Survival of Chinese patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension in the modern treatment era

Long-term trends in the burden of pulmonary arterial hypertension in China and worldwide: new insights based on GBD 2021

Background

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) poses a significant health challenge globally, with China experiencing a notable increase in its burden. Understanding the trends and factors contributing to PAH is crucial for developing effective public health strategies.

Methods

This study utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database to estimate the burden of PAH in China and worldwide from 1990 to 2021. A Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was employed to analyze differences in PAH burden across age, gender, and time periods, and to project global epidemiological trends until 2036.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the incidence and prevalence of PAH in China increased by 80.59% and 86.74%, respectively. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) showed an annual percentage change (AAPC) of -0.07% and 0.25%, respectively. Conversely, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) have been declining since 1990, with AAPC of -1.90% and -1.26%, respectively. Females and the 50-70 years age group experienced a higher PAH burden compared to males. Projections indicate that ASPR, ASMR, and age-standardized death rate (ASDR) will stabilize with minimal variation over the next decade.

Discussion

The findings highlight the age-related burden of PAH in China, particularly affecting older populations and women. The projected stabilization of PAH metrics over the next decade underscores the need for continued monitoring and targeted interventions. This study's comprehensive analysis of PAH burden over three decades provides valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare providers, necessitating concerted efforts to address this critical health issue.

Performance of Risk-Stratification Scores for Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Population

Guidelines recommend risk stratification of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients to guide management. There are currently several risk stratification scores available, which have largely been validated in various pulmonary hypertension registries in the West but not in Asia. We aim to study the performance of these different risk scores in PAH patients from a multi-ethnic Asian population. A retrospective review of all PAH patients from Jan 2014 to Jun 2021 from a tertiary cardiac center was performed. Mortality outcomes were obtained from national registries. Using the 2022 ESC/ERS, REVEAL Lite 2.0 and COMPERA 2.0 risk scores, patients were classified into different risk strata at baseline and at follow-up and changes in any risk strata recorded. The prognosis of patients based on these factors was compared. A total of 153 patients (mean age: 57 ± 17 years; 117 women; 94 Chinese, 33 Malay, 19 Indian) were included. All three scores showed significant difference in mortality outcomes between the different risk strata both at baseline and at follow-up (p < 0.05), with the highest risk group showing the highest mortality. Patients who worsened to or remained at intermediate/high-risk generally had a worse prognosis than those who remained stable at or improved to low-risk strata. The 2022 ESC/ERS and COMPERA 2.0 risk scores had C-statistics of 0.73 (0.58-0.88) and 0.80 (0.72-0.88), respectively, for predicting 1-year mortality. Serial risk stratification is a useful tool in prognosticating Asian PAH patients and may play an important role in guiding therapeutic management.

A Qualitative Study on the Experiences of Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension Undergoing Polypharmacy

Aims/Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe progressive disease characterized by elevated blood pressure in the lungs. Medications are a critical form of treatment for patients with PH. This study aims to explore the experiences of patients with PH undergoing polypharmacy, thereby providing a more concrete foundation for formulating targeted intervention measures. Methods A purposive sampling method was used to select 13 PH patients treated in a grade III hospital in Zhejiang Province from December 2023 to February 2024 as the research subjects. This study is a descriptive qualitative research design, where the patients were interviewed face-to-face in a semi-structured manner. The data were analyzed, summarized and extracted using the traditional content analysis method. Results There were five themes and ten sub-themes surrounding the polypharmacy experiences of the PH patients: (1) Negative emotional experience of multidrug use, including lack of disease-related medication knowledge and insufficient ability to obtain medication information; (2) Complex physical testing of multiple drugs, including adverse reactions and complex dose titration; (3) Economic burden; (4) Coping difficulties, including insufficient drug safety, excessive reliance on medical personnel, and lack of opportunities for deep participation; (5) Desire for supports, including professional and social support, as well as those from family, colleagues and classmates. Conclusion Disease, treatment, psychological factors, and social customs affect PH patients' drug use post-diagnosis, with varying experiences and degrees. Healthcare providers must offer tailored care and practical strategies for managing multiple drug use, considering patients' unique experiences and needs.

Trends and levels of the global, regional, and national burden of pulmonary arterial hypertension from 1990 to 2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021

Background

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe and progressive lung disease that significantly impairs patients' health and imposes heavy clinical and economic burdens. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive epidemiological analysis on the global burden and trends of PAH.

Methods

We estimated the prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of PAH from 1990 to 2021 using the results of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). The average annual percentage changes were used to estimate the trends of PAH across 21 regions and 204 countries and territories.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the number of prevalent cases and deaths associated with PAH worldwide increased by 81.5 and 48.4%. However, the age-standardized prevalence rate of PAH remained relatively stable, while the age-standardized mortality rate and DALYs declined. In 2021, the global age-standardized prevalence rate of PAH was 2.28 per 100,000, with 1.78 per 100,000 in males and 2.75 per 100,000 in females. The age-standardized mortality rate of PAH globally was 0.27 per 100,000, and the age-standardized DALYs was 8.24 per 100,000. Among the 21 regions, Western Europe had the highest age-standardized prevalence rate (3.56 per 100,000), while North Africa and the Middle East had the highest age-standardized mortality rate (0.44 per 100,000) and DALYs (14.81 per 100,000). Additionally, older individuals and females are at higher risk of PAH. The age-standardized mortality rate and DALYs associated with PAH increase with age, peaking in the 95+ age group. As the sociodemographic index increased, the age-standardized prevalence rates showed an upward trend, while both the age-standardized mortality rates and DALYs exhibited a downward trend.

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2021, the overall trend of PAH burden presents regional and national variations and differs by age, sex, and sociodemographic index. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing targeted interventions to alleviate the burden of PAH.

In-hospital outcomes of cardiac tamponade in patients with pulmonary hypertension: A contemporary analysis

BACKGROUND

Cardiac tamponade (CT) has an atypical presentation in patients with underlying pulmonary hypertension (PH). Evidence regarding the impact of PH on CT in-hospital outcomes is lacking.

METHODS

We used the National Inpatient Sample database to identify adult hospitalizations with a diagnosis of CT between 2016 and 2020, using relevant ICD-10 diagnostic codes. Baseline characteristics and in-hospital outcomes were compared in patients with and without a PH. Multivariate logistic regression analyses and case-control matching were performed, adjusting for age, race, gender, and statistically significant co-morbidities between cohorts.

RESULTS

A total of 110,285 inpatients with CT were included, of which 8,670 had PH. Patients with PH tended to be older (66 ± 15.7) and female (52.5%), had significantly higher rates of hypertension (74% vs 65%), CAD (36.9% vs. 29.6%), CKD (39% vs 23%), DM (32.1%, vs. 26.9%), chronic heart failure (19.0% vs 9.7%) and COPD (26% vs 18%)(P<0.001 for all). After multivariate logistic regression, PH was associated with higher all-cause mortality (aOR 1.29; 95% CI: 1.11-1.49), higher rates of cardiogenic shock (aOR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01-1.41), ventricular arrythmias (aOR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.33-2.01), longer length of stay (11 days vs 15 days), and higher total hospitalization costs ($228,314 vs $327,429) in patients presenting with CT. Despite pericardiocentesis being associated with lower in-hospital mortality, patients with PH were less likely to undergo pericardiocentesis (aOR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.69-0.86).

CONCLUSION

PH was associated to increased in-hospital mortality and a higher rate of cardiovascular complications in an inpatient population with CT. Pericardiocentesis was associated with reduced mortality in patients with CT, regardless of whether they had PH. However, patients with PH underwent pericardiocentesis less frequently than those without PH.

