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Tsai YS, Tsai WC, Chiu LT, Kung PT. Diabetes Pay-for-Performance Program Participation and Dialysis Risk in Relation to Educational Attainment: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2913. [PMID: 37998405 PMCID: PMC10671833 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11222913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pay-for-performance (P4P) programs for diabetes care enable the provision of comprehensive and continuous health care to diabetic patients. However, patient outcomes may be affected by the patient's educational attainment. The present retrospective cohort study aimed to examine the effects of the educational attainment of diabetic patients on participation in a P4P program in Taiwan and the risk of dialysis. The data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. Patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) aged 45 years from 2002 to 2015 were enrolled and observed until the end of 2017. The effects of their educational attainment on their participation in a P4P program were examined using the Cox proportional hazards model, while the impact on their risk for dialysis was investigated using the Cox proportional hazards model. The probability of participation in the P4P program was significantly higher in subjects with a junior high school education or above than in those who were illiterate or had only attained an elementary school education. Subjects with higher educational attainment exhibited a lower risk for dialysis. Different educational levels had similar effects on reducing dialysis risk among diabetic participants in the P4P program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shiun Tsai
- Department of Orthopedics, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung 420210, Taiwan;
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (W.-C.T.); (L.-T.C.)
| | - Wen-Chen Tsai
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (W.-C.T.); (L.-T.C.)
| | - Li-Ting Chiu
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (W.-C.T.); (L.-T.C.)
| | - Pei-Tseng Kung
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
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Kuo WY, Tsai WC, Kung PT. Participation and Outcomes among Disabled and Non-Disabled People in the Diabetes Pay-for-Performance Program. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2742. [PMID: 37893816 PMCID: PMC10606631 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11202742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study's objectives were to compare the participation rates of people with and without disabilities who had type 2 diabetes in a diabetes pay-for-performance (DM P4P) program, as well as their care outcomes after participation. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study. The data came from the disability registry file, cause of death file, and national health insurance research database of Taiwan. The subjects included patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between 2001 and 2013 who were followed up with until 2014 and categorized as disabled and non-disabled patients. The propensity score matching method was used to match the disabled with the non-disabled patients at a 1:1 ratio. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio between the disabled and non-disabled patients who joined the P4P program. The Cox hazard model was used to compare the risk of dialysis and death between the disabled and non-disabled patients participating in the P4P program. RESULTS There were 110,645 disabled and 110,645 non-disabled individuals after matching. After controlling for confounding factors, it was found that the disabled individuals were significantly less likely (odds ratio = 0.89) to be enrolled in the P4P program than the non-disabled individuals. The risk of dialysis was 1.08 times higher for people with disabilities than those without, regardless of their participation in the P4P program. After enrollment in the P4P program, the risk of death for people with disabilities decreased from 1.32 to 1.16 times that of persons without disabilities. Among the people with disabilities, the risk of death for those enrolled in the P4P program was 0.41 times higher than that of those not enrolled. The risk of death was reduced to a greater extent for people with disabilities than for those without disabilities upon enrollment in the DM P4P program. CONCLUSION People with disabilities are less likely to be enrolled in the P4P program in Taiwan and have unequal access to care. However, the P4P program was more effective at reducing mortality among people with disabilities than among those without.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yin Kuo
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (W.-Y.K.); (W.-C.T.)
| | - Wen-Chen Tsai
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (W.-Y.K.); (W.-C.T.)
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tseng Kung
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
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Chen CC, Chien KL, Cheng SH. Examining the Long-term Spillover Effects of a Pay-for-Performance Program in a Healthcare System That Lacks Referral Arrangements. Int J Health Policy Manag 2023; 12:7571. [PMID: 38618790 PMCID: PMC10699817 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2023.7571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have examined the intended effects of pay-for-performance (P4P) programs, yet little is known about the unintended spillover effects of such programs on intermediate clinical outcomes. This study examines the long-term spillover effects of a P4P program for diabetes care. METHODS This study uses a nationwide population-based natural experimental design with a 3-year follow-up period under Taiwan's universal coverage healthcare system. The intervention group consisted of 7688 patients who enrolled in the P4P program for diabetes care in 2017 and continuously participated in the program for three years. The comparison group was selected by propensity score matching (PSM) from patients seen by the same group of physicians. Each patient had four records: one pertaining to one year before the index date of the P4P program and the other three pertaining to follow-ups spanning over the next three years. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) with difference-in-differences (DID) estimations were used to consider the correlation between repeated observations for the same patients and patients within the same matched pairs. RESULTS Patients enrolled in the P4P program showed improvements in incentivized intermediate clinical outcomes that persisted over three years, including proper control of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). We found a slight positive spillover effect of the P4P program on the control of non-incentivized triglyceride [TG]). However, we found no such effects on the non-incentivized high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) control. CONCLUSION The P4P program has achieved its primary goal of improving the incentivized intermediate clinical outcomes. The commonality in production among a set of activities is crucial for generating the spillover effects of an incentive program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chen Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Liong Chien
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Population Health Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Hsia Cheng
- Population Health Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shih HM, Tsai WC, Wu PY, Chiu LT, Kung PT. Risk of rapid progression to dialysis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without diabetes-related complications at diagnosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16366. [PMID: 37773429 PMCID: PMC10541444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many adults with diabetes mellitus are unaware worldwide. The study objectives aimed to evaluate the risk of dialysis within 5 years of diagnosis between patients with newly diagnosed diabetes with and without diabetes-related complications. A retrospective longitudinal nationwide cohort study was conducted. Patients diagnosed with diabetes between 2005 and 2013 were followed up until 2018. They were categorized based on the presence or absence of complications, the number of complications, and the diabetes complications severity index (DCSI) scores. Dialysis outcomes were determined through the Registry of Catastrophic Illness from the National Health Insurance Research Database. Among the analyzed patients, 25.38% had complications at diagnosis. Patients with complications at diagnosis had a significantly higher risk of dialysis within 5 years (adjusted hazard ratio: 9.55, 95% confidence interval CI 9.02-10.11). Increasing DCSI scores and the number of complications were associated with higher dialysis risks. Patients with one complication had a 7.26-times higher risk (95% CI 6.83-7.71), while those with ≥ 3 complications had a 36.12-times higher risk (95% CI 32.28-40.41). In conclusion, newly diagnosed diabetes patients with complications face an increased risk of dialysis within 5 years. The severity and number of complications are directly linked to the risk of dialysis within this timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mo Shih
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Tsai
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Chiu
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tseng Kung
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan.
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Jamili S, Yousefi M, Pour HE, Houshmand E, Taghipour A, Tabatabaee SS, Adel A. Comparison of pay-for-performance (P4P) programs in primary care of selected countries: a comparative study. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:865. [PMID: 37580717 PMCID: PMC10426118 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pay for performance (P4P) schemes provide financial incentives or facilities to health workers based on the achievement of predetermined performance goals. Various P4P programs have been implemented around the world. There is a question of which model is suitable for p4p implementation to achieve better results. The purpose of this study is to compare pay for performance models in different countries. METHODS This is a descriptive-comparative study comparing the P4P model in selected countries in 2022. Data for each country are collected from reliable databases and are tabulated to compare their payment models. the standard framework of the P4P model is used for data analysis. RESULTS we used the standard P4P model framework to compare pay for performance programs in the primary care sector of selected countries because this framework can demonstrate all the necessary features of payment programs, including performance domains and measures, basis for reward or penalty, nature of the reward or penalty, and data reporting. The results of this study show that although the principles of P4P are almost similar in the selected countries, the biggest difference is in the definition of performance domains and measures. CONCLUSIONS Designing an effective P4P program is very complex, and its success depends on a variety of factors, from the socioeconomic and cultural context and the healthcare goals of governments to the personal characteristics of the healthcare provider. considering these factors and the general framework of the features of P4P programs are critical to the success of the p4p design and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jamili
- Student Research Committee, Department of Health Economics and Management Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Department of Health Economics and Management, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hossein Ebrahimi Pour
- Department of Health Economics and Management, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elahe Houshmand
- Department of Health Economics and Management, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Tabatabaee
- Department of Health Economics and Management, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Adel
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lu JFR, Chen YI, Eggleston K, Chen CH, Chen B. Assessing Taiwan's pay-for-performance program for diabetes care: a cost-benefit net value approach. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2023; 24:717-733. [PMID: 35995886 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-022-01504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pay-for-Performance (P4P) to better manage chronic conditions has yielded mixed results. A better understanding of the cost and benefit of P4P is needed to improve program assessment. To this end, we assessed the effect of a P4P program using a quasi-experimental intervention and control design. Two different intervention groups were used, one consisting of newly enrolled P4P patients, and another using P4P patients who have been enrolled since the beginning of the study. Patient-level data on clinical indicators, utilization and expenditures, linked with national death registry, were collected for diabetic patients at a large regional hospital in Taiwan between 2007 and 2013. Net value, defined as the value of life years gained minus the cost of care, is calculated and compared for the intervention group of P4P patients with propensity score-matched non-P4P samples. We found that Taiwan's implementation of the P4P program for diabetic care yielded positive net values, ranging from $40,084 USD to $348,717 USD, with higher net values in the continuous enrollment model. Our results suggest that the health benefits from P4P enrollment may require a sufficient time frame to manifest, so a net value approach incorporating future predicted mortality risks may be especially important for studying chronic disease management. Future research on the mechanisms by which the Taiwan P4P program helped improve outcomes could help translate our findings to other clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Fen Rachel Lu
- Graduate Institute of Business and Management and Department of Health Care Management, College of Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Ying Isabel Chen
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Karen Eggleston
- Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, and NBER, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chih-Hung Chen
- Division of Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Brian Chen
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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7
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Tsai WC, Huang KH, Chen PC, Chang YC, Chen MS, Lee CB. Effects of individual and neighborhood social risks on diabetes pay-for-performance program under a single-payer health system. Soc Sci Med 2023; 326:115930. [PMID: 37146356 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enrollment in and adherence to a diabetes pay-for-performance (P4P) program can lead to desirable processes and outcomes of diabetes care. However, knowledge is limited on the potential exclusion of patients with individual or neighborhood social risks or interruption of services in the disease-specific P4P program without mandatory participation under a single-payer health system. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of individual and neighborhood social risks on exclusion from and adherence to the diabetes P4P program of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Taiwan. METHODS This study used data from Taiwan's 2009-2017 population-based National Health Insurance Research Database, 2010 Population and Housing Census, and 2010 Income Tax Statistics. A retrospective cohort study was conducted, and study populations were identified from 2012 to 2014. The first cohort comprised 183,806 patients with newly diagnosed T2D, who had undergone follow up for 1 year; the second cohort consisted of 78,602 P4P patients who had undergone follow up for 2 years after P4P enrollment. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of social risks with exclusion from and adherence to the diabetes P4P program. RESULTS T2D patients with higher individual social risks were more likely to be excluded from the P4P program, but those with higher neighborhood-level social risks were slightly less likely to be excluded. T2D patients with the higher individual- or neighborhood-level social risks showed less likelihood of adhering to the program, and the person-level coefficient was stronger in magnitude than the neighborhood-level one. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the importance of individual social risk adjustment and special financial incentives in disease-specific P4P programs. Strategies for improving program adherence should consider individual and neighborhood social risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chen Tsai
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, 100 Section 1, Jingmao Road, Beitun District, Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hua Huang
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, 100 Section 1, Jingmao Road, Beitun District, Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- International Master Program for Public Health, China Medical University, 100 Section 1, Jingmao Road, Beitun District, Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chang
- Department of Long Term Care, National Quemoy University, 1 University Rd., Jinning Township, Kinmen County, 892009, Kinmen, Taiwan; Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung City, 41354, Taiwan
| | - Michael S Chen
- Department of Social Welfare, National Chung Cheng University, 168 Section 1, University Rd., Minhsiung, Chiayi, 621301, Taiwan
| | - Chiachi Bonnie Lee
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, 100 Section 1, Jingmao Road, Beitun District, Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan.
