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Shahgolzari M, Venkataraman S, Osano A, Akpa PA, Hefferon K. Plant Virus Nanoparticles Combat Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1278. [PMID: 37631846 PMCID: PMC10459942 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant virus nanoparticles (PVNPs) have garnered considerable interest as a promising nanotechnology approach to combat cancer. Owing to their biocompatibility, stability, and adjustable surface functionality, PVNPs hold tremendous potential for both therapeutic and imaging applications. The versatility of PVNPs is evident from their ability to be tailored to transport a range of therapeutic agents, including chemotherapy drugs, siRNA, and immunomodulators, thereby facilitating targeted delivery to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, PVNPs may be customized with targeting ligands to selectively bind to cancer cell receptors, reducing off-target effects. Additionally, PVNPs possess immunogenic properties and can be engineered to exhibit tumor-associated antigens, thereby stimulating anti-tumor immune responses. In conclusion, the potential of PVNPs as a versatile platform for fighting cancer is immense, and further research is required to fully explore their potential and translate them into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shahgolzari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
| | - Srividhya Venkataraman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Anne Osano
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Bowie, MD 20715, USA
| | - Paul Achile Akpa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Kathleen Hefferon
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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2
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Disease Prevention: An Opportunity to Expand Edible Plant-Based Vaccines? Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5020014. [PMID: 28556800 PMCID: PMC5492011 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lethality of infectious diseases has decreased due to the implementation of crucial sanitary procedures such as vaccination. However, the resurgence of pathogenic diseases in different parts of the world has revealed the importance of identifying novel, rapid, and concrete solutions for control and prevention. Edible vaccines pose an interesting alternative that could overcome some of the constraints of traditional vaccines. The term “edible vaccine” refers to the use of edible parts of a plant that has been genetically modified to produce specific components of a particular pathogen to generate protection against a disease. The aim of this review is to present and critically examine “edible vaccines” as an option for global immunization against pathogenic diseases and their outbreaks and to discuss the necessary steps for their production and control and the list of plants that may already be used as edible vaccines. Additionally, this review discusses the required standards and ethical regulations as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with this powerful biotechnology tool.
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3
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Virus-like particles from Escherichia Coli-derived untagged papaya ringspot virus capsid protein purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography enhance the antibody response against a soluble antigen. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 56:1110-20. [PMID: 25119647 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in using virus-like particles (VLPs) as scaffolds for the presentation of antigens of choice to the immune system. In this work, VLPs from papaya ringspot virus capsid protein expressed in Escherichia coli were evaluated as enhancers of antibody response against a soluble antigen. Interestingly, although the capsid protein lacks a histidine tag, its purification by immobilized metal affinity chromatography was achieved. The formation of VLPs was demonstrated by electron microscopy for the first time for this capsid protein. VLPs were enriched by polyethylene glycol precipitation. Additionally, these VLPs were chemically coupled to green fluorescent protein in order to evaluate them as antigen carriers; however, bioconjugate instability was observed. Nonetheless, the adjuvant effect of these VLPs on BALB/c mice was evaluated, using GFP as antigen, resulting in a significant increase in anti-GFP IgG response, particularly, IgG1 class, demonstrating that the VLPs enhance the immune response against the antigen chosen in this study.
