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Coleman O, Baldwin JR, Dalgleish T, Rose-Clarke K, Widom CS, Danese A. Research Review: Why do prospective and retrospective measures of maltreatment differ? A narrative review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 39150090 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment contributes to a large mental health burden worldwide. Different measures of childhood maltreatment are not equivalent and may capture meaningful differences. In particular, prospective and retrospective measures of maltreatment identify different groups of individuals and are differentially associated with psychopathology. However, the reasons behind these discrepancies have not yet been comprehensively mapped. METHODS In this review, we draw on multi-disciplinary research and present an integrated framework to explain maltreatment measurement disagreement. RESULTS We identified three interrelated domains. First, methodological issues related to measurement and data collection methods. Second, the role of memory in influencing retrospective reports of maltreatment. Finally, the motivations individuals may have to disclose, withhold, or fabricate information about maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS A greater understanding of maltreatment measurement disagreement may point to new ways to conceptualise and assess maltreatment. Furthermore, it may help uncover mechanisms underlying maltreatment-related psychopathology and targets for novel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Coleman
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jessie R Baldwin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn, UK
| | | | - Cathy Spatz Widom
- Psychology Department, John Jay College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National and Specialist CAMHS Clinic for Trauma, Anxiety, and Depression, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Sequencing drinking events and use of punitive, nonpunitive, and positive parenting behaviors with ecological momentary assessment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 242:109716. [PMID: 36493504 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between alcohol use and parenting is primarily predicated on use of both past year drinking and parenting behaviors, making it difficult to develop prevention and intervention efforts that target alcohol-related maltreatment. Here, we assess the sequencing of parenting behaviors in relation to alcohol use (e.g., whether punitive parenting and alcohol use occur simultaneously). METHODS Using Ecological Momentary Assessment, a convenience sample of parents was asked to take three brief surveys daily (at 10 a.m., 3 p.m., and 9 p.m.) for 14 days. If the parent was with the focal child, they were asked to identify whether they had used one of six randomly assigned parenting behaviors (punitive, nonpunitive, or positive). Alcohol use was queried at the 9 p.m. survey on days 7 and 14. Logistic multilevel models were used to analyze the data. FINDINGS Parents reported less nonpunitive parenting during the time in which they reported drinking, and less positive parenting behaviors on the morning after the drinking occurred. CONCLUSIONS Parents may be less attentive to children's behavior while drinking, or they may be less inclined to find that behavior needing correction. Drinking may reduce the likelihood of positive parenting the next day if parents are feeling hungover or have negative aftereffects from drinking. These parents may want to explicitly have another adult provide caregiving duties during the drinking event or plan drinking when it is less likely to cause the least amount of harm (e.g., when children are in bed).
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Freisthler B, Kranich C, Price Wolf J, Boyd R, Gruenewald PJ. Neighborhood market potentials for alcohol use and rates of child abuse and neglect. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:143-154. [PMID: 36373348 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use can lead to child abuse and neglect even if the person using alcohol does not use heavily. Yet relatively few measures that reflect alcohol use are available at smaller geographic units. We assess whether the estimated level of total alcohol use per capita is related to measures of child abuse and neglect that include substantiated reports of maltreatment, total entries into foster care, and alcohol-related entries into foster care. METHODS Our sample consists of 326 Census block groups in Sacramento, California over three time points (978 space-time units). Administrative data for substantiations of child abuse and neglect and foster care entries are our outcomes. We create market potentials for alcohol use among 18- to 29-year-olds as our primary independent variable. Data are analyzed using Bayesian conditionally autoregressive spatio-temporal models. RESULTS Higher alcohol use potentials (as measured by total volume per capita of 18- to 29-year olds) are related to more children entering foster care due to drinking-related concerns by a parent or caregiver (RR = 1.032, 95% CI = [1.013, 1.051]), but not total substantiations for foster care entries. Neighborhoods with higher total volume of alcohol per 18- to 29-year-olds had more foster care entries when we used number of substantiations as the denominator (RR = 1.012, 95% CI = [1.0001, 1.023]) but were not related to foster care entries with alcohol misuse as a concern as a subset of all foster care entries. CONCLUSIONS Higher estimated volume of alcohol use per capita among young adults (aged 18 to 29) was related to more children entering foster care due to alcohol-related concerns. Reducing alcohol supply in alcohol outlets, specifically through off-premise establishments, might reduce rates for all entries into foster care or other out-of-home placement and substantiated child abuse and neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiana Kranich
- Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center, The Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, USA
| | - Jennifer Price Wolf
- College of Social Work, San Jose State University, California, San Jose, USA
| | - Reiko Boyd
- Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, Texas, Houston, USA
| | - Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, CA, Berkeley, USA
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Lund JI, Savoy C, Schmidt LA, Ferro MA, Saigal S, Van Lieshout RJ. The influence of pre and postnatal adversity on depression and anxiety over two decades. J Affect Disord 2020; 271:178-184. [PMID: 32479314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perinatal and later postnatal adversity (e.g., child sexual abuse) are predictors of psychopathology across the lifespan. However, little is known about the impact of the joint effects of perinatal and postnatal adversity on the longitudinal trajectories of mental health problems from adolescence through adulthood. METHOD We utilized data from a prospective, longitudinal birth cohort of extremely low birth weight (ELBW; < 1000 g) survivors and normal birth weight (NBW; > 2500 g) control participants. Self-report data on internalizing (depression, anxiety) and externalizing (antisocial) problems were collected at 12-16, 22-26, and 30-35 years of age. RESULTS A birth weight by child sexual abuse (CSA) interaction was observed such that ELBW survivors exposed to CSA had higher levels of internalizing problems from adolescence through adulthood than NBW participants exposed to CSA. Differences remained significant after adjustment for covariates. Likewise, ELBW survivors exposed to CSA had higher levels of internalizing problems from adolescence through adulthood than ELBW participants who were not exposed to CSA. LIMITATIONS Findings are limited by sample attrition due to the longitudinal nature of the study spanning over 30 years as well as the retrospective nature of child sexual abuse reporting. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to both perinatal and later postnatal adversity leads to persistently higher internalizing problems than exposure to either adversity alone over more than two decades. These findings suggest that individuals exposed to perinatal adversity may be especially vulnerable to, and persistently affected by, childhood adversity, particularly in the form of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie I Lund
- Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Calan Savoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Mark A Ferro
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - Saroj Saigal
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Ryan J Van Lieshout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada
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Richmond-Rakerd LS, Trull TJ, Gizer IR, McLaughlin K, Scheiderer EM, Nelson EC, Agrawal A, Lynskey MT, Madden PA, Heath AC, Statham DJ, Martin NG. Common genetic contributions to high-risk trauma exposure and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Psychol Med 2019; 49:421-430. [PMID: 29729685 PMCID: PMC7410360 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research has documented shared heritable contributions to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal ideation (SI) as well as NSSI and suicide attempt (SA). In addition, trauma exposure has been implicated in risk for NSSI and suicide. Genetically informative studies are needed to determine common sources of liability to all three self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, and to clarify the nature of their associations with traumatic experiences. METHODS Multivariate biometric modeling was conducted using data from 9526 twins [59% female, mean age = 31.7 years (range 24-42)] from two cohorts of the Australian Twin Registry, some of whom also participated in the Childhood Trauma Study and the Nicotine Addiction Genetics Project. RESULTS The prevalences of high-risk trauma exposure (HRT), NSSI, SI, and SA were 24.4, 5.6, 27.1, and 4.6%, respectively. All phenotypes were moderately to highly correlated. Genetic influences on self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and HRT were significant and highly correlated among men [rG = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.37-0.81)] and women [rG = 0.56 (0.49-0.63)]. Unique environmental influences were modestly correlated in women [rE = 0.23 (0.01-0.45)], suggesting that high-risk trauma may confer some direct risk for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors among females. CONCLUSIONS Individuals engaging in NSSI are at increased risk for suicide, and common heritable factors contribute to these associations. Preventing trauma exposure may help to mitigate risk for self-harm and suicide, either directly or indirectly via reductions in liability to psychopathology more broadly. In addition, targeting pre-existing vulnerability factors could significantly reduce risk for life-threatening behaviors among those who have experienced trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah S. Richmond-Rakerd
- Dept. of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University
- Dept. of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | | | - Ian R. Gizer
- Dept. of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | | | - Emily M. Scheiderer
- Dept. of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
- Dept. of Clinical and Counselling Psychology, NHS Grampian, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Arpana Agrawal
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Michael T. Lynskey
