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Hu M, Xia Y, Zong X, Sweeney JA, Bishop JR, Liao Y, Giase G, Li B, Rubin LH, Wang Y, Li Z, He Y, Chen X, Liu C, Chen C, Tang J. Risperidone-induced changes in DNA methylation in peripheral blood from first-episode schizophrenia patients parallel changes in neuroimaging and cognitive phenotypes. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114789. [PMID: 36075150 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second generation antipsychotics such as risperidone are first-line pharmacotherapy treatment choices for schizophrenia. However, our ability to reliably predict and monitor treatment reaction is impeded by the lack of relevant biomarkers. As a biomarker for the susceptibility of schizophrenia and clozapine treatment response, DNA methylation (DNAm) has been studied, but the impact of antipsychotics on DNAm has not been explored in drug-naïve patients. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to examine changes of DNAm after short-term antipsychotic therapy in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia (FES) to identify the beneficial and adverse effect of risperidone on DNAm and their relation to treatment outcome. METHODS Thirty-eight never treated schizophrenia patients and 38 demographically matched individuals (healthy controls) were assessed at baseline and at 8-week follow-up with symptom ratings, and cognitive and functional imaging procedures, at which time a blood draw for DNAm studies was performed. During the 8-week period, patients received treatment with risperidone monotherapy. An independent data set was used as replication. RESULTS We identified brain related pathways enriched in 4,888 FES-associated CpG sites relative to controls. Risperidone administration in patients altered DNAm in 5,979 CpG sites relative to baseline. Significant group differences in DNAm at follow-up were seen in FES patients at 6,760 CpG sites versus healthy controls. Through comparison of effect size, we found 87.54% out of the risperidone-associated changes in DNAm showed possible beneficial effect, while only 12.46% showed potential adverse effect. There were 580 DNAm sites in which changes shifted methylation levels to be indistinguishable from controls after risperidone treatment. The DNAm changes of some sites that normalized after treatment were correlated with treatment-related changes in symptom severity, spontaneous neurophysiological activity, and cognition. We replicated our results in an independent data set. CONCLUSION The normalizing effect of risperidone monotherapy on gene DNAm, and its correlation with clinically relevant phenotypes, indicates that risperidone therapy is associated with DNAm changes that are related to changes in brain physiology, cognition and symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Xiaofen Zong
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States; Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jeffrey R Bishop
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Yanhui Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gina Giase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bingshan Li
- Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Leah H Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Zongchang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States.
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jinsong Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Jeon JH, Oh TR, Park S, Huh S, Kim JH, Mai BK, Lee JH, Kim SH, Lee MJ. The Antipsychotic Drug Clozapine Suppresses the RGS4 Polyubiquitylation and Proteasomal Degradation Mediated by the Arg/N-Degron Pathway. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1768-1782. [PMID: 33884581 PMCID: PMC8608952 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although diverse antipsychotic drugs have been developed for the treatment of schizophrenia, most of their mechanisms of action remain elusive. Regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) has been reported to be linked, both genetically and functionally, with schizophrenia and is a physiological substrate of the arginylation branch of the N-degron pathway (Arg/N-degron pathway). Here, we show that the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine significantly inhibits proteasomal degradation of RGS4 proteins without affecting their transcriptional expression. In addition, the levels of Arg- and Phe-GFP (artificial substrates of the Arg/N-degron pathway) were significantly elevated by clozapine treatment. In silico computational model suggested that clozapine may interact with active sites of N-recognin E3 ubiquitin ligases. Accordingly, treatment with clozapine resulted in reduced polyubiquitylation of RGS4 and Arg-GFP in the test tube and in cultured cells. Clozapine attenuated the activation of downstream effectors of G protein-coupled receptor signaling, such as MEK1 and ERK1, in HEK293 and SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of clozapine into rats significantly stabilized the endogenous RGS4 protein in the prefrontal cortex. Overall, these results reveal an additional therapeutic mechanism of action of clozapine: this drug posttranslationally inhibits the degradation of Arg/N-degron substrates, including RGS4. These findings imply that modulation of protein post-translational modifications, in particular the Arg/N-degron pathway, may be a novel molecular therapeutic strategy against schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyoung Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Tae Rim Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Seoyoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sunghoo Huh
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Jung Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
| | - Min Jae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
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3
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Zhou B, Zhu Z, Ransom BR, Tong X. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells and depression. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:103-117. [PMID: 33144710 PMCID: PMC7815509 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common mental illness, affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. Decades of investigation have yielded symptomatic therapies for this disabling condition but have not led to a consensus about its pathogenesis. There are data to support several different theories of causation, including the monoamine hypothesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes, inflammation and immune system alterations, abnormalities of neurogenesis and a conducive environmental milieu. Research in these areas and others has greatly advanced the current understanding of depression; however, there are other, less widely known theories of pathogenesis. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells, including oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes, have numerous important functions, which include forming myelin sheaths that enwrap central nervous system axons, supporting axons metabolically, and mediating certain forms of neuroplasticity. These specialized glial cells have been implicated in psychiatric disorders such as depression. In this review, we summarize recent findings that shed light on how oligodendrocyte lineage cells might participate in the pathogenesis of depression, and we discuss new approaches for targeting these cells as a novel strategy to treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butian Zhou