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Theros JS, Zumpf KB, Lagu T, Rao S, Nasca BJ, Heinemann AW, Shapiro MB, Bilimoria KY, Stey AM. Cost Implications of Insurance Associated Disparities in Post-Acute Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:493-501. [PMID: 36401500 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Post-acute care after spinal cord injury (SCI) or traumatic brain injury (TBI) influences neurological function regained. Inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) have more intensive care and result in lower mortality and better functional outcomes compared with skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). This study sought to quantify inpatient rehabilitation access by insurance and estimate the cost implications. We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study utilizing 2015-2017 California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database of injured adults with SCI and/or TBI. The primary predictor was insurance status. The outcome was discharge destination (home, IRFs, SNFs, long-term acute care [LTAC]) modeled using multi-variable multinomial mixed-effects logistic regression controlling for age, diagnosis, Weighted Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, and New Injury Severity Score. Cost of care for discharge to IRFs versus SNFs was estimated by adjusted quantile regression. Cost simulation predicted the adjusted cost difference if all publicly insured participants were discharged to an IRF. We identified 83,230 patients with an injury mechanism and a primary acute care hospitalization diagnosis of TBI (90.9%), SCI (8.3%), or both (0.8%) who were discharged to an IRF, SNF, LTAC, or home. Publicly insured patients were more likely than privately insured patients to go to SNFs versus IRFs (odds ratio [OR]: 2.17, 95% confidence interval [CI 2.01-2.34]). Sub-group analysis of 6416 participants showed an adjusted median total cost difference of $18,461 (95% CI [$5,908-$38,064]) and adjusted cost-per-day of the post-acute encounter of $1,045 (95% CI [$752-$2,399]) higher for discharge to IRFs versus SNFs. Cost simulation demonstrated an additional adjusted cost of $364M annually for universal IRF access for the publicly insured. Publicly insured SCI and TBI Californians are less frequently discharged to IRFs compared with their privately insured counterparts resulting in a lower short-term cost of care. However, the consequences of decreased intensive rehabilitation utilization in terms of functional recovery and long-term cost implications require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Theros
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katelyn B Zumpf
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tara Lagu
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Saieesh Rao
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian J Nasca
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Michael B Shapiro
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Karl Y Bilimoria
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anne M Stey
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Rasooly A, Pan Y, Tang Z, Jiangjiang H, Ellen ME, Manor O, Hu S, Davidovitch N. Quality and Performance Measurement in Primary Diabetes Care: A Qualitative Study in Urban China. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:3019-3031. [PMID: 35942954 PMCID: PMC10105207 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2022.6372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality measurements in primary healthcare (PHC) have become an essential component for improving diabetes outcomes in many high-income countries. However, little is known about their implementation within the Chinese health-system context and how they are perceived by patients, physicians, and policy-makers. We examined stakeholders' perceptions of quality and performance measurements for primary diabetes care in Shanghai, China, and analyzed facilitators and barriers to implementation. METHODS In-depth interviews with 26 key stakeholders were conducted from 2018 to 2019. Participants were sampled from two hospitals, four community healthcare centers (CHCs), and four institutes involved in regulating CHCs. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) guided data analysis. RESULTS Existing quality measurements were uniformly implemented via a top-down process, with daily monitoring of family doctors' work and pay-for-performance incentives. Barriers included excluding frontline clinicians from indicator planning, a lack of transparent reporting, and a rigid organizational culture with limited bottom-up feedback. Findings under the CFIR construct "organizational incentives" suggested that current pay-for-performance incentives function as a "double-edged sword," increasing family doctors' motivation to excel while creating pressures to "game the system" among some physicians. When considering the CFIR construct "reflecting and evaluating," policy-makers perceived the online evaluation application - which provides daily reports on family doctors' work - to be an essential tool for improving quality; however, this information was not visible to patients. Findings included under the "network and communication" construct showed that specialists support the work of family doctors by providing training and patient consultations in CHCs. CONCLUSION The quality of healthcare could be considerably enhanced by involving patients and physicians in decisions on quality measurement. Strengthening hospital-community partnerships can improve the quality of primary care in hospital-centric systems. The case of Shanghai provides compelling policy lessons for other health systems faced with the challenge of improving PHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Rasooly
- School of Public Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yancen Pan
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhenqing Tang
- Shanghai Health Development Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - He Jiangjiang
- Shanghai Health Development Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Moriah E. Ellen
- School of Public Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Orly Manor
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. 5 School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanlian Hu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nadav Davidovitch
- School of Public Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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10
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Toledo P, Nelson LD, Stey A. Maternal Critical Care: The Story Behind the Numbers. Anesth Analg 2022; 134:578-580. [PMID: 35180176 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Toledo
- From the Department of Anesthesiology.,Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research
| | | | - Anne Stey
- Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research.,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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11
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Meier R, Chmiel C, Valeri F, Muheim L, Senn O, Rosemann T. The Effect of Financial Incentives on Quality Measures in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:556-564. [PMID: 33904045 PMCID: PMC8858366 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-06714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Financial incentives are often used to improve quality of care in chronic care patients. However, the evidence concerning the effect of financial incentives is still inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To test the effect of financial incentives on quality measures (QMs) in the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus in primary care. We incentivized a clinical QM and a process QM to test the effect of financial incentives on different types of QMs and to investigate the spill-over effect on non-incentivized QMs. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS Parallel cluster randomized controlled trial based on electronic medical records database involving Swiss general practitioners (GPs). Practices were randomly allocated. INTERVENTION All participants received a bimonthly feedback report. The intervention group additionally received potential financial incentives on GP level depending on their performance. MAIN MEASURES Between-group differences in proportions of patients fulfilling incentivized QM (process QM of annual HbA1c measurement and clinical QM of blood pressure level below 140/95 mmHg) after 12 months. KEY RESULTS Seventy-one GPs (median age 52 years, 72% male) from 43 different practices and subsequently 3838 patients with diabetes mellitus (median age 70 years, 57% male) were included. Proportions of patients with annual HbA1c measurements remained unchanged (intervention group decreased from 79.0 to 78.3%, control group from 81.5 to 81.0%, OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.90-1.32, p = 0.39). Proportions of patients with blood pressure below 140/95 improved from 49.9 to 52.5% in the intervention group and decreased from 51.2 to 49.0% in the control group (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.99-1.36, p = 0.06). Proportions of non-incentivized process QMs increased significantly in the intervention group. CONCLUSION GP level financial incentives did not result in more frequent HbA1c measurements or in improved blood pressure control. Interestingly, we could confirm a spill-over effect on non-incentivized process QMs. Yet, the mechanism of spill-over effects of financial incentives is largely unclear. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN13305645.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Meier
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland. .,University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Corinne Chmiel
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Valeri
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leander Muheim
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Senn
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Liao K, Lin KC, Chiou SJ. Self-efficacy remains a vital factor in reducing the risk of dialysis in type 2 diabetes care. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26644. [PMID: 34260563 PMCID: PMC8284740 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have provided promising outcomes of the pay-for-performance (P4P) program or with good continuity of care levels in diabetes control.We investigate the different exposures in continuity of care (COC) with their providers and those who participate in the P4P program and its effects on the risk of diabetes diabetic nephropathy in the future.We obtained COC and P4P information from the annual database, to which we applied a hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) in 3 levels adjusted to account for other covariates as well as the effects of hospital clustering and accumulating time.Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in 2003At the individual level, those with a higher Diabetes Complications Severity Index (DCSI) score have a higher likelihood of diabetic nephropathy than those with a lower DCSI (OR, 1.46), whereas contrasting results were obtained for the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (odds ratio[OR], 0.88). Patients who visited family physicians, endocrinologists, and gastroenterologists showed a lower likelihood of diabetic nephropathy (OR, 0.664, 0.683, and 0.641, respectively), whereas those who continued to visit neurologists showed an increased risk of diabetic nephropathy by 4 folds. At the hospital level, patients with diabetes visiting primary care clinics had a lower risk of diabetic nephropathy with an OR of 0.584 than those visiting hospitals of other higher levels. Regarding the repeat time level, the patients who had a higher COC score and participated in the P4P program had a reduced diabetic nephropathy risk with an OR of 0.339 and 0.775, respectively.Diabetes control necessitates long-term care involving the patients' healthcare providers for the management of their conditions to reduce the risk of diabetic nephropathy. Indeed, most contributing factors are related to patients, but we cannot eliminate the optimal outcomes related to good relationships with healthcare providers and participation in the P4P program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuomeng Liao
- Department of endocrinology and metabolism, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chia Lin
- Preventive Medicine Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shang-Jyh Chiou
- Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Chiou S, Liao K, Huang Y, Lin W, Hsieh C. Synergy between the pay-for-performance scheme and better physician-patient relationship might reduce the risk of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:819-827. [PMID: 33025682 PMCID: PMC8089022 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION This study investigated whether participation by patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan's pay-for-performance (P4P) program and maintaining good continuity of care (COC) with their healthcare provider reduced the likelihood of future complications, such as retinopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analysis used longitudinal panel data for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes from the National Health Insurance claims database in Taiwan. COC was measured annually from 2003 to 2013, and was used to allocate the patients to low, medium and high groups. Cox regression analysis was used with time-dependent (time-varying) covariates in a reduced model (with only P4P or COC), and the full model was adjusted with other covariates. RESULTS Despite the same significant effects of treatment at primary care, the Diabetes Complications Severity Index scores were significantly associated with the development of retinopathy. After adjusting for these, the hazard ratios for developing retinopathy among P4P participants in the low, medium and high COC groups were 0.594 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.398-0.898, P = 0.012), 0.676 (95% CI 0.520-0.867, P = 0.0026) and 0.802 (95% CI 0.603-1.030, P = 0.1062), respectively. Thus, patients with low or median COC who participated in the P4P program had a significantly lower risk of retinopathy than those who did not. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes care requires a long-term relationship between patients and their care providers. Besides encouraging patients to participate in P4P programs, health authorities should provide more incentives for providers or patients to regularly survey patients' lipid profiles and glucose levels, and reward the better interpersonal relationship to prevent retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang‐Jyh Chiou