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4
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Aguilera BE, Chávez-Calvillo G, Elizondo-Quiroga D, Jimenez-García MN, Carrillo-Tripp M, Silva-Rosales L, Hernández-Gutiérrez R, Gutiérrez-Ortega A. Porcine circovirus type 2 protective epitope densely carried by chimeric papaya ringspot virus-like particles expressed in Escherichia coli as a cost-effective vaccine manufacture alternative. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2016; 64:406-414. [PMID: 26970530 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) still represents a major problem to the swine industry worldwide, causing high mortality rates in infected animals. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have gained attention for vaccine development, serving both as scaffolds for epitope expression and immune response enhancers. The commercial subunit vaccines against PCV2 consist of VLPs formed by the self-assembly of PCV2 capsid protein (CP) expressed in the baculovirus vector system. In this work, a PCV2 protective epitope was inserted into three different regions of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) CP, namely, the N- and C-termini and a predicted antigenic region located near the N-terminus. Wild-type and chimeric CPs were modeled in silico, expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and visualized by transmission electron microscopy. This is the first report that shows the formation of chimeric VLPs using PRSV as epitope-presentation scaffold. Moreover, it was found that PCV2 epitope localization strongly influences VLP length. Also, the estimated yields of the chimeric VLPs at a small-scale level ranged between 65 and 80 mg/L of culture medium. Finally, the three chimeric VLPs induced high levels of immunoglobulin G against the PCV2 epitope in immunized BALB/c mice, suggesting that these chimeric VLPs can be used for swine immunoprophylaxis against PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Eugenia Aguilera
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, México
| | - Gabriela Chávez-Calvillo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - Darwin Elizondo-Quiroga
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, México
| | - Mónica Noemí Jimenez-García
- Laboratorio de la Diversidad Biomolecular, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Libramiento Norte km 9.6, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp
- Laboratorio de la Diversidad Biomolecular, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Libramiento Norte km 9.6, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - Laura Silva-Rosales
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - Rodolfo Hernández-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, México
| | - Abel Gutiérrez-Ortega
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, México
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5
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Chang L, Hu J, Chen F, Chen Z, Shi J, Yang Z, Li Y, Lee LJ. Nanoscale bio-platforms for living cell interrogation: current status and future perspectives. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3181-3206. [PMID: 26745513 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06694h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The living cell is a complex entity that dynamically responds to both intracellular and extracellular environments. Extensive efforts have been devoted to the understanding intracellular functions orchestrated with mRNAs and proteins in investigation of the fate of a single-cell, including proliferation, apoptosis, motility, differentiation and mutations. The rapid development of modern cellular analysis techniques (e.g. PCR, western blotting, immunochemistry, etc.) offers new opportunities in quantitative analysis of RNA/protein expression up to a single cell level. The recent entries of nanoscale platforms that include kinds of methodologies with high spatial and temporal resolution have been widely employed to probe the living cells. In this tutorial review paper, we give insight into background introduction and technical innovation of currently reported nanoscale platforms for living cell interrogation. These highlighted technologies are documented in details within four categories, including nano-biosensors for label-free detection of living cells, nanodevices for living cell probing by intracellular marker delivery, high-throughput platforms towards clinical current, and the progress of microscopic imaging platforms for cell/tissue tracking in vitro and in vivo. Perspectives for system improvement were also discussed to solve the limitations remains in current techniques, for the purpose of clinical use in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqian Chang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
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Dickmeis C, Honickel MMA, Fischer R, Commandeur U. Production of Hybrid Chimeric PVX Particles Using a Combination of TMV and PVX-Based Expression Vectors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:189. [PMID: 26636076 PMCID: PMC4653303 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated hybrid chimeric potato virus X (PVX) particles by coexpression of different PVX coat protein fusions utilizing tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and PVX-based expression vectors. Coinfection was achieved with a modified PVX overcoat vector displaying a fluorescent protein and a TMV vector expressing another PVX fluorescent overcoat fusion protein. Coexpression of the PVX-CP fusions in the same cells was confirmed by epifluorescence microscopy. Labeling with specific antibodies and transmission electron microscopy revealed chimeric particles displaying green fluorescent protein and mCherry on the surface. These data were corroborated by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. We used split-mCherry fragments as PVX coat fusions and confirmed an interaction between the split-mCherry fragments in coinfected cells. The presence of assembled split-mCherry on the surface confirmed the hybrid character of the chimeric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | | | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany ; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , Aachen , Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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7
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Hassani-Mehraban A, Creutzburg S, van Heereveld L, Kormelink R. Feasibility of Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus-like particles as scaffold for epitope presentations. