in those with LDL-C concentrations less than 130 mg/dL (n = 3,106) and those with LDL-C concentrations of 130 mg/dL or greater (n = 1,716) at baseline (2000-2002). Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to assess the associations after adjustment for socioeconomic status, traditional risk factors, body mass index, diabetes, aspirin use, kidney function, and coronary artery calcium score. Loge hs-CRP was associated with incident CHD in participants with LDL-C concentrations of 130 mg/dL or higher (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.60) but not in those with LDL-C concentrations less than 130 mg/dL (HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.74, 1.05; P for interaction = 0.003). As a whole, loge hs-CRP was not associated with incident CHD in participants who had not received lipid-lowering therapy at baseline (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.20) and who had mean LDL-C concentrations less than 130 mg/dL. These findings suggest that LDL-C concentrations might be a moderator of the contribution of hs-CRP to CHD.
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29
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Stancel N, Chen CC, Ke LY, Chu CS, Lu J, Sawamura T, Chen CH. Interplay between CRP, Atherogenic LDL, and LOX-1 and Its Potential Role in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Clin Chem 2015; 62:320-7. [PMID: 26607724 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.243923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that the classic acute-phase protein C-reactive protein (CRP) has proinflammatory effects on vascular cells and may play a causal role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. A growing body of evidence has suggested that interplay between CRP, lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), and atherogenic LDL may underlie the mechanism of endothelial dysfunction that leads to atherosclerosis. CONTENT We review the biochemical evidence for an association of CRP, LOX-1, and either oxidized LDL (OxLDL) or electronegative L5 LDL with the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. Artificially oxidized OxLDL has been studied extensively for its role in atherogenesis, as has electronegative L5 LDL, which is present at increased levels in patients with increased cardiovascular risks. OxLDL and L5 have been shown to stimulate human aortic endothelial cells to produce CRP, indicating that CRP is synthesized locally in the endothelium. The ligand-binding face (B-face) of CRP has been shown to bind the LOX-1 scavenger receptor and increase LOX-1 expression in endothelial cells, thereby promoting the uptake of OxLDL or L5 by LOX-1 into endothelial cells to induce endothelial dysfunction. SUMMARY CRP and LOX-1 may form a positive feedback loop with OxLDL or L5 in atherogenesis, whereby increased levels of atherogenic LDL in patients with cardiovascular risks induce endothelial cells to express CRP, which may in turn increase the expression of LOX-1 to promote the uptake of atherogenic LDL into endothelial cells. Further research is needed to confirm a causal role for CRP in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stancel
- Department of Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Lu
- Department of Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan;
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Department of Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX; Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, China Medical University (CMU) Hospital, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan; Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Current affiliation: New York Heart Research Foundation, Mineola, NY.
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30
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Chu YC, Huang KT. Keratin-1 is a novel binding protein for C-reactive protein on the membrane of endothelial cells. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Zhang L, Liu SH, Wright TT, Shen ZY, Li HY, Zhu W, Potempa LA, Ji SR, Szalai AJ, Wu Y. C-reactive protein directly suppresses Th1 cell differentiation and alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5243-52. [PMID: 25917100 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human C-reactive protein (CRP) is a serum-soluble pattern recognition receptor that serves as a marker of inflammation and directly contributes to innate immunity. In this study, we show that human CRP also directly contributes to adaptive immunity, that is, native CRP binds specifically to human Jurkat T cells and to mouse naive CD4(+) T cells and modulates their Th1 and Th2 responses. In vitro both exogenously added (purified) and endogenously expressed (via transfection) human CRP inhibited Th1 differentiation and augmented Th2 differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells. In vivo for human CRP transgenic compared with wild-type mice, a lesser proportion of the T cells recovered from the spleens of healthy animals were Th1 cells. Moreover, in both CRP transgenic mice and in wild-type mice treated with human CRP, during myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis both the Th1 cell response and disease severity were inhibited. These pattern recognition-independent actions of CRP directly on T cells highlights the potential for this soluble pattern recognition receptor to act as a tonic regulator of immunity, shaping global adaptive immune responses during both homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Hui Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tyler T Wright