- Department of Health Care ManagementNational Taipei University of Nursing and Health SciencesTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kuomeng Liao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismZhongxiao BranchTaipei City HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Tung Huang
- Center for Big Data Analytics and StatisticsChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan CityTaiwan
| | - Wender Lin
- Department of Health Care AdministrationChang Jung Christian UniversityTainan CityTaiwan
| | - Chi‐Jeng Hsieh
- Department of Health Care AdministrationOriental Institute of TechnologyNew Taipei CityTaipeiTaiwan
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Wu YF, Chen MY, Chen TH, Wang PC, Peng YS, Lin MS. The effect of pay-for-performance program on infection events and mortality rate in diabetic patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:78. [PMID: 33478477 PMCID: PMC7818736 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus is a known risk factor for infection. Pay for Performance (P4P) program is designed to enhance the comprehensive patient care. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the P4P program on infection incidence in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods This is a retrospective longitudinal cohort study using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Diabetic patients between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2013 were included. Primary outcomes analyzed were patient emergency room (ER) infection events and deaths. Results After propensity score matching, there were 337,184 patients in both the P4P and non-P4P cohort. The results showed that patients’ completing one-year P4P program was associated with a decreased risk of any ER infection event (27.2% vs. 29%; subdistribution hazard ratio [HR] 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86–0.88). While the number needed to treat was 58 for the non-P4P group, it dropped to 28 in the P4P group. The risk of infection-related death was significantly lower in the P4P group than in the non-P4P group (4.1% vs. 7.6%; HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.45–0.47). The effect of P4P on ER infection incidence and infection-related death was more apparent in the subgroups of patients who were female, had diabetes duration ≥5 years, chronic kidney disease, higher Charlson’s Comorbidity Index scores and infection-related hospitalization in the previous 3 years. Conclusions The P4P program might reduce risk of ER infection events and infection-related deaths in type 2 diabetic patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-06091-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yen Chen
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Hsing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,Biostatistical Consultation Center of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan Community Medicine Research Center of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shing Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of internal medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Lin
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan. .,Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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15
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Sheen YJ, Kung PT, Sheu WHH, Kuo WY, Tsai WC. Impact of Liver Cirrhosis on Incidence of Dialysis Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Ther 2020; 11:2611-2628. [PMID: 32901421 PMCID: PMC7547941 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-020-00919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal injury is a common complication of liver cirrhosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to analyze the association between cirrhosis and dialysis in patients with T2DM. METHODS This was a retrospective study of specific patient populations using data collected from the National Health Insurance Research Database, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan on patients treated between 1999 and 2007. The study population comprised 1271,759 patients with T2DM without cirrhosis, 38,860 patients with cirrhosis without T2DM, 11,487 patients with T2DM and cirrhosis, and 579,173 patients without T2DM and cirrhosis (non-cirrhotic control group). RESULTS The average incidence of dialysis in patients with T2DM and liver cirrhosis (2.466%) was 10.6-, 2.3-, and 102.7-fold higher than that in patients with T2DM without cirrhosis (0.232%), with cirrhosis without T2DM (1.071%), and patients without both T2DM and cirrhosis (0.024%), respectively. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) for dialysis risk was 3.19 in patients with T2DM and cirrhosis, 2.16 in patients with T2DM without cirrhosis, and 1.98 in patients with cirrhosis without T2DM, compared to that in patients without T2DM and cirrhosis. Male sex (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.15), age (45-49 vs. 20-34 years [reference]; adjusted HR 1.34), low-income households (adjusted HR 1.46), cirrhosis (adjusted HR 3.42), and diabetic complications severity index (adjusted HR 1.71) were predictors of dialysis in T2DM patients. In addition, those with T2DM participating in the pay-for-performance (P4P) program had a significantly lower relative risk for requiring dialysis (HR 0.64). CONCLUSION Liver cirrhosis is an independent risk factor for dialysis in patients with T2DM. Participating in the P4P program for diabetes care may reduce the risk of requiring dialysis in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jing Sheen
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tseng Kung
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital-China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wayne H-H Sheu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Technology, College of Life Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yin Kuo
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Tsai
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Van Houtven CH, Smith VA, Sperber NR, Coffman CJ, Hastings SN. Advancing the science of population-based measures of home-time. HEALTHCARE-THE JOURNAL OF DELIVERY SCIENCE AND INNOVATION 2020; 8:100463. [PMID: 32992111 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2020.100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The "home time" measure is gaining appeal in evaluating outcomes for multiple patient populations including post-surgery or intervention and the last 6 months of life. Advancing the science of home time measures will require obtaining the perspectives of patients and caregivers to arrive at a population-based measure of quality of life. Additionally, measure development requires considerations of what care settings denote time away from home, observation period, and thresholds that are clinically significant. We explore examples and challenges from current research and our own experience. Being able to advance such measures could also inform payment models and policy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Harold Van Houtven
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC; 508 Fulton Street (152), Durham, NC, 27705, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University, Margolis Center for Health Policy, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Valerie A Smith
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC; 508 Fulton Street (152), Durham, NC, 27705, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nina R Sperber
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC; 508 Fulton Street (152), Durham, NC, 27705, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia J Coffman
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC; 508 Fulton Street (152), Durham, NC, 27705, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Susan Nicole Hastings
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC; 508 Fulton Street (152), Durham, NC, 27705, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Center for the Study of Aging, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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Chiang JI, Hanlon P, Li TC, Jani BD, Manski-Nankervis JA, Furler J, Lin CC, Yang SY, Nicholl BI, Thuraisingam S, Mair FS. Multimorbidity, mortality, and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes: A cohort study with UK and Taiwanese cohorts. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003094. [PMID: 32379755 PMCID: PMC7205223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is emerging interest in multimorbidity in type 2 diabetes (T2D), which can be either concordant (T2D related) or discordant (unrelated), as a way of understanding the burden of disease in T2D. Current diabetes guidelines acknowledge the complex nature of multimorbidity, the management of which should be based on the patient's individual clinical needs and comorbidities. However, although associations between multimorbidity, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and mortality in people with T2D have been studied to some extent, significant gaps remain, particularly regarding different patterns of multimorbidity, including concordant and discordant conditions. This study explores associations between multimorbidity (total condition counts/concordant/discordant/different combinations of conditions), baseline HbA1c, and all-cause mortality in T2D. METHODS AND FINDINGS We studied two longitudinal cohorts of people with T2D using the UK Biobank (n = 20,569) and the Taiwan National Diabetes Care Management Program (NDCMP) (n = 59,657). The number of conditions in addition to T2D was used to quantify total multimorbidity, concordant, and discordant counts, and the effects of different combinations of conditions were also studied. Outcomes of interest were baseline HbA1c and all-cause mortality. For the UK Biobank and Taiwan NDCMP, mean (SD) ages were 60.2 (6.8) years and 60.8 (11.3) years; 7,579 (36.8%) and 31,339 (52.5%) were female; body mass index (BMI) medians (IQR) were 30.8 (27.7, 34.8) kg/m2 and 25.6 (23.5, 28.7) kg/m2; and 2,197 (10.8%) and 9,423 (15.8) were current smokers, respectively. Increasing total and discordant multimorbidity counts were associated with lower HbA1c and increased mortality in both datasets. In Taiwan NDCMP, for those with four or more additional conditions compared with T2D only, the mean difference (95% CI) in HbA1c was -0.82% (-0.88, -0.76) p < 0.001. In UK Biobank, hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CI) for all-cause mortality in people with T2D and one, two, three, and four or more additional conditions compared with those without comorbidity were 1.20 (0.91-1.56) p < 0.001, 1.75 (1.35-2.27) p < 0.001, 2.17 (1.67-2.81) p < 0.001, and 3.14 (2.43-4.03) p < 0.001, respectively. Both concordant/discordant conditions were significantly associated with mortality; however, HRs were largest for concordant conditions. Those with four or more concordant conditions had >5 times the mortality (5.83 [4.28-7.93] p <0.001). HRs for NDCMP were similar to those from UK Biobank for all multimorbidity counts. For those with two conditions in addition to T2D, cardiovascular diseases featured in 18 of the top 20 combinations most highly associated with mortality in UK Biobank and 12 of the top combinations in the Taiwan NDCMP. In UK Biobank, a combination of coronary heart disease and heart failure in addition to T2D had the largest effect size on mortality, with a HR (95% CI) of 4.37 (3.59-5.32) p < 0.001, whereas in the Taiwan NDCMP, a combination of painful conditions and alcohol problems had the largest effect size on mortality, with an HR (95% CI) of 4.02 (3.08-5.23) p < 0.001. One limitation to note is that we were unable to model for changes in multimorbidity during our study period. CONCLUSIONS Multimorbidity patterns associated with the highest mortality differed between UK Biobank (a population predominantly comprising people of European descent) and the Taiwan NDCMP, a predominantly ethnic Chinese population. Future research should explore the mechanisms underpinning the observed relationship between increasing multimorbidity count and reduced HbA1c alongside increased mortality in people with T2D and further examine the implications of different patterns of multimorbidity across different ethnic groups. Better understanding of these issues, especially effects of condition type, will enable more effective personalisation of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I. Chiang
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Hanlon
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tsai-Chung Li
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bhautesh Dinesh Jani
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - John Furler
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Yu Yang
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Barbara I. Nicholl
