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Wang Z, Yang L, Feng Y, Duan B, Zhang H, Tang Y, Zhang C, Yang J. Isoorientin Alleviates DSS-Treated Acute Colitis in Mice by Regulating Intestinal Epithelial P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) Expression. DNA Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 39180442 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2024.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Isoorientin (ISO) is a naturally occurring flavonoid with diverse functional properties that mitigate the risk of diseases stemming from oxidation, inflammation, and cancer cell proliferation. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a vital component of the intestinal epithelium and may play a role in the onset of intestinal inflammatory conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent studies have suggested that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids (SBAs) produced by the gut microbiota stimulate the increase of P-gp expression, alleviating excessive inflammation and thereby preservation of intestinal homeostasis. ISO has been shown to improve colon health and modulate the gut microbiota. In this study, we aimed to explore whether ISO can modulate the microbes and their metabolites to influence P-gp expression to alleviate IBD. First, the impact of ISO on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated colitis in mice was investigated. Second, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted. The present study indicated that ISO mitigated the symptoms and pathological damage associated with DSS-treated colitis in mice. Western blot analysis revealed ISO upregulated P-gp in colon tissues, suggesting the critical role of P-gp protein in intestinal epithelial cells. 16S microbial diversity sequencing revealed ISO restored the richness and variety of intestinal microorganisms in colitis-bearing mice and enriched SCFA-producing bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. The experiments also revealed that the ISO fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) inoculation of DSS-treated mice had similarly beneficial results. FMT mice showed a reduction in colitis symptoms, which was more pronounced in ISO-FMT than in CON-FMT mice. Meanwhile, ISO-FMT expanded the abundance of beneficial microorganisms, increased the expression of metabolites, such as SCFAs and total SBAs, and significantly upregulated the expression of P-gp protein. In addition, Spearman's correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between the production of SCFAs and SBAs and the expression of P-gp. The present study identified that ISO increases the expression of P-gp in the intestinal epithelium by regulating intestinal microorganisms and their metabolites, which maintains colonic homeostasis, improves the integrity of the colonic epithelium, and alleviates colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanzhu Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bensong Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Endoscopy Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Endoscopy Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanru Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caihang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingya Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai, China
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2
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Kharve K, Engley AS, Paine MF, Sprowl JA. Impact of Drug-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Transporters on Nutrient and Endogenous Substrate Disposition…an Afterthought? Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:447. [PMID: 38675109 PMCID: PMC11053474 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A large percentage (~60%) of prescription drugs and new molecular entities are designed for oral delivery, which requires passage through a semi-impervious membrane bilayer in the gastrointestinal wall. Passage through this bilayer can be dependent on membrane transporters that regulate the absorption of nutrients or endogenous substrates. Several investigations have provided links between nutrient, endogenous substrate, or drug absorption and the activity of certain membrane transporters. This knowledge has been key in the development of new therapeutics that can alleviate various symptoms of select diseases, such as cholestasis and diabetes. Despite this progress, recent studies revealed potential clinical dangers of unintended altered nutrient or endogenous substrate disposition due to the drug-mediated disruption of intestinal transport activity. This review outlines reports of glucose, folate, thiamine, lactate, and bile acid (re)absorption changes and consequent adverse events as examples. Finally, the need to comprehensively expand research on intestinal transporter-mediated drug interactions to avoid the unwanted disruption of homeostasis and diminish therapeutic adverse events is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitee Kharve
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
| | - Andrew S. Engley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA; (A.S.E.); (M.F.P.)
| | - Mary F. Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA; (A.S.E.); (M.F.P.)
| | - Jason A. Sprowl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
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3
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Nakai D, Miyake M. Intestinal Membrane Function in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:29. [PMID: 38258040 PMCID: PMC10820082 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a set of chronic inflammatory diseases that mainly develop in the gastrointestinal mucosa, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gastrointestinal membrane permeability is an important factor influencing the pharmacological effects of pharmaceuticals administered orally for treating inflammatory bowel disease and other diseases. Understanding the presence or absence of changes in pharmacokinetic properties under a disease state facilitates effective pharmacotherapy. In this paper, we reviewed the gastrointestinal membrane function in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease from the perspective of in vitro membrane permeability and electrophysiological parameters. Information on in vivo permeability in humans is summarized. We also overviewed the inflammatory bowel disease research using gut-on-a-chip, in which some advances have recently been achieved. It is expected that these findings will be exploited for the development of therapeutic drugs for inflammatory bowel disease and the optimization of treatment options and regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nakai
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masateru Miyake
- Pharmapack Co., Ltd., 1-27 Nakaokubo, Toyama 939-2243, Japan;
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4
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Microbial Metabolites Orchestrate a Distinct Multi-Tiered Regulatory Network in the Intestinal Epithelium That Directs P-Glycoprotein Expression. mBio 2022; 13:e0199322. [PMID: 35968955 PMCID: PMC9426490 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01993-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a key component of the intestinal epithelium playing a pivotal role in removal of toxins and efflux of endocannabinoids to prevent excessive inflammation and sustain homeostasis. Recent studies revealed butyrate and secondary bile acids, produced by the intestinal microbiome, potentiate the induction of functional P-gp expression. We now aim to determine the molecular mechanism by which this functional microbiome output regulates P-gp. RNA sequencing of intestinal epithelial cells responding to butyrate and secondary bile acids in combination discovered a unique transcriptional program involving multiple pathways that converge on P-gp induction. Using shRNA knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout cell lines, as well as mouse models, we confirmed the RNA sequencing findings and discovered a role for intestinal HNF4α in P-gp regulation. These findings shed light on a sophisticated signaling network directed by intestinal microbial metabolites that orchestrate P-gp expression and highlight unappreciated connections between multiple pathways linked to colonic health. IMPORTANCE Preventing aberrant inflammation is essential to maintaining homeostasis in the mammalian intestine. Although P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in the intestine is critical for protecting the intestinal epithelium from toxins and damage due to neutrophil infiltration, its regulation in the intestine is poorly understood. Findings presented in our current study have now uncovered a sophisticated and heretofore unappreciated intracellular signaling network or "reactome" directed by intestinal microbial metabolites that orchestrate regulation of P-gp. Not only do we confirm the role of histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibition and nuclear receptor activation in P-gp induction by butyrate and bile acids, but we also discovered new signaling pathways and transcription factors that are uniquely activated in response to the combination of microbial metabolites. Such findings shed new light into a multi-tiered network that maintains P-gp expression in the intestine in the context of the fluctuating commensal microbiome, to sustain a homeostatic tone in the absence of infection or insult.