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Zhi-Yuan Shen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yun Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lawrence A Potempa
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Roosevelt University College of Pharmacy, Schaumburg, IL 60173; and
| | - Shang-Rong Ji
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China;
| | - Alexander J Szalai
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294;
| | - Yi Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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Yamamoto K, Kakino A, Takeshita H, Hayashi N, Li L, Nakano A, Hanasaki-Yamamoto H, Fujita Y, Imaizumi Y, Toyama-Yokoyama S, Nakama C, Kawai T, Takeda M, Hongyo K, Oguro R, Maekawa Y, Itoh N, Takami Y, Onishi M, Takeya Y, Sugimoto K, Kamide K, Nakagami H, Ohishi M, Kurtz TW, Sawamura T, Rakugi H. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) activates the angiotensin II type 1 receptor by binding to the lectin-like oxLDL receptor. FASEB J 2015; 29:3342-56. [PMID: 25877213 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) is a 7-transmembrane domain GPCR that when activated by its ligand angiotensin II, generates signaling events promoting vascular dysfunction and the development of cardiovascular disease. Here, we show that the single-transmembrane oxidized LDL (oxLDL) receptor (LOX-1) resides in proximity to AT1 on cell-surface membranes and that binding of oxLDL to LOX-1 can allosterically activate AT1-dependent signaling events. oxLDL-induced signaling events in human vascular endothelial cells were abolished by knockdown of AT1 and inhibited by AT1 blockade (ARB). oxLDL increased cytosolic G protein by 350% in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with genetically induced expression of AT1 and LOX-1, whereas little increase was observed in CHO cells expressing only LOX-1. Immunoprecipitation and in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) assays in CHO cells revealed the presence of cell-surface complexes involving LOX-1 and AT1. Chimeric analysis showed that oxLDL-induced AT1 signaling events are mediated via interactions between the intracellular domain of LOX-1 and AT1 that activate AT1. oxLDL-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation of vascular ring from mouse thoracic aorta was abolished by ARB or genetic deletion of AT1. These findings reveal a novel pathway for AT1 activation and suggest a new mechanism whereby oxLDL may be promoting risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yamamoto
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Akemi Kakino
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hikari Takeshita
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Norihiro Hayashi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lei Li
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Atsushi Nakano
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hiroko Hanasaki-Yamamoto
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshiko Fujita
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuki Imaizumi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Serina Toyama-Yokoyama
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chikako Nakama
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Masao Takeda
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Hongyo
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ryosuke Oguro
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Maekawa
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Norihisa Itoh
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoichi Takami
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miyuki Onishi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yasushi Takeya
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kei Kamide
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitsuru Ohishi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodore W Kurtz
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Tomita T, Ieguchi K, Sawamura T, Maru Y. Human serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) protein, expressed as a fusion protein with SAA2, binds the oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118835. [PMID: 25738827 PMCID: PMC4349446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) possesses characteristics distinct from the other serum amyloid A isoforms, SAA1, SAA2, and SAA4. High density lipoprotein contains the latter three isoforms, but not SAA3. The expression of mouse SAA3 (mSAA3) is known to be up-regulated extrahepatically in inflammatory responses, and acts as an endogenous ligand for the toll-like receptor 4/MD-2 complex. We previously reported that mSAA3 plays an important role in facilitating tumor metastasis by attracting circulating tumor cells and enhancing hyperpermeability in the lungs. On the other hand, human SAA3 (hSAA3) has long been regarded as a pseudogene, which is in contrast to the abundant expression levels of the other isoforms. Although the nucleotide sequence of hSAA3 is very similar to that of the other SAAs, a single oligonucleotide insertion in exon 2 causes a frame-shift to generate a