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqun Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bruce R Ransom
- Neuroscience Department, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaoping Tong
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Arakawa Y, Yokoyama K, Tasaki S, Kato J, Nakashima K, Takeyama M, Nakatani A, Suzuki M. Transgenic mice overexpressing miR-137 in the brain show schizophrenia-associated behavioral deficits and transcriptome profiles. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220389. [PMID: 31361772 PMCID: PMC6667145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by positive and negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. The exact cause of schizophrenia is still unknown, but substantial evidence indicates that it has a genetic component. Genome wide association studies demonstrate variants within miR-137 host gene are a risk factor for schizophrenia. However, the direct relationship between the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the dosage of miR-137 remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing miR-137 (miR-137 Tg mice) with the neuron-specific Thy-1 promoter and examined schizophrenia-related phenotypes in these mice. Overexpression of miR-137 was observed in various brain regions of the miR-137 Tg mice, with down-regulation of putative miR-137 targets. MiR-137 Tg mice showed sensory gating deficits in a prepulse inhibition test, social deficits in a sociability and social novelty test, and cognitive deficits in a novel object recognition test. Interestingly, the predicted-altered pathways of the medial prefrontal cortex of miR-137 Tg mice were partially overlapped with those of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in postmortem brain of patients who died in equal to or less than 4 years after initial diagnosis of schizophrenia in published data. These results suggest that overexpression of miR-137 in the whole brain induces the several phenotypes that are relevant to aspects of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Based on these findings, miR-137 Tg mice may have the potential to become a useful tool in researching the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuichi Arakawa
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yokoyama
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinya Tasaki
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junichi Kato
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nakashima
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michiyasu Takeyama
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakatani
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motohisa Suzuki
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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5
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Yang Q, Li B, Tang J, Cui X, Wang Y, Li X, Hu J, Chen Y, Xue W, Lou Y, Qiu Y, Zhu F. Consistent gene signature of schizophrenia identified by a novel feature selection strategy from comprehensive sets of transcriptomic data. Brief Bioinform 2019; 21:1058-1068. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) is regarded as one of the most fundamental puzzles in current medical research, and its diagnosis is limited by the lack of objective molecular criteria. Although plenty of studies were conducted, SCZ gene signatures identified by these independent studies are found highly inconsistent. As one of the most important factors contributing to this inconsistency, the feature selection methods used currently do not fully consider the reproducibility among the signatures discovered from different datasets. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new bioinformatics tools of novel strategy for ensuring a stable discovery of gene signature for SCZ. In this study, a novel feature selection strategy (1) integrating repeated random sampling with consensus scoring and (2) evaluating the consistency of gene rank among different datasets was constructed. By systematically assessing the identified SCZ signature comprising 135 differentially expressed genes, this newly constructed strategy demonstrated significantly enhanced stability and better differentiating ability compared with the feature selection methods popular in current SCZ research. Based on a first-ever assessment on methods’ reproducibility cross-validated by independent datasets from three representative studies, the new strategy stood out among the popular methods by showing superior stability and differentiating ability. Finally, 2 novel and 17 previously reported transcription factors were identified and showed great potential in revealing the etiology of SCZ. In sum, the SCZ signature identified in this study would provide valuable clues for discovering diagnostic molecules and potential targets for SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Yang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuejiao Cui
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzong Chen
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, and Center for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiwei Xue
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunqing Qiu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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6
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Walker CK, Roche JK, Sinha V, Roberts RC. Substantia nigra ultrastructural pathology in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 197:209-218. [PMID: 29274737 PMCID: PMC6013319 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Despite its prevalence, the cause remains unknown, and treatment is not effective in all patients. Dopamine is thought to play a role in schizophrenia pathology, yet the substantia nigra (SN), the origin of dopaminergic pathways, has not been studied extensively in schizophrenia. In this study, electron microscopy was used to examine neurons, oligodendrocytes, and myelinated axons in the SN of normal controls (NCs, n=9) and schizophrenia subjects with varying response to antipsychotic drugs [SZ, n=14; treatment resistant (TR)=6, treatment responsive (RESP)=6, unknown=2]. Postmortem tissue was analyzed for qualitative and quantitative markers of ultrastuctural integrity. A significantly higher percentage of axons in the schizophrenia group had inclusions in the myelin sheath compared to NCs (SZ: 3.9±1.7, NC: 2.6±2.0). When considering treatment response, a significantly higher percentage of axons lacked cytoplasm (TR: 9.7±5.5, NC: 3.5±2.3), contained cellular debris (TR: 7.5±3.2, NC: 2.3±1.3) or had protrusions in the myelin sheath (TR: 0.4±0.5, NC: 0.2±0.3). The G-ratio, a measure of myelin thickness, was significantly different between treatment response groups and was greater in TR (0.72±0.02) as compared to NCs (0.68±0.03), indicating decreased myelination in TR. These findings, which suggest myelin pathology in the SN in schizophrenia, are consistent with findings elsewhere in the brain. In addition, our results suggest cytoskeletal abnormalities, which may or may not be associated with myelin pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joy K. Roche
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Vidushi Sinha