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frances S. Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Lee YH, Kung PT, Kuo WY, Kao SL, Tsai WC. The effect of pay for performance on risk incidence of hip fracture in type 2 diabetic patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19592. [PMID: 32195973 PMCID: PMC7220703 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of hip fracture. The literature rarely discusses the importance of pay-for-performance (P4P) programs for the incidence of hip fractures in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM). This study aimed to examine the impact of the P4P program on hip fracture risk in patients with T2DM. METHODS This retrospective cohort study focused on data from T2DM patients aged 45 and older between 2001 and 2012. We continued to track these data until 2013. The data were collected from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. To minimize selection bias, T2DM patients were divided into P4P enrollees and non-enrollees. Propensity score matching by greedy matching technique (1:1 ratio) was used to include 252,266 participants. A Cox proportional hazard model was performed to examine the impact of the P4P program on hip fracture risk. We used the bootstrap method to perform sensitivity analysis by random sampling with replacement. RESULTS Our results showed that the risk of hip fracture in P4P enrollees was 0.92 times that of non-enrollees. (hazards ratio [HR] = 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85-0.99). P4P enrollees who received regular treatment had lower risk in the first 4 years (HR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.84-0.96) but no statistically significant difference after 4-year enrollment (HR = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.93-1.06). There was no statistically significant difference in the effect of hip fractures between P4P non-enrollees and P4P enrollees with irregular treatment (HR = 0.94, 95%CI: 0.87-1.03). Through sensitivity analysis, the results also showed P4P enrollees had a lower risk of hip fracture compared to P4P non-enrollees (mean HR = 0.919; 95% CI: 0.912-0.926). Stratified analysis showed that patients without DM complications (DCSI = 0) who enrolled in P4P had lower risks of hip fractures than the non-enrollees (HR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82-0.98). CONCLUSION T2DM patients enrolled in P4P program can reduce the risks of hip fracture incidence. Early inclusion of patients without DM complications in the P4P program can effectively reduce hip fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Heng Lee
- Department of Health Services Administration, Taichung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University
- Department of Orthopedics, Cishan General Hospital, Kaohsiung
- Department of Center for general education, National United University, Miaoli
| | - Pei-Tseng Kung
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Wei-Yin Kuo
- Department of Health Services Administration, Taichung
| | - Su-Ling Kao
- Department of Center for general education, National United University, Miaoli
- Department of Human Resource, Cishan General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chen Tsai
- Department of Health Services Administration, Taichung
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19
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Liang LL. Impact of integrated healthcare: Taiwan’s Family Doctor Plan. Health Policy Plan 2019; 34:ii56-ii66. [DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czz111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Integration of health services has been pursued worldwide. Diversity in integration approaches and in the contexts in which integrated programmes operate, however, hinders comparative analysis of care integration in both high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study evaluates an HIC programme implemented in a delivery system resembling those of LMICs, especially its weak primary care system. The programme, Taiwan’s Family Doctor Plan (FDP), targets high-cost and chronic patients, incorporating key elements of integrated care, viz., case management, multidisciplinary teams and care pathways. This study estimates the effects of shifting from usual to integrated care and locates contextual factors that may distort programme implementation. To estimate programme effects, difference-in-differences analysis is applied to a balanced panel comprising >160 000 patients over 2009–13. Because physician participation is voluntary, a propensity score matching method is used to match providers. The research findings reveal that introduction of the FDP has not reoriented the model of care from fragmented towards integrated health services. It reduces continuity of care and has no effect on co-ordination of care. Regarding quality of care, the FDP is shown to have no effect on avoidable admissions and increases drug injections and emergency department visits. Several contextual factors may serve as barriers that impede elements of FDP from generating desirable outcomes. These include absence of registration and gatekeeping systems; limited capacities of clinics; and preponderance of fee-for-service remuneration. These findings suggest that HIC design elements may not be directly transferrable to settings with weak primary care systems, as is typical of LMIC healthcare. Changes at the system level, such as establishing regular sources of care, may be necessary before elements of integrated care are introduced to a weaker primary care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lin Liang
- Department of Business Management, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Hu HY, Jian FX, Lai YJ, Yen YF, Huang N, Hwang SJ. Patient and provider factors associated with enrolment in the pre-end-stage renal disease pay-for-performance programme in Taiwan: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e031354. [PMID: 31519682 PMCID: PMC6747641 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence and prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Taiwan have been ranked the highest worldwide. Therefore, the National Health Insurance Administration has implemented the pre-ESRD pay-for-performance (P4P) programme since November 2006, which had significantly reduced the incidence of dialysis and all-cause mortality. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with the enrolment in the pre-ESRD P4P programme. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING The National Health Insurance research database 2007-2012 in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS Patients with prevalent pre-ESRD aged more than 18 years between January 2007 and December 2012 were enrolled. Patient demographics and hospital characteristics between P4P and non-P4P groups were compared. A logistic regression model was used to analyse the factors associated with P4P enrolment, and a generalised estimating equation was used to verify the results. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Enrolment in the pre-ESRD P4P programme. RESULTS In total, 82 991 patients were enrolled in the programme, with a 45.6% participation rate. Patients who were males (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.89, 95% CI=0.86 to 0.91) and employed (AOR=0.95, 95% CI=0.92 to 0.97) had a significantly lower probability to be enrolled in the programme. Older patients (66-75 years old, AOR=1.23, 95% CI=1.14 to 1.33) and those with higher Charlson Comorbidities Index (CCI 5+, AOR=4.01, 95% CI=3.55 to 4.53) tended to be enrolled in the programme, while those in the 76+ years age group were not (AOR=1.03, 95% CI=0.95 to 1.13). Hospitals located in the central (AOR=1.48, 95% CI=1.05 to 2.08) and Kao-Ping regions (AOR=1.62, 95% CI=1.18 to 2.22) also tended to enrol patients in the pre-ESRD P4P programme. Enrolment rates increased over time. CONCLUSION Pre-ESRD patients of the female gender, greater age and more comorbidities were more likely to be enrolled in the pre-ESRD P4P programme. Healthcare providers and health authorities should focus attention on patients who are male, younger and with less comorbidities to improve the healthcare quality and equality for all pre-ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yun Hu
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Xuan Jian
- Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Lai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Puli Branch of Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Feng Yen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nicole Huang
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang Jyh Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Lee IT, Hsu CC, Sheu WHH, Su SL, Wu YL, Lin SY. Pay-for-performance for shared care of diabetes in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2019; 118 Suppl 2:S122-S129. [PMID: 31471222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Comprehensive and continuous care is crucial for patients with diabetes. The diabetes pay-for-performance (P4P) program launched by the National Health Insurance (NHI) administration in Taiwan provides a financial incentive to facilitate this goal. In this study, we explored the characteristics of patients in the P4P program between 2005 and 2014. METHODS Data of patients with diabetes enrolled in the NHI program between 2005 and 2014 were extracted from the NHI research database. Patients were classed as having diabetes if they had three or more outpatient visits within 365 calendar days with an International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification diagnostic code of 250 or hospitalization one or more times with such a diagnosis. The trends of participating in the P4P program were analyzed. RESULTS Participation rate of the P4P program increased from 12.1% to 19% between 2005 and 2014. Participants were younger and more likely to be female than those not participating in the program. Lower risks of cancer-related mortality, annual mortality and heart failure were seen in patients participating in the P4P program than in those not participating. CONCLUSION Older, male patients with a high disease severity may be less likely to enroll in the P4P program. Although participation rate is increasing, a broad enrollment is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Te Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Li Su
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Wu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Hsu CC, Tu ST, Sheu WHH. 2019 Diabetes Atlas: Achievements and challenges in diabetes care in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2019; 118 Suppl 2:S130-S134. [PMID: 31387840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2019 Diabetes Atlas delineated both accomplishments and challenges in diabetes care in Taiwan between 2005 and 2014. The series reported that Taiwan had significantly improved aspects of care quality for patients with diabetes. For example, the mortality rate decreased, the difference between the life expectancies of patients with diabetes and those of the general population decreased, and the rates of hospitalization because of heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic kidney diseases, and unsatisfactory glycemic control decreased. However, despite these achievements, the 2019 Diabetes Atlas also reported some substantial challenges that have not been overcome. For example, the incidence of diabetes among women aged <19 years and 20-39 years increased by 27% and 33%, respectively. Furthermore, a high prevalence of macrovascular complications, a continuous increase in the dialysis prevalence rates among men with diabetes of all ages, and a low participation rate (<20%) of patients with diabetes in the pay-for-performance program were observed. The publication of the 2019 Diabetes Atlas is a milestone that demonstrates a strong will in medical societies to improve the quality of diabetes care. We expect this initiative can be reorganized every 5 years to report the results of continuous monitoring and surveillance and update the epidemiological features of diabetes in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Te Tu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Taiwanese Association of Diabetes Educators, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Rong-Hsing Research Center for Translation Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Diabetes Association of the Republic of China, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wu FL, Tai HC, Sun JC. Self-management Experience of Middle-aged and Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Qualitative Study. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2019; 13:209-215. [PMID: 31255693 DOI: 10.1016/j.anr.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes mellitus has been either the fourth or fifth leading cause of death among Taiwanese adults during 1995-2015. Older adults with diabetes are at higher risk of developing diabetic macro-vascular and micro-vascular complications. The purpose of this study explored the self-management experiences of middle-aged and older adults with diabetes through a focus group. METHODS Purposive sampling was used to recruit patients with diabetes from the metabolic outpatient clinics of medical centers and regional hospitals in Taiwan. Two focus groups, comprising a total of 23 participants, were employed to collect data, and group discussions were held a total of four times in an education room that was distant from clinical areas. RESULTS Three themes were generated from analysis of the collected data: (1) "listening to the voice of the body and observing physical changes," (2) "re-recognizing diabetes and challenges," and (3) "self-management implementation dilemmas." This study provided new insights into the experiences of middle-aged and older adults in Taiwan regarding their self-management of diabetes. CONCLUSION Healthcare teams should be involved in the self-management education of patients with diabetes as early as possible to reduce patients' anxiety and to develop more patient-centered, culture-sensitive clinical skills. In addition to monitoring patients' self-management, healthcare professor should pay more attention to patients' successful adaptation to and coexistence with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Ling Wu
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chen Tai
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chiung Sun
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Bisdas T, Bohan P, Lescan M, Zeebregts CJ, Tessarek J, van Herwaarden J, van den Berg JC, Setacci C, Riambau V. Research methodology and practical issues relating to the conduct of a medical device registry. Clin Trials 2019; 16:490-501. [PMID: 31184490 DOI: 10.1177/1740774519855395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The postmarket research goal is to assess "generalizability" or "external validity" to see if the early results of clinical trials with investigational devices are reproducible in everyday practice in the real world and the longer term. Registries have an important but ambivalent role in achieving this goal. METHODS Although registries are common, in practice they follow the regulatory processes that appear designed primarily for pharmaceutical clinical trials and confirmatory studies. We review the literature to assess different definitions and the role of registries in the hierarchy of scientific evidence. We analyze common characteristics affecting registry design, implementation, and governance as well as safety reporting and off-label use while describing the experience of setting up an international, prospective registry for an endovascular device used to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms. RESULTS Key areas in which to distinguish registries from trials are as follows: eligibility, setting (patients and institutions), device configurations and iterations, the use of design and quality "spaces," a focus on systematic quality checks (rather than source data monitoring), open-ended follow-up, flexibility in the definition of end points and sample sizes, data sharing, and publishing commitments. CONCLUSION Both clinical trials and registries are essential and complementary research methods and the strengths and weaknesses of each need to be recognized. The specific characteristics of registry research deserve to be acknowledged and safeguarded in the regulations governing clinical investigations with medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosios Bisdas