A Single Center Experience of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Management in Korea: A 25-Year Comparative Analysis Following the Introduction of Targeted Therapy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The transformation of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) treatment in Korea, ushered by targeted therapy's advent, prompted our analysis of baseline attributes, treatment trends, and survival shifts within our single-center registry.

METHODS

We examined 230 patients (72.6% female, mean age 40.6±17.4 years) diagnosed and/or treated between 1980 and 2021 in our PAH clinic. Given targeted therapy's introduction and active use since 2007, we compared diagnostic classification, demographics, and treatment patterns at that juncture. Survival analysis encompassed PAH types and the overall population. For historical survival comparison, 50 non-registry patients were retrospectively added, and age-sex matching enabled pooled analysis.

RESULTS

Congenital heart disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (CHD-PAH) constituted the largest subset (43.0%), trailed by connective tissue disease-associated PAH (CTD-PAH, 29.6%) and idiopathic PAH (IPAH, 19.1%). Post-2007, CTD-PAH proportions surged, notably with an elevated initiation rate of targeted therapy (95.4%). Overall survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years stood at 91.3%, 77.4%, and 65.8%, respectively, with CHD-PAH exhibiting superior survival to idiopathic or CTD-PAH. Age-sex matching analysis indicated survival disparities between those starting immediate targeted therapy vs. conservative treatment upon diagnosis, especially driven by IPAH.

CONCLUSIONS

In the post-introduction of the targeted therapy era, patients with PAH promptly started treatment right away, and higher survival rates of patients who started initial PAH-targeted therapy were demonstrated. The transition towards early treatment initiation might have likely contributed to the elevated survival rates observed in Korea's PAH patient cohort.

Genetics and precision genomics approaches to pulmonary hypertension

Considerable progress has been made in the genomics of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) since the 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension, with the identification of rare variants in several novel genes, as well as common variants that confer a modest increase in PAH risk. Gene and variant curation by an expert panel now provides a robust framework for knowing which genes to test and how to interpret variants in clinical practice. We recommend that genetic testing be offered to specific subgroups of symptomatic patients with PAH, and to children with certain types of group 3 pulmonary hypertension (PH). Testing of asymptomatic family members and the use of genetics in reproductive decision-making require the involvement of genetics experts. Large cohorts of PAH patients with biospecimens now exist and extension to non-group 1 PH has begun. However, these cohorts are largely of European origin; greater diversity will be essential to characterise the full extent of genomic variation contributing to PH risk and treatment responses. Other types of omics data are also being incorporated. Furthermore, to advance gene- and pathway-specific care and targeted therapies, gene-specific registries will be essential to support patients and their families and to lay the foundation for genetically informed clinical trials. This will require international outreach and collaboration between patients/families, clinicians and researchers. Ultimately, harmonisation of patient-derived biospecimens, clinical and omic information, and analytic approaches will advance the field.

New Incremental Model for Predicting Mortality in Pre-Capillary Pulmonary Hypertension

BACKGROUND

In pulmonary hypertension (PH), the identification of easily obtainable prognostic markers associated with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and survival is needed.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association of red cell distribution width (RDW) with clinical, echocardiographic parameters and survival in patients with pre-capillary PH, with the development of a mortality prediction model.

METHODS

Observational, longitudinal, and prospective study conducted from May 2019 to December 2022. Thirty-four patients with pre-capillary PH underwent two-dimensional echocardiography and complete blood count. A cutoff point of 14.5% was considered to define RDW as altered (≥14.5%) or normal (<14.5%). P values <0.05 were considered significant.

RESULTS

The median RDW was 14.4%. There was a significant difference in peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) (p=0.028), RV strain (p=0.047), and pericardial effusion (p=0.002) between the normal and elevated RDW groups. During a median follow-up of 15 months, 20.6% died. Patients with increased RDW had a shorter overall survival (44.7%, log-rank p=0.019), which was a predictor of mortality in univariate Cox regression (HR 8.55, p=0.048). The addition of RV strain <16% and SpO2 ≤93% to the model including RDW alone showed incremental value in predicting mortality (χ2=8.2, p=0.049; χ2=12.4, p=0.041), with increased area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.729 vs. 0.837 vs. 0.909) and decreased probability of survival (44.7% vs. 35.6% vs. 25%, log-rank p=0.019).

CONCLUSIONS

RDW provides information on the severity of pre-capillary PH by correlating with echocardiographic parameters of RV dysfunction and mortality, which is best predicted by a model including RDW, RV strain and SpO2.

Treatment strategies and survival of patients with connective tissue disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension: a COMPERA analysis

OBJECTIVES

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) occurs in various connective tissue diseases (CTDs). We sought to assess contemporary treatment patterns and survival of patients with various forms of CTD-PAH.

METHODS

We analysed data from COMPERA, a European pulmonary hypertension registry, to describe treatment strategies and survival in patients with newly diagnosed PAH associated with SSc, SLE, MCTD, UCTD and other types of CTD. All-cause mortality was analysed according to the underlying CTD. For patients with SSc-PAH, we also assessed survival according to initial therapy with endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs), phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5is) or a combination of these two drug classes.

RESULTS

This analysis included 607 patients with CTD-PAH. Survival estimates at 1, 3 and 5 years for SSc-PAH (n = 390) were 85%, 59% and 42%; for SLE-PAH (n = 34) they were 97%, 77% and 61%; for MCTD-PAH (n = 33) they were 97%, 70% and 59%; for UCTD-PAH (n = 60) they were 88%, 67% and 52%; and for other CTD-PAH (n = 90) they were 92%, 69% and 55%, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, the survival of patients with SSc-PAH was significantly worse compared with the other conditions (P = 0.001). In these patients, the survival estimates were significantly better with initial ERA-PDE5i combination therapy than with initial ERA or PDE5i monotherapy (P = 0.016 and P = 0.012, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Mortality remains high in patients with CTD-PAH, especially for patients with SSc-PAH. However, for patients with SSc-PAH, our results suggest that long-term survival may be improved with initial ERA-PDE5i combination therapy compared with initial monotherapy.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue diseases (CTD-PAH): Recent and advanced data

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), corresponding to group 1 of pulmonary hypertension classification, is a rare disease with a major prognostic impact on morbidity and mortality. PAH can be either primary in idiopathic and heritable forms or secondary to other conditions including connective tissue diseases (CTD-PAH). Within CTD-PAH, the leading cause of PAH is systemic sclerosis (SSc) in Western countries, whereas systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) are predominantly associated with PAH in Asia. Although many advances have been made during the last two decades regarding classification, definition early screening and risk stratification and therapeutic aspects with initial combination treatment, the specificities of CTD-PAH are not yet clear. In this manuscript, we review recent literature data regarding the updated definition and classification of PAH, pathogenesis, epidemiology, detection, prognosis and treatment of CTD-PAH.

Demographic, hemodynamic characteristics, and therapeutic trends of pulmonary hypertension patients: The Pulmonary Hypertension Mexican registry (REMEHIP)

Data on demographic characteristics and therapeutic approaches in Latin American pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients are scarce. Pulmonary Hypertension Mexican registry (REMEHIP) is a multicenter Mexican registry of adult and pediatric patients, including prevalent and incident cases. Objective: assess clinical characteristics, treatment trends, and in-hospital outcomes. Inclusion: age >2 years, diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) (groups 1 and 4), right heart catheterization with mPAP ≥25 mmHg, PWP ≤ 15 mmHg, and PVR > 3 Wood unit (WU). We included 875 PH patients, 619 adults, 133 pediatric idiopathic PAH (IPAH), and 123 chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients. We enrolled 48.4% of the incident and 51.6% of the prevalent adult and pediatric patients. PAH adults: age 43 ± 15, females 81.9%, functional class (FC) (I/II) 66.5%, 6-min walk distance (6MWD) 378 ± 112 m, mPAP 57.3 ± 19.0 mmHg, confidence interval (CI) 3.3 ± 1.5 L/min/m2, PVR 12.0 ± 8.1 WU. PAH pediatrics: age 9 ± 5, females 51.1%, FC (I/II) 85.5%, 6MWD 376 ± 103 m, mPAP 49.7 ± 13.4 mmHg, CI 2.6 ± 0.9 L/min/m2, PVR 16.4 ± 13.5 WU. CTEPH: age 44 ± 17, females 56.1%, FC (I/II) 65.5%, 6MWD 369 ± 126 m, mPAP 49.7 ± 13.4 mmHg, CI 2.6 ± 0.9 L/min/m2, PVR 10.5 + 6.5 WU. When we analyzed the IPAH group separately, it sustained a high functional class I/II incidence. REMEHIP shows better functional class in young females with severe PAH than in American and European patients. Also, PAH pediatric patients had a better functional class than other registries. However, our registry also shows that our population's access to specific pharmacologic treatments is still far from optimal.