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Rosalinda C. Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Scaini G, Quevedo J, Velligan D, Roberts DL, Raventos H, Walss-Bass C. Second generation antipsychotic-induced mitochondrial alterations: Implications for increased risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:369-380. [PMID: 29449054 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is seen more frequently in persons with schizophrenia than in the general population, and these metabolic abnormalities are further aggravated by second generation antipsychotic (SGA) drugs. Although the underlying mechanisms responsible for the increased prevalence of MetS among patients under SGA treatment are not well understood, alterations in mitochondria function have been implicated. We performed a comprehensive evaluation of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of drug-induced MetS in schizophrenia. We found a downregulation in genes encoding subunits of the electron transport chain complexes (ETC), enzyme activity, and mitochondrial dynamics in peripheral blood cells from patients at high-risk for MetS. Additionally, we evaluated several markers of energy metabolism in lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with schizophrenia and controls following exposure to antipsychotics. We found that the high-risk drugs clozapine and olanzapine induced a general down-regulation of genes involved in the ETC, as well as decreased activities of the corresponding enzymes, ATP levels and a significant decrease in all the functional parameters of mitochondrial oxygen consumption in cells from patients and controls. We also observed that the medium-risk SGA quetiapine decreased oxygen consumption and respiratory control ratio in controls and patients. Additionally, clozapine and olanzapine induced a downregulation of Drp1 and Mfn2 both in terms of mRNA and protein levels. Together, these data suggest that an intrinsic defect in multiple components of oxidative metabolism may contribute to the increased prevalence of MetS in patients under treatment with SGAs known to cause risk for MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselli Scaini
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Dawn Velligan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David L Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Henriette Raventos
- Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
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8
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Ersland KM, Skrede S, Stansberg C, Steen VM. Subchronic olanzapine exposure leads to increased expression of myelination-related genes in rat fronto-medial cortex. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:1262. [PMID: 29187753 PMCID: PMC5802494 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder with severe and disabling symptoms, such as hallucinations, delusions, blunted affect and social withdrawal. The neuropathology remains elusive, but disturbances in immunity-related processes, neuronal connectivity and myelination have consistently been linked to schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs can be efficient in reducing symptoms, acting primarily on the dopamine system, but additional biological targets are likely to exist. Here we have screened for novel mechanisms of action in an animal model, using adult rats exposed to long-acting olanzapine, achieving stable and clinically relevant antipsychotic drug concentrations. By microarray-based examination of global gene expression in the fronto-medial cortex, at the single gene- and gene-set level, we observed downregulation of two neuropeptide-encoding genes, Vgf and Cort (fold change -1,25 and -1,48, respectively) in response to olanzapine exposure. Furthermore, we demonstrated significant upregulation of five out of ~2000 GO predefined gene sets after olanzapine exposure. Strikingly, all were linked to myelination and oligodendrocyte development; "Ensheathment of neurons", "Axon ensheathment", "Myelination", "Myelin sheath" and "Oligodendrocyte development" (FDR-values < 25). Sixteen of the leading edge genes in these gene sets were analysed independently by qPCR, of which 11 genes displayed significant upregulation, including Plp1, Mal, Mag and Cnp (fold change: 1,30, 1,50, 1,30 and 1,15, respectively). Several of the upregulated genes (e.g. MAG, MAL and CNP) have previously been reported as downregulated in post-mortem brain samples from schizophrenia patients. Although caution needs to be taken when extrapolating results from animal studies to humans, the data suggest a role for olanzapine in alleviating myelination-related dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari M. Ersland
- 0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021 Norway ,0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bThe Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje Skrede
- 0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021 Norway ,0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bThe Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christine Stansberg
- 0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021 Norway ,0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bThe Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- 0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021 Norway ,0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bThe Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Genetic evidence for role of integration of fast and slow neurotransmission in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:792-801. [PMID: 28348379 PMCID: PMC5495879 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of schizophrenia (SCZ) identified hundreds of risk variants potentially implicated in the disease. Further, novel statistical methodology designed for polygenic architecture revealed more potential risk variants. This can provide a link between individual genetic factors and the mechanistic underpinnings of SCZ. Intriguingly, a large number of genes coding for ionotropic and metabotropic receptors for various neurotransmitters-glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and opioids-and numerous ion channels were associated with SCZ. Here, we review these findings from the standpoint of classical neurobiological knowledge of neuronal synaptic transmission and regulation of electrical excitability. We show that a substantial proportion of the identified genes are involved in intracellular cascades known to integrate 'slow' (G-protein-coupled receptors) and 'fast' (ionotropic receptors) neurotransmission converging on the protein DARPP-32. Inspection of the Human Brain Transcriptome Project database confirms that that these genes are indeed expressed in the brain, with the expression profile following specific developmental trajectories, underscoring their relevance to brain organization and function. These findings extend the existing pathophysiology hypothesis by suggesting a unifying role of dysregulation in neuronal excitability and synaptic integration in SCZ. This emergent model supports the concept of SCZ as an 'associative' disorder-a breakdown in the communication across different slow and fast neurotransmitter systems through intracellular signaling pathways-and may unify a number of currently competing hypotheses of SCZ pathophysiology.