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:80. [PMID: 26311254 PMCID: PMC4551372 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Methods Within the last decade Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) have increasingly received attention from scientists for their use as a carrier of (peptide) molecules or as scaffold to present epitopes for use in subunit vaccines. To test the feasibility of Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) particles as a scaffold for epitope presentation and identify sites for epitope fusion or insertion that would not interfere with virus-like-particle formation, chimeric CCMV coat protein (CP) gene constructs were engineered, followed by expression in E. coli and assessment of VLP formation. Various constructs were made encoding a 6x-His-tag, or selected epitopes from Influenza A virus [IAV] (M2e, HA) or Foot and Mouth Disease Virus [FMDV] (VP1 and 2C). The epitopes were either inserted 1) in predicted exposed loop structures of the CCMV CP protein, 2) fused to the amino- (N) or carboxyl-terminal (C) ends, or 3) to a N-terminal 24 amino acid (aa) deletion mutant (N∆24-CP) of the CP protein. Results High levels of insoluble protein expression, relative to proteins from the entire cell lysate, were obtained for CCMV CP and all chimeric derivatives. A straightforward protocol was used that, without the use of purification columns, successfully enabled CCMV CP protein solubilization, reassembly and subsequent collection of CCMV CP VLPs. While insertions of His-tag or M2e (7-23 aa) into the predicted external loop structures did abolish VLP formation, high yields of VLPs were obtained with all fusions of His-tag or various epitopes (13- 27 aa) from IAV and FMDV at the N- or C-terminal ends of CCMV CP or N∆24-CP. VLPs derived from CCMV CP still encapsulated RNA, while those from CCMV CP-chimera containing a negatively charged N-terminal domain had lost this ability. The usefulness and rapid ease of exploitation of CCMV VLPs for the production of potential subunit vaccines was demonstrated with the synthesis of chimeric CCMV VLPs containing selected sequences from the GN and GC glycoproteins of the recently emerged Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus at both termini of the CP protein. Conclusions CCMV VLPs can be successfully exploited as scaffold for epitope fusions up to 31 aa at the N- and C-terminus, and at a N-terminal 24 amino acid (aa) deletion mutant (N∆24-CP) of the CP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Hassani-Mehraban
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd Creutzburg
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc van Heereveld
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Wei D, Zhao X, Chen L, Lan X, Li Y, Lin Y, Wang Q. Viral nanoparticles as antigen carriers: influence of shape on humoral immune responses in vivo. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01821d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rod-shaped viral nanoparticles serve as effective carriers for small molecular haptens with improved humoral immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Wei
- College of Life Science
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Limin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Xingguo Lan
- College of Life Science
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Li
- College of Life Science
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia, USA
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9
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Gupta S, Chatni MR, Rao ALN, Vullev VI, Wang LV, Anvari B. Virus-mimicking nano-constructs as a contrast agent for near infrared photoacoustic imaging. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1772-6. [PMID: 23334567 PMCID: PMC3626106 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr34124k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first proof-of-principle demonstration of photoacoustic imaging using a contrast agent composed of a plant virus protein shell, which encapsulates indocyanine green (ICG), the only FDA-approved near infrared chromophore. These nano-constructs can provide higher photoacoustic signals than blood in tissue phantoms, and display superior photostability compared to non-encapsulated ICG. Our preliminary results suggest that the constructs do not elicit an acute immunogenic response in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Muhammad R. Chatni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 963130, USA
| | - Ayala L. N. Rao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 963130, USA
| | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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10
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Yin Z, Nguyen HG, Chowdhury S, Bentley P, Bruckman MA, Miermont A, Gildersleeve JC, Wang Q, Huang X. Tobacco mosaic virus as a new carrier for tumor associated carbohydrate antigens. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1694-703. [PMID: 22812480 DOI: 10.1021/bc300244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are being actively studied as targets for antitumor vaccine development. One serious challenge was the low immunogenecity of these antigens. Herein, we report the results of using the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) capsid as a promising carrier of a weakly immunogenic TACA, the monomeric Tn antigen. The copper(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction was highly efficient in covalently linking Tn onto the TMV capsid without resorting to a large excess of the Tn antigen. The location of Tn attachment turned out to be important. Tn introduced at the N terminus of TMV was immunosilent, while that attached to tyrosine 139 elicited strong immune responses. Both Tn specific IgG and IgM antibodies were generated as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a glycan microarray screening study. The production of high titers of IgG antibodies suggested that the TMV platform contained the requisite epitopes for helper T cells and was able to induce antibody isotype switching. The antibodies exhibited strong reactivities toward Tn antigen displayed in its native environment, i.e., cancer cell surface, thus highlighting the potential of TMV as a promising TACA carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Building, Room 426, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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11
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Wu Z, Chen K, Yildiz I, Dirksen A, Fischer R, Dawson PE, Steinmetz NF. Development of viral nanoparticles for efficient intracellular delivery. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:3567-76. [PMID: 22508503 PMCID: PMC3563001 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30366c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) based on plant viruses such as Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) can be used for a broad range of biomedical applications because they present a robust scaffold that allows functionalization by chemical conjugation and genetic modification, thereby offering an efficient drug delivery platform that can target specific cells and tissues. VNPs such as CPMV show natural affinity to cells; however, cellular uptake is inefficient. Here we show that chemical modification of the CPMV surface with a highly reactive, specific and UV-traceable hydrazone linker allows bioconjugation of polyarginine (R5) cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), which can overcome these limitations. The resulting CPMV-R5 particles were taken up into a human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) more efficiently than native particles. Uptake efficiency was dependent on the density of R5 peptides on the surface of the VNP; particles displaying 40 R5 peptides per CPMV (denoted as CPMV-R5H) interact strongly with the plasma membrane and are taken up into the cells via an energy-dependent mechanism whereas particles displaying 10 R5 peptides per CPMV (CPMV-R5L) are only slowly taken up. The fate of CPMV-R5 versus native CPMV particles within cells was evaluated in a co-localization time course study. It was indicated that the intracellular localization of CPMV-R5 and CPMV differs; CPMV remains trapped in Lamp-1 positive endolysosomes over long time frames; in contrast, 30-50% of the CPMV-R5 particles transitioned from the endosome into other cellular vesicles or compartments. Our data provide the groundwork for the development of efficient drug delivery formulations based on CPMV-R5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Chemistry, Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Institute of Biology VII, Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-5056, USA