'Fear, uncertain, tired…...' psychological distress among pulmonary hypertension patients: a qualitative interview study

BACKGROUND

Patient-centered health care for patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) is important and requires an understanding of patient experiences. However, there is a lack of approaches to examine what's the effects and how the disease impact patients' psychological well-beings.

METHODS

We conducted qualitative interviews with PH patient representatives to understand patient psychological experiences and inform patient-centered research and care. Participants were chosen from a tertiary hospital located in northwest China. 20 patients with PH who be treated at the hospital (13 participants were women, aged 18-74 years) were strategically selected and individually interviewed. We used qualitative analysis to identify themes relating to existential psychological distress that would clarify the nature of such concerns.

RESULTS

We found that patients experience tremendous psychological distress throughout the treatment process. Four categories that describe patients' psychological experiences emerged: burden of PH treatment, fear and uncertainty about the disease, frustration in social and family role, and lack of recognition of the condition.

CONCLUSIONS

Existential concerns are salient in PH and involve the experience of loss and disruptions to the sense of self and relationships. Healthcare practitioners must work more in collaboration to detect patients' need for support and to develop the patient's own skills to manage daily life. The PH teams should tailor interventions to provide emotional, informational and instrumental support and guidance to patients.

10-year survival of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease: insights from a multicentre PAH registry

OBJECTIVES

To report the 10-year survival rate and prognostic factors of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with CTD (CTD-PAH) patients, to compare treatment and survival between patients enrolled before and after 2015, and to validate the discrimination of the recommended four-strata model in predicting 10-year survival at follow-up in Chinese CTD-PAH patients.

METHODS

This study was derived from a Chinese national multicentre prospective registry study from 2009 to 2019. Medical records were collected at baseline and follow-up, including PAH-targeted therapy and binary therapy (both CTD and PAH-targeted therapy).

RESULTS

A total of 266 CTD-PAH patients were enrolled and the 10-year survival rate was 59.9% (median follow-up time: 4.85 years). Underlying CTD (SSc), baseline 6-min walking distance and SaO2 were independent risk factors for 10-year survival. The proportion of patients receiving PAH-targeted combination therapy increased from 10.1% (2009-2014) to 26.5% (2015-2019) and that of binary therapy increased from 14.8% to 35%. The 1-year survival rate increased from 89.8% (2009-2014) to 93.9%, and the 3-year survival rate increased from 80.1% (2009-2014) to 86.5% (both P > 0.05). The four-strata strategy performed well in predicting 10-year survival at follow-up (C-index = 0.742).

CONCLUSION

The 10-year survival rate of CTD-PAH patients was reported for the first time. The 10-year prognosis was poor, but there was a tendency for more standardized treatment and better survival in patients enrolled after 2015. The recommended four-strata model at follow-up can effectively predict 10-year survival in CTD-PAH patients.

Lung Transplantation: A Viable Option for Connective Tissue Disease?

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) caused by connective tissue disease (CTD) are one of the main causes of morbidity and death in patients. Although the International Society for Heart & Lung Transplant suggested that ILD and PH related to CTD are rare indications for lung transplantation in 2006, many lung transplantation centers are concerned that the multisystem involvement of CTD will affect survival outcomes after lung transplantation, and CTD is regarded as a relative contraindication for lung transplantation. However, long-term and short-term survival after lung transplantation in CTD patients is similar compared with survival in common indications for lung transplantation such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and no higher incidence of complications after transplantation in many lung transplant centers. This suggests that lung transplantation may be beneficial in CTD patients with disease that progresses to end-stage lung disease, and CTD should not be considered a contraindication for lung transplantation. In the future, more prospective studies are needed to analyze the risk factors of lung transplantation in CTD patients to improve survival rates and reduce the risk of complications. This narrative review summarizes the selection and evaluation of candidates for CTD before lung transplantation and describes the clinical outcomes in CTD after lung transplantation in large-capacity lung transplantation center. The purpose of this review is to help rheumatologists decide when to refer patients with CTD-related lung involvement to a lung transplantation center and the conditions to consider before transplantation and to provide confidence to lung transplant experts.

FUT8-Mediated Core Fucosylation Promotes the Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive cardiopulmonary disease with unclear underlying molecular mechanisms and limited therapeutic options. This study aimed to explore the role of core fucosylation and the only glycosyltransferase FUT8 in PAH. We observed increased core fucosylation in a monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rat model and isolated rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) treated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). We found that 2-fluorofucose (2FF), a drug used to inhibit core fucosylation, improved hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular remodeling in MCT-induced PAH rats. In vitro, 2FF effectively restrains the proliferation, migration, and phenotypic switching of PASMCs and promotes apoptosis. Compared with controls, serum FUT8 concentration in PAH patients and MCT-induced rats was significantly elevated. FUT8 expression appeared increased in the lung tissues of PAH rats, and the co-localization of FUT8 with α-SMA was also observed. SiRNA was used to knockdown FUT8 in PASMCs (siFUT8). After effectively silencing FUT8 expression, phenotypic changes induced in PASMCs by PDGF-BB stimulation were alleviated. FUT8 activated the AKT pathway, while the admission of AKT activator SC79 could partially counteract the negative effect of siFUT8 on the proliferation, apoptotic resistance, and phenotypic switching of PASMCs, which may be involved in the core fucosylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). Our research confirmed the critical role of FUT8 and its mediated core fucosylation in pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH, providing a potential novel therapeutic target for PAH.

Real-world evidence to advance knowledge in pulmonary hypertension: Status, challenges, and opportunities. A consensus statement from the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute's Innovative Drug Development Initiative's Real-world Evidence Working Group

This manuscript on real-world evidence (RWE) in pulmonary hypertension (PH) incorporates the broad experience of members of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute's Innovative Drug Development Initiative Real-World Evidence Working Group. We aim to strengthen the research community's understanding of RWE in PH to facilitate clinical research advances and ultimately improve patient care. Herein, we review real-world data (RWD) sources, discuss challenges and opportunities when using RWD sources to study PH populations, and identify resources needed to support the generation of meaningful RWE for the global PH community.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of selexipag for the combined treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Objective: Adding selexipag to the combined treatment of endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) reduces the risk of clinical worsening events in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) but at a considerably higher cost. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of adding selexipag to the combined treatment of ERA and PDE5i in patients with PAH from a Chinese healthcare system perspective. Methods: A Markov model was developed to assess costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of macitentan + tadalafil + selexipag vs. macitentan + tadalafil for the treatment of PAH. Markov states included WHO Functional Class (FC) (I-IV) and death. Transition probabilities were based on data from the TRITON trial. Mortality rates, costs, and utilities were obtained from published literature and public databases. Results: In the base case analysis, compared with macitentan + tadalafil, selexipag + macitentan + tadalafil increased costs ($357,807.588 vs. $116,534.543, respectively) and QALYs (7.234 QALYs vs. 6.666 QALYs, respectively). The resulting incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $424,746.070 per QALY, which was higher than the willingness-to-pay (WTP) of $38,223.339 per QALY. The results were most sensitive to HR for mortality of patients with FC IV relative to the general population, discount rate, and the cost of selexipag. The probability was greater than 50% for the selexipag + macitentan + tadalafil only if the WTP was more significant than $426,019.200 per QALY. Conclusion: In China, adding selexipag may not be cost-effective for patients with PAH who failed to control their condition after combined treatment of ERA and PDE5i. Results of the analysis can aid discussions on the value and position of selexipag for the combined treatment of PAH.