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Histone Posttranslational Modifications in Schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 978:237-254. [PMID: 28523550 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with high heritability; however, family and twin studies have indicated that environmental factors also play important roles in the etiology of disease. Environmental triggers exert their influence on behavior via epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications, such as histone acetylation and methylation, as well as DNA methylation, can induce lasting changes in gene expression and have therefore been implicated in promoting the behavioral and neuronal behaviors that characterize this disorder. Importantly, because epigenetic processes are potentially reversible, they might serve as targets in the design of novel therapies in psychiatry. This chapter will review the current information regarding histone modifications in schizophrenia and the potential therapeutic relevance of such marks.
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11
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Tedroff J, Waters S, Barker RA, Roos R, Squitieri F. Antidopaminergic Medication is Associated with More Rapidly Progressive Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2016; 4:131-40. [PMID: 26397894 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-150143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder leading to progressive motor, cognitive and functional decline. Antidopaminergic medications (ADMs) are frequently used to treat chorea and behavioural disturbances in HD. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess how the use of such medications was associated with the severity and progression of the motor aspects of the condition, given that there have been concerns that such drugs may actually promote neurological deterioration. METHODS Using multiple linear regression, supplemented by principal component analysis to explore the overall correlation patterns and help identify relevant covariates, we assessed severity and progression of motor symptoms and functional decline in 651 manifest patients from the REGISTRY cohort followed for two years. ADM treated versus non-treated subjects were compared with respect to motor impairment at baseline and progression rate by means of multiple regression, adjusting for CAG-repeat and age. RESULTS Patients treated with ADMs had significantly worse motor scores with greater functional disability at their first visit. They also showed a higher annual rate of progression of motor signs and disability over the next two years. In particular the rate of progression for oculomotor symptoms and bradykinesia was markedly increased whereas the rate of progression of chorea and dystonia was similar for ADM and drug naïve patients. These differences in clinical severity and progression could not be explained by differences in disease burden, duration of disease or other possible prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS The results from this analysis suggest ADM treatment is associated with more advanced and rapidly progressing HD although whether these drugs are causative in driving this progression requires further, prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Tedroff
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Waters
- Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raymund Roos
- Department Neurology, LUMC Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Tomasik J, Schwarz E, Lago SG, Rothermundt M, Leweke FM, van Beveren NJM, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Steiner J, Bahn S. Pretreatment levels of the fatty acid handling proteins H-FABP and CD36 predict response to olanzapine in recent-onset schizophrenia patients. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 52:178-186. [PMID: 26541453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional schizophrenia pharmacotherapy remains a subjective trial and error process involving administration, titration and switching of drugs multiple times until an adequate response is achieved. Despite this time-consuming and costly process, not all patients show an adequate response to treatment. As a consequence, relapse is a common occurrence and early intervention is hampered. Here, we have attempted to identify candidate blood biomarkers associated with drug response in 121 initially antipsychotic-free recent-onset schizophrenia patients treated with widely-used antipsychotics, namely olanzapine (n=40), quetiapine (n=23), risperidone (n=30) and a mixture of these drugs (n=28). Patients were recruited and investigated as two separate cohorts to allow biomarker validation. Data analysis showed the most significant relationship between pre-treatment levels of heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) and response to olanzapine (p=0.008, F=8.6, β=70.4 in the discovery cohort and p=0.003, F=15.2, β=24.4 in the validation cohort, adjusted for relevant confounding variables). In a functional follow-up analysis of this finding, we tested an independent cohort of 10 patients treated with olanzapine and found that baseline levels of plasma H-FABP and expression of the binding partner for H-FABP, fatty acid translocase (CD36), on monocytes predicted the reduction of psychotic symptoms (p=0.040, F=6.0, β=116.3 and p=0.012, F=11.9, β=-0.0054, respectively). We also identified a set of serum molecules changed after treatment with antipsychotic medication, in particular olanzapine. These molecules are predominantly involved in cellular development and metabolism. Taken together, our findings suggest an association between biomarkers involved in fatty acid metabolism and response to olanzapine, while other proteins may serve as surrogate markers associated with drug efficacy and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Tomasik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Emanuel Schwarz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Santiago G Lago
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - F Markus Leweke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Nico J M van Beveren
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department "Nieuwe Kennis", Delta Centre for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul C Guest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Hassan Rahmoune
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Carboni L, Domenici E. Proteome effects of antipsychotic drugs: Learning from preclinical models. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:430-41. [PMID: 26548651 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteome-wide expression analyses are performed in the brain of schizophrenia patients to understand the biological basis of the disease and discover molecular paths for new clinical interventions. A major issue with postmortem analysis is the lack of tools to discern molecular modulation related to the disease from dysregulation due to medications. We review available proteome-wide analysis of antipsychotic treatment in rodents, highlighting shared dysregulated pathways that may contribute to an extended view of molecular processes underlying their pharmacological activity. Fourteen proteomic studies conducted with typical and atypical antipsychotic treatments were examined; hypothesis-based approaches are also briefly discussed. Treatment with antipsychotics mainly affects proteins belonging to metabolic pathways involved in energy generation, both in glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation pathways, suggesting antipsychotics-induced impairments in metabolism. Nevertheless, schizophrenic patients show impaired glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunctions independent of therapy. Other antipsychotics-induced changes shared by different studies implicate cytoskeletal and synaptic function proteins. The mechanism can be related to the reorganization of dendritic spines resulting from neural plasticity events induced by treatments affecting neurotransmitter circuitry. However, metabolic and plasticity pathways activated by antipsychotics can also play an authentic role in the etiopathological basis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Medicine Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Foley DL, Mackinnon A. A systematic review of antipsychotic drug effects on human gene expression related to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2014; 14:446-51. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2014.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Fernandez-Enright F, Andrews JL, Newell KA, Pantelis C, Huang XF. Novel implications of Lingo-1 and its signaling partners in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e348. [PMID: 24448210 PMCID: PMC3905231 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelination and neurite outgrowth both occur during brain development, and their disturbance has been previously been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein (Lingo-1) is a potent negative regulator of axonal myelination and neurite extension. As co-factors of Lingo-1 signaling (Nogo receptor (NgR), With No Lysine (K) (WNK1) and Myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1)) have been implicated in the genetics of schizophrenia, we explored for the first time the role of Lingo-1 signaling pathways in this disorder. Lingo-1 protein, together with its co-receptor and co-factor proteins NgR, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor orphan Y (TROY), p75, WNK1 and Myt1, have never been explored in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We examined protein levels of Lingo-1, NgR, TROY, p75, WNK1, Myt1 and myelin basic protein (MBP) (as a marker of myelination) within the post-mortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (37 schizophrenia patients versus 37 matched controls) and hippocampus (Cornu Ammonis, CA1 and CA3) (20 schizophrenia patients versus 20 matched controls from the same cohort). Both of these brain regions are highly disrupted in the schizophrenia pathophysiology. There were significant increases in Lingo-1 (P<0.001) and Myt1 (P=0.023) and a reduction in NgR (P<0.001) in the DLPFC in schizophrenia subjects compared with controls. There were also increases in both TROY (P=0.001) and WNK1 (P=0.011) in the CA1 of schizophrenia subjects and, in contrast to the DLPFC, there was an increase in NgR (P=0.006) in the CA3 of schizophrenia subjects compared with controls. No significant difference was reported for MBP levels (P>0.05) between the schizophrenia and control groups in the three tested regions. This is the first time that a study has shown altered Lingo-1 signaling in the schizophrenia brain. Our novel findings may present a direct application for the use of a Lingo-1 antagonist to complement current and future schizophrenia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fernandez-Enright
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia. E-mail:
| | - J L Andrews
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - K A Newell
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - C Pantelis
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - X F Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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16
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Chen H, Wang N, Zhao X, Ross CA, O’Shea KS, McInnis MG. Gene expression alterations in bipolar disorder postmortem brains. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15:177-87. [PMID: 23360497 PMCID: PMC3582727 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mental illness of unknown neuropathology and has several genetic associations. Antipsychotics are effective for the treatment of acute mania, psychosis, or mixed states in individuals with BD. We aimed to identify gene transcripts differentially expressed in postmortem brains from antipsychotics-exposed individuals with BD (hereafter the 'exposed' group), non-exposed individuals with BD (hereafter the 'non-exposed' group), and controls. METHODS We quantified the abundance of gene transcripts in postmortem brains from seven exposed individuals, seven non-exposed individuals, and 12 controls with the Affymetrix U133P2 GeneChip microarrays and technologies. We applied a q-value of ≤0.005 to identify statistically significant transcripts with mean abundance differences between the exposed, non-exposed and control groups. RESULTS We identified 2191 unique genes with significantly altered expression levels in non-exposed brains compared to those in the control and exposed groups. The expression levels of these genes were not significantly different between exposed brains and controls, suggesting a normalization effect of antipsychotics on the expression of these genes. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed significant (Bonferroni p ≤ 0.05) clustering of subgroups of the 2191 genes under many GO terms; notably, the protein products of genes enriched are critical to the function of synapses, affecting, for example, intracellular trafficking and synaptic vesicle biogenesis, transport, release and recycling, as well as organization and stabilization of the node of Ranvier. CONCLUSIONS These results support a hypothesis of synaptic and intercellular communication impairment in BD. The apparent normalization of expression patterns with exposure to antipsychotic medication may represent a physiological process that relates both to etiology and improvement patterns of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Comprehensive Depression Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nulang Wang
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Xin Zhao
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - K Sue O’Shea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Melvin G McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry and Comprehensive Depression Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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17
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Abstract
Numerous studies have examined gene expression profiles in post-mortem human brain samples from individuals with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls, to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of the disease. Although some findings have been replicated across studies, there is a general lack of consensus on which genes or pathways are affected. It has been unclear if these differences are due to the underlying cohorts or methodological considerations. Here, we present the most comprehensive analysis to date of expression patterns in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic, compared with unaffected controls. Using data from seven independent studies, we assembled a data set of 153 affected and 153 control individuals. Remarkably, we identified expression differences in the brains of schizophrenics that are validated by up to seven laboratories using independent cohorts. Our combined analysis revealed a signature of 39 probes that are upregulated in schizophrenia and 86 that are downregulated. Some of these genes were previously identified in studies that were not included in our analysis, while others are novel to our analysis. In particular, we observe gene expression changes associated with various aspects of neuronal communication and alterations of processes affected as a consequence of changes in synaptic functioning. A gene network analysis predicted previously unidentified functional relationships among the signature genes. Our results provide evidence for a common underlying expression signature in this heterogeneous disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeta Mistry