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) arise from a convergence of genetic risk, environmental factors, and gut microbiota, where each is necessary but not sufficient to cause disease. Emerging evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between disease progression and changes in microbiota membership and function. Thus, the study of the gut microbiome and host-microbe interactions should provide critical insights into disease pathogenesis as well as leads for developing microbiome-based diagnostics and interventions for IBD. In this article, we review the most recent advances in understanding the relationship between the gut microbiota and IBD and highlight the importance of going beyond establishing description and association to gain mechanistic insights into causes and consequences of IBD. The review aims to contextualize recent findings to form conceptional frameworks for understanding the etiopathogenesis of IBD and for the future development of microbiome-based diagnostics and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shan
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;
| | - Mirae Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; .,Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; .,Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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6
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Jung SM, Kim S. In vitro Models of the Small Intestine for Studying Intestinal Diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:767038. [PMID: 35058894 PMCID: PMC8765704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.767038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestine is a digestive organ that has a complex and dynamic ecosystem, which is vulnerable to the risk of pathogen infections and disorders or imbalances. Many studies have focused attention on intestinal mechanisms, such as host–microbiome interactions and pathways, which are associated with its healthy and diseased conditions. This review highlights the intestine models currently used for simulating such normal and diseased states. We introduce the typical models used to simulate the intestine along with its cell composition, structure, cellular functions, and external environment and review the current state of the art for in vitro cell-based models of the small intestine system to replace animal models, including ex vivo, 2D culture, organoid, lab-on-a-chip, and 3D culture models. These models are described in terms of their structure, composition, and co-culture availability with microbiomes. Furthermore, we discuss the potential application for the aforementioned techniques to these in vitro models. The review concludes with a summary of intestine models from the viewpoint of current techniques as well as their main features, highlighting potential future developments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Myung Jung
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Seonghun Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, South Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
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7
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Zou M, Zeng QS, Nie J, Yang JH, Luo ZY, Gan HT. The Role of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases and Deubiquitinases in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Friend or Foe? Front Immunol 2021; 12:769167. [PMID: 34956195 PMCID: PMC8692584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), exhibits a complex multifactorial pathogenesis involving genetic susceptibility, imbalance of gut microbiota, mucosal immune disorder and environmental factors. Recent studies reported associations between ubiquitination and deubiquitination and the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease. Ubiquitination modification, one of the most important types of post-translational modifications, is a multi-step enzymatic process involved in the regulation of various physiological processes of cells, including cell cycle progression, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and innate and adaptive immune responses. Alterations in ubiquitination and deubiquitination can lead to various diseases, including IBD. Here, we review the role of E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs) and their mediated ubiquitination and deubiquitination modifications in the pathogenesis of IBD. We highlight the importance of this type of posttranslational modification in the development of inflammation, and provide guidance for the future development of targeted therapeutics in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology and the Center of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Lab of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi-Shan Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology and the Center of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Lab of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Nie
- Lab of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Hui Yang
- Lab of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen-Yi Luo
- Lab of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Tian Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology and the Center of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Lab of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Foley SE, Tuohy C, Dunford M, Grey MJ, De Luca H, Cawley C, Szabady RL, Maldonado-Contreras A, Houghton JM, Ward DV, Mrsny RJ, McCormick BA. Gut microbiota regulation of P-glycoprotein in the intestinal epithelium in maintenance of homeostasis. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:183. [PMID: 34493329 PMCID: PMC8425172 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a critical role in protection of the intestinal epithelia by mediating efflux of drugs/xenobiotics from the intestinal mucosa into the gut lumen. Recent studies bring to light that P-gp also confers a critical link in communication between intestinal mucosal barrier function and the innate immune system. Yet, despite knowledge for over 10 years that P-gp plays a central role in gastrointestinal homeostasis, the precise molecular mechanism that controls its functional expression and regulation remains unclear. Here, we assessed how the intestinal microbiome drives P-gp expression and function. RESULTS We have identified a "functional core" microbiome of the intestinal gut community, specifically genera within the Clostridia and Bacilli classes, that is necessary and sufficient for P-gp induction in the intestinal epithelium in mouse models. Metagenomic analysis of this core microbial community revealed that short-chain fatty acid and secondary bile acid production positively associate with P-gp expression. We have further shown these two classes of microbiota-derived metabolites synergistically upregulate P-gp expression and function in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, in patients suffering from ulcerative colitis (UC), we find diminished P-gp expression coupled to the reduction of epithelial-derived anti-inflammatory endocannabinoids and luminal content (e.g., microbes or their metabolites) with a reduced capability to induce P-gp expression. CONCLUSION Overall, by means of both in vitro and in vivo studies as well as human subject sample analysis, we identify a mechanistic link between cooperative functional outputs of the complex microbial community and modulation of P-gp, an epithelial component, that functions to suppress overactive inflammation to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Hence, our data support a new cross-talk paradigm in microbiome regulation of mucosal inflammation. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage E. Foley
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Program in Microbiome Dynamics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Christine Tuohy
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Graduate School of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Merran Dunford
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Michael J. Grey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Heidi De Luca
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Caitlin Cawley
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Program in Microbiome Dynamics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Rose L. Szabady
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Ana Maldonado-Contreras
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Program in Microbiome Dynamics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Jean Marie Houghton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Doyle V. Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Program in Microbiome Dynamics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Randall J. Mrsny
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Beth A. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Program in Microbiome Dynamics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
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9
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Jergens AE, Parvinroo S, Kopper J, Wannemuehler MJ. Rules of Engagement: Epithelial-Microbe Interactions and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:669913. [PMID: 34513862 PMCID: PMC8432614 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.669913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are complex, multifactorial disorders that lead to chronic and relapsing intestinal inflammation. The exact etiology remains unknown, however multiple factors including the environment, genetic, dietary, mucosal immunity, and altered microbiome structure and function play important roles in disease onset and progression. Supporting this notion that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in IBD pathogenesis, studies in gnotobiotic mice have shown that mouse models of intestinal inflammation require a microbial community to develop colitis. Additionally, antimicrobial therapy in some IBD patients will temporarily induce remission further demonstrating an association between gut microbes and intestinal inflammation. Finally, a dysfunctional intestinal epithelial barrier is also recognized as a key pathogenic factor in IBD. The intestinal epithelium serves as a barrier between the luminal environment and the mucosal immune system and guards against harmful molecules and microorganisms while being permeable to essential nutrients and solutes. Beneficial (i.e., mutualists) bacteria promote mucosal health by strengthening barrier integrity, increasing local defenses (mucin and IgA production) and inhibiting pro-inflammatory immune responses and apoptosis to promote mucosal homeostasis. In contrast, pathogenic bacteria and pathobionts suppress expression and localization of tight junction proteins, cause dysregulation of apoptosis/proliferation and increase pro-inflammatory signaling that directly damages the intestinal mucosa. This review article will focus on the role of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the luminal environment acting as mediators of barrier function in IBD. We will also share some of our translational observations of interactions between IECs, immune cells, and environmental factors contributing to maintenance of mucosal homeostasis, as it relates to GI inflammation and IBD in different animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shadi Parvinroo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jamie Kopper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Michael J. Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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10
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Jain N, Sharma P, Kumar D. Murine models for studying immunopathogenesis in gastrointestinal lesions: How to go about it. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2021; 64:S58-S62. [PMID: 34135139 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_802_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastro-intestinal (GI) lesions are common outcome to diverse etiological agents affecting the GI tract. It requires significant expertise to accurately diagnose the fundamental cause and treat accordingly. A better understanding of the immunological underpinning of these lesions is of great importance to ensure their successful management. Availability of specific animal models allows us to understand the subtle differences among diverse disease conditions and help decide upon the treatment trajectories. Since murine models are best suited for studying the immunopathogenesis of any disease, we will restrict our discussions here to the available murine models and their applications to study gastrointestinal lesions. In this review, we have systematically examined and compared the variety of mice models that are routinely used to study Inflammatory Bowel disease (IBD) and also how they can be leveraged to address specific questions relating to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Group, ICGEB, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, ICGEB, New Delhi, India
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11
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Bilsborough J, Fiorino MF, Henkle BW. Select animal models of colitis and their value in predicting clinical efficacy of biological therapies in ulcerative colitis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:567-577. [PMID: 33245673 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1851185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Advancing new therapies from discovery to development usually requires proof-of-concept in animal models to justify the costs of continuing the program. While animal models are useful for understanding the mechanism of action (MOA) of a target, limitations of many published colitis models restrict their value to predict clinical efficacy.Areas covered: The authors focused their literature search on published studies of chronic animal models used to evaluate the pre-clinical efficacy of therapeutic molecules subsequently evaluated in clinical trials for UC. The UC therapies evaluated were anti-α4β7, anti-IL13, anti-IL12p40, and anti-IL23p19. The models of chronic colitis evaluating these molecules were: mdra1a-/-, chronic dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), chronic 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), and the T cell transfer model.Expert opinion: While some models provide insight into target MOA in UC, none is consistently superior in predicting efficacy. Evaluation of multiple models, with varying mechanisms of colitis induction, is needed to understand potential drug efficacy. Additional models of greater complexity, reflecting the disease chronicity/heterogeneity seen in humans, are needed. Although helpful in prioritizing targets, animal models alone will likely not improve outcomes of UC clinical trials. Transformational changes to clinical efficacy will likely only occur when precision medicine approaches are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Bilsborough
- IBD Drug Discovery and Development Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marie F Fiorino
- IBD Drug Discovery and Development Unit, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunbiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bradley W Henkle
- IBD Drug Discovery and Development Unit, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunbiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Wawrzyniak P, Noureddine N, Wawrzyniak M, Lucchinetti E, Krämer SD, Rogler G, Zaugg M, Hersberger M. Nutritional Lipids and Mucosal Inflammation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e1901269. [PMID: 32780927 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation in the intestine. Given their role in regulation of inflammation, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) represent a potential supplementary therapeutic approach to current drug regimens used for IBD. Mechanistically, there is ample evidence for an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effect of long-chain n-3 PUFAs after they incorporate into cell membrane phospholipids. They disrupt membrane rafts and when released from the membrane suppress inflammatory signaling by activating PPAR-γ and free fatty acid receptor 4; furthermore, they shift the lipid mediator profile from pro-inflammatory eicosanoids to specialized pro-resolving mediators. The allocation of long-chain n-3 PUFAs also leads to a higher microbiome diversity in the gut, increases short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, and improves intestinal barrier function by sealing epithelial tight junctions. In line with these mechanistic studies, most epidemiological studies support a beneficial effect of long-chain n-3 PUFAs intake on reducing the incidence of IBD. However, the results from intervention trials on the prevention of relapse in IBD patients show no or only a marginal effect of long-chain n-3 PUFAs supplementation. In light of the current literature, international recommendations are supported that adequate diet-derived n-3 PUFAs might be beneficial in maintaining remission in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wawrzyniak
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Nazek Noureddine
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Eliana Lucchinetti
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zaugg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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13
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Effects of Maresin 1 (MaR1) on Colonic Inflammation and Gut Dysbiosis in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081156. [PMID: 32751593 PMCID: PMC7465372 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of Maresin 1 (MaR1), a DHA-derived pro-resolving lipid mediator, on obesity-related colonic inflammation and gut dysbiosis in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. In colonic mucosa of DIO mice, the MaR1 treatment decreased the expression of inflammatory genes, such as Tnf-α and Il-1β. As expected, the DIO mice exhibited significant changes in gut microbiota composition at the phylum, genus, and species levels, with a trend to a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Deferribacteres and Synergistetes also increased in the DIO animals. In contrast, these animals exhibited a significant decrease in the content of Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria. Treatment with MaR1 was not able to reverse the dysbiosis caused by obesity on the most abundant phyla. However, the MaR1 treatment increased the content of P. xylanivorans, which have been considered to be a promising probiotic with healthy effects on gut inflammation. Finally, a positive association was found between the Deferribacteres and Il-1β expression, suggesting that the increase in Deferribacteres observed in obesity could contribute to the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines in the colonic mucosa. In conclusion, MaR1 administration ameliorates the inflammatory state in the colonic mucosa and partially compensates changes on gut microbiota caused by obesity.