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England
| | | | - Andrew C. Heath
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
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Young J, Savoy C, Schmidt LA, Saigal S, Boyle MH, Van Lieshout RJ. Adult Mental Health Outcomes of Preterm Survivors Experiencing Suicidal Ideation in Adolescence. Arch Suicide Res 2019; 23:163-174. [PMID: 29611784 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2018.1450171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the link between suicidal ideation in adolescence (age 12-16) and symptoms of psychopathology in adulthood (age 22-26) in a birth cohort of extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000g) survivors and matched normal birth weight (NBW; >2500 g) control participants. This study utilized data from a longitudinally followed cohort of 129 ELBW survivors and 116 NBW individuals born in Ontario, Canada between the years 1977 and 1982. Participants self-reported suicidal ideation via questionnaire during adolescence (age 12-16). The depression, anxiety, inattention, and antisocial behavior subscales of the Young Adult Self Report (YASR) were used to assess symptoms of psychopathology during adulthood (age 22-26). Associations were examined in each birth weight group separately prior to and after adjustment for covariates. Before and after adjustment for covariates, suicidal ideation in NBW adolescents predicted symptoms of depression, anxiety, inattention, and antisociality in adulthood. Suicidal ideation among ELBW adolescents predicted inattentive and depressive symptoms, and antisocial behavior only before adjustment. Adolescents born at NBW who endorse suicidal ideation are at elevated risk for developing symptoms of anxiety, depression, inattention, and antisocial problems in adulthood even after adjustment. Among ELBW survivors, the risks were lower and appear to be due to confounding factors.
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Witte S, Fegert JM, Walper S. Risk of maltreatment for siblings: Factors associated with similar and different childhood experiences in a dyadic sample of adult siblings. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 76:321-333. [PMID: 29195170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Siblings share the same environment and thus potentially a substantial number of risk factors for child maltreatment. Furthermore, the number of siblings and the sibling constellation itself might pose a risk for child maltreatment. Little is known about the likelihood that more than one child in a family is maltreated and which factors increase the risk. This study sought to investigate similarities and differences in maltreatment in siblings and risk factors associated with the maltreatment of more than one child from the same family. Data on maltreatment during childhood and adolescence, family background, and sibling constellation were collected from 870 pairs of siblings. In the dyadic analyses, siblings reported similar maltreatment experiences, especially when any type of maltreatment was considered. Parents' mental health problems were significant predictors for maltreatment of at least one sibling. Father's mental health problems were predictive of maltreatment of both or only the younger sibling, mother's mental health problems of both or only the older sibling. Closeness in age and same gender of siblings did not emerge as a consistent predictor. The increasing number of siblings was a risk factor for any type of maltreatment of both siblings. The results highlight the need for preventive measures for families with a large number of children and with parents with mental health problems as well as a repeated risk assessment of all siblings in a family when one sibling was maltreated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Witte
- German Youth Institute, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Germany.
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Germany
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Lund JI, Schmidt LA, Saigal S, Van Lieshout RJ. Personality characteristics of adult survivors of preterm birth and childhood sexual abuse. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Adult social outcomes of extremely low birth weight survivors of childhood sexual abuse. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 7:581-587. [PMID: 27640897 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth and exposure to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are early physiological and psychological adversities that have been linked to reduced social functioning across the lifespan. However, the joint effects of being born preterm and being exposed to CSA on adult social outcomes remains unclear. We sought to determine the impact of exposure to both preterm birth and CSA on adult social functioning in a group of 179 extremely low birth weight (ELBW; 2500 g) participants in the fourth decade of life. Social outcome data from a prospective, longitudinal, population-based Canadian birth cohort initiated between the years of 1977 and 1982 were examined. At age 29-36 years, ELBW survivors who experienced CSA reported poorer relationships with their partner, worse family functioning, greater loneliness, lower self-esteem and had higher rates of avoidant personality problems than those who had not experienced CSA. Birth weight status was also found to moderate associations between CSA and self-esteem (P=0.032), loneliness (P=0.021) and family functioning (P=0.060), such that the adverse effects of CSA were amplified in ELBW survivors. Exposure to CSA appears to augment the adult social risks associated with perinatal adversity. Individuals born preterm and exposed to CSA appear to be a group at particularly high risk for adverse social outcomes in adulthood.