| | - Ibrahim Yildiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-5056, USA
| | - Anouk Dirksen
- Department of Cell Biology and Chemistry, Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute of Biology VII, Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philip E. Dawson
- Department of Cell Biology and Chemistry, Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-5056, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-5056, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-5056, USA
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12
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Wu L, Lee LA, Niu Z, Ghoshroy S, Wang Q. Visualizing cell extracellular matrix (ECM) deposited by cells cultured on aligned bacteriophage M13 thin films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:9490-9496. [PMID: 21678980 DOI: 10.1021/la201580v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Topographical features ranging from micro- to nanometers can affect cell orientation and migratory pathways, which are important factors in tissue engineering and tumor migration. In our previous study, a convective assembly of bacteriophage M13 resulted in thin films which could be used to control the alignment of cells. However, several questions regarding its underlying reasons to dictate cell alignment remained unanswered. Here, we further study the nanometer topographical features generated by the bacteriophage M13 crystalline film, which results in the alignment of the cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Sequential imaging analyses at micro- and nanoscale levels of aligned cells and fibrillar matrix proteins were documented using scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy. As a result, we observed baby hamster kidney cells with higher degree of alignment on the ordered M13 substrates than NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, a difference which could be attributed to the intrinsic nature of the cells' production of ECM proteins. The results from this study provide a crucial insight into the topographical features of a biological thin film, which can be utilized to control the orientation of cells and surrounding ECM proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laying Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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13
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Yaroslavov AA, Kaplan IB, Erokhina TN, Morozov SY, Solovyev AG, Leshchiner AD, Rakhnyanskaya AA, Malinin AS, Stepanova LA, Kiselev OI, Atabekov JG. A new method for producing biologically active nanocomplexes by a noncovalent conjugation of proteins with viral particles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:496-503. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011040169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Ren D, Kratz F, Wang SW. Protein nanocapsules containing doxorubicin as a pH-responsive delivery system. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1051-60. [PMID: 21456086 PMCID: PMC3118673 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase is engineered to form a caged, hollow dodecahedral protein assembly, and the feasibility of this scaffold to be used as a drug delivery system is examined by introducing cysteines to the internal cavity (D381C). The fluorescent dye Alexa Fluor 532 (AF532M) and the antitumor drug doxorubicin are coupled to this internal cavity through maleimides on the guest molecules. The viruslike particle's structure and stability remain intact after binding of the molecules within the interior of the nanocapsule. The pH-dependent hydrolysis of a hydrazone linkage to doxorubicin allows 90% drug release from the D381C scaffold within 72 h at pH 5.0. Fluorescence microscopy of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells indicates significant uptake of the D381C scaffold incorporating AF532M and doxorubicin, and suggests internalization of the nanoparticles through endocytosis. It is observed that the protein scaffold does not induce cell death, but doxorubicin encapsulated in D381C is indeed cytotoxic, yielding an IC(50) of 1.3 ± 0.3 μM. While the majority of particulate-based drug delivery strategies encapsulates drugs within polymeric nanoparticles, these results show the potential for using macromolecular protein assemblies. This approach yields a promising new opportunity for designing highly defined nanomaterials for therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575, USA
| | - Felix Kratz
- Tumor Biology Center, Division of Macromolecular Prodrugs, Breisacher Strasse 117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575, USA
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15
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Jung B, Rao ALN, Anvari B. Optical nano-constructs composed of genome-depleted brome mosaic virus doped with a near infrared chromophore for potential biomedical applications. ACS NANO 2011; 5:1243-52. [PMID: 21210643 DOI: 10.1021/nn1028696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We have engineered an optical nanoconstruct composed of genome-depleted brome mosaic virus doped with indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA-approved near-infrared (NIR) chromophore. Constructs are highly monodispersed with standard deviation of ±3.8 nm from a mean diameter of 24.3 nm. They are physically stable and exhibit a high degree of optical stability at physiological temperature (37 °C). Using human bronchial epithelial cells, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the constructs for intracellular optical imaging in vitro, with greater than 90% cell viability after 3 h of incubation. These constructs may serve as a potentially nontoxic and multifunctional nanoplatform for site-specific deep-tissue optical imaging, and therapy of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongsu Jung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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16
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Intravital imaging of embryonic and tumor neovasculature using viral nanoparticles. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:1406-17. [PMID: 20671724 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles are a novel class of biomolecular agents that take advantage of the natural circulatory and targeting properties of viruses to allow the development of therapeutics, vaccines and imaging tools. We have developed a multivalent nanoparticle platform based on the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) that facilitates particle labeling at high density with fluorescent dyes and other functional groups. Compared with other technologies, CPMV-based viral nanoparticles are particularly suited for long-term intravital vascular imaging because of their biocompatibility and retention in the endothelium with minimal side effects. The stable, long-term labeling of the endothelium allows the identification of vasculature undergoing active remodeling in real time. In this study, we describe the synthesis, purification and fluorescent labeling of CPMV nanoparticles, along with their use for imaging of vascular structure and for intravital vascular mapping in developmental and tumor angiogenesis models. Dye-labeled viral nanoparticles can be synthesized and purified in a single day, and imaging studies can be conducted over hours, days or weeks, depending on the application.