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jesse Gillis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul Pavlidis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada,Centre for High-throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Tang B, Dean B, Thomas EA. Disease- and age-related changes in histone acetylation at gene promoters in psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e64. [PMID: 22832356 PMCID: PMC3305989 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic factors have critical roles in gene regulation in neuropsychiatric disorders and in aging, both of which are typically associated with a wide range of gene expression abnormalities. Here, we have used chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR to measure levels of acetylated histone H3 at lysines 9/14 (ac-H3K9K14), two epigenetic marks associated with transcriptionally active chromatin, at the promoter regions of eight schizophrenia-related genes in n=82 postmortem prefrontal cortical samples from normal subjects and those with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We find that promoter-associated ac-H3K9K14 levels are correlated with gene expression levels, as measured by real-time qPCR for several genes, including, glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C (HTR2C), translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 70 homolog A (TOMM70A) and protein phosphatase 1E (PPM1E). Ac-H3K9K14 levels of several of the genes tested were significantly negatively associated with age in normal subjects and those with bipolar disorder, but not in subjects with schizophrenia, whereby low levels of histone acetylation were observed in early age and throughout aging. Consistent with this observation, significant hypoacetylation of H3K9K14 was detected in young subjects with schizophrenia when compared with age-matched controls. Our results demonstrate that gene expression changes associated with psychiatric disease and aging result from epigenetic mechanisms involving histone acetylation. We further find that treatment with a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor alters the expression of several candidate genes for schizophrenia in mouse brain. These findings may have therapeutic implications for the clinical use of HDAC inhibitors in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The
Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA,
USA
| | - B Dean
- The Rebecca L. Cooper Research
Laboratories, The Mental Health Research Institute,
Parkville, VIC, Australia,The Department of Psychiatry, The
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC,
Australia
| | - E A Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biology, The
Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA,
USA,Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, SP-2030, 3030 Science Park Dr, La
Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
E-mail:
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Xuan J, Pan G, Qiu Y, Yang L, Su M, Liu Y, Chen J, Feng G, Fang Y, Jia W, Xing Q, He L. Metabolomic profiling to identify potential serum biomarkers for schizophrenia and risperidone action. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:5433-43. [PMID: 22007635 DOI: 10.1021/pr2006796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the mechanisms of antipsychotic drug action, the development of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring in schizophrenia remains challenging. Metabolomics provides a powerful approach to discover diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers by analyzing global changes in an individual's metabolic profile in response to pathophysiological stimuli or drug intervention. In this study, we performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolomic profiling in serum of unmedicated schizophrenic patients before and after an 8-week risperidone monotherapy, to detect potential biomarkers associated with schizophrenia and risperidone treatment. Twenty-two marker metabolites contributing to the complete separation of schizophrenic patients from matched healthy controls were identified, with citrate, palmitic acid, myo-inositol, and allantoin exhibiting the best combined classification performance. Twenty marker metabolites contributing to the complete separation between posttreatment and pretreatment patients were identified, with myo-inositol, uric acid, and tryptophan showing the maximum combined classification performance. Metabolic pathways including energy metabolism, antioxidant defense systems, neurotransmitter metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and phospholipid metabolism were found to be disturbed in schizophrenic patients and partially normalized following risperidone therapy. Further study of these metabolites may facilitate the development of noninvasive biomarkers and more efficient therapeutic strategies for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiekun Xuan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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20
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Hattori K, Tanaka H, Wakabayashi C, Yamamoto N, Uchiyama H, Teraishi T, Hori H, Arima K, Kunugi H. Expression of Ca²⁺-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 is increased in the brains of schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1738-43. [PMID: 21601610 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CADPS2), a secretory granule associate protein, mediates monoamine transmission and the release of neurotrophins including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which have been implicated in psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, the expression of CADPS2deltaExon3, a defective splice variant of CADPS2, has been reported to be associated with autism. Based on these observations, we examined whether expression levels of CADPS2 and CADPS2deltaExon3 are altered in psychiatric disorders. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed for postmortem frontal cortex tissues (BA6) from 15 individuals with schizophrenia, 15 with bipolar disorder, 15 with major depression, and 15 controls (Stanley neuropathology consortium). The mean CADPS2 expression levels normalized to human glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) or TATA-box binding protein levels was found to be significantly increased in the brains of the schizophrenia group, compared to the control group. On the other hand, the ratio of CADPS2deltaExon3 to total CADPS2 was similar in the 4 diagnostic groups. We then analyzed CADPS2 expression in blood samples from 121 patients with schizophrenia and 318 healthy controls; however, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Chronic risperidone treatment did not alter the expression of CADPS2 in frontal cortex of mice. The observed increase in the expression of CADPS2 may be related to the impaired synaptic function in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502 Japan.