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Lund JI, Day KL, Schmidt LA, Saigal S, Van Lieshout RJ. Adult mental health outcomes of child sexual abuse survivors born at extremely low birth weight. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 59:36-44. [PMID: 27500386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence of child sexual abuse (CSA) is concerning, particularly as survivors are at increased risk for multiple adverse outcomes, including poor mental health across the lifespan. Children born at an extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000g) and who experience CSA may be a group that is especially vulnerable to psychopathology later in life. However, no research has considered the mental health risks associated with being born at ELBW and experiencing CSA. In this study, we investigated the mental health of 179 ELBW survivors and 145 matched normal birth weight (NBW; >2500g) participants at ages 22-26 and 29-36. At age 22-26, CSA was associated with increased odds of clinically significant internalizing (OR=7.32, 95% CI: 2.31-23.23) and externalizing (OR=4.65, 95% CI: 1.11-19.51) problems among ELBW participants exposed to CSA compared to those who did not, though confidence intervals were wide. At age 29-36, CSA was linked to increased odds of any current (OR=3.43, 95% CI: 1.08-10.87) and lifetime (OR=7.09, 95% CI: 2.00-25.03) non-substance use psychiatric disorders, however, this did not hold after adjustment for covariates. Statistically significant differences in mental health outcomes were not observed in NBW participants exposed to CSA compared to NBW participants who were not exposed. Survivors of significant perinatal adversity who are also exposed to CSA may be at higher risk for psychopathology through the fourth decade of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie I Lund
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Kimberly L Day
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Saroj Saigal
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Ryan J Van Lieshout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada.
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Egle UT, Egloff N, von Känel R. Stressinduzierte Hyperalgesie (SIH) als Folge von emotionaler Deprivation und psychischer Traumatisierung in der Kindheit. Schmerz 2016; 30:526-536. [DOI: 10.1007/s00482-016-0107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Werner KB, McCutcheon VV, Challa M, Agrawal A, Lynskey MT, Conroy E, Statham DJ, Madden PAF, Henders AK, Todorov AA, Heath AC, Degenhardt L, Martin NG, Bucholz KK, Nelson EC. The association between childhood maltreatment, psychopathology, and adult sexual victimization in men and women: results from three independent samples. Psychol Med 2016; 46:563-573. [PMID: 26688007 PMCID: PMC4804459 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715002056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment (CM) has consistently been linked with adverse outcomes including substance use disorders and adult sexual revictimization. Adult sexual victimization itself has been linked with psychopathology but has predominately been studied in women. The current investigation examines the impact of CM and co-occurring psychopathology on adult sexual victimization in men and women, replicating findings in three distinct samples. METHOD We investigated the association between continuous CM factor scores and adult sexual victimization in the Childhood Trauma Study (CTS) sample (N = 2564). We also examined the unique relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adult sexual victimization while adjusting for co-occurring substance dependence and psychopathology. We replicated these analyses in two additional samples: the Comorbidity and Trauma Study (CATS; N = 1981) and the Australian Twin-Family Study of Alcohol Use Disorders (OZ-ALC; N = 1537). RESULTS Analyses revealed a significant association with CM factor scores and adult sexual victimization for both men and women across all three samples. The CSA factor score was strongly associated with adult sexual victimization after adjusting for substance dependence and psychopathology; higher odds ratios were observed in men (than women) consistently across the three samples. CONCLUSIONS A continuous measure of CSA is independently associated with adult sexual trauma risk across samples in models that included commonly associated substance dependence and psychopathology as covariates. The strength of the association between this CSA measure and adult sexual victimization is higher in magnitude for men than women, pointing to the need for further investigation of sexual victimization in male community samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. B. Werner
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - V. V. McCutcheon
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M. Challa
- University of Illinois–Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A. Agrawal
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M. T. Lynskey
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College, London, UK
| | - E. Conroy
- Centre for Health Research, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - D. J. Statham
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P. A. F. Madden
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - A. K. Henders
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Center, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - A. A. Todorov
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - A. C. Heath
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - L. Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Center, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - N. G. Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K. K. Bucholz
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - E. C. Nelson
- Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Kristjansson S, McCutcheon VV, Agrawal A, Lynskey MT, Conroy E, Statham DJ, Madden PAF, Henders AK, Todorov AA, Bucholz KK, Degenhardt L, Martin NG, Heath AC, Nelson EC. The variance shared across forms of childhood trauma is strongly associated with liability for psychiatric and substance use disorders. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00432. [PMID: 26811803 PMCID: PMC4720689 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Forms of childhood trauma tend to co-occur and are associated with increased risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders. Commonly used binary measures of trauma exposure have substantial limitations. METHODS We performed multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), separately by sex, using data from the Childhood Trauma (CT) Study's sample of twins and siblings (N = 2594) to derive three first-order factors (childhood physical abuse, childhood sexual abuse, and parental partner abuse) and, as hypothesized, one higher order, childhood trauma factor (CTF) representing a measure of their common variance. RESULTS CFA produced a good-fitting model in the CT Study; we replicated the model in the Comorbidity and Trauma (CAT) Study's sample (N = 1981) of opioid-dependent cases and controls. In both samples, first-order factors are moderately correlated (indicating they measure largely unique, but related constructs) and their loadings on the CTF suggest it provides a reasonable measure of their common variance. We examined the association of CTF score with risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders in these samples and the OZ-ALC GWAS sample (N = 1538) in which CT Study factor loadings were applied. We found that CTF scores are strongly associated with liability for psychiatric and substance use disorders in all three samples; estimates of risk are extremely consistent across samples. CONCLUSIONS The CTF is a continuous, robust measure that captures the common variance across forms of childhood trauma and provides a means to estimate shared liability while avoiding multicollinearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Kristjansson
- Alcoholism Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri 63110
| | - Vivia V McCutcheon
- Alcoholism Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri 63110
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Alcoholism Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri 63110
| | - Michael T Lynskey
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience King's College London UK
| | - Elizabeth Conroy
- Centre for Health Research University of Western Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Dixie J Statham
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Alcoholism Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri 63110
| | | | - Alexandre A Todorov
- Alcoholism Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri 63110
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Alcoholism Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri 63110
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Center University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
| | | | - Andrew C Heath
- Alcoholism Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri 63110
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Alcoholism Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri 63110
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Taha F, Galea S, Hien D, Goodwin RD. Childhood maltreatment and the persistence of smoking: a longitudinal study among adults in the US. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2014; 38:1995-2006. [PMID: 25466425 PMCID: PMC4448710 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the relationship between childhood maltreatment-emotional, physical, and severe physical maltreatment-and the initiation and persistence of smoking. Data were drawn from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) Survey Waves 1 and 2. Frequency of childhood emotional, physical, and severe physical maltreatment (never, rare, intermittent, frequent) reported at Wave 1 was examined in relation to ever smoking, smoking daily, and persistent daily smoking at Waves 1 and 2. Logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals), which were then adjusted for potential confounders. Childhood emotional, physical, and severe physical maltreatment were associated with increased odds of ever smoking, smoking daily, and persistent smoking at Waves 1 and 2. The majority of these associations remained significant after adjusting for confounding variables. These results suggest a history of trauma may play a prominent role in recalcitrant cigarette smoking and suggest that the success rates of treatments for smoking cessation may be improved by integrating trauma treatment where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Taha
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, New York, NY 11367, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Denise Hien
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; City University of New York, City College, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Renee D Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, New York, NY 11367, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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15
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Kuhlman KR, Maercker A, Bachem R, Simmen K, Burri A. Developmental and contextual factors in the role of severe childhood trauma in geriatric depression: the sample case of former indentured child laborers. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2013; 37:969-978. [PMID: 23747018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify the association between childhood traumatic experiences and geriatric depression (GDS) in a population of elderly who were exposed to severe childhood trauma. We aimed to identify the role of childhood maltreatment exposure in geriatric depression and the developmental and contextual factors that exacerbate this relationship. We interviewed 141 former indentured child laborers (58 females) about their experiences as children and their current depressive symptoms (Mage=77, SD=6.8). Participants provided their age, the year they were first indentured, duration indentured, current physical health, completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Child maltreatment, specifically emotional abuse, was strongly associated with geriatric depression symptoms. These effects were specific to individuals who were removed from their biological families between the ages of 3 and 9 years, and for children who were indentured for 6-12 years. Finally, depression partially mediated the association between medical conditions and daily health impairment, but not for individuals "at risk" for depression by virtue of their maltreatment experiences. This study was conducted with a specific subpopulation of elderly and therefore may not generalize to all geriatric depression, nor to all generations or populations with exposure to childhood adversity. This study demonstrates the importance of using a developmental framework to understand how childhood maltreatment facilitates increased risk for the development of depression in late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Ryan Kuhlman