Differential expression spectrum and targeted gene prediction of tRNA-derived small RNAs in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a potentially fatal pulmonary vascular disease with an extremely poor natural course. The limitations of current treatment and the unclear etiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic PAH require new targets and avenues of exploration involved in the pathogenesis of PAH. tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a new type of small non-coding RNAs, have a significant part in the progress of diverse diseases. However, the potential functions behind tsRNAs in idiopathic PAH remain unknown. Methods: Small RNA microarray was implemented on three pairs of plasma of idiopathic PAH patients and healthy controls to investigate and compare tsRNAs expression profiles. Validation samples were used for real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) to verify several dysregulated tsRNAs. Bioinformatic analysis was adopted to determine potential target genes and mechanisms of the validated tsRNAs in PAH. Results: Microarray detected 816 statistically significantly dysregulated tsRNAs, of which 243 tsRNAs were upregulated and 573 were downregulated in PAH. Eight validated tsRNAs in the results of Real-time PCR were concordant with the small RNA microarray: four upregulated (tRF3a-AspGTC-9, 5'tiRNA-31-GluCTC-16, i-tRF-31:54-Val-CAC-1 and tRF3b-TyrGTA-4) and four downregulated (5'tiRNA-33-LysTTT-4, i-tRF-8:32-Val-AAC-2, i-tRF-2:30-His-GTG-1, and i-tRF-15:31-Lys-CTT-1). The Gene Ontology analysis has shown that the verified tsRNAs are related to cellular macromolecule metabolic process, regulation of cellular process, and regulation of cellular metabolic process. It is disclosed that potential target genes of verified tsRNAs are widely involved in PAH pathways by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Conclusion: This study investigated tsRNA profiles in idiopathic PAH and found that the dysregulated tsRNAs may become a novel type of biomarkers and possible targets for PAH.

Improving long-term care and outcomes of congenital heart disease: fulfilling the promise of a healthy life

Advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for congenital heart disease (CHD), the most common birth defect in China, have drastically improved survival for individuals with the disease. However, China's current health system is not well prepared to manage the growing population of people with CHD and their complex medical needs, which range from early detection of the condition and intervention for physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychosocial impairment, to long-term management of major complications and chronic health problems. Health disparities caused by long-standing regional differences in access to care pose challenges when major complications such as pulmonary hypertension arise, and when individuals with complex CHD become pregnant and give birth. Currently, no data sources track neonates, children, adolescents, and adults with CHD in China and delineate their clinical characteristics and use of health resources. This scarcity of data should warrant attention from the Chinese Government and relevant specialists in the field. In the third paper of the Series on CHD in China, we summarise key literature and current data to identify knowledge gaps and call for concerted efforts by the government, hospitals, clinicians, industries, and charitable organisations to develop an actionable, lifelong framework of congenital cardiac care that is accessible and affordable for all individuals with CHD. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

The First Pulmonary Hypertension Registry in the United Arab Emirates (UAEPH): Clinical Characteristics, Hemodynamic Parameters with Focus on Treatment and Outcomes for Patients with Group 1-PH

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to present the first United Arab Emirates pulmonary hypertension registry of patients' clinical characteristics, hemodynamic parameters and treatment outcomes.

METHOD

This is a retrospective study describing all the adult patients who underwent a right heart catheterization for evaluation of pulmonary hypertension (PH) between January 2015 and December 2021 in a tertiary referral center in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

RESULTS

A total of 164 consecutive patients were diagnosed with PH during the five years of the study. Eighty-three patients (50.6%) were World Symposium PH Group 1-PH; nineteen patients (11.6%) were Group 2-PH due to left heart disease; twenty-three patients (14.0%) were Group 3-PH due to chronic lung disease; thirty-four patients (20.7%) were Group 4-PH due to chronic thromboembolic lung disease, and five patients (3.0%) were Group 5-PH. Among Group 1-PH, twenty-five (30%) had idiopathic, twenty-seven (33%) had connective tissue disease, twenty-six (31%) had congenital heart disease, and five patients (6%) had porto-pulmonary hypertension. The median follow-up was 55.6 months. Most of the patients were started on dual then sequentially escalated to triple combination therapy. The 1-, 3- and 5-year cumulative probabilities of survival for Group 1-PH were 86% (95% CI, 75-92%), 69% (95% CI, 54-80%) and 69% (95% CI, 54-80%).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first registry of Group 1-PH from a single tertiary referral center in the UAE. Our cohort was younger with a higher percentage of patients with congenital heart disease compared to cohorts from Western countries but similar to registries from other Asian countries. Mortality is comparable to other major registries. Adopting the new guideline recommendations and improving the availability and adherence to medications are likely to play a significant role in improving outcomes in the future.

Pulmonary hypertension in remote and disadvantaged population: overcoming unique challenges for improved outcomes

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common and debilitating medical condition with high mortality. PH research has traditionally focused on pulmonary arterial hypertension and its management in expert PH centres. Other forms of PH such as PH associated with cardiac or respiratory disease are more common, less well-understood and associated with higher mortality. Epidemiology of PH in disadvantaged, remote and rural regions, remains largely undocumented. In this review, we discuss the unique challenges in identifying PH in rural and disadvantaged populations using the Top End region of the Northern Territory of Australia as an example. We propose a simple diagnostic approach, ideally suited to regions where resource allocation is scarce, using clinical skills, echocardiography, and an escalation algorithm. The brief history, epidemiology and current literature on PH are summarised to inform the busy clinicians. We highlight two case examples from the Top End to illustrate the challenges and potential solutions.

Native T1 Mapping-Based Radiomics for Noninvasive Prediction of the Therapeutic Effect of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

(1) Background: Novel markers for predicting the short-term therapeutic effect of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) to assist in the prompt initiation of tailored treatment strategies are greatly needed and highly desirable. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) native T1 mapping radiomics in predicting the short-term therapeutic effect in PAH patients; (2) Methods: Fifty-five PAH patients who received targeted therapy were retrospectively included. Patients were subdivided into an effective group and an ineffective group by assessing the therapeutic effect after ≥3 months of treatment. All patients underwent CMR examinations prior to the beginning of the therapy. Radiomics features from native T1 mapping images were extracted. A radiomics model was constructed using the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm for predicting the therapeutic effect; (3) Results: The SVM radiomics model revealed favorable performance for predicting the therapeutic effect with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.955 in the training cohort and 0.893 in the test cohort, respectively. With the optimal cutoff value, the radiomics model showed accuracies of 0.909 and 0.818 in the training and test cohorts, respectively; (4) Conclusions: The CMR native T1 mapping-based radiomics model holds promise for predicting the therapeutic effect in PAH patients.

Pulmonary Hypertension Definition, Classification, and Epidemiology in Asia

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is caused by a range of conditions and is important to recognize as it is associated with increased mortality. Pulmonary arterial hypertension refers to a group of PH subtypes affecting the distal pulmonary arteries for which effective treatment is available. The hemodynamic definition of pulmonary arterial hypertension has recently changed which may lead to greater case recognition and earlier treatment. The prevalence of specific PH etiologies may differ depending on geographic region. PH caused by left heart disease is the most common cause of PH worldwide. In Asia, there is greater proportion of congenital heart disease- and connective tissue disease- (especially systemic lupus erythematosus) related PH relative to the West. This review summarizes the definition, classification, and epidemiology of PH as it pertains to Asia.