unique amino acid sequence. In the present study, we identified that hSAA3 was transcribed in the hSAA2-SAA3 fusion transcripts of several human cell lines. In the fusion transcript, hSAA2 exon 3 was connected to hSAA3 exon 1 or hSAA3 exon 2, located approximately 130kb downstream from hSAA2 exon 3 in the genome, which suggested that it is produced by alternative splicing. Furthermore, we succeeded in detecting and isolating hSAA3 protein for the first time by an immunoprecipitation-enzyme linked immune assay system using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that recognize the hSAA3 unique amino acid sequence. We also demonstrated that hSAA3 bound oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor (oxLDL receptor, LOX-1) and elevated the phosphorylation of ERK, the intracellular MAP-kinase signaling protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tomita
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (YM)
| | - Katsuaki Ieguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maru
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (YM)
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Sawamura T, Wakabayashi I, Okamura T. LOX-1 in atherosclerotic disease. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 440:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Trpkovic A, Resanovic I, Stanimirovic J, Radak D, Mousa SA, Cenic-Milosevic D, Jevremovic D, Isenovic ER. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein as a biomarker of cardiovascular diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 52:70-85. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.992063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Leite WF, Ramires JAF, Moreira LFP, Strunz CMC, Mangione JA. Correlation between C-reactive protein in peripheral vein and coronary sinus in stable and unstable angina. Arq Bras Cardiol 2014; 104:202-8. [PMID: 25494014 PMCID: PMC4386848 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20140188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is commonly used in clinical practice
to assess cardiovascular risk. However, a correlation has not yet been established
between the absolute levels of peripheral and central hs-CRP. Objective To assess the correlation between serum hs-CRP levels (mg/L) in a peripheral vein
in the left forearm (LFPV) with those in the coronary sinus (CS) of patients with
coronary artery disease (CAD) and a diagnosis of stable angina (SA) or unstable
angina (UA). Methods This observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted at the
Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade
de São Paulo, and at the Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, where CAD
patients referred to the hospital for coronary angiography were evaluated. Results Forty patients with CAD (20 with SA and 20 with UA) were included in the study.
Blood samples from LFPV and CS were collected before coronary angiography.
Furthermore, analysis of the correlation between serum levels of hs-CRP in LFPV
versus CS showed a strong linear correlation for both SA (r = 0.993, p < 0.001)
and UA (r = 0.976, p < 0.001) and for the entire sample (r = 0.985, p <
0.001). Conclusion Our data suggest a strong linear correlation between hs-CRP levels in LFPV versus
CS in patients with SA and UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weverton Ferreira Leite
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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C-reactive protein specifically enhances platelet-activating factor-induced inflammatory activity in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 745:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tuten A, Aydemir B, Oncul M, Kiziler AR, Acıkgoz AS, Korkmaz GG, Sozer V, Uzun H. The association of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) K167N and 3'UTR188CT polymorphisms with maternal plasma soluble LOX-1 levels and preeclampsia risk in Turkish population. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 291:563-71. [PMID: 25200690 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-014-3457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the main effect of polymorphisms in genes involved in endothelial pathophysiological mechanisms, LOX-1 K167N and 3'UTR188CT single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in relation to preeclampsia (PE) risk and possible interactions between the gene polymorphisms and plasma oxLDL and soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) levels on PE in Turkish population. METHODS LOX-1 K167N and 3'UTR188CT polymorphisms were studied in 113 pregnant women with preeclampsia and 96 healthy pregnant women by the PCR-RFLP techniques. sLOX-1 and oxLDL levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in all study subjects. RESULTS Patients having LOX-1 3'UTR188CT (OR 3.55, 95% CI 1.89-6.67, P = 0.001) or 3'UTR188CC (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.25-7.38, P = 0.012) genotype had a significantly higher risk of PE than those with 3'UTR188TT genotype. Also, patients having K167N KK (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.33-5.61, P = 0.005) genotype had a significantly higher risk of PE than those with K167N NN genotype. LOX-1 3'UTR188TT and LOX-1 K167N NN genotype carriers were associated with significantly increased serum sLOX-1 level (P = 0.001). We further investigated the potential