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, USA; International Max Planck Research School: Life Course, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Sartor CE, McCutcheon VV, Nelson EC, Duncan AE, Bucholz KK, Heath AC. Investigating the association between childhood sexual abuse and alcohol use disorders in women: does it matter how we ask about sexual abuse? J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2013; 73:740-8. [PMID: 22846238 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2012.73.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether the type of questions used to assess childhood sexual abuse (CSA) introduces systematic bias into estimations of the magnitude of the association between CSA and alcohol use disorders (AUDs). METHOD The Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism was administered by telephone to 3,787 female twins ages 18-29 years (14.6% African American, 85.4% White). Interviews included questions regarding sexual abuse experiences described in behavioral terms and a standard trauma checklist (in a separate section) with the items "rape" and "sexual molestation," with definitions provided in respondent booklets. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnoses of alcohol abuse and dependence, parental history of alcohol-related problems, and psychiatric conditions associated with AUDs were also assessed. RESULTS The majority of women who endorsed one question type also endorsed the other type. Rates of psychiatric risk factors for AUDs did not vary by pattern of CSA question endorsement. Separate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses using CSA variables derived from behavioral questions (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.67, 95% CI [1.27, 2.19]) and checklist items (HR = 1.41,95% CI [1.08, 1.84]) each revealed elevated risk for AUDs associated with CSA, and HRs did not differ significantly across models. However, a Cox proportional hazards regression analysis predicting AUD from the pattern of CSA question endorsements revealed a significantly higher risk for AUDs among women who endorsed only behavioral questions (HR = 3.26, 95% CI [1.72, 6.21]) than for all other groups. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the importance of querying CSA in studies of alcohol-related problems and highlight some of the limitations of assessment methods that can be integrated into studies covering a wide range of psychosocial domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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17
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Lestrade KN, Talbot NL, Ward EA, Cort NA. High-risk sexual behaviors among depressed Black women with histories of intrafamilial and extrafamilial childhood sexual abuse. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2013; 37:400-3. [PMID: 23499057 PMCID: PMC3672327 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE National estimates of childhood sexual abuse histories among black women range from 34% to 40%. Poor outcomes in adulthood, including impaired psychiatric functioning (e.g., depression), high-risk sexual behaviors (e.g., unprotected sex, exchange of sex for money or drugs), and lifetime sexually transmitted infections are robustly associated with sexual abuse histories. In the current study, we examined the relationships of intrafamilial and extrafamilial perpetration of childhood sexual abuse to high-risk sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted infections among black women. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 60 black women who participated in a depression treatment trial in a community mental health center. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that intrafamilial perpetration of childhood sexual abuse, as compared to extrafamilial perpetration, was more strongly associated with high-risk sexual behaviors in a clinical sample of depressed black women. There were no significant associations between intrafamilial or extrafamilial perpetration of childhood sexual abuse and sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that characteristics of childhood sexual abuse among depressed black women may be important factors for health professionals to consider when conducting clinical assessments and providing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Lestrade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Kristman-Valente A, Wells EA. The role of gender in the association between child maltreatment and substance use behavior: a systematic review of longitudinal research from 1995 to 2011. Subst Use Misuse 2013; 48:645-60. [PMID: 23750770 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.800115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review analyzes the role of gender in the association between childhood maltreatment and substance use outcomes, among longitudinal papers published between 1995 and 2011. Ten papers examined gender as a moderating variable. Results on gender differences were mixed. When studies that found no gender effects were compared with studies that did identify gender effects, differences in measurement, sample composition, and developmental timing of outcomes were identified. This review also examines how gender effects are assessed. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed. Areas for future research are identified.