The evolution of survival of pulmonary arterial hypertension over 15 years

The prognosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains dismal. Over the years, multiple therapeutic advances have been introduced. This study evaluates the evolution of PAH survival over the past 15 years. We included 293 consecutive adult patients diagnosed with PAH between 2005 and 2019 (median age: 61.8 years, 70.3% female). Patients were divided into three cohorts based on the time of diagnosis: 2005-2009, 2010-2014, and 2015-2019 (2005-2009: n = 56; 2010-2014: n = 111; 2015-2019: n = 126). Transplant-free survival was measured from the date of right heart catheterization until patients reached the composite endpoint of lung transplant or death. Multivariable cox-pulmonary hypertension regression was used to study the effect of the time of diagnosis. The final cox model was fitted in both younger and older patients to evaluate the difference between these groups. During a median follow-up time of 4.1 (interquartile range: 2.2-7.3) years, 9 patients underwent lung transplantation and 151 patients died. The median overall transplant-free survival was 6.2 (5.5-8.0) years. Patients older than 56 years at baseline who were diagnosed in 2005-2009 showed better survival compared to patients diagnosed in 2010-2014 and 2015-2019 with an adjusted hazard ratio of, respectively, 2.12 (1.11-4.03) and 2.83 (1.41-5.69). Patients younger than 56 years showed neither an improved nor deteriorated survival over time. In conclusion, survival in patients with PAH did not improve over time, despite more available therapeutic options. This might be partly due to the changed demographic characteristics of the PAH patients and a still important diagnostic delay.

Right Heart Catheterization in Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Insights and Outcome from a Large Tertiary Center

Aim: To define the clinical characteristics, hemodynamics, and adverse events for pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) undergoing right heart catheterization (RHC). Methods: The large referral single center data of 591 diagnostic RHC procedures performed between 2005 and 2020 on pediatric PAH patients was retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 591 RHC procedures performed on 469 patients with congenital heart disease (CHD)-PAH (median age 8.8 years, 7.9% New York Heart Association (NYHA) class > II, 1.5% with syncope) and 122 patients with idiopathic PAH (median age of 9.0 years, 27.0% NYHA class > II, 27.0% with syncope) were included. Of those, 373 (63.1%) procedures were performed under general anesthesia. Eighteen patients (18/591, 3.0%) suffered adverse events (mainly pulmonary hypertensive crisis, PHC, n = 17) during the RHC procedure, including 14 idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients and 4 CHD-PAH patients, and one IPAH patient died in hospital 63 hours after RHC. The risk of developing PHC was significantly increased in patients with IPAH (OR = 14.02, 95%CI: 4.49−43.85, p < 0.001), atrial blood gas pH < 7.35 (OR = 12.504, 95%CI: 3.545−44.102, p < 0.001) and RAP > 14 mmHg (OR = 10.636, 95%CI: 3.668−30.847, p < 0.001). Conclusions: RHC is generally a low-risk procedure in pediatric patients with PAH. However, PHC occur in approximately 3% of patients. Therefore, RHC should be performed in a large, experienced referral pediatric cardiology center, especially in pediatric patients with IPAH requiring general anesthesia.

Identification of Signal Pathways and Hub Genes of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Bioinformatic Analysis

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and complex pulmonary vascular disease with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to provide a new understanding of the pathogenesis of disease and potential treatment targets for patients with PAH based on multiple-microarray analysis.Two microarray datasets (GSE53408 and GSE113439) downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were analysed. All the raw data were processed by R, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened out by the “limma” package. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed and visualized by R and Cytoscape software. Protein-protein interactions (PPI) of DEGs were analysed based on the NetworkAnalyst online tool. A total of 442 upregulated DEGs and 84 downregulated DEGs were identified. GO enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly enriched in mitotic nuclear division, organelle fission, chromosome segregation, nuclear division, and sister chromatid segregation. Significant KEGG pathway enrichment included ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes, RNA transport, proteoglycans in cancer, dilated cardiomyopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, vascular smooth muscle contraction, focal adhesion, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The PPI network identified 10 hub genes including HSP90AA1, CDC5L, MDM2, LRRK2, CFTR, IQGAP1, CAND1, TOP2A, DDX21, and HIF1A. We elucidated potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PAH by bioinformatic analysis, which provides a theoretical basis for future study.

Clinical Characteristics and Transplant-Free Survival Across the Spectrum of Pulmonary Vascular Disease

BACKGROUND

PVDOMICS (Pulmonary Vascular Disease Phenomics) is a precision medicine initiative to characterize pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) using deep phenotyping. PVDOMICS tests the hypothesis that integration of clinical metrics with omic measures will enhance understanding of PVD and facilitate an updated PVD classification.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to describe clinical characteristics and transplant-free survival in the PVDOMICS cohort.

METHODS

Subjects with World Symposium Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) group 1-5 PH, disease comparators with similar underlying diseases and mild or no PH and healthy control subjects enrolled in a cross-sectional study. PH groups, comparators were compared using standard statistical tests including log-rank tests for comparing time to transplant or death.

RESULTS

A total of 1,193 subjects were included. Multiple WSPH groups were identified in 38.9% of PH subjects. Nocturnal desaturation was more frequently observed in groups 1, 3, and 4 PH vs comparators. A total of 50.2% of group 1 PH subjects had ground glass opacities on chest computed tomography. Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was significantly lower in groups 1-3 PH than their respective comparators. Right atrial volume index was higher in WSPH groups 1-4 than comparators. A total of 110 participants had a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 21-24 mm Hg. Transplant-free survival was poorest in group 3 PH.

CONCLUSIONS

PVDOMICS enrolled subjects across the spectrum of PVD, including mild and mixed etiology PH. Novel findings include low diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and enlarged right atrial volume index as shared features of groups 1-3 and 1-4 PH, respectively; unexpected, frequent presence of ground glass opacities on computed tomography; and sleep alterations in group 1 PH, and poorest survival in group 3 PH. PVDOMICS will facilitate a new understanding of PVD and refine the current PVD classification. (Pulmonary Vascular Disease Phenomics Program PVDOMICS [PVDOMICS]; NCT02980887).

TGF‐β receptor mutations and clinical prognosis in Chinese Pediatric Patients with idiopathic/hereditary Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

The relationship between clinical prognosis and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) receptor mutations in Chinese pediatric patients with idiopathic/hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH/HPAH) remains unclear. We retrospectively studied the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with IPAH/HPAH who visited our Hospital from September 2008 to December 2020. One hundred and five pediatric patients with IPAH/HPAH were included, 46 of whom carried TGF‐β receptor mutations with a mean age at diagnosis of 82.8 ± 52.7 months, and 67 of them underwent right cardiac catheterization examinations and acute vasodilator testing. The result showed that mutation carriers demonstrated higher pulmonary vascular resistance (p = 0.012), higher right atrial pressure (p = 0.026), and lower cardiac index (p = 0.003). The 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year survival rates of mutation carriers were 79.4%, 61.5% and 55.6%, respectively, compared with 96.6%, 91.1%, and 85.4% for nonmutation carriers (p = 0.0001). The prognosis of mutation carriers was significantly worse than that of nonmutation carriers. TGF‐β receptor gene mutation is an independent risk factor for death (p = 0.049, odd raito = 3.809, 95% confidence interval 1.006−14.429). In conclusion, TGF‐β receptor mutation is an important genetic factor for the onset of IPAH/PAH in Chinese pediatric patients. Those who carrying TGF‐β receptor mutations have a poor clinical prognosis. Therefore, TGF‐β receptor gene screening for pediatric patients with PAH and more aggressive treatment for mutation carriers are recommended.