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Metabonomic studies of schizophrenia and psychotropic medications: focus on alterations in CNS energy homeostasis. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:1615-26. [PMID: 21083107 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with a poorly understood etiology and progression. We and other research groups have found that energy metabolic pathways in the CNS are perturbed in many subjects with this disorder. Antipsychotic drugs that generally target neurotransmission are currently used for clinical management of the disorder, although these can also have marked effects on energy metabolism in the CNS and periphery. Recent proteomic and metabonomic studies have shown that molecular pathways associated with brain energy metabolism are altered in both the disorder and by antipsychotic treatments. This review focuses on discussion of these molecular alterations. Increased knowledge in this area could facilitate biomarker identification and drug discovery based on improving brain energy metabolism in this debilitating disorder.
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Torkamani A, Dean B, Schork NJ, Thomas EA. Coexpression network analysis of neural tissue reveals perturbations in developmental processes in schizophrenia. Genome Res 2010; 20:403-12. [PMID: 20197298 DOI: 10.1101/gr.101956.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We performed integrated gene coexpression network analysis on two large microarray-based brain gene expression data sets generated from the prefrontal cortex obtained post-mortem from 101 subjects, 47 subjects with schizophrenia and 54 normal control subjects, ranging in age from 19 to 81 years. Twenty-eight modules of coexpressed genes with functional interpretations were detected in both normal subjects and those with schizophrenia. Significant overlap of "case" and "control" module composition was observed, indicating that extensive differences in underlying molecular connectivity are not likely driving pathology in schizophrenia. Modules of coexpressed genes were characterized according to disease association, cell type specificity, and the effects of aging. We find that genes with altered expression in schizophrenia clustered into distinct coexpression networks and that these were associated primarily with neurons. We further identified a robust effect of age on gene expression modules that differentiates normal subjects from those with schizophrenia. In particular, we report that normal age-related decreases in genes related to central nervous system developmental processes, including neurite outgrowth, neuronal differentiation, and dopamine-related cellular signaling, do not occur in subjects with schizophrenia during the aging process. Extrapolating these findings to earlier stages of development supports the concept that schizophrenia pathogenesis begins early in life and is associated with a failure of normal decreases in developmental-related gene expression. These findings provide a novel mechanism for the "developmental" hypothesis of schizophrenia on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Torkamani
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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23
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Association between myelin basic protein expression and left entorhinal cortex pre-alpha cell layer disorganization in schizophrenia. Brain Res 2009; 1301:126-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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McLoughlin GA, Ma D, Tsang TM, Jones DNC, Cilia J, Hill MD, Robbins MJ, Benzel IM, Maycox PR, Holmes E, Bahn S. Analyzing the effects of psychotropic drugs on metabolite profiles in rat brain using 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1943-52. [PMID: 19714815 DOI: 10.1021/pr800892u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of standard drug treatments for psychiatric disorders remains fundamentally unknown, despite intensive investigation in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. So far, little is known about the effects of psychotropic medications on brain metabolism in either humans or animals. In this study, we investigated the effects of a range of psychotropic drugs on rat brain metabolites. The drugs investigated were haloperidol, clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, aripiprazole (antipsychotics); valproate, carbamazapine (mood stabilizers) and phenytoin (antiepileptic drug). The relative concentrations of endogenous metabolites were determined using high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The results revealed that different classes of psychotropic drugs modulated a range of metabolites, where each drug induced a distinct neurometabolic profile. Some common responses across several drugs or within a class of drug were also observed. Antipsychotic drugs and mood stabilizers, with the exception of olanzapine, consistently increased N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels in at least one brain area, suggesting a common therapeutic response on increased neuronal viability. Most drugs also altered the levels of several metabolites associated with glucose metabolism, neurotransmission (including glutamate and aspartate) and inositols. The heterogenic pharmacological response reflects the functional and physiological diversity of the therapeutic interventions, including side effects. Further study of these metabolites in preclinical models should facilitate the development of novel drug treatments for psychiatric disorders with improved efficacy and side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A McLoughlin
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of SORA, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Choi KH, Higgs BW, Weis S, Song J, Llenos IC, Dulay JR, Yolken RH, Webster MJ. Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on gene expression profiles in the liver of schizophrenia subjects. BMC Psychiatry 2009; 9:57. [PMID: 19758435 PMCID: PMC2749837 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-9-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although much progress has been made on antipsychotic drug development, precise mechanisms behind the action of typical and atypical antipsychotics are poorly understood. METHODS We performed genome-wide expression profiling to study effects of typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics in the postmortem liver of schizophrenia patients using microarrays (Affymetrix U133 plus2.0). We classified the subjects into typical antipsychotics (n = 24) or atypical antipsychotics (n = 26) based on their medication history, and compared gene expression profiles with unaffected controls (n = 34). We further analyzed individual antipsychotic effects on gene expression by sub-classifying the subjects into four major antipsychotic groups including haloperidol, phenothiazines, olanzapine and risperidone. RESULTS Typical antipsychotics affected genes associated with nuclear protein, stress responses and phosphorylation, whereas atypical antipsychotics affected genes associated with golgi/endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm transport. Comparison between typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics further identified genes associated with lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function. Analyses on individual antipsychotics revealed a set of genes (151 transcripts, FDR adjusted p < 0.05) that are differentially regulated by four antipsychotics, particularly by phenothiazines, in the liver of schizophrenia patients. CONCLUSION Typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics affect different genes and biological function in the liver. Typical antipsychotic phenothiazines exert robust effects on gene expression in the liver that may lead to liver toxicity. The genes found in the current study may benefit antipsychotic drug development with better therapeutic and side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang H Choi