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14
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Zhang G, Liu M, Song M, Wang J, Cai J, Lin C, Li Y, Jin X, Shen C, Chen Z, Cai D, Gao Y, Zhu C, Lin C, Liu C. Patchouli alcohol activates PXR and suppresses the NF-κB-mediated intestinal inflammatory. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112302. [PMID: 31614203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) is involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patchouli alcohol (PA) has anti-inflammatory effects; however, the effect of PA on IBD pathogenesis remains largely unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of PA, primarily focused on crosstalk between PA-mediated PXR activation and NF-κB inhibition. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of PA with respect to PXR/NF-κB signalling using in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro, PA, identified as a PXR agonist, was evaluated by hPXR transactivation assays and through assessing for CYP3A4 expression and activity. NF-κB inhibition was analysed based on NF-κB luciferase assays, NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression, and NF-κB nuclear translocation after activation of PXR by PA. In vivo, colonic mPXR and NF-κB signalling were analysed to assess PA-mediated the protective effect against dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PXR was further evaluated by examining PA protection against DSS-induced colitis. RESULTS PA induced CYP3A4 expression and activity via an hPXR-dependent mechanism. PA-mediated PXR activation attenuated inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activity and nuclear translocation. The anti-inflammatory effect of PA on NF-κB was abolished by PXR knockdown. PA prevented DSS-induced inflammation by regulating PXR/NF-κB signalling, whereas pharmacological PXR inhibition abated PA-mediated suppressive effects on NF-κB inflammation signalling. CONCLUSIONS PA activates PXR signalling and suppresses NF-κB signalling, consequently causing amelioration of inflammation. Our results highlight the importance of PXR-NF-κB crosstalk in colitis and suggest a novel therapeutic reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People(')s Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Meijing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jueyu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jiazhong Cai
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Chuanquan Lin
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yanwu Li
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Xin Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Chuangpeng Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 500095, China
| | - Dake Cai
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 500095, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Chaozhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Changhui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
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15
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Wu D, Kittana H, Shu J, Kachman SD, Cui J, Ramer-Tait AE, Zempleni J. Dietary Depletion of Milk Exosomes and Their MicroRNA Cargos Elicits a Depletion of miR-200a-3p and Elevated Intestinal Inflammation and Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 9 Expression in Mdr1a-/- Mice. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz122. [PMID: 32154493 PMCID: PMC7053579 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes transfer regulatory microRNAs (miRs) from donor cells to recipient cells. Exosomes and miRs originate from both endogenous synthesis and dietary sources such as milk. miR-200a-3p is a negative regulator of the proinflammatory chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9). Male Mdr1a-/- mice spontaneously develop clinical signs of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). OBJECTIVES We assessed whether dietary depletion of exosomes and miRs alters the severity of IBD in Mdr1a-/- mice owing to aberrant regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. METHODS Starting at 5 wk of age, 16 male Mdr1a-/- mice were fed either milk exosome- and RNA-sufficient (ERS) or milk exosome- and RNA-depleted (ERD) diets. The ERD diet is characterized by a near-complete depletion of miRs and a 60% loss of exosome bioavailability compared with ERS. Mice were killed when their weight loss exceeded 15% of peak body weight. Severity of IBD was assessed by histopathological evaluation of cecum. Serum cytokine and chemokine concentrations and mRNA and miR tissue expression were analyzed by multiplex ELISAs, RNA-sequencing analysis, and qRT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS Stromal collapse, gland hyperplasia, and additive microscopic disease scores were (mean ± SD) 56.7% ± 23.3%, 23.5% ± 11.8%, and 29.6% ± 8.2% lower, respectively, in ceca of ERS mice than of ERD mice (P < 0.05). The serum concentration of CXCL9 was 35.0% ± 31.0% lower in ERS mice than in ERD mice (P < 0.05). Eighty-seven mRNAs were differentially expressed in the ceca from ERS and ERD mice; 16 of these mRNAs are implicated in immune function. The concentrations of 4 and 1 out of 5 miRs assessed (including miR-200a-3p) were ≤63% lower in livers and ceca, respectively, from ERD mice than from ERS mice. CONCLUSIONS Milk exosome and miR depletion exacerbates cecal inflammation in Mdr1a-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Hatem Kittana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jiang Shu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Stephen D Kachman
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Juan Cui
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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16
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Thoo L, Noti M, Krebs P. Keep calm: the intestinal barrier at the interface of peace and war. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:849. [PMID: 31699962 PMCID: PMC6838056 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial barriers have to constantly cope with both harmless and harmful stimuli. The epithelial barrier therefore serves as a dynamic and not static wall to safeguard its proper physiological function while ensuring protection. This is achieved through multiple defence mechanisms involving various cell types - epithelial and non-epithelial - that work in an integrated manner to build protective barriers at mucosal sites. Damage may nevertheless occur, due to pathogens, physical insults or dysregulated immune responses, which trigger a physiologic acute or a pathologic chronic inflammatory cascade. Inflammation is often viewed as a pathological condition, particularly due to the increasing prevalence of chronic inflammatory (intestinal) diseases. However, inflammation is also necessary for wound healing. The aetiology of chronic inflammatory diseases is incompletely understood and identification of the underlying mechanisms would reveal additional therapeutic approaches. Resolution is an active host response to end ongoing inflammation but its relevance is under-appreciated. Currently, most therapies aim at dampening inflammation at damaged mucosal sites, yet these approaches do not efficiently shut down the inflammation process nor repair the epithelial barrier. Therefore, future treatment strategies should also promote the resolution phase. Yet, the task of repairing the barrier can be an arduous endeavour considering its multiple integrated layers of defence - which is advantageous for damage prevention but becomes challenging to repair at multiple levels. In this review, using the intestines as a model epithelial organ and barrier paradigm, we describe the consequences of chronic inflammation and highlight the importance of the mucosae to engage resolving processes to restore epithelial barrier integrity and function. We further discuss the contribution of pre-mRNA alternative splicing to barrier integrity and intestinal homeostasis. Following discussions on current open questions and challenges, we propose a model in which resolution of inflammation represents a key mechanism for the restoration of epithelial integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester Thoo
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mario Noti
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Gastro-Intestinal Health, Immunology, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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17
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Benmoussa A, Diallo I, Salem M, Michel S, Gilbert C, Sévigny J, Provost P. Concentrates of two subsets of extracellular vesicles from cow's milk modulate symptoms and inflammation in experimental colitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14661. [PMID: 31601878 PMCID: PMC6787204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in cell-to-cell communication and modulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes. EVs are found in large quantities in milk and contain several inflammation- and immunity-modulating proteins and microRNAs, through which they exert beneficial effects in several inflammatory disease models. Here, we investigated the effects of two EV subsets, concentrated from commercial cow's milk, on a murine model of colitis induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). P35K EVs, isolated by ultracentrifugation at 35,000 g, and P100K EVs, isolated at 100,000 g, were previously characterized and administered by gavage to healthy and DSS-treated mice. P35K EVs and, to a lesser extent, P100K EVs improved several outcomes associated to DSS-induced colitis, modulated the gut microbiota, restored intestinal impermeability and replenished mucin secretion. Also, P35K EVs modulated innate immunity, while P100K EVs decreased inflammation through the downregulation of colitis-associated microRNAs, especially miR-125b, associated with a higher expression of the NFκB inhibitor TNFAIP3 (A20). These results suggest that different milk EV subsets may improve colitis outcomes through different, and possibly complementary, mechanisms. Further unveiling of these mechanisms might offer new opportunities for improving the life of patients with colitis and be of importance for milk processing, infant milk formulation and general public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Benmoussa
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Idrissa Diallo
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mabrouka Salem
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sara Michel
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Patrick Provost
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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18
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Chuang LS, Morrison J, Hsu NY, Labrias PR, Nayar S, Chen E, Villaverde N, Facey JA, Boschetti G, Giri M, Castillo-Martin M, Thin TH, Sharma Y, Chu J, Cho JH. Zebrafish modeling of intestinal injury, bacterial exposures and medications defines epithelial in vivo responses relevant to human inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.037432. [PMID: 31337664 PMCID: PMC6737949 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.037432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified over 200 genomic loci associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). High-effect risk alleles define key roles for genes involved in bacterial response and innate defense. More high-throughput in vivo systems are required to rapidly evaluate therapeutic agents. We visualize, in zebrafish, the effects on epithelial barrier function and intestinal autophagy of one-course and repetitive injury. Repetitive injury induces increased mortality, impaired recovery of intestinal barrier function, failure to contain bacteria within the intestine and impaired autophagy. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) administration protected against injury by enhancing epithelial barrier function and limiting systemic infection. Effects of IBD therapeutic agents were defined: mesalamine showed protective features during injury, whereas 6-mercaptopurine displayed marked induction of autophagy during recovery. Given the highly conserved nature of innate defense in zebrafish, it represents an ideal model system with which to test established and new IBD therapies targeted to the epithelial barrier.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Shiang Chuang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joshua Morrison