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Fenton MC, Geier T, Keyes K, Skodol AE, Grant BF, Hasin DS. Combined role of childhood maltreatment, family history, and gender in the risk for alcohol dependence. Psychol Med 2013; 43:1045-1057. [PMID: 22883538 PMCID: PMC3767412 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and alcohol dependence have not controlled comprehensively for potential confounding by co-occurring maltreatments and other childhood trauma, or determined whether parental history of alcohol disorders operates synergistically with gender and maltreatment to produce alcohol dependence. We addressed these issues using national data. Method Face-to-face surveys of 27 712 adult participants in a national survey. RESULTS Childhood physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and physical neglect were associated with alcohol dependence (p<0.001), controlling for demographics, co-occurring maltreatments and other childhood trauma. Attributable proportions (APs) due to interaction between each maltreatment and parental history revealed significant synergistic relationships for physical abuse in the entire sample, and for sexual abuse and emotional neglect in women (APs, 0.21, 0.31, 0.26 respectively), indicating that the odds of alcohol dependence given both parental history and these maltreatments were significantly higher than the additive effect of each alone (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Childhood maltreatments independently increased the risk of alcohol dependence. Importantly, results suggest a synergistic role of parental alcoholism: the effect of physical abuse on alcohol dependence may depend on parental history, while the effects of sexual abuse and emotional neglect may depend on parental history among women. Findings underscore the importance of early identification and prevention, particularly among those with a family history, and could guide genetic research and intervention development, e.g. programs to reduce the burden of childhood maltreatment may benefit from addressing the negative long-term effects of maltreatments, including potential alcohol problems, across a broad range of childhood environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Fenton
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - T. Geier
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - K. Keyes
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - A. E. Skodol
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - B. F. Grant
- Intramural Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biometry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - D. S. Hasin
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Beach SRH, Brody GH, Lei MK, Gibbons FX, Gerrard M, Simons RL, Cutrona CE, Philibert RA. Impact of child sex abuse on adult psychopathology: a genetically and epigenetically informed investigation. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2013; 27:3-11. [PMID: 23421829 PMCID: PMC3813956 DOI: 10.1037/a0031459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic, environmental, and epigenetic influences and their transactions were examined in a sample of 155 women from the Iowa adoptee sample who had been removed from their biological parents shortly after birth and assessed when participants were an average of 41.10 years old. We observed an interactive effect of child sex abuse (CSA) and biological parent psychopathology (i.e., genetic load) on substance abuse as well as a main effect of CSA on substance abuse in adulthood. We also observed main effects of CSA and genetic load on depression and on antisocial characteristics. As predicted, CSA, but not genetic load or later substance abuse, was associated with epigenetic change. In addition, the interaction between genetic load and CSA predicted epigenetic change, indicating a potential genetic basis for a differential impact of CSA on epigenetic change. Finally, epigenetic change partially mediated the effect of CSA on antisocial characteristics. The results suggest the relevance of genetic and epigenetic processes for future theorizing regarding marital and family precursors of several forms of adult psychopathology. Implications for preventive intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R H Beach
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Sartor CE, Grant JD, Lynskey MT, McCutcheon VV, Waldron M, Statham DJ, Bucholz KK, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Martin NG, Nelson EC. Common heritable contributions to low-risk trauma, high-risk trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 69:293-9. [PMID: 22393221 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Understanding the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) is critical to developing etiologic models of these conditions and their co-occurrence. OBJECTIVES To quantify heritable influences on low-risk trauma, high-risk trauma, PTSD, and MDD and to estimate the degree of overlap between genetic and environmental sources of variance in these 4 phenotypes. DESIGN Adult twins and their siblings were ascertained from a large population-based sample of female and male twin pairs on the basis of screening items for childhood sexual abuse and physical abuse obtained in a previous assessment of this cohort. SETTING Structured psychiatric telephone interviews. PARTICIPANTS Total sample size of 2591: 996 female and 536 male twins; 625 female and 434 male nontwin siblings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Lifetime low- and high-risk trauma exposure, PTSD, and MDD. RESULTS In the best-fitting genetic model, 47% of the variance in low-risk trauma exposure and 60% of the variance in high-risk trauma exposure was attributable to additive genetic factors. Heritable influences accounted for 46% of the variance in PTSD and 27% of the variance in MDD. An extremely high degree of genetic overlap was observed between high-risk trauma exposure and both PTSD (r = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.78-0.99) and MDD (r = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.77-0.98). Complete correlation of genetic factors contributing to PTSD and to MDD (r = 1.00) was observed. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that almost all the heritable influences on high-risk trauma exposure, PTSD, and MDD, can be traced to the same sources; that is, genetic risk is not disorder specific. Individuals with a positive family history of either PTSD or MDD are at elevated risk for both disorders and should be closely monitored after a traumatic experience for symptoms of PTSD and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, USA.