- St. Franziskus-Hospital Münster GmbH, Münster, Germany.,Clinic of Vascular and Endovascular Therapy, Omilos Iatrikou Athinon, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Mario Lescan
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clark J Zeebregts
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Tessarek
- St. Bonifatius Hospital Lingen gGmbH, Lingen, Germany
| | - Joost van Herwaarden
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carlo Setacci
- AOU Senese, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Sheen YJ, Kung PT, Kuo WY, Chiu LT, Tsai WC. Impact of the pay-for-performance program on lower extremity amputations in patients with diabetes in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12759. [PMID: 30313085 PMCID: PMC6203477 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are at a high risk of lower extremity amputations and may have a reduced life expectancy. Taiwan has implemented a diabetes pay-for-performance (P4P) program providing team care to improve the control of disease and avoid subsequent complications. Few studies investigated the effects of adopting a nationalized policy to decrease amputation risk in diabetes previously. Our study aimed to analyze the impact of the P4P programs on the incidence of lower extremity amputations in Taiwanese patients with diabetes.This was a population-based cohort study using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (which provided coverage for 98% of the total population in Taiwan) from 1998 to 2007. Patients with diabetes were identified based on the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnostic codes. We linked procedure codes to inpatient claims to identify patients hospitalized for nontraumatic lower extremity amputations.A total of 9738 patients with diabetes with amputations were enrolled (mean age ± standard deviation: 64.4 ± 14.5 years; men: 63.9%). The incidence of nontraumatic diabetic lower extremity amputations decreased over the time period studied (3.79-2.27 per 1000 persons with diabetes). Based on the Cox proportional hazard regression model, male sex (hazard ratio: 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.76-1.92), older age, and low socioeconomic status significantly interact with diabetes with respect to the risks of amputation. Patients who did not join the P4P program for diabetes care had a 3.46-fold higher risk of amputation compared with those who joined (95% CI 3.19-3.76).The amputation rate in Taiwanese diabetic patients decreased over the time period observed. Diabetes in patients with low socioeconomic status is associated with an increased risk of amputations. Our findings suggested that in addition to medical interventions and self-management educations, formulate and implement of medical policies, such as P4P program, might have a significant effect on decreasing the diabetes-related amputation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jing Sheen
- Department of Health Services Administration
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital
| | - Pei-Tseng Kung
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yin Kuo
- Department of Health Services Administration
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Value-based provider payment: towards a theoretically preferred design. HEALTH ECONOMICS POLICY AND LAW 2018; 15:94-112. [PMID: 30259825 DOI: 10.1017/s1744133118000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, policymakers and purchasers are exploring innovative provider payment strategies promoting value in health care, known as value-based payments (VBP). What is meant by 'value', however, is often unclear and the relationship between value and the payment design is not explicated. This paper aims at: (1) identifying value dimensions that are ideally stimulated by VBP and (2) constructing a framework of a theoretically preferred VBP design. Based on a synthesis of both theoretical and empirical studies on payment incentives, we conclude that VBP should consist of two components: a relatively large base payment that implicitly stimulates value and a relatively small payment that explicitly rewards measurable aspects of value (pay-for-performance). Being the largest component, the base payment design is essential, but often neglected when it comes to VBP reform. We explain that this base payment ideally (1) is paid to a multidisciplinary provider group (2) for a cohesive set of care activities for a predefined population, (3) is fixed, (4) is adjusted for the population's risk profile and (5) includes risk-mitigating measures. Finally, some important trade-offs in the practical operationalisation of VBP are discussed.
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Improvement of the quality payment program by improving data reporting process: an action research. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:692. [PMID: 30189897 PMCID: PMC6128004 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful implementation of pay-for-quality (P4Q) programs mostly depends upon a valid, timely, and reliable data about quality measures generated by providers, and interpreted by payers. The aim of this study was to establish a data reporting method for P4Q program through an action research. METHODS Qualitative method was used to align theory with action through a three-cycle action research. The study was conducted in September 15, 2015 to March 15, 2017, in East-Azerbaijan, Iran. The purposeful sampling was used to select participants. The participants included healthcare providers, staff in district health centers (DHC), experts, and managers in the provincial primary health center (PPHC). Data was collected by interviews, focus group discussions, and expert panels. Content analysis was used to synthesize the data. In each step, decisions about data reporting methods were made through a consensus of expert panel members. RESULTS The most important dimensions of data reporting method were data entry and accuracy, data reporting, data analysis and interpretations, the flexibility of method, and training. By establishment of an online data reporting system for the P4Q program, a major improvement was observed in the documentation of performance data, the satisfaction of health care providers and staff (e.g. either in DHCs or PPHC), improvement of the P4Q program and acceptance of the P4Q program by providers. Following the present study, the online system was expanded in Iran's public health system for data collection and estimating the amount of incentive payments in P4Q program. Moreover, more improvements were achieved by linking the system to EMRs and also, providing automated feedback to providers about their own performance. CONCLUSIONS A web-based computerized system with the capability of linking medical record and also its ability to provide feedback to healthcare providers was identified as an appropriate method of data reporting in the P4Q program from the viewpoints of participants in this study.
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Sheu SJ, Lin WL, Kao Yang YH, Hwu CM, Cheng CL. Pay for performance program reduces treatment needed diabetic retinopathy - a nationwide matched cohort study in Taiwan. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:638. [PMID: 30111370 PMCID: PMC6094472 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pay-for-Performance programs have shown improvement in indicators monitoring adequacy and target achievement in diabetic care. However, less is known regarding the impact of this program on the occurrence and long-term effects of diabetic retinopathy. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pay-for-performance program on the development of treatment needed for diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study with a matching design using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2000 to 2012. The outcome was defined as the treatment needed diabetic retinopathy. We matched Pay-for-Performance and non-Pay-for-Performance groups for age, gender, year diabetes was diagnosed and study enrollment, and duration of follow-up. RESULTS A total of 9311 patients entered the study cohort, of whom 2157 were registered in the Pay-for-Performance group and 7154 matched in the non-Pay-for-Performance group. The incidence of treatment needed diabetic retinopathy was not significantly different in two groups. However, the incidence of treatment needed diabetic retinopathy was significantly different if restricted the non-Pay-for-Performance group who had at least 1 eye examination or optical coherence tomography within 1 year (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.94). CONCLUSIONS Pay-for-Performance is valuable in preventing the development of treatment needed diabetic retinopathy, which could be attributed to the routine eye examination required in the Pay-for-Performance program. We could improve our diabetic care by promoting eye health education and patient awareness on the importance of regular examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwu-Jiuan Sheu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Huei Kao Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Min Hwu
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,School of Pharmacy and Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Chen CH, Ma SH, Hu SY, Chang CM, Chiang JH, Hsieh VCR, Yen DHT, How CK, Hsieh MS. Diabetes Shared Care Program (DSCP) and risk of infection mortality: a nationwide cohort study using administrative claims data in Taiwan. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e021382. [PMID: 30002011 PMCID: PMC6082473 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Diabetes Shared Care Program (DSCP) is an integrated care model in Taiwan that has been proven to improve the care quality of patients with diabetes. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of DSCP in decreasing the hospital mortality of infectious diseases. METHODS From 1 662 929 patients with type 2 diabetes newly diagnosed between 1999 and 2013, we retrieved a total of 919 patients who participated in the DSCP with the first hospitalisation for an infectious disease as the study cohort and 9190 propensity score-matched patients with type 2 diabetes who did not participate as the comparison.The efficacy of DSCP was evaluated via the following comparisons between the DSCP and non-DSCP cohorts: hospital mortality, 1-year medical cost prior to and during the hospitalisation, and complications, such as receiving mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit admission. The ratio (OR) for hospital mortality of the DSCP participants was calculated by logistical regression. Further stratification analyses were conducted to examine which group of patients with type 2 diabetes benefited the most from the DSCP during hospitalisation for infectious diseases. RESULTS The DSCP cohort had a lower hospital mortality rate than the non-DSCP participants (2.18% vs 4.82%, p<0.001). The total medical cost during the hospitalisation was lower in the DSCP cohort than in the non-DSCP cohort (NT$72 454±30 429 vs NT$86 385±29 350) (p=0.006). In the logistical regression model, the DSCP participants exhibited a significantly decreased adjusted OR for hospital mortality (adjusted OR=0.42, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.66, p=0.0002). The efficacy of the DSCP was much more prominent in male patients with type 2 diabetes and in patients with lower incomes. CONCLUSION Participation in the DSCP was associated with a lower risk of hospital mortality for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Ma
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- YongLin Healthcare Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yuan Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Huai Chiang
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - David Hung-Tsang Yen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chorng-Kuang How
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shun Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Meier R, Muheim L, Senn O, Rosemann T, Chmiel C. The impact of financial incentives to improve quality indicators in patients with diabetes in Swiss primary care: a protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e023788. [PMID: 29961043 PMCID: PMC6042619 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is only limited and conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of Pay-for-Performance (P4P) programmes, although they might have the potential to improve guideline adherence and quality of care. We therefore aim to test a P4P intervention in Swiss primary care practices focusing on quality indicators (QI) achievement in the treatment of patients with diabetes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a cluster-randomised, two-armed intervention study with the primary care practice as unit of randomisation. The control group will receive bimonthly feedback reports containing last data of blood pressure and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements. The intervention group will additionally be informed about a financial incentive for each percentage point improved in QI achievement. Primary outcomes are differences in process (measurement of HbA1c) and clinical QI (blood pressure control) between the two groups. Furthermore, we investigate the effect on non-incentivised QIs and on sustainability of the financial incentives. Swiss primary care practices participating in the FIRE (Family Medicine ICPC Research using Electronic Medical Record) research network are eligible for participation. The FIRE database consists of anonymised structured medical routine data from Swiss primary care practices. According to power calculations, 70 of the general practitioners contributing to the database will be randomised in either of the groups. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION According to the Local Ethics Committee of the Canton of Zurich, the project does not fall under the scope of the law on human research and therefore no ethical consent is necessary. Results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN13305645; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Meier