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17
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Rybicki EP. Plant-made vaccines for humans and animals. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:620-37. [PMID: 20233333 PMCID: PMC7167690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The concept of using plants to produce high-value pharmaceuticals such as vaccines is 20 years old this year and is only now on the brink of realisation as an established technology. The original reliance on transgenic plants has largely given way to transient expression; proofs of concept for human and animal vaccines and of efficacy for animal vaccines have been established; several plant-produced vaccines have been through Phase I clinical trials in humans and more are scheduled; regulatory requirements are more clear than ever, and more facilities exist for manufacture of clinic-grade materials. The original concept of cheap edible vaccines has given way to a realisation that formulated products are required, which may well be injectable. The technology has proven its worth as a means of cheap, easily scalable production of materials: it now needs to find its niche in competition with established technologies. The realised achievements in the field as well as promising new developments will be reviewed, such as rapid-response vaccines for emerging viruses with pandemic potential and bioterror agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Rybicki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa. ed.rybicki@ uct.ac.za
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18
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Franzen S, Lommel SA. Targeting cancer with 'smart bombs': equipping plant virus nanoparticles for a 'seek and destroy' mission. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:575-88. [PMID: 19572822 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article discusses plant virus nanoparticles as a weapon in the war on cancer. The successes and failures of numerous nanoparticle strategies are discussed as a background to consideration of the plant virus nanoparticle approach. To have therapeutic benefit, the advantages of the targeted nanoparticle must outweigh the problems of colloidal stability, uptake by the reticuloendothelial system as well as the requirement for clearance from the body. Biodegradable nanoparticles are considered to have the most promise to address these complex phenomena. After justifying the choice of biodegradable particles, the article focuses on comparison of micelles, liposomes, polymers and modified plant viruses. The structural uniformity, cargo capacity, responsive behavior and ease of manufacturing of plant virus nanoparticles are unique properties that suggest they have a wider role to play in targeted therapy. The loading of chemotherapeutic cargo is discussed, with specific reference to the advantage of reversible transitions of the capsid of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus. These features will be contrasted and compared with other biodegradable 'smart bombs' that target cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Franzen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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19
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Koudelka KJ, Destito G, Plummer EM, Trauger SA, Siuzdak G, Manchester M. Endothelial targeting of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) via surface vimentin. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000417. [PMID: 19412526 PMCID: PMC2670497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a plant comovirus in the picornavirus superfamily, and is used for a wide variety of biomedical and material science applications. Although its replication is restricted to plants, CPMV binds to and enters mammalian cells, including endothelial cells and particularly tumor neovascular endothelium in vivo. This natural capacity has lead to the use of CPMV as a sensor for intravital imaging of vascular development. Binding of CPMV to endothelial cells occurs via interaction with a 54 kD cell-surface protein, but this protein has not previously been identified. Here we identify the CPMV binding protein as a cell-surface form of the intermediate filament vimentin. The CPMV-vimentin interaction was established using proteomic screens and confirmed by direct interaction of CPMV with purified vimentin, as well as inhibition in a vimentin-knockout cell line. Vimentin and CPMV were also co-localized in vascular endothelium of mouse and rat in vivo. Together these studies indicate that surface vimentin mediates binding and may lead to internalization of CPMV in vivo, establishing surface vimentin as an important vascular endothelial ligand for nanoparticle targeting to tumors. These results also establish vimentin as a ligand for picornaviruses in both the plant and animal kingdoms of life. Since bacterial pathogens and several other classes of viruses also bind to surface vimentin, these studies suggest a common role for surface vimentin in pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher J. Koudelka
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Giuseppe Destito
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emily M. Plummer
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sunia A. Trauger
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Destito G, Schneemann A, Manchester M. Biomedical Nanotechnology Using Virus-Based Nanoparticles. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 327:95-122. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69379-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Destito G, Yeh R, Rae CS, Finn MG, Manchester M. Folic acid-mediated targeting of cowpea mosaic virus particles to tumor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 14:1152-62. [PMID: 17961827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a well-characterized nanoparticle that has been used for a variety of nanobiotechnology applications. CPMV interacts with several mammalian cell lines and tissues in vivo. To overcome natural CPMV targeting and redirect CPMV particles to cells of interest, we attached a folic acid-PEG conjugate by using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. PEGylation of CPMV completely eliminated background binding of the virus to tumor cells. The PEG-folate moiety allowed CPMV-specific recognition of tumor cells bearing the folate receptor. In addition, by testing CPMV formulations with different amounts of the PEG-FA moiety displayed on the surface, we show that higher-density loading of targeting ligands on CPMV may not be necessary for efficient targeting to tumor cells. These studies help to define the requirements for efficiently targeting nanoparticles and protein cages to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Destito