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nai-Yun Hsu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Ronel Labrias
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shikha Nayar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ernie Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicole Villaverde
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jody Ann Facey
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gilles Boschetti
- Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mamta Giri
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mireia Castillo-Martin
- Departments of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tin Htwe Thin
- Departments of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yashoda Sharma
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jaime Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Judy H Cho
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA .,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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19
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Szabady RL, Louissaint C, Lubben A, Xie B, Reeksting S, Tuohy C, Demma Z, Foley SE, Faherty CS, Llanos-Chea A, Olive AJ, Mrsny RJ, McCormick BA. Intestinal P-glycoprotein exports endocannabinoids to prevent inflammation and maintain homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4044-4056. [PMID: 30102254 DOI: 10.1172/jci96817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil influx into the intestinal lumen is a critical response to infectious agents, but is also associated with severe intestinal damage observed in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. The chemoattractant hepoxilin A3, an eicosanoid secreted from intestinal epithelial cells by the apically restricted efflux pump multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2), mediates this neutrophil influx. Information about a possible counterbalance pathway that could signal the lack of or resolution of an apical inflammatory signal, however, has yet to be described. We now report a system with such hallmarks. Specifically, we identify endocannabinoids as the first known endogenous substrates of the apically restricted multidrug resistance transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and reveal a mechanism, which we believe is novel, for endocannabinoid secretion into the intestinal lumen. Knockdown or inhibition of P-gp reduced luminal secretion levels of N-acyl ethanolamine-type endocannabinoids, which correlated with increased neutrophil transmigration in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, loss of CB2, the peripheral cannabinoid receptor, led to increased pathology and neutrophil influx in models of acute intestinal inflammation. These results define a key role for epithelial cells in balancing the constitutive secretion of antiinflammatory lipids with the stimulated secretion of proinflammatory lipids via surface efflux pumps in order to control neutrophil infiltration into the intestinal lumen and maintain homeostasis in the healthy intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose L Szabady
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Louissaint
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anneke Lubben
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Bailu Xie
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Reeksting
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Tuohy
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary Demma
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sage E Foley
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina S Faherty
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Chea
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J Olive
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randall J Mrsny
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Beth A McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Castro-López J, Teles M, Fierro C, Allenspach K, Planellas M, Pastor J. Pilot study: duodenal MDR1 and COX2 gene expression in cats with inflammatory bowel disease and low-grade alimentary lymphoma. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:759-766. [PMID: 28948903 PMCID: PMC11104148 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17730708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) encodes a protein called P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which serves as an efflux pump membrane protein implicated in intestinal homeostasis and drug resistance. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of proinflammatory prostaglandins, tumourigenesis and in mucosal defence. Despite the importance of MDR1 and COX2, changes in their mRNA levels have not been studied in cats with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and low-grade alimentary lymphoma (LGAL). The present study aimed to determine the mRNA levels of MDR1 and COX2 in cats with IBD and LGAL, and to evaluate their correlation with clinical signs, histological severity and between genes. Methods Cats diagnosed with IBD (n = 20) and LGAL (n = 9) between 2008 and 2015 were included in the current study. Three healthy animals composed the healthy control cats group in which endoscopy was performed immediately before the ovariohysterectomy. All duodenal biopsy samples were obtained by endoscopy. Feline chronic enteropathy activity index was calculated for all cases. IBD histopathology was classified according to severity. MDR1 and COX2 mRNA levels were determined by absolute reverse transcriptase-quantitative real-time PCR. Results Statistically significant differences were observed for MDR1 and COX2 mRNA levels between the IBD and LGAL groups. No correlations were observed between molecular gene expression, feline chronic enteropathy activity index and histological grading for IBD, and between MDR1 and COX2 genes. However, a positive statistically significant correlation was observed between MDR1 and COX2 expression in the duodenum of cats. Conclusions and relevance MDR1 and COX2 gene expression is increased in cats with LGAL compared with cats with IBD. The control group tended to have lower values than both diseased groups. These results suggest that these genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of IBD or LGAL in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Castro-López
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Camino Fierro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Ames, IA, USA
| | - Marta Planellas
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Pastor
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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21
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Mourad FH, Yau Y, Wasinger VC, Leong RW. Proteomics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Approach Using Animal Models. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:2266-2276. [PMID: 28717845 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, proteomics studies have provided important information on the role of proteins in health and disease. In the domain of inflammatory bowel disease, proteomics has shed important light on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of inflammation and has contributed to the discovery of some putative clinical biomarkers of disease activity. By being able to obtain a large number of specimens from multiple sites and control for confounding environmental, genetic, and metabolic factors, proteomics studies using animal models of colitis offered an alternative approach to human studies. Our aim is to review the information and lessons acquired so far from the use of proteomics in animal models of colitis. These studies helped understand the importance of different proteins at different stages of the disease and unraveled the different pathways that are activated or inhibited during the inflammatory process. Expressed proteins related to inflammation, cellular structure, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and energy depletion advanced the knowledge about the reaction of intestinal cells to inflammation and repair. The role of mesenteric lymphocytes, exosomes, and the intestinal mucosal barrier was emphasized in the inflammatory process. In addition, studies in animal models revealed mechanisms of the beneficial effects of some therapeutic interventions and foods or food components on intestinal inflammation by monitoring changes in protein expression and paved the way for some new possible inflammatory pathways to target in the future. Advances in proteomics technology will further clarify the interaction between intestinal microbiota and IBD pathogenesis and investigate the gene-environmental axis of IBD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi H Mourad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 113-6044, Hamra, Beirut, 110 32090, Lebanon. .,Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Road, Concord, NSW, 2137, Australia.
| | - Yunki Yau
- Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Road, Concord, NSW, 2137, Australia
| | - Valerie C Wasinger
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of NSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rupert W Leong
- Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Road, Concord, NSW, 2137, Australia
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Cario E. P-glycoprotein multidrug transporter in inflammatory bowel diseases: More questions than answers. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:1513-1520. [PMID: 28321153 PMCID: PMC5340804 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i9.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal barrier is constantly exposed to numerous environmental substrates that are foreign and potentially harmful. These xenobiotics can cause shifts in the intestinal microbiota composition, affect mucosal immune responses, disturb tissue integrity and impair regeneration. The multidrug transporter ABCB1/MDR1 p-glycoprotein (p-gp) plays a key role at the front line of host defence by efficiently protecting the gastrointestinal barrier from xenobiotic accumulation. This Editorial discusses how altered expression and function of ABCB1/MDR1 p-gp may contribute to the development and persistence of chronic intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Recent evidence implies multiple interactions between intestinal microbiota, innate immunity and xenobiotic metabolism via p-gp. While decreased efflux activity may promote disease susceptibility and drug toxicity, increased efflux activity may confer resistance to therapeutic drugs in IBD. Mice deficient in MDR1A develop spontaneously chronic colitis, providing a highly valuable murine IBD model for the study of intestinal epithelial barrier function, immunoregulation, infectious co-triggers and novel therapeutic approaches. Possible associations of human ABCB1 gene polymorphisms with IBD susceptibility have been evaluated, but results are inconsistent. Future studies must focus on further elucidation of the pathophysiological relevance and immunological functions of p-gp and how its ambiguous effects could be therapeutically targeted in IBD.