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leander Muheim
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Senn
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Chmiel
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Chen SCI. Technological Health Intervention in Population Aging to Assist People to Work Smarter not Harder: Qualitative Study. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20:e3. [PMID: 29301736 PMCID: PMC5773817 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.8977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Technology-based health care has been promoted as an effective tool to enable clinicians to work smarter. However, some health stakeholders believe technology will compel users to work harder by creating extra work. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate how and why electronic health (eHealth) has been applied in Taiwan and to suggest implications that may inspire other countries facing similar challenges. Methods A qualitative methodology was adopted to obtain insightful inputs from deeper probing. Taiwan was selected as a typical case study, given its aging population, advanced technology, and comprehensive health care system. This study investigated 38 stakeholders in the health care ecosystem through in-depth interviews and focus groups, which provides an open, flexible, and enlightening way to study complex, dynamic, and interactive situations through informal conversation or a more structured, directed discussion. Results First, respondents indicated that the use of technology can enable seamless patient care and clinical benefits such as flexibility in time management. Second, the results suggested that a leader’s vision, authority, and management skills might influence success in health care innovation. Finally, the results implied that both internal and external organizational governance are highly relevant for implementing technology-based innovation in health care. Conclusions This study provided Taiwanese perspectives on how to intelligently use technology to benefit health care and debated the perception that technology prevents human interaction between clinicians and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Chien-I Chen
- Connected Health Innovation Centre, Department of Leadership and Management, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom.,Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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Disease-specific Pay-for-Performance Programs: Do the P4P Effects Differ Between Diabetic Patients With and Without Multiple Chronic Conditions? Med Care 2017; 54:977-983. [PMID: 27547944 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have investigated the effects of pay-for-performance (P4P) initiatives. However, little is known about whether patients with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) would benefit from P4P initiatives similarly to patients without MCC. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare the effects of the diabetes mellitus pay-for-performance (DM-P4P) program on the quality of diabetic care between type 2 diabetic patients with and without MCC. METHODS This study used data from Taiwan's Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005. Of this cohort, 52,276 diabetic patients were identified. To address potential selection bias between the intervention and comparison groups, the propensity score matching method was used. Generalized estimating equations were applied to analyze the difference-in-difference model to examine the effect of the intervention, the DM-P4P program. RESULTS The disease-specific DM-P4P program had positive impacts on process and outcome indicators of health care quality regardless of patients' MCC status. Diabetic patients with MCC experienced a significantly larger decrease in the admission rate of diabetes-related ambulatory care sensitive conditions after the P4P enrollment over time compared with patients without MCC. CONCLUSIONS The positive impacts on use of diabetes-related services were comparable between diabetic patients with and without MCC. Most importantly, for MCC patients, the disease-specific DM-P4P program had a stronger positive impact on health outcomes. Hence, the commonly observed phenomenon of "cherry picking" in implementing P4P strategies may lead to disparities in the quality of diabetic care between diabetic patients with and without MCC.
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Yu TH, Tung YC, Wei CJ. Can Hospital Competition Really Affect Hospital Behavior or Not? An Empirical Study of Different Competition Measures Comparison in Taiwan. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2017; 54:46958017690289. [PMID: 28147887 PMCID: PMC5798673 DOI: 10.1177/0046958017690289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Different approaches to measure the hospital competition index might lead to inconsistent results of the effects of hospital competition on innovation adoption. The purpose of this study is to adopt a different approach to define market area and measure the level of competition to examine whether hospital competition has a positive effect on hospital behavior, taking quality indicator projects participation as an example. A total of 238 hospitals located in Taipei, Taichung, and Kaohsiung were recruited in this study. Competition index was used as the independent variable, and participation lists of Taiwan Clinical Performance Indicator and Taiwan Healthcare Indicator Series in 2012 were used as dependent variables. All data used in this study were retrieved from the 2012 national hospital profiles and the participation list of the 2 quality indicator projects in 2012; these profiles are issued by the Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare annually. Geopolitical boundaries and 4 kinds of fixed radiuses were used to define market area. Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and hospital density were used to measure the level of competition. A total of 12 competition indices were produced in this study by employing the geographic information system, while max-rescaled R2 was used to evaluate and compare the models on goodness of fit. The results show that the effects of hospital competition on quality indicator projects participation were varied, which mean different indicators for market competition might reveal different conclusions. Furthermore, this study also found the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index at 5-km radius was the optimum competition index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Yu
- 1 National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Tung
- 2 National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jen Wei
- 3 Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Abstract
This article reviews the literature on the use of financial incentives to improve the provision of value-based health care. Eighty studies of 44 schemes from 10 countries were reviewed. The proportion of positive and statistically significant outcomes was close to .5. Stronger study designs were associated with a lower proportion of positive effects. There were no differences between studies conducted in the United States compared with other countries; between schemes that targeted hospitals or primary care; or between schemes combining pay for performance with rewards for reducing costs, relative to pay for performance schemes alone. Paying for performance improvement is less likely to be effective. Allowing payments to be used for specific purposes, such as quality improvement, had a higher likelihood of a positive effect, compared with using funding for physician income. Finally, the size of incentive payments relative to revenue was not associated with the proportion of positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Scott
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miao Liu
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jongsay Yong
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Lin TY, Chen CY, Huang YT, Ting MK, Huang JC, Hsu KH. The effectiveness of a pay for performance program on diabetes care in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based longitudinal study. Health Policy 2016; 120:1313-1321. [PMID: 27780591 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, studies have widely examined the effectiveness of pay-for-performance (P4P) programs by conducting biochemical tests and assessing complications; however, the reported effectiveness of such programs among participants selected through purposeful sampling is controversial. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to analyze the effectiveness of a P4P program on patients' prognoses, including hospitalization for chronic diabetic complications, and all-cause mortality during specific follow-up years by using a nationwide population-based database in Taiwan. Based on 125,315 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patient cohort during 2002-2006, two control sets were designed by propensity-score-matching strategy according to participation of P4P program and followed up to 2012. The results indicated that full participants demonstrated the lowest risks of developing complications and all-cause mortality compared with nonparticipants. These findings confirm the long-term effect of P4P programs on full participants and reveal that this effect is not due to confounding variables. The results indicate the importance of performance management and adherence to interventions for patients with chronic diseases in a long-term observation. Comprehensive and continuous care is suggested to improve patient prognosis and quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Lin
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Chen
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu Tang Huang
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kuo Ting
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chu Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Hsu
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Chi MJ, Chou KR, Pei D, Hwang JS, Quinn L, Chung MH, Liao YM. Effects and Factors Related to Adherence to A Diabetes Pay-for-Performance Program: Analyses of a National Health Insurance Claims Database. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2016; 17:613-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Liao PJ, Lin TY, Wang TC, Ting MK, Wu IW, Huang HT, Wang FC, Chang HC, Hsu KH. Long-Term and Interactive Effects of Pay-For-Performance Interventions among Diabetic Nephropathy Patients at the Early Chronic Kidney Disease Stage. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3282. [PMID: 27057892 PMCID: PMC4998808 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem worldwide because of the aging population and lifestyle changes. One of the important etiologies of CKD is diabetes mellitus (DM). The long-term effects of pay-for-performance (P4P) on disease progression have not been thoroughly examined.This study is a retrospective population-based patient cohort design to examine the continuous effects of diabetes and CKD P4P interventions. This study used the health insurance claims database to conduct a longitudinal analysis. A total of 32,084 early CKD patients with diabetes were extracted from the outpatient claims database from January 2011 to December 2012, and the follow-up period was extended to August 2014. A 4-group matching design, including both diabetes and early CKD P4P interventions, with only diabetes P4P intervention, with only early CKD P4P intervention, and without any P4P interventions, was performed according to their descending intensity. The primary outcome of this study was all-cause mortality and the causes of death. The statistical methods included a Chi-squared test, ANOVA, and multi-variable Cox regression models.A dose-response relationship between the intervention groups and all-cause mortality was observed as follows: comparing to both diabetes and early CKD P4P interventions (reference), hazard ratio (HR) was 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.50) for patients with only a diabetes P4P intervention; HR was 2.00 (95% CI, 1.66-2.42) for patients with only an early CKD P4P intervention; and HR was 2.42 (95% CI, 2.02-2.91) for patients without any P4P interventions. The leading cause of death of the total diabetic nephropathy patient cohort was infectious diseases (34.32%) followed by cardiovascular diseases (17.12%), acute renal failure (1.50%), and malignant neoplasm of liver (1.40%).Because the earlier interventions have lasting long-term effects on the patient's prognosis regardless of disease course, an integrated early intervention plan is suggested in future care plan designs. The mechanisms regarding the effects of P4P intervention, such as health education on diet control, continuity of care, and practice guidelines and adherence, are the primary components of disease management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ju Liao
- From the Department of Health Care Administration, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City (P-JL); Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan (T-YL, K-HH); National Health Insurance Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei (T-CW, H-TH, F-CW); Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan (I-WW); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M-KT); Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung (I-WW); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taiwan Landseed Hospital (H-CC); and Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan (H-CC, K-HH)