combined effect of these polymorphic variants on risk of PE development. According to the combined genotype analysis of LOX-1 3'UTR188TT and K167N NN polymorphisms, sLOX-1 and oxLDL levels also showed significant differences between PE patients and controls with or without combined TT/NN genotype carriers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that higher plasma sLOX-1 and oxLDL concentrations, and the LOX-1 3'UTR188C>T and LOX-1 K167N gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with risk of developing preeclampsia. Plasma sLOX-1 may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Tuten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bakthavatsalam D, Soung RH, Tweardy DJ, Chiu W, Dixon RAF, Woodside DG. Chaperonin-containing TCP-1 complex directly binds to the cytoplasmic domain of the LOX-1 receptor. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2133-40. [PMID: 24846140 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX-1) is a scavenger receptor that binds oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and has a role in atherosclerosis development. The N-terminus intracellular region (cytoplasmic domain) of LOX-1 mediates receptor internalization and trafficking, potentially through intracellular protein interactions. Using affinity isolation, we identified 6 of the 8 components of the chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT) complex bound to LOX-1 cytoplasmic domain, which we verified by coimmunoprecipitation and immunostaining in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We found that the interaction between CCT and LOX-1 is direct and ATP-dependent and that OxLDL suppressed this interaction. Understanding the association between LOX-1 and the CCT complex may facilitate the design of novel therapies for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roh Hun Soung
- National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David J Tweardy
- National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wah Chiu
- National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard A F Dixon
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Darren G Woodside
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Hein TW, Qamirani E, Ren Y, Xu X, Thengchaisri N, Kuo L. Selective Activation of Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 Mediates C-Reactive Protein–Evoked Endothelial Vasodilator Dysfunction in Coronary Arterioles. Circ Res 2014; 114:92-100. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.301763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale
:
Studies in cultured endothelium implicate that lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) or Fcγ receptor II (CD32) contributes to the proatherogenic effects of C-reactive protein (CRP). However, the identity of the receptors linking to deleterious actions of CRP in vasomotor regulation remains unknown.
Objective
:
We tested the hypothesis that LOX-1 contributes to adverse effects of CRP on endothelium-dependent vasomotor function in resistance arterioles.
Methods and Results
:
Porcine coronary arterioles were isolated for vasoreactivity study, dihydroethidium fluorescence staining of superoxide, immunohistochemical localization of receptors, immunoprecipitation of receptor/CRP interaction, and protein blot. Intraluminal treatment of pressurized arterioles with a pathophysiological level of CRP (7 µg/mL; 60 minutes) attenuated endothelium-dependent nitric oxide–mediated and prostacyclin-mediated dilations to serotonin and arachidonic acid, respectively. LOX-1 and CD32 were detected in the endothelium of arterioles. Blockade of LOX-1 with either pharmacological antagonist κ-carrageenan or anti–LOX-1 antibody prevented the detrimental effect of CRP on vasodilator function, whereas anti-CD32 antibody treatment was ineffective. Denudation of endothelium and blockade of LOX-1 but not CD32 prevented CRP-induced elevation of superoxide in the vessel wall. CRP was coimmunoprecipitated with LOX-1 and CD32 from CRP-treated arterioles. Similarly, LOX-1 and CD32 blockade prevented CRP-induced arteriolar expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, a thrombogenic protein.
Conclusions
:
CRP elicits endothelium-dependent oxidative stress and compromises nitric oxide–mediated and prostacyclin-mediated vasomotor function via LOX-1 activation. In contrast, both LOX-1 and CD32 mediate plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 upregulation in arterioles by CRP. Thus, activation of LOX-1 and CD32 may contribute to vasomotor dysfunction and proatherogenic actions of CRP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis W. Hein
- From the Departments of Surgery (T.W.H., Y.R., L.K.) and Medical Physiology (E.Q., X.X., N.T., L.K.), College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Temple; and Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand (N.T.)
| | - Erion Qamirani
- From the Departments of Surgery (T.W.H., Y.R., L.K.) and Medical Physiology (E.Q., X.X., N.T., L.K.), College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Temple; and Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand (N.T.)
| | - Yi Ren
- From the Departments of Surgery (T.W.H., Y.R., L.K.) and Medical Physiology (E.Q., X.X., N.T., L.K.), College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Temple; and Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand (N.T.)