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
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22
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Miermont A, Barnhill H, Strable E, Lu X, Wall KA, Wang Q, Finn MG, Huang X. Cowpea mosaic virus capsid: a promising carrier for the development of carbohydrate based antitumor vaccines. Chemistry 2008; 14:4939-47. [PMID: 18431733 PMCID: PMC2729768 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting tumor cell surface carbohydrates is a promising approach for cancer treatment. However, the low immunogenecity of carbohydrates presents a formidable challenge. We describe here the enhancement of carbohydrate immunogenicity by an ordered display on the surface of the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) capsid. The Tn glycan, which is overexpressed on numerous cancer cell surfaces, was selected as the model antigen for our study. Previously it has been shown that it is difficult to induce a strong T cell-dependent immune response against the monomeric form of Tn presented in several ways on different carriers. In this study, we first synthesized Tn antigens derivatized with either a maleimide or a bromoacetamide moiety that was conjugated selectively to a cysteine mutant of CPMV. The glycoconjugate was then injected into mice and pre- and post-immune antibody levels in the mice sera were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays. High total antibody titers and, more importantly, high IgG titers specific for Tn were obtained in the post-immune day 35 serum, suggesting the induction of T cell-dependent antibody isotype switching by the glycoconjugate. The antibodies generated were able to recognize Tn antigens presented in their native conformations on the surfaces of both MCF-7 breast cancer cells and the multidrug resistant breast cancer cell line NCI-ADR RES. These results suggest that the CPMV capsid can greatly enhance the immunogenicity of weak antigens such as Tn and this can provide a promising tool for the development of carbohydrate based anti-cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Miermont
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 602, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1) 419-530-4033,
| | - Hannah Barnhill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 (USA)
| | - Erica Strable
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-8850,
| | - Xiaowei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 602, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1) 419-530-4033,
| | - Katherine A. Wall
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 606, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA)
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 (USA)
| | - M. G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-8850,
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 602, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1) 419-530-4033,
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23
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Chen CC, Chen TC, Raja JAJ, Chang CA, Chen LW, Lin SS, Yeh SD. Effectiveness and stability of heterologous proteins expressed in plants by Turnip mosaic virus vector at five different insertion sites. Virus Res 2007; 130:210-27. [PMID: 17689817 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal (NT) regions of particular protein-coding sequences are generally used for in-frame insertion of heterologous open reading frames (ORFs) in potyviral vectors for protein expression in plants. An infectious cDNA clone of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolate YC5 was engineered at the generally used NT regions of HC-Pro and CP, and other possibly permissive sites to investigate their effectiveness to express the GFP (jellyfish green fluorescent protein) and Der p 5 (allergen from the dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) ORFs. The results demonstrated the permissiveness of the NT regions of P3, CIP and NIb to carry the ORFs and express the translates as part of the viral polyprotein, the processing of which released free-form proteins in the host cell milieu. However, these sites varied in their permissiveness to retain the ORFs intact and hence affect the heterologous protein expression. Moreover, strong influence of the inserted ORF and host plants in determining the permissiveness of a viral genomic context to stably carry the alien ORFs and hence to support their prolonged expression was also noticed. In general, the engineered sites were relatively more permissive to the GFP ORF than to the Der p 5 ORF. Among the hosts, the local lesion host, Chenopodium quinoa Willd. showed the highest extent of support to TuMV to stably carry the heterologous ORFs at the engineered sites and the protein expression therefrom. Among the systemic hosts, Nicotiana benthamiana Domin proved more supportive to TuMV to carry and express the heterologous ORFs than the Brassica hosts, whereas the protein expression levels were significantly higher and more stable in the plants of Brassica campestris L. var. chinensis and B. campestris L. var. ching-geeng than those in the plants of B. juncea L. and B. campestris L. var. pekinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chih Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
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24