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Bang B, Lichtenberger LM. Methods of Inducing Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 72:5.58.1-5.58.42. [PMID: 26995548 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0558s72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are useful for understanding more about the mechanistic basis of the disease, identifying new targets for therapeutic intervention, and testing novel therapeutics. This unit provides detailed protocols for five widely used mouse models of experimentally induced intestinal inflammation: chemical induction of colitis by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), hapten-induced colitis via 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), Helicobacter-induced colitis in mdr1a(-/-) mice, the CD4(+) CD45RB(hi) SCID transfer colitis model, and the IL-10(-/-) colitis model. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungwook Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Lenard M Lichtenberger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Barnett MPG, Dommels YEM, Butts CA, Zhu S, McNabb WC, Roy NC. Inoculation with enterococci does not affect colon inflammation in the multi-drug resistance 1a-deficient mouse model of IBD. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:31. [PMID: 26940566 PMCID: PMC4778357 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal bacteria are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We investigated whether oral inoculation with specific intestinal bacteria increased colon inflammation in the multi-drug resistance 1a-deficient (Mdr1a–/–) mouse model of IBD. Methods Five-week-old Mdr1a–/– mice (FVB background) and FVB mice were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (Control or Inoculation, n = 12 per group). All mice were fed AIN-76A rodent diet, and mice in the Inoculation groups also received a single oral bacterial inoculation consisting of twelve cultured Enterococcus species combined with conventional intestinal flora obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of healthy mice (EF.CIF). Body weight, food intake, and disease activity index (DAI) were assessed throughout the study, and at 21 or 24 weeks of age, inflammation was assessed post-mortem by determining colon length and histological injury score (HIS), and plasma serum amyloid A (SAA). Results Mdr1a–/– mice consumed more food than FVB mice at 13 weeks of age (P < 0.05). There was also a significant effect of genotype on body weight, with Mdr1a–/– mice weighing less than FVB mice throughout the study (P < 0.05) regardless of treatment, but there was no effect of inoculation on body weight (P > 0.25). Colon HIS of Mdr1a–/– mice was significantly higher than that of FVB mice in the Control (9.3 ± 4.7 (mean ± SD) vs. 0.58 ± 0.51; P < 0.001) and Inoculation (6.7 ± 5.1 vs. 0.92 ± 0.39; P < 0.001) groups. There was no difference in colon HIS of Mdr1a–/– mice in the Control group compared with Mdr1a–/– mice in the Inoculation group (P = 0.25), nor was there any difference in within-group variation of colon HIS in these two Mdr1a–/– groups. DAI was higher in Mdr1a–/– mice than in FVB mice, but there was no effect of treatment in either strain, nor were there any differences in colon length or plasma SAA. Conclusions Inoculation of Mdr1a–/– mice with the EF.CIF inoculum described here does not increase colon inflammation or reduce the observed variability of inflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12876-016-0447-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P G Barnett
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand. .,Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Yvonne E M Dommels
- Food and Nutrition, Food Innovation, Plant & Food Research, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Christine A Butts
- Food and Nutrition, Food Innovation, Plant & Food Research, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Shuotun Zhu
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Warren C McNabb
- AgResearch, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand. .,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand. .,Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
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Sartor RB. Review article: the potential mechanisms of action of rifaximin in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43 Suppl 1:27-36. [PMID: 26618923 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Although the microbiota's role in IBD pathogenesis, specifically Crohn's disease (CD), provides a rationale for antibiotic treatment, antibiotic use in CD remains controversial. Rifaximin, traditionally identified as a nonsystemic bactericidal antibiotic, may be therapeutically beneficial for inducing CD remission. AIM To examine the role of rifaximin in the management of IBD and its potential mechanisms of action. METHODS A literature search using the following strategy: ('inflammatory bowel disease' OR 'Crohn's' OR 'ulcerative'), 'rifaximin' AND ('barrier' OR 'translocation' OR 'adhesion' OR 'internalization' OR 'pregnane X'), AND 'pregnane X' AND ('Crohn's' OR 'ulcerative colitis' OR 'inflammatory bowel disease'). RESULTS In vitro data suggest rifaximin mediates changes in epithelial cell physiology and reduces bacterial attachment and internalisation. In experimental colitis models, rifaximin antagonised the effects of tumour necrosis factor-α on intestinal epithelial cells by activating pregnane X receptor, which inhibits nuclear factor-κB-mediated proinflammatory mediators and induces detoxification genes (e.g. multidrug resistance 1 and cytochrome P450 3A4). Rifaximin also inhibits bacterial translocation into the mesenteric lymph nodes. CONCLUSION Accumulating evidence suggests that mechanisms of action of rifaximin in IBD may not be limited to direct bactericidal activity; therefore, rifaximin could potentially be redefined as a gut environment modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Haarberg KMK, Wymore Brand MJ, Overstreet AMC, Hauck CC, Murphy PA, Hostetter JM, Ramer-Tait AE, Wannemuehler MJ. Orally administered extract from Prunella vulgaris attenuates spontaneous colitis in mdr1a -/- mice. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2015; 6:223-237. [PMID: 26558156 PMCID: PMC4635162 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the ability of a Prunella vulgaris (P. vulgaris) ethanolic extract to attenuate spontaneous typhlocolitis in mdr1a-/- mice.
METHODS: Vehicle (5% ethanol) or P. vulgaris ethanolic extract (2.4 mg/d) were administered daily by oral gavage to mdr1a-/- or wild type FVBWT mice from 6 wk of age up to 20 wk of age. Clinical signs of disease were noted by monitoring weight loss. Mice experiencing weight loss in excess of 15% were removed from the study. At the time mice were removed from the study, blood and colon tissue were collected for analyses that included histological evaluation of lesions, inflammatory cytokine levels, and myeloperoxidase activity.
RESULTS: Administration of P. vulgaris extracts to mdr1a-/- mice delayed onset of colitis and reduced severity of mucosal inflammation when compared to vehicle-treated mdr1a-/- mice. Oral administration of the P. vulgaris extract resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) serum levels of IL-10 (4.6 ± 2 vs 19.4 ± 4), CXCL9 (1319.0 ± 277 vs 3901.0 ± 858), and TNFα (9.9 ± 3 vs 14.8 ± 1) as well as reduced gene expression by more than two-fold for Ccl2, Ccl20, Cxcl1, Cxcl9, IL-1α, Mmp10, VCAM-1, ICAM, IL-2, and TNFα in the colonic mucosa of mdr1a-/- mice compared to vehicle-treated mdr1a-/- mice. Histologically, several microscopic parameters were reduced (P < 0.05) in P. vulgaris-treated mdr1a-/- mice, as was myeloperoxidase activity in the colon (2.49 ± 0.16 vs 3.36 ± 0.06, P < 0.05). The numbers of CD4+ T cells (2031.9 ± 412.1 vs 5054.5 ± 809.5) and germinal center B cells (2749.6 ± 473.7 vs 4934.0 ± 645.9) observed in the cecal tonsils of P. vulgaris-treated mdr1a-/- were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) from vehicle-treated mdr1a-/- mice. Vehicle-treated mdr1a-/- mice were found to produce serum antibodies to antigens derived from members of the intestinal microbiota, indicative of severe colitis and a loss of adaptive tolerance to the members of the microbiota. These serum antibodies were greatly reduced or absent in P. vulgaris-treated mdr1a-/- mice.
CONCLUSION: The anti-inflammatory activity of P. vulgaris ethanolic extract effectively attenuated the severity of intestinal inflammation in mdr1a-/- mice.