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22
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although early trauma (trauma in childhood) has been linked to adult inflammation and adult disease of inflammatory origin, it remains unknown whether this relationship is due to long-term consequences of early life stress or other familial factors. METHODS We examined 482 male middle-aged twins (241 pairs) born between 1946 and 1956 from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Childhood traumatic experiences, before the age of 18 years, were measured retrospectively with the Early Trauma Inventory and included physical, sexual, emotional abuse and general trauma. Lifetime major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease were also assessed. Plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 were measured to determine levels of inflammation. Mixed-effects regression models with a random intercept for pair were used to separate between- and within-twin pair effects. RESULTS When twins were analyzed as individuals, increasing levels of early trauma were positively related to C-reactive protein (p = .03) but not to interleukin 6 (p = .12). When estimating within- and between-pair effects, only the between-pair association of early trauma with the inflammatory markers remained significant. CONCLUSIONS The link between early trauma and inflammation is largely explained by familial factors shared by the twins because levels of inflammation were highest when both twins were exposed to trauma. Exposure to early trauma may be a marker for an unhealthy familial environment. Clarification of familial factors associated with early stress and adult inflammation will be important to uncover correlates of stress and disease.
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Cankaya B, Talbot NL, Ward EA, Duberstein PR. Parental sexual abuse and suicidal behaviour among women with major depressive disorder. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2012; 57:45-51. [PMID: 22296967 PMCID: PMC3417314 DOI: 10.1177/070674371205700108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women with major depressive disorder (MDD) and childhood sexual abuse histories have an increased risk for suicidal behaviours, but it is unclear whether specific abuse characteristics contribute to risk. We aimed to examine the contributions of abuse characteristics to lifetime history of suicide attempts and multiple suicide attempts, independent of posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. METHOD Women with MDD and sexual abuse histories (n = 106) were assessed regarding sexual abuse characteristics, psychiatric diagnoses, and suicide attempts. RESULTS In multivariate logistic regressions, the odds of having multiple suicide attempts increased 12.27-fold when childhood sexual abuse was perpetrated by a parent figure or a parent, compared with a nonparent. CONCLUSIONS Parental perpetration of sexual abuse increases the likelihood of multiple suicide attempts among women outpatients. The relationship of the perpetrator to the abused woman is important in suicide risk evaluation and treatment planning. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00843700.
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Bedi S, Nelson EC, Lynskey MT, McCutcheon VV, Heath AC, Madden PA, Martin NG. Risk for suicidal thoughts and behavior after childhood sexual abuse in women and men. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2011; 41:406-15. [PMID: 21599726 PMCID: PMC3518050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have found an elevated risk for psychopathology and suicidal behavior associated with childhood sexual abuse (CSA); however, the degree to which risk is mediated by depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women and men remains unclear. We examined these issues in data from a family study of childhood maltreatment (N = 2,559). We found significant CSA-associated risk for depression, PTSD, and suicidal behavior for women and men. In survival analyses controlling for these disorders, we observed persistent but somewhat reduced CSA-associated risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempt. Our findings suggest that these disorders partially mediate CSA-associated risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saaniya Bedi
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elliot C. Nelson
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael T. Lynskey
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vivia V. McCutcheon
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pamela A.F. Madden
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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