Text Mining-Based Drug Discovery for Connective Tissue Disease–Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Background: The current medical treatments for connective tissue disease–associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (CTD-PAH) do not show favorable efficiency for all patients, and identification of novel drugs is desired.

Methods: Text mining was performed to obtain CTD- and PAH-related gene sets, and the intersection of the two gene sets was analyzed for functional enrichment through DAVID. The protein–protein interaction network of the overlapping genes and the significant gene modules were determined using STRING. The enriched candidate genes were further analyzed by Drug Gene Interaction database to identify drugs with potential therapeutic effects on CTD-PAH.

Results: Based on text mining analysis, 179 genes related to CTD and PAH were identified. Through enrichment analysis of the genes, 20 genes representing six pathways were obtained. To further narrow the scope of potential existing drugs, we selected targeted drugs with a Query Score ≥5 and Interaction Score ≥1. Finally, 13 drugs targeting the six genes were selected as candidate drugs, which were divided into four drug–gene interaction types, and 12 of them had initial drug indications approved by the FDA. The potential gene targets of the drugs on this list are IL-6 (one drug) and IL-1β (two drugs), MMP9 (one drug), VEGFA (three drugs), TGFB1 (one drug), and EGFR (five drugs). These drugs might be used to treat CTD-PAH.

Conclusion: We identified 13 drugs targeting six genes that may have potential therapeutic effects on CTD-PAH.

Characteristics, goal-oriented treatments and survival of pulmonary arterial hypertension in China: Insights from a national multicentre prospective registry

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Nationally representative reports on the characteristics and long-term survival of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) from developing countries are scarce. The applicability of the current main risk stratifications and the longitudinal changes in goal-oriented treatments have yet to be elucidated in real-world settings. Therefore, we aimed to provide insights into the characteristics, goal-oriented treatments and survival of PAH in China and to explore the applicability of the main risk stratifications in our independent cohort.

METHODS

PAH patients were consecutively enrolled from a national prospective multicentre registry. Data on baseline, follow-up re-evaluation and therapeutic changes were collected.

RESULTS

A total of 2031 patients were enrolled, with congenital heart disease (CHD)-PAH (45.2%) being the most common aetiology. The mean age was 35 ± 12 years, and 76.2% were females. At baseline, approximately 20% of the patients with intermediate or high risk received combination treatment. At follow-up, approximately half of the re-evaluated patients did not achieve low-risk profiles, and even among patients who received combination therapy at baseline, 4% of them still worsened. The rate of combination therapy increased significantly from 6.7% before 2015 to 35.5% thereafter. The main risk assessment tools demonstrated good performance for predicting survival both at baseline and at follow-up.

CONCLUSION

Chinese PAH patients show both similar and distinct features compared to other countries. Current main risk stratifications can significantly discriminate patients at different risk levels. There were still many patients not achieving low-risk profiles at follow-up, indicating more aggressive treatment should be implemented to optimize the goal-oriented treatment strategy.

Echocardiography Nomogram for Predicting Survival among Chronic Lung Disease Patients with Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

Severe pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung diseases (severe CLD-PH) differs significantly from other types of PH in physiology and prognosis. We aimed to assess whether echocardiography helps predict long-term survival in patients with severe CLD-PH. This single-centre, observational cohort study enrolled 100 patients with severe CLD-PH (mean pulmonary arterial pressure ≥35 mm Hg or ≥25 mm Hg with cardiac index <2.0 L/min/m2 or pulmonary vascular resistance ≥6 Wood units) between 2009 and 2014. The population was randomly divided into a derivation and validation cohort in a 2:1 ratio. To construct a nomogram, a multivariable logistic regression model was applied, and scores were assigned based on the hazard ratio of independent echocardiographic predictors. Multivariate Cox hazards analysis identified the strongest predictors of mortality as pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and right ventricular end-diastolic transverse dimension. The three independent predictors were entered into the nomogram. Compared with PASP alone, the nomogram resulted in an integrated discrimination improvement of 15.5% (95% confidence interval, 5.52−25.5%, p = 0.002) with a net improvement in model discrimination (C-statistic from 0.591 to 0.746). Using echocardiographic parameters, we established and validated a novel nomogram to predict all-cause death for patients with severe CLD-PH.

The Transition From Ambrisentan to Macitentan in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Real-word Prospective Study

Background: In a long-term event-driven trial, macitentan has demonstrated beneficial time to clinical worsening in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and reduced PAH-related hospitalization rates compared with placebo. Macitentan is the most recently approved endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) and is the first ERA that has shown efficacy for morbidity and mortality in PAH patients; therefore, patients and physicians may consider converting treatment from ambrisentan to macitentan. Our study evaluated the safety, efficacy, and quality of life in PAH patients transitioning from ambrisentan to macitentan. Methods: This was a real-world, prospective study with a 12-month follow-up. PAH patients who had received stable doses of ambrisentan for over 3 months, were within the World Health Organization Functional Class II/III, and 6-min walk distance ≥ of 250 m were enrolled. The study included a screening period, followed by a transition phase, after which patients entered the long-term follow-up. Clinical data and treatment satisfaction outcomes were collected to assess and monitor the safety and efficacy of the transition. The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (www.chictr.org.cn; No. ChiCTR2000034898). Results: One hundred and fifty-seven enrolled PAH patients completed the transition. All criteria for continuous treatment transition were met by 145 patients (92.4%). Results showed improvements in exercise capacity, cardiac function, and hemodynamics compared with baseline. During the process, 4 patients discontinued macitentan due to adverse events. There was no statistical difference in the overall incidence of adverse events before and after the transition. Conclusion: Transition to macitentan from ambrisentan was successful and well-tolerated by PAH patients, and was associated with greater efficacy and satisfaction.

The Transition From Ambrisentan to Macitentan in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Real-word Prospective Study

Background: In a long-term event-driven trial, macitentan has demonstrated beneficial time to clinical worsening in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and reduced PAH-related hospitalization rates compared with placebo. Macitentan is the most recently approved endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) and is the first ERA that has shown efficacy for morbidity and mortality in PAH patients; therefore, patients and physicians may consider converting treatment from ambrisentan to macitentan. Our study evaluated the safety, efficacy, and quality of life in PAH patients transitioning from ambrisentan to macitentan.

Methods: This was a real-world, prospective study with a 12-month follow-up. PAH patients who had received stable doses of ambrisentan for over 3 months, were within the World Health Organization Functional Class II/III, and 6-min walk distance ≥ of 250 m were enrolled. The study included a screening period, followed by a transition phase, after which patients entered the long-term follow-up. Clinical data and treatment satisfaction outcomes were collected to assess and monitor the safety and efficacy of the transition. The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (www.chictr.org.cn; No. ChiCTR2000034898).

Results: One hundred and fifty-seven enrolled PAH patients completed the transition. All criteria for continuous treatment transition were met by 145 patients (92.4%). Results showed improvements in exercise capacity, cardiac function, and hemodynamics compared with baseline. During the process, 4 patients discontinued macitentan due to adverse events. There was no statistical difference in the overall incidence of adverse events before and after the transition.

Conclusion: Transition to macitentan from ambrisentan was successful and well-tolerated by PAH patients, and was associated with greater efficacy and satisfaction.

The Different Effects of Direct Bilirubin on Portopulmonary Hypertension and Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

BACKGROUND

To observe different roles of direct bilirubin (Dbil) on portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH).

METHODS

Thirty incident patients with POPH and 180 with IPAH (matched by the WHO functional classification in a 1 : 6 ratio) between March 2010 and December 2020 were included. The receiver operating curve and Kaplan-Meier method were applied to estimate the ability to distinguish between the two and survival, respectively. Univariate and forward multiple stepwise regression analyses were performed to access the relationship between pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and clinical indices.