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Huang LY, Yeh HL, Yang MC, Shau WY, Su S, Lai MS. Therapeutic inertia and intensified treatment in diabetes mellitus prescription patterns: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. J Int Med Res 2016; 44:1263-1271. [PMID: 28322095 PMCID: PMC5536765 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516663095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To measure therapeutic inertia by characterizing prescription patterns using secondary data obtained from the nationwide diabetes mellitus pay-for-performance (DM-P4P) programme in Taiwan. Methods Using reimbursement claims from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, a nationwide retrospective cohort study was undertaken of patients with diabetes mellitus who participated in the DM-P4P programme from 2006–2008. Glycosylated haemoglobin results were used to evaluate modifications in therapy in response to poor diabetes control. Prescription patterns were used to assign patients to either a therapeutic inertia group or an intensified treatment group. Therapeutic inertia was defined as the failure to act on a known problem. Results The research sample comprised of 168 876 patients with diabetes mellitus who had undergone 899 135 tests. Of these, 37.4% (336 615 visits) of prescriptions were for a combination of two types of drug and 27.7% (248 788 visits) were for a combination of three types of drug. The proportion of patients in the intensified therapy group who were prescribed more than two types of drug was considerably higher than that in the therapeutic inertia group. Conclusion In many cases in the therapeutic inertia group only a single type of hypoglycaemic drug was prescribed or the dosage remained unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Huang
- 1 Division of Health Technology Assessment, Centre for Drug Evaluation, Taipei, Taiwan.,2 Graduate Institute of Health Care Organization Administration, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hseng-Long Yeh
- 3 School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,4 Department of Cardiology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Yang
- 2 Graduate Institute of Health Care Organization Administration, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Shau
- 1 Division of Health Technology Assessment, Centre for Drug Evaluation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Syi Su
- 2 Graduate Institute of Health Care Organization Administration, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Shu Lai
- 5 Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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Roland M, Dudley RA. How Financial and Reputational Incentives Can Be Used to Improve Medical Care. Health Serv Res 2015; 50 Suppl 2:2090-115. [PMID: 26573887 PMCID: PMC5338201 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Narrative review of the impact of pay-for-performance (P4P) and public reporting (PR) on health care outcomes, including spillover effects and impact on disparities. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The impact of P4P and PR is dependent on the underlying payment system (fee-for-service, salary, capitation) into which these schemes are introduced. Both have the potential to improve care, but they can also have substantial unintended consequences. Evidence from the behavioral economics literature suggests that individual physicians will vary in how they respond to incentives. We also discuss issues to be considered when including patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) or patient-reported experience measures into P4P and PR schemes. CONCLUSION We provide guidance to payers and policy makers on the design of P4P and PR programs so as to maximize their benefits and minimize their unintended consequences. These include involving clinicians in the design of the program, taking into account the payment system into which new incentives are introduced, designing the structure of reward programs to maximize the likelihood of intended outcomes and minimize the likelihood of unintended consequences, designing schemes that minimize the risk of increasing disparities, providing stability of incentives over some years, and including outcomes that are relevant to patients' priorities. In addition, because of the limitations of PR and P4P as effective interventions in their own right, it is important that they are combined with other policies and interventions intended to improve quality to maximize their likely impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roland
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - R Adams Dudley
- Center for Healthcare Value, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Cheng LJ, Chen JH, Lin MY, Chen LC, Lao CH, Luh H, Hwang SJ. A competing risk analysis of sequential complication development in Asian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15687. [PMID: 26507664 PMCID: PMC4623532 DOI: 10.1038/srep15687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective cohort study investigated the progression risk of sequential complication in Asian type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients using the Taiwan Pay-for-Performance Diabetes Registry and claim data from November 2003 to February 2009. 226,310 adult T2D patients without complication were followed from diagnosis to complications, including myocardial infarction (MI), other ischemic heart disease (IHD), congestive heart failure (CHF), stroke, chronic kidney disease (CKD), retinopathy, amputation, death or to the end of study. Cumulative incidences (CIs) of first and second complications were analyzed in 30 and 4 years using the cumulative incidence competing risk method. IHD (29.8%), CKD (24.5%) and stroke (16.0%) are the most common first complications. The further development of T2D complications depends on a patient’s existing complication profiles. Patients who initially developed cardiovascular complications had a higher risk (9.2% to 24.4%) of developing IHD or CKD, respectively. All-cause mortality was the most likely consequence for patients with a prior MI (12.0%), so as stroke in patients with a prior MI (10.8%) or IHD (8.9%). Patients with CKD had higher risk of developing IHD (16.3%), stroke (8.9%) and all-cause mortality (8.7%) than end-stage renal disease (4.0%). Following an amputation, patients had a considerable risk of all-cause mortality (42.1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jen Cheng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Huei Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,National Applied Research Laboratories, Instrument Technology Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chia Chen
- Division for Social Research in Medicines and Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Huan Lao
- Waikato Clinical School, The University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Hsing Luh
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Jyh Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faulty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Population Sciences, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
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Dusheiko M, Gravelle H, Martin S, Smith PC. Quality of Disease Management and Risk of Mortality in English Primary Care Practices. Health Serv Res 2015; 50:1452-71. [PMID: 25597263 PMCID: PMC4600356 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether better management of chronic conditions by family practices reduces mortality risk. DATA Two random samples of 5 million patients registered with over 8,000 English family practices followed up for 4 years (2004/5-2007/8). Measures of the quality of disease management for 10 conditions were constructed for each family practice for each year. The outcome measure was an indicator taking the value 1 if the patient died during a specified year, 0 otherwise. STUDY DESIGN Cross-section and multilevel panel data multiple logistic regressions were estimated. Covariates included age, gender, morbidity, hospitalizations, attributed socio-economic characteristics, and local health care supply measures. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Although a composite measure of the quality of disease management for all 10 conditions was significantly associated with lower mortality, only the quality of stroke care was significant when all 10 quality measures were entered in the regression. CONCLUSIONS The panel data results suggest that a 1 percent improvement in the quality of stroke care could reduce the annual number of deaths in England by 782 [95 percent CI: 423, 1140]. A longer study period may be necessary to detect any mortality impact of better management of other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dusheiko
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
- Institut d'économie et management de la santé, Internef Bureau 532 Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugh Gravelle
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Stephen Martin
- Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, York, UK
| | - Peter C Smith
- Imperial College Business School, Imperial College, London, UK
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Hsieh HM, Tsai SL, Mau LW, Chiu HC. Effects of Changes in Diabetes Pay-for-Performance Incentive Designs on Patient Risk Selection. Health Serv Res 2015; 51:667-86. [PMID: 26152649 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) Program implemented a Diabetes Pay-for-Performance Program (P4P) based on process-of-care measures in 2001. In late 2006, that P4P program was reformed to also include achievement of intermediate health outcomes. This study examined how the change in design affected patient risk selection. DESIGNS/STUDY POPULATIONS Study populations were identified from a 2002 to 2003 period (Phase 1) and a 2007 to 2008 period (Phase 2), spanning pre- and postimplementation of reforms in the P4P incentive design. Phase 1 had 74,529 newly enrolled P4P patients and 215,572 non-P4P patients, and Phase 2 had 76,901 newly enrolled P4P patients and 299,573 non-P4P patients. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the effect of changes in design on P4P patient selection. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Patients with greater disease severity and comorbidity were more likely to be excluded from the P4P program in both phases. Furthermore, the additional financial incentive for patients' intermediate outcomes moderately worsened patient risk selection. CONCLUSIONS Policy makers need to carefully monitor the care of the diabetes patients with more severe and complex disease statuses after the changes of P4P financial incentive design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Tsai
- National Health Insurance Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Wen Mau
- Patient & Health Professional Services, National Marrow Donor Organization, Edina, MN
| | - Herng-Chia Chiu
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Chen CC, Cheng SH. Does pay-for-performance benefit patients with multiple chronic conditions? Evidence from a universal coverage health care system. Health Policy Plan 2015; 31:83-90. [PMID: 25944704 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have examined the impact of pay-for-performance (P4P) programmes, yet little is known regarding their effects on continuity of care (COC) and the role of multiple chronic conditions (MCCs). This study aimed to examine the effects of a P4P programme for diabetes care on health care provision, COC and health care outcomes in diabetic patients with and without comorbid hypertension. METHODS This study utilized a large-scale natural experiment with a 4-year follow-up period under a compulsory universal health insurance programme in Taiwan. The intervention groups consisted of patients with diabetes who were enrolled in the P4P programme in 2005. The comparison groups were selected via propensity score matching with patients who were seen by the same group of physicians. A difference-in-differences analysis was conducted using generalized estimating equation models to examine the effects of the P4P programme. RESULTS Significant impacts were observed after the implementation of the P4P programme for diabetic patients with and without hypertension. The programme increased the number of necessary examinations/tests and improved the COC between patients and their physicians. The programme significantly reduced the likelihood of diabetes-related hospital admissions and emergency department visits [odds ratio (OR): 0.71; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63-0.80 for diabetic patients with hypertension; OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.64-0.86 for patients without hypertension]. However, the effects of the P4P programme diminished to some extent in the second year after its implementation. CONCLUSION This study suggests that a financial incentive programme may improve the provision of necessary health care, COC and health care outcomes for diabetic patients both with and without comorbid hypertension. Health authorities could develop policies to increase participation in P4P programmes and encourage continued improvement in health care outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chen Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan and
| | - Shou-Hsia Cheng
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) Program implemented a diabetes pay-for-performance program (P4P) based on process-of-care measures in 2001. In late 2006, that P4P program was revised to also include achievement of intermediate health outcomes. OBJECTIVES This study examined to what extent these 2 P4P incentive designs have been cost-effective and what the difference in effect may have been. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD Analyzing data using 3 population-based longitudinal databases (NHI's P4P dataset, NHI's claims database, and Taiwan's death registry), we compared costs and effectiveness between P4P and non-P4P diabetes patient groups in each phase. Propensity score matching was used to match comparable control groups for intervention groups. Outcomes included life-years, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), program intervention costs, cost-savings, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS QALYs for P4P patients and non-P4P patients were 2.08 and 1.99 in phase 1 and 2.08 and 2.02 in phase 2. The average incremental intervention costs per QALYs was TWD$335,546 in phase 1 and TWD$298,606 in phase 2. The average incremental all-cause medical costs saved by the P4P program per QALYs were TWD$602,167 in phase 1 and TWD$661,163 in phase 2. The findings indicated that both P4P programs were cost-effective and the resulting return on investment was 1.8:1 in phase 1 and 2.0:1 in phase 2. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the diabetes P4P program in both phases enabled the long-term cost-effective use of resources and cost-savings regardless of whether a bonus for intermediate outcome improvement was added to a process-based P4P incentive design.