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Koudelka KJ, Rae CS, Gonzalez MJ, Manchester M. Interaction between a 54-kilodalton mammalian cell surface protein and cowpea mosaic virus. J Virol 2007; 81:1632-40. [PMID: 17121801 PMCID: PMC1797570 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00960-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a plant virus that is a member of the picornavirus superfamily, is increasingly being used for nanotechnology applications, including material science, vascular imaging, vaccine development, and targeted drug delivery. For these applications, it is critical to understand the in vivo interactions of CPMV within the mammalian system. Although the bioavailability of CPMV in the mouse has been demonstrated, the specific interactions between CPMV and mammalian cells need to be characterized further. Here we demonstrate that although the host range for replication of CPMV is confined to plants, mammalian cells nevertheless bind and internalize CPMV in significant amounts. This binding is mediated by a conserved 54-kDa protein found on the plasma membranes of both human and murine cell lines. Studies using a deficient cell line, deglycosidases, and glycosylation inhibitors showed that the CPMV binding protein (CPMV-BP) is not glycosylated. A possible 47-kDa isoform of the CPMV-BP was also detected in the organelle and nuclear subcellular fraction prepared from murine fibroblasts. Further characterization of CPMV-BP is important to understand how CPMV is trafficked through the mammalian system and may shed light on how picornaviruses may have evolved between plant and animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher J Koudelka
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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25
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Inactivation and purification of cowpea mosaic virus-like particles displaying peptide antigens from Bacillus anthracis. J Virol Methods 2007; 141:146-53. [PMID: 17227681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) particles displaying foreign peptide antigens on the particle surface are suitable for development of peptide-based vaccines. However, commonly used PEG precipitation-based purification methods are not sufficient for production of high quality vaccine candidates because they do not allow for separation of chimeric particles from cleaved contaminating species. Moreover, the purified particles remain infectious to plants. To advance the CPMV technology further, it is necessary to develop efficient and scalable purification strategies and preferably eliminate the infectivity of chimeric viruses. CPMV was engineered to display a 25 amino acid peptide derived from the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen on the surface loop of the large coat protein subunit. The engineered virus was propagated in cowpea plants and assembled into chimeric virus particles displaying 60 copies of the peptide on the surface. An effective inactivation method was developed to produce non-infectious chimeric CPMV virus-like particles (VLPs). Uncleaved VLPs were separated from the contaminating cleaved forms by anion exchange chromatography. The yield of purified chimeric VLPs was 0.3 g kg(-1) of leaf tissue. The results demonstrate the ability to generate multi-gram quantities of non-infectious, chimeric CPMV VLPs in plants for use in the development of peptide-based vaccines.
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26
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Lewis JD, Destito G, Zijlstra A, Gonzalez MJ, Quigley JP, Manchester M, Stuhlmann H. Viral nanoparticles as tools for intravital vascular imaging. Nat Med 2006; 12:354-60. [PMID: 16501571 PMCID: PMC2536493 DOI: 10.1038/nm1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A significant impediment to the widespread use of noninvasive in vivo vascular imaging techniques is the current lack of suitable intravital imaging probes. We describe here a new strategy to use viral nanoparticles as a platform for the multivalent display of fluorescent dyes to image tissues deep inside living organisms. The bioavailable cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) can be fluorescently labeled to high densities with no measurable quenching, resulting in exceptionally bright particles with in vivo dispersion properties that allow high-resolution intravital imaging of vascular endothelium for periods of at least 72 h. We show that CPMV nanoparticles can be used to visualize the vasculature and blood flow in living mouse and chick embryos to a depth of up to 500 microm. Furthermore, we show that the intravital visualization of human fibrosarcoma-mediated tumor angiogenesis using fluorescent CPMV provides a means to identify arterial and venous vessels and to monitor the neovascularization of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lewis
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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27
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Yusibov V, Rabindran S, Commandeur U, Twyman RM, Fischer R. The Potential of Plant Virus Vectors for Vaccine Production. Drugs R D 2006; 7:203-17. [PMID: 16784246 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200607040-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants viruses are versatile vectors that allow the rapid and convenient production of recombinant proteins in plants. Compared with production systems based on transgenic plants, viral vectors are easier to manipulate and recombinant proteins can be produced more quickly and in greater yields. Over the last few years, there has been much interest in the development of plant viruses as vectors for the production of vaccines, either as whole polypeptides or epitopes displayed on the surface of chimeric viral particles. Several viruses have been extensively developed for vaccine production, including tobacco mosaic virus, potato virus X and cowpea mosaic virus. Vaccine candidates have been produced against a range of human and animal diseases, and in many cases have shown immunogenic activity and protection in the face of disease challenge. In this review, we discuss the advantages of plant virus vectors, the development of different viruses as vector systems, and the immunological experiments that have demonstrated the principle of plant virus-derived vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA.