RESULTS

Compared to IPAH, the POPH group had better hemodynamics including PVR (7.08 ± 3.95 vs. 14.89 ± 7.11, P < 0.001) and higher total bilirubin (Tbil) and Dbil. Tbil and Dbil had a negative correlation with PVR in the POPH group (r = -0.394, P=0.031; r = -0.364, P=0.048, respectively) but positive correlation in the IPAH group (r = 0.218, P=0.003; r = 0.178, P=0.018, respectively). Increased neutrophil counts (r = 0.394, P=0.031) and elevated NT-proBNP (r = 0.433, P < 0.001) would help predict the elevation of PVR in POPH and IPAH groups independent of Dbil, respectively. Dbil could distinguish POPH from IPAH (AUC = 0.799, P=0.009), and the ability was elevated when taking aspartate aminotransferase together (AUC = 0.835, P < 0.001). The overall survival was better in POPH than in IPAH (7 dead cases of POPH and 96 of IPAH, P=0.002). Survival was better in POPH than in IPAH in the group of Dbil ≥7 μmol/L (P=0.001) but showed no significant difference between POPH and IPAH in the group of Dbil <7 μmol/L (P=0.192).

CONCLUSIONS

The POPH group had a better hemodynamic profile than IPAH. Dbil was associated oppositely with the elevation of PVR in POPH and IPAH. Patients with POPH had better survival than those with IPAH in the total cohort and in the group of Dbil ≥7 μmol/L, but limited dead cases of POPH should be noted.

Validity of the ESC Risk Assessment in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in China

Background: The 2015 European pulmonary hypertension (PH) guidelines recommend a risk stratification strategy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We aimed to investigate the validation and potential prognostic information in Chinese patients. Methods: The risk assessment variables proposed by the PH guidelines were performed by using the WHO function class, 6-min walking distance, brain natriuretic peptide or its N-terminal fragment, right arterial pressure, cardiac index, mixed venous saturation, right atrium area, pericardial effusion, peak oxygen consumption, and ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide. An abbreviated version also was applied. Results: A total of 392 patients with idiopathic PAH (IPAH) were enrolled between 2009 and 2018. After a median interval of 13 months, re-evaluation assessments were available for 386 subjects. The PAH guidelines risk tool may effectively discriminate three risk groups and mortality (p < 0.001) both at the baseline and re-evaluation. Meanwhile, its simplified risk version was valid for baseline and accurately predicted the risk of death in all the risk groups (p < 0.001). At the time of re-evaluation, the percentage of low-risk group has an increase, but a greater proportion achieved the high-risk group and a lesser proportion maintained in the intermediate-risk group. Conclusion: The 2015 European PH guidelines and its simplified version risk stratification assessment present an effective discrimination of different risk groups and accurate mortality estimates in Chinese patients with IPAH. Changes of risk proportion at re-evaluation implicated that natural treatment decisions may not be consistently with goal-oriented treatment strategy.

Liver dysfunction in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: prevalence, characteristics and prognostic significance, a retrospective cohort study in China

OBJECTIVES

The aim was to elucidate the relationship between liver function and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH).

DESIGN AND SETTING

Retrospective, longitudinal study in urban tertiary care centre in Shanghai, China.

PARTICIPANTS

407 IPAH consecutive incident patients age 18-65 years were retrospectively enrolled from January 2008 to December 2018.

OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS

The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. The cut-off value was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), which was validated by Cox proportional hazard model was internally validated by bootstrap analysis and used for survival analysis. The Cox model was (internally) validated and cross-validated areas under the curve (AUC) should be reported.

RESULTS

The prevalence of abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) at baseline was 77.6%. Hyperbilirubinaemia is the most common abnormal biochemical liver test: abnormal total bilirubin (TBIL in 51.6% patients). During the follow-up, 160 patients died. Patients with mixed liver dysfunction have worse prognosis than those with normal LFTs or isolated abnormal bilirubin metabolism. Comparing with patients with hepatocellular injury, the survival of patients with abnormal bilirubin metabolism is lower. Multivariable Cox models revealed a positive association between TBIL, γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and mortality showing that each Ig increment in TBIL and GGT was associated with a higher all-cause mortality (TBIL: HR 4. 29 (95% CI 1. 21 to 15. 27), p=0. 02; GGT: HR 2. 76 (95% CI 1. 18 to 6. 45), p=0. 02). A novel formula named Liver Function Predict Index (LFPI) was constructed (LFPI=-0.002*6MWD+1.014*lg GGT+1.458*lg TBIL) to predict prognosis. ROC curve analysis did further identify 2.729 as the best cut-off value for LFPI (AUC 0.75, p<0.001, sensitivity 79%, specificity 70%).

CONCLUSIONS

Liver dysfunction is frequent in IPAH, and characterised by a predominantly cholestatic enzyme profile. LFTs abnormalities are associated with worse survival and LFPI was a new and simple predictor for prognosis of IPAH.

Transition from Bosentan to Ambrisentan in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Single-Center Prospective Study

Background

Pulmonary hypertension patients experienced a high financial burden due to the high cost of drug therapy, high incidence of comorbidities and hospitalizations. Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) in PAH treatment showed a high cost. While ambrisentan has been covered by medical insurance of a local government of China, there has been a drug transition from bosentan to ambrisentan in treating PAH patients. We evaluated the safety, efficacy and tolerability of ambrisentan after drug transition.

Methods

Liver and renal functions were inspected at baseline, month 1, 3 and 6. NT-proBNP, echocardiographic variables, WHO functional class (WHO-FC), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) were measured in the baseline and month 6 to evaluate the safety and efficacy. Quality of life (QOL) scale was used in the baseline and month 6 to investigate the tolerability and quality of life of PAH patients.

Results

Among 224 PAH patients, 49 stable PAH patients meet the inclusion criteria were enrolled, among which three patients discontinued during the study. Our results showed no difference in 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) of PAH patients from baseline and month 6. The liver and renal function, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), WHO functional class (WHO-FC) showed no difference either. For echocardiography parameters, the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) of month 6 decreased. Other parameters were no significant difference from the baseline. There was no difference in the QOL scale between baseline and month 6.

Conclusion

Our results suggested that it is safe and tolerable for stable PAH patients to transition from bosentan to ambrisentan without influencing hematologic parameters or heart function.

Pulmonary hypertension in majority countries: opportunities amidst challenges

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Pulmonary hypertension is a deadly disease, the causes of which vary between geographical regions. Eighty four percentage of the world's population lives in majority countries (also called low-income and middle-income countries), yet data on pulmonary hypertension in these settings are proportionally scarce. This article provides a review of pulmonary hypertension in majority countries, focusing in detail on the most common causes in these regions, and highlights contextual challenges faced.

RECENT FINDINGS

Epidemiological data confirms a complex and overlapping array of causes, with pulmonary hypertension because of conditions such as rheumatic heart disease, HIV, schistosomiasis, chronic lung disease and sickle cell disease. Delayed pulmonary hypertension diagnosis remains a concern and is ascribed to a lack of resources and lack of pulmonary hypertension awareness by health professionals. Pulmonary hypertension diagnosis is frequently considered once signs of right heart failure emerge, while echocardiography and right heart catheterization are unavailable in many settings. Accurate data on the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in many of these regions are needed and could be achieved by establishing and frequent review of national databases where the incident and prevalent pulmonary hypertension cases are captured.

SUMMARY

There is urgent need for pulmonary hypertension advocacy among clinicians in the primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare sectors of majority countries, and validated noninvasive diagnostic algorithms are needed. Increased awareness and early diagnosis are likely to improve outcomes of pulmonary hypertension patients in these regions, and potentially stimulate locally relevant research.