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Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in determining inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility. Epidemiologic data support genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of IBD, which include familial aggregation, twin studies, and racial and ethnic differences in disease prevalence. Recently, several new genes have been identified to be involved in the genetic susceptibility to IBD. The characterization of novel genes potentially will lead to the identification of therapeutic agents and clinical assessment of phenotype and prognosis in patients with IBD. The development of genetic markers associated with clinical outcomes in patients with IBD will be very important in the future. The progress of molecular biology tools (microarrays, proteomics, and epigenetics) have progressed the field of the genetic markers discovery. The advances in bioinformatics coupled with cross-disciplinary collaborations have greatly enhanced our ability to retrieve, characterize, and analyze large amounts of data generated by the technological advances. The techniques available for markers development are genomics (single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping, pharmacogenetics, and gene expression analyses) and proteomics. This could be a potential great benefit in predicting the course of disease in individual patients and in guiding appropriate medical therapy.
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CCR9 Antagonists in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:628340. [PMID: 26457007 PMCID: PMC4592714 DOI: 10.1155/2015/628340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While it has long been established that the chemokine receptor CCR9 and its ligand CCL25 are essential for the movement of leukocytes into the small intestine and the development of small-intestinal inflammation, the role of this chemokine-receptor pair in colonic inflammation is not clear. Toward this end, we compared colonic CCL25 protein levels in healthy individuals to those in patients with ulcerative colitis. In addition, we determined the effect of CCR9 pharmacological inhibition in the mdr1a−/− mouse model of ulcerative colitis. Colon samples from patients with ulcerative colitis had significantly higher levels of CCL25 protein compared to healthy controls, a finding mirrored in the mdr1a−/− mice. In the mdr1a−/− mice, CCR9 antagonists significantly decreased the extent of wasting and colonic remodeling and reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the colon. These findings indicate that the CCR9:CCL25 pair plays a causative role in ulcerative colitis and suggest that CCR9 antagonists will provide a therapeutic benefit in patients with colonic inflammation.
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Cooney JM, Barnett MPG, Dommels YEM, Brewster D, Butts CA, McNabb WC, Laing WA, Roy NC. A combined omics approach to evaluate the effects of dietary curcumin on colon inflammation in the Mdr1a(-/-) mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 27:181-92. [PMID: 26437580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide insight into how curcumin reduces colon inflammation in the Mdr1a(-/-) mouse model of human inflammatory bowel disease using a combined transcriptomics and proteomics approach. Mdr1a(-/-) and FVB control mice were randomly assigned to an AIN-76A (control) diet or AIN-76A+0.2% curcumin. At 21 or 24weeks of age, colonic histological injury score (HIS) was determined, colon mRNA transcript levels were assessed using microarrays and colon protein expression was measured using 2D gel electrophoresis and LCMS protein identification. Colonic HIS of Mdr1a(-/-) mice fed the AIN-76A diet was higher (P<.001) than FVB mice fed the same diet; the curcumin-supplemented diet reduced colonic HIS (P<.05) in Mdr1a(-/-) mice. Microarray and proteomics analyses combined with new data analysis tools, such as the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis regulator effects analysis, showed that curcumin's antiinflammatory activity in Mdr1a(-/-) mouse colon may be mediated by activation of α-catenin, which has not previously been reported. We also show evidence to support curcumin's action via multiple molecular pathways including reduced immune response, increased xenobiotic metabolism, resolution of inflammation through decreased neutrophil migration and increased barrier remodeling. Key transcription factors and other regulatory molecules (ERK, FN1, TNFSF12 and PI3K complex) activated in inflammation were down-regulated by dietary intervention with curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Cooney
- Biological Chemistry & Bioactives Group and Food Innovation, Plant & Food Research, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Matthew P G Barnett
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; GRAVIDA: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Yvonne E M Dommels
- Food and Nutrition, Food Innovation, Plant & Food Research, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Diane Brewster
- Biological Chemistry & Bioactives Group and Food Innovation, Plant & Food Research, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Christine A Butts
- Food and Nutrition, Food Innovation, Plant & Food Research, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- AgResearch, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - William A Laing
- Biological Chemistry & Bioactives Group and Food Innovation, Plant & Food Research, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; GRAVIDA: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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Rodriguez-Palacios A, Kodani T, Kaydo L, Pietropaoli D, Corridoni D, Howell S, Katz J, Xin W, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. Stereomicroscopic 3D-pattern profiling of murine and human intestinal inflammation reveals unique structural phenotypes. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7577. [PMID: 26154811 PMCID: PMC4510646 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histology is fundamental to assess two-dimensional intestinal inflammation; however, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are often indistinguishable microscopically on the basis of mucosal biopsies. Here, we use stereomicroscopy (SM) to rapidly profile the entire intestinal topography and assess inflammation. We examine the mucosal surface of >700 mice (encompassing >16 strains and various IBD-models), create a profiling catalogue of 3D-stereomicroscopic abnormalities and demonstrate that mice with comparable histological scores display unique sub-clusters of 3D-structure-patterns of IBD pathology, which we call 3D-stereoenterotypes, and which are otherwise indiscernible histologically. We show that two ileal IBD-stereoenterotypes ('cobblestones' versus 'villous mini-aggregation') cluster separately within two distinct mouse lines of spontaneous ileitis, suggesting that host genetics drive unique and divergent inflammatory 3D-structural patterns in the gut. In humans, stereomicroscopy reveals 'liquefaction' lesions and hierarchical fistulous complexes, enriched with clostridia/segmented filamentous bacteria, running under healthy mucosa in Crohn's disease. We suggest that stereomicroscopic (3D-SMAPgut) profiling can be easily implemented and enable the comprehensive study of inflammatory 3D structures, genetics and flora in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Tomohiro Kodani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Lindsey Kaydo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Davide Pietropaoli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Daniele Corridoni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Scott Howell
- Department of Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Jeffry Katz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Theresa T. Pizarro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Pérez-Bosque A, Miró L, Maijó M, Polo J, Campbell J, Russell L, Crenshaw J, Weaver E, Moretó M. Dietary intervention with serum-derived bovine immunoglobulins protects barrier function in a mouse model of colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G1012-8. [PMID: 25882614 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00378.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with immunoglobulins from animal plasma has anti-inflammatory effects on intestinal and lung models of acute inflammation. Here, we aimed to establish whether dietary intervention with serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin (SBI) can prevent alterations in intestinal barrier function in a mouse model with a genetic predisposition to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking the mdr1a gene (KO) were fed diets supplemented with either SBI (2% wt/wt) or milk proteins (control diet), from day 21 (weaning) until day 56. The epithelial permeability of distal colon crypts was measured by confocal microscopy using a fluorescent marker. The expression of junctional epithelial E-cadherin and β-catenin proteins were determined by Western blot and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) by immunofluorescence. Mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC4), TFF3, cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ), and inducible nitric oxide synthase RNA expression were quantified by real-time PCR. SBI blocked the increase in colon crypt permeability and partially prevented the reduction in E-cadherin and ZO-1 expression that characterize the KO mouse model (both P < 0.05). SBI inclusion also reduced the mucosal expression of the inflammatory markers TNF-α, IFN-γ, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (all P < 0.005). The number of goblet cells in the colon of KO mice was low and correlated well with MUC2 and TFF3 expression (P < 0.001), whereas dietary supplementation with SBI attenuated these effects (all P < 0.05). In short, dietary SBI ameliorated colonic barrier alterations and reduced the expression of mucosal inflammatory markers in a genetic model of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pérez-Bosque
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Miró
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Maijó
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Miquel Moretó
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease: a review. Inflammopharmacology 2014; 22:219-33. [PMID: 24906689 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-014-0207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a group of idiopathic chronic inflammatory intestinal conditions associated with various areas of the GI tract, including two types of inflammatory conditions, i.e., ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Both UC and CD are chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine; in UC, inflammation starts in the rectum and generally extends proximally in a continuous manner through the entire colon. Bloody diarrhea, presence of blood and mucus mixed with stool, accompanied by lower abdominal cramping, are the characteristic symptoms of the disease. While in CD, inflammatory condition may affect any part of the GI tract from mouth to anus. It mainly causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and weight loss. Although the basic etiology of IBD is unknown, there are several factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease, such as dysregulation of immune system or commensal bacteria, oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. In order to understand these different etiological factors, a number of experimental models are available in the scientific research, including chemical-induced, spontaneous, genetically engineered and transgenic models. These models represent a major source of information about biological systems and are clinically relevant to the human IBD. Since there is less collective data available in one single article discussing about all these models, in this review an effort is made to study the outline of pathophysiology and various types of animal models used in the research study of IBD and other disease-related complications.