| | - Xin Xu
- From the Departments of Surgery (T.W.H., Y.R., L.K.) and Medical Physiology (E.Q., X.X., N.T., L.K.), College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Temple; and Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand (N.T.)
| | - Naris Thengchaisri
- From the Departments of Surgery (T.W.H., Y.R., L.K.) and Medical Physiology (E.Q., X.X., N.T., L.K.), College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Temple; and Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand (N.T.)
| | - Lih Kuo
- From the Departments of Surgery (T.W.H., Y.R., L.K.) and Medical Physiology (E.Q., X.X., N.T., L.K.), College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Temple; and Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand (N.T.)
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Ulrich-Merzenich G, Zeitler H. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 as therapeutic target for atherosclerosis, inflammatory conditions and longevity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:905-19. [PMID: 23738516 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.805748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a scavenger receptor and is regarded as a central element in the initiation of endothelial dysfunction and its further progression to atherosclerosis. Increasing numbers of studies suggest that therapeutic strategies to modulate LOX-1 will have a broad spectrum of applications ranging from cardiovascular diseases to longevity. AREAS COVERED The dual role of LOX-1 as a culprit molecule in the process of atherosclerosis and as a danger signal in various tissues is introduced. The structure of the receptor, its ligands and its modulation by known drugs, by natural products (e.g., statins, imipramine, salicylate-based drugs, procyanidins, curcumin) and by new strategies (antisenseRNA, miRNA, pyrrole-imidazol-polyamides, LOX-1 antibodies, lipid apheresis) are described. EXPERT OPINION Therapeutic approaches via transcript regulation, allowing a modulation of LOX-1, may be an easier and safer strategy than a blockade of the receptor. Considering the wide distribution of LOX-1 on different tissues, research on the mechanisms of LOX-1 modulation by drugs and natural products applying "omic"-technologies will not only allow a better understanding of the role of LOX-1 in the processes of atherosclerosis, inflammation and longevity but also support the development of specific LOX-1 modulators, avoiding the initiation of molecular mechanisms which lead to adverse events.
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Takanabe-Mori R, Ono K, Wada H, Takaya T, Ura S, Yamakage H, Satoh-Asahara N, Shimatsu A, Takahashi Y, Fujita M, Fujita Y, Sawamura T, Hasegawa K. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 plays an important role in vascular inflammation in current smokers. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 20:585-90. [PMID: 23665840 DOI: 10.5551/jat.16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Smoking induces vascular inflammation and increases the risk of cardiovascular events. Lectinlike oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a scavenger receptor that is induced by oxidative stress and is associated with atherosclerotic plaque formation and destabilization. LOX-1 interacts with C-reactive protein (CRP) and plays an important role in inflammatory diseases. We therefore hypothesized that LOX-1 may be involved in the onset of smoking-induced vascular inflammation. METHODS We measured the soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) levels in sera obtained from 207 current smokers. RESULTS The serum sLOX-1 levels positively correlated with various smoking variables, such as the number of cigarettes smoked per day (r= 0.150, p<0.05), the expired air carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations (r= 0.198, p<0.005) and the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence scores (r= 0.190, p<0.01). The serum levels of sLOX-1 also correlated with those of a representative inflammatory marker, the serum high-sensitivity CRP level (hsCRP; r= 0.232, p<0.005). A multivariate regression analysis revealed the independent determinants of the serum sLOX-1 level to be the expired air CO concentration (β= 0.182, p<0.05) and the hsCRP level (β= 0.213, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The serum sLOX-1 level was found to increase in close association with both the smoking-related variables and the inflammatory marker hsCRP. These findings suggest that LOX-1 may therefore play an important role in the onset of smoking-induced inflammation and atherosclerosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Takanabe-Mori
- Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