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Ödesjö H, Anell A, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Thorn J, Björck S. Short-term effects of a pay-for-performance programme for diabetes in a primary care setting: an observational study. Scand J Prim Health Care 2015; 33:291-7. [PMID: 26671067 PMCID: PMC4750739 DOI: 10.3109/02813432.2015.1118834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A pay-for-performance (P4P) programme for primary care was introduced in 2011 by a Swedish county (with 1.6 million inhabitants). Effects on register entry practice and comparability of data for patients with diabetes mellitus were assessed. DESIGN AND SETTING Observational study analysing short-term outcomes before and after introduction of a P4P programme in the study county as compared with a reference county. SUBJECTS A total of 84 053 patients reported to the National Diabetes Register by 349 primary care units. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Completeness of data, level and target achievement of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP), and LDL cholesterol (LDL). RESULTS In the study county, newly recruited patients who were entered during the incentive programme were less well controlled than existing patients in the register - they had higher HbA1c (54.9 [54.5-55.4] vs. 53.7 [53.6-53.9] mmol/mol), BP, and LDL. The percentage of patients with entry of BP, HbA1c, LDL, albuminuria, and smoking increased in the study county but not in the reference county (+26.3% vs -1.5%). In the study county, with an incentive for BP < 130/80 mmHg, BP data entry behaviour was altered with an increased preference for sub-target BP values and a decline in zero end-digit readings (38.3% vs. 33.7%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION P4P led to increased register entry, increased completeness of data, and altered BP entry behaviour. Analysis of newly added patients and data shows that missing patients and data can cause performance to be overestimated. Potential effects on reporting quality should be considered when designing payment programmes. Key points A pay-for-performance programme, with a focus on data entry, was introduced in a primary care region in Sweden. Register data entry in the National Diabetes Register increased and registration behaviour was altered, especially for blood pressure. Newly entered patients and data during the incentive programme were less well controlled. Missing data in a quality register can cause performance to be overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ödesjö
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Primary Health Care, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
- CONTACT Helena Ödesjö Resident Physician, Primary Health Care Västra Götaland Region, Närhälsan Torslanda Vårdcentral, Nordhagsvägen 2A, 423 34 Torslanda, Sweden
| | - A. Anell
- Lund University School of Economics and Management, Sweden
| | - S. Gudbjörnsdottir
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J. Thorn
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Primary Health Care, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | - S. Björck
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hsu CC, Tai TY. Long-term glycemic control by a diabetes case-management program and the challenges of diabetes care in Taiwan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 106 Suppl 2:S328-32. [PMID: 25550062 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(14)70738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects on glycemic control of a diabetes care program focusing on case management and to discuss challenges in the quality of diabetes care in Taiwan. METHODS We randomized 1,060 study subjects recruited from the Diabetes Management through an Integrated Delivery System project in 2003-2005 into intervention (n = 789 from 27 clinics) and control (n = 271 from 7 clinics) groups. The quarterly self-care and nutrition-education program in the intervention group was delivered by case managers, and standard care was provided to the control group. The intervention program was conducted during 2003-2007. A multivariate mixed model analysis was used to assess the 3.5-year intervention effects on glycemic control. RESULTS Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level in the intervention group (especially for those with a baseline HbA1c level of 7-9% and >9%) was significantly lower than that in the control group 6 months after recruitment and remained lower through the subsequent three intervention years. CONCLUSIONS The current findings provide evidence that case management provided in the pay-for-performance (P4P) diabetes care program in Taiwan was effective at improving glycemic control for at least 3 years. However, previous research indicated poverty is associated with not only higher diabetes incidence but also inequality of diabetes care in Taiwan despite universal health coverage. Those with a more severe condition were less likely to be enrolled in the P4P diabetes care program. Additional cost-effectiveness studies and more health policy reforms are needed to optimize diabetes care in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Tong-Yuan Tai
- Taipei Jen-Chi Relief Institution, Taipei, Taiwan; Formosan Diabetes Care Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
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Harrison MJ, Dusheiko M, Sutton M, Gravelle H, Doran T, Roland M. Effect of a national primary care pay for performance scheme on emergency hospital admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions: controlled longitudinal study. BMJ 2014; 349:g6423. [PMID: 25389120 PMCID: PMC4228282 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g6423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the impact of a national primary care pay for performance scheme, the Quality and Outcomes Framework in England, on emergency hospital admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs). DESIGN Controlled longitudinal study. SETTING English National Health Service between 1998/99 and 2010/11. PARTICIPANTS Populations registered with each of 6975 family practices in England. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Year specific differences between trend adjusted emergency hospital admission rates for incentivised ACSCs before and after the introduction of the Quality and Outcomes Framework scheme and two comparators: non-incentivised ACSCs and non-ACSCs. RESULTS Incentivised ACSC admissions showed a relative reduction of 2.7% (95% confidence interval 1.6% to 3.8%) in the first year of the Quality and Outcomes Framework compared with ACSCs that were not incentivised. This increased to a relative reduction of 8.0% (6.9% to 9.1%) in 2010/11. Compared with conditions that are not regarded as being influenced by the quality of ambulatory care (non-ACSCs), incentivised ACSCs also showed a relative reduction in rates of emergency admissions of 2.8% (2.0% to 3.6%) in the first year increasing to 10.9% (10.1% to 11.7%) by 2010/11. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of a major national pay for performance scheme for primary care in England was associated with a decrease in emergency admissions for incentivised conditions compared with conditions that were not incentivised. Contemporaneous health service changes seem unlikely to have caused the sharp change in the trajectory of incentivised ACSC admissions immediately after the introduction of the Quality and Outcomes Framework. The decrease seems larger than would be expected from the changes in the process measures that were incentivised, suggesting that the pay for performance scheme may have had impacts on quality of care beyond the directly incentivised activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Harrison
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, UK Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark Dusheiko
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK Institute for Health Economics and Management, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matt Sutton
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Hugh Gravelle
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tim Doran
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Roland
- Cambridge Centre for Health Services Research, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
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The role of foot self-care behavior on developing foot ulcers in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy: a prospective study. Int J Nurs Stud 2014; 51:1568-74. [PMID: 24866324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although foot self-care behavior is viewed as beneficial for the prevention of diabetic foot ulceration, the effect of foot self-care behavior on the development of diabetic foot ulcer has received little empirical investigation. OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between foot self-care practice and the development of diabetic foot ulcers among diabetic neuropathy patients in northern Taiwan. METHODS A longitudinal study was conducted at one medical center and one teaching hospital in northern Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS A total of 295 diabetic patients who lacked sensitivity to a monofilament were recruited. Five subjects did not provide follow-up data; thus, only the data of 290 subjects were analyzed. The mean age was 67.0 years, and 72.1% had six or fewer years of education. METHODS Data were collected by a modified version of the physical assessment portion of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument and the Diabetes Foot Self-Care Behavior Scale. Cox regression was used to analyze the predictive power of foot self-care behaviors. RESULTS A total of 29.3% (n=85) of diabetic neuropathy patients developed a diabetic foot ulcer by the one-year follow-up. The total score on the Diabetes Foot Self-Care Behavior Scale was significantly associated with the risk of developing foot ulcers (HR=1.04, 95% CI=1.01-1.07, p=0.004). After controlling for the demographic variables and the number of diabetic foot ulcer hospitalizations, however, the effect was non-significant (HR=1.03, 95% CI=1.00-1.06, p=0.061). Among the foot self-care behaviors, lotion-applying behavior was the only variable that significantly predicted the occurrence of diabetic foot ulcer, even after controlling for demographic variables and diabetic foot ulcer predictors (neuropathy severity, number of diabetic foot ulcer hospitalizations, insulin treatment, and peripheral vascular disease; HR=1.19, 95% CI=1.04-1.36, p=0.012). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with diabetic neuropathy, foot self-care practice may be insufficient to prevent the occurrence of diabetic foot ulcer. Instead, lotion-applying behavior predicted the occurrence of diabetic foot ulcers in diabetic patients with neuropathy. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanism of lotion-applying behavior as it relates to the occurrence of diabetic foot ulcer.
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Meredith SE, Jarvis BP, Raiff BR, Rojewski AM, Kurti A, Cassidy RN, Erb P, Sy JR, Dallery J. The ABCs of incentive-based treatment in health care: a behavior analytic framework to inform research and practice. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2014; 7:103-14. [PMID: 24672264 PMCID: PMC3964160 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s59792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavior plays an important role in health promotion. Exercise, smoking cessation, medication adherence, and other healthy behavior can help prevent, or even treat, some diseases. Consequently, interventions that promote healthy behavior have become increasingly common in health care settings. Many of these interventions award incentives contingent upon preventive health-related behavior. Incentive-based interventions vary considerably along several dimensions, including who is targeted in the intervention, which behavior is targeted, and what type of incentive is used. More research on the quantitative and qualitative features of many of these variables is still needed to inform treatment. However, extensive literature on basic and applied behavior analytic research is currently available to help guide the study and practice of incentive-based treatment in health care. In this integrated review, we discuss how behavior analytic research and theory can help treatment providers design and implement incentive-based interventions that promote healthy behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Meredith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brantley P Jarvis
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bethany R Raiff
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Alana M Rojewski
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Allison Kurti
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rachel N Cassidy
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Philip Erb
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jolene R Sy
- Saint Louis University School of Social work, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jesse Dallery
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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