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Muise A, Rotin D. Apical junction complex proteins and ulcerative colitis: a focus on thePTPRSgene. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 8:465-77. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.8.4.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ward JM, Treuting PM. Rodent intestinal epithelial carcinogenesis: pathology and preclinical models. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:148-61. [PMID: 24178574 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313505156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is a major human malignancy that afflicts millions of people throughout the world each year. Genetics and diet play large roles in colon carcinogenesis although chemicals may also contribute. For the past 40 years, scientists have studied experimentally induced intestinal carcinogenesis in rodents in order to elucidate the etiology and mechanisms involved. Comparative histopathology has revealed many similarities of rodent and human intestinal cancers. Comparative molecular pathology has also shown genetic similarities. More recently, genetically engineered mice and inflammatory colon cancer models have been used for investigating mechanisms and potential chemopreventive and treatment modalities. This review will focus on comparative histopathology and nonclinical models.
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Baliga MS, Joseph N, Venkataranganna MV, Saxena A, Ponemone V, Fayad R. Curcumin, an active component of turmeric in the prevention and treatment of ulcerative colitis: preclinical and clinical observations. Food Funct 2013; 3:1109-17. [PMID: 22833299 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30097d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprising of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) is a major ailment affecting the small and large bowel. In clinics, IBD is treated using 5-amninosalicylates, antibiotics, the steroids and immunomodulators. Unfortunately, the long term usages of these agents are associated with undue side effects and compromise the therapeutic advantage. Accordingly, there is a need for novel agents that are effective, acceptable and non toxic to humans. Preclinical studies in experimental animals have shown that curcumin, an active principle of the Indian spice turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn) is effective in preventing or ameliorating UC and inflammation. Over the last few decades there has been increasing interest in the possible role of curcumin in IBD and several studies with various experimental models of IBD have shown it to be effective in mediating the inhibitory effects by scavenging free radicals, increasing antioxidants, influencing multiple signaling pathways, especially the kinases (MAPK, ERK), inhibiting myeloperoxidase, COX-1, COX-2, LOX, TNF-α, IFN-γ, iNOS; inhibiting the transcription factor NF-κB. Clinical studies have also shown that co-administration of curcumin with conventional drugs was effective, to be well-tolerated and treated as a safe medication for maintaining remission, to prevent relapse and improve clinical activity index. Large randomized controlled clinical investigations are required to fully understand the potential of oral curcumin for treating IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga
- Department of Research and Development, Father Muller Medical College, Kankanady, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Maxwell JR, Viney JL. Overview of mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease and their use in drug discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 5:Unit5.57. [PMID: 22294403 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0557s47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a condition that affects millions of individuals, encompasses two distinct conditions: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). CD is an inflammatory condition affecting any part of the digestive tract between the mouth and anus, but, most commonly, the ileum and colon. It is distinguished by the presence of granulomas in the mucosal tissue and patchy areas of transmural inflammation. UC is restricted to the colon and is manifest as continuous inflammation starting from the rectum and extending back towards the cecum. Inflammation in UC is primarily restricted to mucosal layers. Research is ongoing to understand the causality of these two diseases, and advances in understanding of their pathology have resulted from the variety of mouse models of IBD that have emerged since the early 1990s. Described in this unit are contemporary mouse models of these conditions and examples of their use in drug discovery.
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Maxwell JR, Brown WA, Smith CL, Byrne FR, Viney JL. Methods of inducing inflammatory bowel disease in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 5:Unit5.58. [PMID: 22294404 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0558s47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are useful for understanding more about the mechanistic basis of disease, identifying new targets for therapeutic intervention, and testing novel therapeutic agents. This unit provides detailed protocols for four of the most commonly used mouse models of experimentally induced intestinal inflammation: chemical induction of colitis by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), hapten-induced colitis via 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), Helicobacter-induced colitis in mdr1a(-/-) mice, and the CD4(+) CD45RB(hi) SCID transfer colitis model.
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Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease whose etiology is still unknown. It is widely believed that UC is a kind of non-specific inflammatory disease which is caused by environmental factors and autoimmune disorders in people who carry susceptibility genes. Epidemiologic data, such as familial aggregation, twin studies, and racial/ethnic differences in disease prevalence, indicate that there are genetic contributions to UC pathogenesis. In this article, we will review the recent progress in research of genes associated with susceptibility to UC.
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Koboziev I, Karlsson F, Zhang S, Grisham MB. Pharmacological intervention studies using mouse models of the inflammatory bowel diseases: translating preclinical data into new drug therapies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1229-45. [PMID: 21312318 PMCID: PMC3075372 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most therapeutic agents used in clinical practice today were originally developed and tested in animal models so that drug toxicity and safety, dose-responses, and efficacy could be determined. Retrospective analyses of preclinical intervention studies using animal models of different diseases demonstrate that only a small percentage of the interventions reporting promising effects translate to clinical efficacy. The failure to translate therapeutic efficacy from bench to bedside may be due, in part, to shortcomings in the design of the clinical studies; however, it is becoming clear that much of the problem resides within the preclinical studies. One potential strategy for improving our ability to identify new therapeutics that may have a reasonable chance of success in clinical trials is to identify the most immunologically-relevant mouse models of IBD and pharmacologic strategies that most closely mimic the clinical situation. This review presents a critical evaluation of the different mouse models and pharmacological approaches that may be used in intervention studies as well as discuss emerging issues related to study design and data interpretation of preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Koboziev
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, LA 71130
,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Fridrik Karlsson
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, LA 71130
,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Songlin Zhang
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, LA 71130
,Department of Pathology LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Matthew B. Grisham
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, LA 71130
,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport, LA 71130
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Influence of MDR1 polymorphism on H. pylori-related chronic gastritis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:103-8. [PMID: 20464493 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that changes in MDR1 function and/or expression contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. AIMS We aimed to investigate the effect of C3435T polymorphism of the MDR1 gene on histological chronic gastritis, and on the risk of peptic ulcer diseases. METHODS Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed for polymorphisms at C3435T in the MDR1 gene in 556 cancer-free subjects including 116 gastric and 60 duodenal ulcers, and 380 non-ulcer subjects. Gastritis scores in the antrum were assessed according to the updated Sydney system in 384 subjects. RESULTS We did not find a significant association between MDR1 genotype and gastritis scores in any of the 384 subjects. However, the 3435T carrier was significantly associated with a higher degree of neutrophil infiltration in H. pylori-positive subjects (CC vs. T carrier: p=0.0495). When the H. pylori positive subjects were divided according to generation, the 3435T carrier was significantly associated with a higher degree of neutrophil infiltration in subjects more than 65 years of age (CC vs. T carrier: p=0.03). Also, the MDR1 3435 TT genotype was significantly associated with a higher degree of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in the same generation (atrophy, TT vs. C carrier: p=0.038, intestinal metaplasia, TT vs. C carrier: p=0.016). No association was found between MDR1 genotypes and risk of peptic ulcer diseases. CONCLUSIONS It appears that the C3435T polymorphism of MDR1 influences H. pylori-related inflammatory conditions in the stomach, especially in older subjects.
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Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Villeda-Ramírez MA, Fonseca-Camarillo G, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Dominguez-Lopez A, Barreto-Zuñiga R, Uribe M. High gene expression of MDR1 (ABCB1) is associated with medical treatment response and long-term remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:541-2. [PMID: 19714749 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Ishihara S, Aziz MM, Yuki T, Kazumori H, Kinoshita Y. Inflammatory bowel disease: review from the aspect of genetics. J Gastroenterol 2010; 44:1097-108. [PMID: 19802731 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regardless of how inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is defined, the term "genetic susceptibility" is always included. Due to substantial progress in the characterization of susceptible genes that interact with environmental influences, a number of review articles offering the latest insights continue to be presented. To date, more than 30 novel IBD susceptible loci have been found, while several promising associations between IBD and gene variants have also been identified and replicated effectively. The present review highlights recent insights regarding linkage analysis and genome-wide association presented in studies of IBD susceptible genes, which provide additional evidence supporting their involvement in disease pathogenesis, based on linking to innate immune systems as a result of interactions with intestinal microbial flora. An improved understanding of IBD genetics will promote the identification of novel therapeutic agents, making it possible to identify environmental factors related to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Ishihara
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan.