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The role of Siglec-1 and SR-BI interaction in the phagocytosis of oxidized low density lipoprotein by macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58831. [PMID: 23520536 PMCID: PMC3592837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages play a proatherosclerotic role in atherosclerosis via oxLDL uptake. As an adhesion molecular of I-type lectins, Siglec-1 is highly expressed on circulating monocytes and plaque macrophages of atherosclerotic patients, but the exact role of Siglec-1 has not been elucidated. Methods In this study, oxLDL was used to stimulate Siglec-1 and some oxLDL receptors (SR-BI, CD64, CD32B, LOX-1 and TLR-4) expression on bone marrow-derived macrophages, whereas small interfering RNA was used to down-regulate Siglec-1. Meanwhile, an ELISA-based assay for Siglec-1-oxLDL interaction was performed, and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) were used to determine the role of Siglec-1 in oxLDL uptake by macrophages. Results We found that oxLDL could up-regulate the expression of various potential oxLDL receptors, including Siglec-1, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, down-regulation of Siglec-1 could attenuate oxLDL uptake by Oil red O staining. LSCM revealed that Siglec-1 and CD64/SR-BI may colocalize on oxLDL-stimulated macrophage surface, whereas co-IP showed that Siglec-1 and SR-BI can be immunoprecipitated by each other. However, no direct interaction between Siglec-1 and oxLDL was found in the in vitro protein interaction system. Conclusions Thus, Siglec-1 can interact with SR-BI in the phagocytosis of oxLDL by macrophages, rather than act as an independent receptor for oxLDL.
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Regulated conformation changes in C-reactive protein orchestrate its role in atherogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Balin M, Celik A, Kobat MA. The association between soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels and patients with isolated coronary artery ectasia. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2012; 33:239-45. [PMID: 22271373 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-011-0668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Some evidence suggests that chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of coronary artery ectasia. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 is involved in multiple phases of vascular dysfunction, including endothelial dysfunction, atherogenesis, initiation of plaque rupture, and restenosis. The objectives was to study the purpose of the current study was to determine whether soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 is associated with isolated coronary artery ectasia patients. Forty-six patients with isolated coronary artery ectasia without stenosis and 46 control subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries were included in this study. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels were measured in serum by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar. Plasma levels of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 were significantly higher in the coronary artery ectasia group than normal coronary artery group (1.7 ± 0.8 ng/ml vs. 1.1 ± 0.3 ng/ml, P < 0.001, respectively). No correlation was found between plasma soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels and different types of ectasia in patients with coronary artery ectasia. In this study, we found significantly higher levels of soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 in coronary artery ectasia patients when compared to control subjects with normal coronary arteries, suggesting that soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery ectasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Balin
- Department of Cardiology, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, Elazig, Turkey.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW LOX-1 is a multiligand receptor implicated in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, although it was originally identified as an oxidized LDL receptor. In this review, the roles of various LOX-1 ligands and their interaction with LOX-1 are discussed to understand the pathophysiological significance of LOX-1. RECENT FINDINGS LOX-1 knockout mice showed resistance of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation against oxidized LDL and retardation of atherosclerosis progression. LOX-1 ligand reduction in mice also attenuated atherosclerosis progression. In a human cohort study, high concentration of apoB-containing LOX-1 ligands predicted the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, modified HDL, which existed in high concentration in the plasma of coronary artery disease patients, was found to induce impairment of endothelial nitric oxide release via LOX-1. In addition to lipoproteins, LOX-1 was found to work as a C-reactive protein receptor providing a scaffold for the activation of the complement system. SUMMARY LOX-1 is a unique molecule among the sensors of danger signals. LOX-1 is not only sensing danger signals such as modified LDL and heat shock protein, but also scaffolding other danger sensors including C-reactive protein and C1q, and directly commanding responses to danger signals by working as a cell adhesion molecule. Via these functions, LOX-1 might work as a surveillance molecule of vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Yoshimoto R, Fujita Y, Kakino A, Iwamoto S, Takaya T, Sawamura T. The discovery of LOX-1, its ligands and clinical significance. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2012; 25:379-91. [PMID: 21805404 PMCID: PMC3204104 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-011-6324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LOX-1 is an endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), a key molecule in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.The basal expression of LOX-1 is low but highly induced under the influence of proinflammatory and prooxidative stimuli in vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, platelets and cardiomyocytes. Multiple lines of in vitro and in vivo studies have provided compelling evidence that LOX-1 promotes endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis induced by oxLDL. The roles of LOX-1 in the development of atherosclerosis, however, are not simple as it had been considered. Evidence has been accumulating that LOX-1 recognizes not only oxLDL but other atherogenic lipoproteins, platelets, leukocytes and CRP. As results, LOX-1 not only mediates endothelial dysfunction but contributes to atherosclerotic plaque formation, thrombogenesis, leukocyte infiltration and myocardial infarction, which determine mortality and morbidity from atherosclerosis. Moreover, our recent epidemiological study has highlighted the involvement of LOX-1 in human cardiovascular diseases. Further understandings of LOX-1 and its ligands as well as its versatile functions will direct us to ways to find novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yoshimoto
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Luo P, Yan M, Frohlich ED, Mehta JL, Hu C. Novel concepts in the genesis of hypertension: role of LOX-1. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2012; 25:441-9. [PMID: 21912849 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-011-6337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a common disease and a potent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Tremendous strides have been made in understanding its genesis in the last 2 decades. Hypertension is often clustered with other cardiovascular risk factors, such as dyslipidemia and diabetes. The state of hypertension is often associated with increased vascular oxidative stress. Oxidative stress promotes proliferation and hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cell and collagen deposition, leading to thickening of the vascular media and narrowing of the vascular lumen. Oxidative stress also injures endothelium, impairs endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation and increases vascular contractile activity. Further, oxidative stress also oxidizes LDL-cholesterol. It has been shown that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) activates renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin II via its type 1 receptor activates ox-LDL receptor LOX-1. This mutually facilitative cross-talk between ox-LDL and RAS may be an important component in the development of hypertension. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a receptor for ox-LDL. This review summarizes the role of LOX-1 in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha,China
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Abstract
The importance of the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor (LOX-1) gene in cardiovascular and other diseases is slowly being revealed. LOX-1 gene expression appears to be a "canary in a coal mine" for atherogenesis, being strongly up-regulated early on in a number of cell types when they are activated, and predicting the sites of future disease. From this early time point the LOX-1 protein often participates in the disease process itself. While gene/protein expression can be regulated on a multiplicity of levels, the most basic and important mode of regulation is usually transcriptional. There are very few studies on the transcriptional regulation of the human LOX-1 promoter; fewer still on definitive mapping of the transcription factors involved. It is known that a wide variety of stimuli up-regulate LOX-1, usually/probably on the transcriptional level. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is one important regulator of renin-angiotensin system and stimulator LOX-1. Ang II is known to up-regulate LOX-1 transcription through an NF-kB motif located at nt -2158. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is another important cardiovascular regulator, particularly of atherosclerotic disease, and a strong stimulator of LOX-1. Ox-LDL is known to up-regulate LOX-1 transcription through an Oct-1 motif located at nt -1556. The subsequent enhanced LOX-1 receptor numbers and their binding by ox-LDL ligand triggers a positive feedback loop, increasing further LOX-1 expression, with a presently unknown regulatory governor. The Oct-1 gene also has its own Oct-1-driven positive feedback loop, which likely also contributes to LOX-1 up-regulation. There is also data which suggests the involvement of the transcription factor AP-1 during stimulation with Phorbol 12-myristate acetate. While the importance of NF-κB as a transcriptional regulator of cardiovascular-relevant genes is well known, the importance of Oct-1 is not. Data suggests that Oct-1-mediated up-regulation of transcription is an early event in the stimulation of LOX-1 by ox-LDL. Yet Oct-1 also down-regulates cardiovascular-relevant genes by suppressing NF-κB transactivation. Thus, Oct-1 is presently somewhat of an enigma, up-regulating and down-regulating genes seemingly at random without an overall theme (with the exception of cell cycle). Yet the up-regulation of LOX-1 by ox-LDL is a very important event in atherogenesis (both early and late) and Oct-1 is, therefore, an important transcriptional gatekeeper of this important atherogenic trigger.
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