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28
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Brennan FR, Dougan G. Non-clinical safety evaluation of novel vaccines and adjuvants: new products, new strategies. Vaccine 2005; 23:3210-22. [PMID: 15837222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology and biotechnology, coupled with an increased understanding of disease processes and mechanisms of protective immunity have facilitated the development of new rationally-designed vaccines utilising recombinant proteins, naked DNA, live vectors, genetically-modified toxins and whole dendritic and tumour cells for both prophylaxis and therapy of a wide range of indications. These new vaccine technologies coupled with novel adjuvants, delivery systems, formulations, dosing routes and regimes present many unique and difficult challenges in demonstrating product safety and efficacy to support clinical testing. This paper aims to review these novel vaccine and adjuvant technologies and to highlight the key safety issues potentially associated with them. Approaches taken to demonstrate vaccine safety by assessing systemic and local toxicity, biodistribution and persistence, immunogenicity and immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicology, safety pharmacology and genotoxicity within the current regulatory framework are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Brennan
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Woolley Road, Alconbury, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE28 4HS, UK.
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29
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Brennan FR, Shaw L, Wing MG, Robinson C. Preclinical safety testing of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals: understanding the issues and addressing the challenges. Mol Biotechnol 2004; 27:59-74. [PMID: 15122047 DOI: 10.1385/mb:27:1:59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique and complex nature of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals has meant that it is often not possible to follow the conventional safety testing programs used for chemicals, and hence they are evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Nonclinical safety testing programs must be rationally designed with a strong scientific understanding of the product, including its method of manufacture, purity, sequence, structure, species specificity, pharmacological and immunological effects, and intended clinical use. This knowledge, coupled with a firm understanding of the regulatory requirements for particular product types, will ensure that the most sensitive and regulatory-compliant test systems are used to optimize the chances of gaining regulatory approval for clinical testing or marketing authorization in the shortest possible time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Brennan
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Woolley Rd, Alconbury, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE28 4HS, UK.
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30
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Schneemann A, Young MJ. Viral Assembly Using Heterologous Expression Systems And Cell Extracts. VIRUS STRUCTURE 2003; 64:1-36. [PMID: 13677044 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(03)01001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anette Schneemann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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31
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Fourme R, Ascone I, Kahn R, Mezouar M, Bouvier P, Girard E, Lin T, Johnson JE. Opening the high-pressure domain beyond 2 kbar to protein and virus crystallography--technical advance. Structure 2002; 10:1409-14. [PMID: 12377126 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(02)00850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The combined use of a diamond anvil cell and ultrashort-wavelength undulator radiation has allowed the collection of high-resolution diffraction data from protein and virus crystals submitted to hydrostatic pressures beyond 2 kbar. Crystals of cubic cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) can be compressed to at least 3.5 kbar. Diffraction from CPMV crystals displaying an unusual disorder at atmospheric pressure was considerably enhanced by application of pressure. These experiments suggest that pressure may be used in some cases to improve order in crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Fourme
- SYNCHROTRON SOLEIL, bât. 209H, Université Paris-Sud, 91898 Orsay cedex, France.
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32
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Abstract
Transgenic plants are showing considerable potential for the economic production of proteins, with a few already being marketed. Recent clinical trials of pharmaceuticals produced from transgenic plants are encouraging, with plant glycans showing reassuringly poor immunogenicity. Our increasing understanding of protein targeting and accumulation should further improve the potential of this new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Giddings
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cledwyn Building, University of Wales Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DD, Ceredigion, UK.
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