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Macroscopic and microscopic characterisation of colitis in a mice model of inflammatory bowel disease and its application to nutritional therapeutics. Proc Nutr Soc 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665110000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ma MZ, Yang CM. Advances in understanding the correlation between multi-drug resistance gene and ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:3530-3533. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i34.3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis remain unclear. It has been reported that multiple drug resistant 1a (MDR 1a) knockout mice are susceptible to developing a spontaneous ulcerative colitis (UC). The incidence of C3435T gene mutation in the MDR1 gene in UC patients is significantly higher than that in healthy controls. The C3435T gene mutation can lead to decreased expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The expression of P-gp in the peripheral blood lymphocytes and intestinal mucosal epithelial cells is higher in hormone-resistant UC patients than in hormone-sensitive UC patients and healthy controls. Thus, a hypothesis was proposed that the MDR1 gene polymorphism may correlate with the occurrence and progression of UC and the sensitivity to hormone therapy in UC patients. However, this hypothesis is still controversial.
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Rosenstiel P, Sina C, Franke A, Schreiber S. Towards a molecular risk map--recent advances on the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:334-45. [PMID: 19926490 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have enabled a comprehensive understanding of the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with over 30 identified and replicated disease loci. The pathophysiological consequences of disease gene variants in Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, the two main subentities of IBD, so far are only understood on the single disease gene level, yet complex network analyses linking the individual risk factors into a molecular risk map are still missing. In this review, we will focus on recent pathways and cellular functions that emerged from the genetic studies (e.g. innate immunity, autophagy) and delineate the existence of shared (e.g. IL23R, IL12B) and unique (e.g. NOD2 for CD) risk factors for the disease subtypes. Ultimately, the defined molecular profiles may identify individuals at risk early in life and may serve as a guidance to administer personalized interventions for causative therapies and/or early targeted prevention strategies. Due to this comparatively advanced level of molecular understanding in the field, IBD may represent precedent also for future developments of individualized genetic medicine in other polygenic disorders in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 12, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Ey B, Eyking A, Gerken G, Podolsky DK, Cario E. TLR2 mediates gap junctional intercellular communication through connexin-43 in intestinal epithelial barrier injury. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:22332-22343. [PMID: 19528242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m901619200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) coordinates cellular functions essential for sustaining tissue homeostasis; yet its regulation in the intestine is not well understood. Here, we identify a novel physiological link between Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and GJIC through modulation of Connexin-43 (Cx43) during acute and chronic inflammatory injury of the intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) barrier. Data from in vitro studies reveal that TLR2 activation modulates Cx43 synthesis and increases GJIC via Cx43 during IEC injury. The ulcerative colitis-associated TLR2-R753Q mutant targets Cx43 for increased proteasomal degradation, impairing TLR2-mediated GJIC during intestinal epithelial wounding. In vivo studies using mucosal RNA interference show that TLR2-mediated mucosal healing depends functionally on intestinal epithelial Cx43 during acute inflammatory stress-induced damage. Mice deficient in TLR2 exhibit IEC-specific alterations in Cx43, whereas administration of a TLR2 agonist protects GJIC by blocking accumulation of Cx43 and its hyperphosphorylation at Ser368 to prevent spontaneous chronic colitis in MDR1alpha-deficient mice. Finally, adding the TLR2 agonist to three-dimensional intestinal mucosa-like cultures of human biopsies preserves intestinal epithelial Cx43 integrity and polarization ex vivo. In conclusion, Cx43 plays an important role in innate immune control of commensal-mediated intestinal epithelial wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Ey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Essen, and Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Annette Eyking
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Essen, and Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Guido Gerken
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Essen, and Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel K Podolsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Elke Cario
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Essen, and Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Staley EM, Schoeb TR, Lorenz RG. Differential susceptibility of P-glycoprotein deficient mice to colitis induction by environmental insults. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:684-96. [PMID: 19067430 PMCID: PMC2887754 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of the multidrug resistance gene (MDR), is an ATP-dependent transmembrane pump, which is expressed in multiple cell lineages including epithelial and hematopoetic cells. The human MDR gene is located on chromosome 7 (7q21.1), a susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A significant number of IBD patients carry mutations in this gene and P-gp-deficient FVB/N mice develop a severe spontaneous colitis, characterized by impaired intestinal barrier function and immune reactivity to intestinal bacterial antigens. METHODS In this work we explored the role of mouse strain, as well as environmental insults, on the development of colonic inflammation in the absence of P-gp. Among the induction methods utilized, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) disrupts the intestinal epithelium, while piroxicam is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory (NSAID) drug that inhibits prostaglandin production and initiates colitis in IL10-deficient animals. Helicobacter bilis is a known mediator of bacterial-induced colitis. RESULTS We demonstrate that crossing this mutation onto the C57BL/6 strain confers protection from spontaneous colitis. C57BL/6.mdr1a-deficient animals demonstrated increased histological inflammation, colonic shortening, fecal blood, and reduced body weight after 7 days of treatment with 2.25% DSS. C57BL/6.mdr1a-deficient mice treated with piroxicam or infected with H. bilis showed no weight loss, or alterations in colonic histology. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the effects of P-gp deficiency are significantly modulated by background strain influences, but that the epithelium continues to have increased susceptibility to chemical injury in the C57BL/6 model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin G. Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Address correspondence to: Dr. Robin G. Lorenz, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., SHEL 602, Birmingham, AL 35243-2182. Phone: 205-934-0676. Fax: 205-996-9113.
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ZHANG G, FU X, TAKEDA T, HIGUCHI K, MORI M. Dysfunction in ABCB1A Has Only a Weak Effect on Susceptibility to Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in SAM Strains. Exp Anim 2009; 58:421-5. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.58.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guohong ZHANG
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, Hebei Medical University
| | - Xiaoying FU
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Keiichi HIGUCHI
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masayuki MORI
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
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Rabinovich BA, Ketchem RR, Wolfson M, Goldstein L, Skelly M, Cosman D. A role for the MHC class I-like Mill molecules in nutrient metabolism and wound healing. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:489-96. [PMID: 18560379 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I family members serve multiple functions beyond antigen presentation. We provide insight into the structure, expression and function of the Mill subfamily. This family includes two surface glycoproteins, Mill1 and Mill2. Protein sequences for Mill1 and Mill2 are most highly related to the NKG2D ligands, MICA and MICB, but neither of them bound to NKG2D. Computer-based protein modelling indicated that hereditary haemochromatosis protein (HFE), a molecule involved in iron uptake, was most similar. Mill1 and Mill2 were observed on cycling thymocytes, proliferating smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Using soluble Mill proteins, we found evidence for a soluble ligand in serum. Like HFE, the Mill family may be involved in nutrient metabolism. Skin was one of the only three organs found to express transcripts for both Mill1 and Mill2. Addition of antibodies specific for Mill2 to wounded skin enhanced healing. Our results suggest a role for the Mill proteins in cellular metabolism, with possible therapeutic significance.
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Miller DS, Bauer B, Hartz AMS. Modulation of P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier: opportunities to improve central nervous system pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2008; 60:196-209. [PMID: 18560012 DOI: 10.1124/pr.107.07109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy of central nervous system (CNS) disorders (e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, brain cancer, and neuro-AIDS) is limited by the blood-brain barrier. P-glycoprotein, an ATP-driven, drug efflux transporter, is a critical element of that barrier. High level of expression, luminal membrane location, multispecificity, and high transport potency make P-glycoprotein a selective gatekeeper of the blood-brain barrier and thus a primary obstacle to drug delivery into the brain. As such, P-glycoprotein limits entry into the CNS for a large number of prescribed drugs, contributes to the poor success rate of CNS drug candidates, and probably contributes to patient-to-patient variability in response to CNS pharmacotherapy. Modulating P-glycoprotein could therefore improve drug delivery into the brain. Here we review the current understanding of signaling mechanisms responsible for the modulation of P-glycoprotein activity/expression at the blood-brain barrier with an emphasis on recent studies from our laboratories. Using intact brain capillaries from rats and mice, we have identified multiple extracellular and intracellular signals that regulate this transporter; several signaling pathways have been mapped. Three pathways are triggered by elements of the brain's innate immune response, one by glutamate, one by xenobiotic-nuclear receptor (pregnane X receptor) interactions, and one by elevated beta-amyloid levels. Signaling is complex, with several pathways sharing common signaling elements [tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1, endothelin (ET) B receptor, protein kinase C, and nitric-oxide synthase), suggesting a regulatory network. Several pathways include autocrine/paracrine elements, involving release of the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, and the polypeptide hormone, ET-1. Finally, several steps in signaling are potential therapeutic targets that could be used to modulate P-glycoprotein activity in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Miller
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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