ECM2 and GLT8D2 in human pulmonary artery hypertension: fruits from weighted gene co-expression network analysis

Background

Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is an incurable disease with a high mortality rate. Current medications ameliorate symptoms but cannot target adverse vascular remodeling. New therapeutic strategies for PAH need to be established.

Methods

Using the weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) algorithm, we constructed a coexpression network of dataset GSE117261 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Key modules were identified by the relationship between module eigengenes and clinical traits. Hub genes were screened out based on gene significance (GS), module membership (MM), and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP). External validations were conducted in GSE48149 and GSE113439. Functional enrichment and immune cell infiltration were analyzed using Metascape and CIBERSORTx.

Results

The WGCNA analysis revealed 13 coexpression modules. The pink module had the highest correlation with PAH in terms of module eigengene (r=0.79; P=2e-18) and module significance (MS =0.43). Functional enrichment indicated genes in the pink module contributed to the immune system process and extracellular matrix (ECM). In the pink module, ECM2 (GS =0.65, MM =0.86, ρ=0.407, P=0.0019) and GLT8D2 (GS =0.63, MM =0.85, ρ=0.443, P=0.006) were identified as hub genes. For immune cells infiltration in PAH lung tissue, hub genes were positively correlated with M2 macrophages and resting mast cells, and were negatively correlated with monocytes, neutrophils, and CD4-naïve T cells.

Conclusions

Our research identified 2 hub genes ECM2 and GLT8D2 related to PAH. The functions of these hub genes were involved in the immune process and ECM, indicating that they might serve as candidate therapeutic targets for PAH.

Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in the Modern Treatment Era: Meta-Analyses of Randomized, Controlled Trials and Observational Registries

Objective

Data on the magnitude of benefit of modern therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in connective tissue disease (CTD)–associated PAH are limited. In this study, we performed meta‐analyses of randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) and registries to quantify the benefit of these modern therapies in patients with CTD‐PAH.

Methods

The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for articles reporting data from RCTs or registries published between January 1, 2000 and November 25, 2019. Eligibility criteria included multicenter studies with ≥30 CTD‐PAH patients. For an RCT to be included, the trial had to evaluate an approved PAH therapy, and long‐term risks of clinical morbidity and mortality or 6‐minute walk distance had to be reported. For a registry to be included, survival rates had to be reported. Random‐effects models were used to pool the data.

Results

Eleven RCTs (total of 4,329 patients; 1,267 with CTD‐PAH) and 19 registries (total of 9,739 patients; 4,008 with CTD‐PAH) were included. Investigational therapy resulted in a 36% reduction in the risk of clinical morbidity/mortality events both in the overall PAH population (hazard ratio [HR] 0.64, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.54, 0.75; P < 0.001) and in CTD‐PAH patients (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.51, 0.81; P < 0.001) as compared to control subjects. The survival rate was lower in CTD‐PAH patients compared to all PAH patients (survival rate 62%, 95% CI 57, 67% versus 72%, 95% CI 69, 75% at 3 years). The survival rate in CTD‐PAH patients treated primarily after 2010 was higher than that in CTD‐PAH patients treated before 2010 (survival rate 73%, 95% CI 62, 81% versus 65%, 95% CI 59, 71% at 3 years).

Conclusion

Modern therapy provides a similar reduction in morbidity/mortality risk in patients with CTD‐PAH when compared to the PAH population overall. Risk of death is higher in CTD‐PAH patients than in those with PAH overall, but survival has improved in the last 10 years, which may be related to increased screening and/or new treatment approaches. Early detection of PAH in patients with CTD and up‐front intensive treatment are warranted.

Targeted Drugs for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease that can lead to right ventricular failure and premature death. Although approved drugs have been shown to be safe and effective, PAH remains a severe clinical condition, and the long-term survival of patients with PAH is still suboptimal. Thus, potential therapeutic targets and new agents to treat PAH are urgently needed. In recent years, a variety of related pathways and potential therapeutic targets have been found, which brings new hope for PAH therapy. In this perspective, not only are the marketed drugs used to treat PAH summarized but also the recently developed novel pharmaceutical therapies currently in clinical trials are discussed. Furthermore, the advances in natural products as potential treatment for PAH are also updated.

Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a well-established complication in interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the physiological and hemodynamic parameters that predict mortality in patients with ILD-PH.

METHODS

Consecutive ILD patients who underwent right heart catheterization (n = 340) were included. The information analyzed included demographics and physiological and hemodynamic parameters. Cox regression models were used to identify independent predictors of survival.

RESULTS

In total, 96 patients had PH and an additional 56 patients had severe PH. The overall survival of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients with PH was significantly worse than the survival of patients with other types of ILD with PH (p < 0.0001 by log-rank analysis). Patients with a reduced diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLco) (<35% predicted), six-minute walk test final oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2) <88% and pulmonary vascular resistance ≥4.5 Wood units in the ILD-PH cohort had significantly worse survival. IPF diagnosis, forced vital capacity, DLco, systolic pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac index were identified as independent predictors of survival among the ILD-PH cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with ILD-PH have poor prognosis. Physiological and hemodynamic parameters were important factors independently associated with outcome.

Effect of ambrisentan on echocardiographic and Doppler measures from patients in China with pulmonary arterial hypertension

BACKGROUND

We retrospectively evaluated the echocardiographic data of ambrisentan-treated patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (NCT01808313).

METHODS

Change from baseline in right ventricle (RV) systolic function, right heart structure, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) prognosis to Weeks 12 and 24 was evaluated by echocardiography.

RESULTS

In the overall population, the mean tissue Doppler-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity (S') increased by 0.6 cm/s at both Weeks 12 (p < 0.001) and 24 (p = 0.004) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion increased by 0.13 cm at Week 12 and 0.15 cm at Week 24 (both p < 0.001). A marked decrease in transverse and longitudinal RV and RA diameter at Weeks 12 and 24 was observed. A significant decrease in diastolic eccentricity index at both Weeks 12 (-0.1; p = 0.02) and 24 (-0.1; p = 0.001). The decrease in PASP from baseline was significant at both Weeks 12 (-9.5 mmHg; p<0.001) and 24 (-7.6 mmHg; p<0.001), while a decrease in the estimated right atrium pressure was found to be significant at Week 24 (-0.8mmHg; p = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Significant improvements in a number of RV echocardiographic parameters were observed at Weeks 12 and 24 after ambrisentan treatment in patients with PAH.

The role of macrophages in pulmonary hypertension: Pathogenesis and targeting

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathophysiological disorder that can complicate most cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and may involve multiple clinical conditions, but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Despite recent developments in the management of PH, there is an urgent need for new ways to effectively treat PH and reduce the risk of further complications. Recent studies have shown that dysregulated immunity underlies the development of PH. Myeloid cells, including monocytes and macrophages, participate in immune homeostasis and the adaptive immune response, but the function and production of these cells in PH is not well understood. A prominent pathological feature of pH is the accumulation of macrophages near the arterioles of the lung, indicating that pulmonary inflammation mediated by lung perivascular macrophages is a key driver of pulmonary remodelling, which leads to increased right ventricular systolic pressure. An improved understanding of the roles macrophages play in immune responses associated with PH may lead to new therapeutic targets. In this review, we highlight the relationship between macrophages and PH, the molecular mechanisms involved, and the recent advances in targeting these processes to treat PH.

Derivation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line (PUMCHi003-A) from a patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension carrying heterozygous mutation in PTGIS gene

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but severe illness associated with mutations in the PTGIS gene. The single nucleotide variants may lead to the impairment of the endothelial cells functions, resulting in proliferation of the smooth muscle cells and occlusion of the pulmonary arterioles. We derived an induced pluripotent cell line from a PAH patient with heterozygous PTGIS c.755 G > A, which could serve as a unique model to understand the pathogenesis of PAH.