- Stanley Laboratory of Brain Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | | | - Serge Weis
- Stanley Laboratory of Brain Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Jonathan Song
- Stanley Laboratory of Brain Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ida C Llenos
- Stanley Laboratory of Brain Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Jeannette R Dulay
- Stanley Laboratory of Brain Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Maree J Webster
- Stanley Laboratory of Brain Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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26
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Glatt SJ, Chandler SD, Bousman CA, Chana G, Lucero GR, Tatro E, May T, Lohr JB, Kremen WS, Everall IP, Tsuang MT. Alternatively Spliced Genes as Biomarkers for Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Psychosis: A Blood-Based Spliceome-Profiling Exploratory Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 7:164-188. [PMID: 21532980 DOI: 10.2174/1875692110907030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Transcriptomic biomarkers of psychiatric diseases obtained from a query of peripheral tissues that are clinically accessible (e.g., blood cells instead of post-mortem brain tissue) have substantial practical appeal to discern the molecular subtypes of common complex diseases such as major psychosis. To this end, spliceome-profiling is a new methodological approach that has considerable conceptual relevance for discovery and clinical translation of novel biomarkers for psychiatric illnesses. Advances in microarray technology now allow for improved sensitivity in measuring the transcriptome while simultaneously querying the "exome" (all exons) and "spliceome" (all alternatively spliced variants). The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of spliceome-profiling to discern transcriptomic biomarkers of psychosis. METHODS: We measured exome and spliceome expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 13 schizophrenia patients, nine bipolar disorder patients, and eight healthy control subjects. Each diagnostic group was compared to each other, and the combined group of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia patients was also compared to the control group. Furthermore, we compared subjects with a history of psychosis to subjects without such history. RESULTS: After applying Bonferroni corrections for the 21,866 full-length gene transcripts analyzed, we found significant interactions between diagnostic group and exon identity, consistent with group differences in rates or types of alternative splicing. Relative to the control group, 18 genes in the bipolar disorder group, eight genes in the schizophrenia group, and 15 genes in the combined bipolar disorder and schizophrenia group appeared differentially spliced. Importantly, thirty-three genes showed differential splicing patterns between the bipolar disorder and schizophrenia groups. More frequent exon inclusion and/or over-expression was observed in psychosis. Finally, these observations are reconciled with an analysis of the ontologies, the pathways and the protein domains significantly over-represented among the alternatively spliced genes, several of which support prior discoveries. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first blood-based spliceome-profiling study of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder to be reported. The battery of alternatively spliced genes and exons identified in this discovery-oriented exploratory study, if replicated, may have potential utility to discern the molecular subtypes of psychosis. Spliceome-profiling, as a new methodological approach in transcriptomics, warrants further work to evaluate its utility in personalized medicine. Potentially, this approach could also permit the future development of tissue-sampling methodologies in a form that is more acceptable to patients and thereby allow monitoring of dynamic and time-dependent plasticity in disease severity and response to therapeutic interventions in clinical psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Medical Genetics Research Center; SUNY Upstate Medical University; 750 East Adams Street; Syracuse, NY, 13210; USA
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27
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Ma D, Chan MK, Lockstone HE, Pietsch SR, Jones DNC, Cilia J, Hill MD, Robbins MJ, Benzel IM, Umrania Y, Guest PC, Levin Y, Maycox PR, Bahn S. Antipsychotic Treatment Alters Protein Expression Associated with Presynaptic Function and Nervous System Development in Rat Frontal Cortex. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3284-97. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800983p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Man K. Chan
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Helen E. Lockstone
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Sandra R. Pietsch
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Declan N. C. Jones
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Jackie Cilia
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Mark D. Hill
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Melanie J. Robbins
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Isabel M. Benzel
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Yagnesh Umrania
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Paul C. Guest
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Yishai Levin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Peter R. Maycox
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
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Tang B, Chang WL, Lanigan CM, Dean B, Sutcliffe JG, Thomas EA. Normal human aging and early-stage schizophrenia share common molecular profiles. Aging Cell 2009; 8:339-42. [PMID: 19245676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined genome-wide expression datasets from human prefrontal cortex of normal and schizophrenic individuals ranging from 19 to 81 years of age. We found that changes in gene expression that are correlated with aging in normal subjects differ dramatically from those observed with aging in schizophrenic subjects. Only 2.5% of genes were correlated with age in both groups. Surprisingly, we also found a significant overlap (29-34%) between those genes whose expression was correlated with aging in normal subjects and those significantly altered in subjects with early-stage schizophrenia (within 4 years of diagnosis). This suggests that schizophrenia onset anticipates the normal aging process, and further, that some symptoms of aging, i.e. dementia and psychosis, might be explained by these common molecular profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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29
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Thomas EA. Focal nature of neurological disorders necessitates isotype-selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Mol Neurobiol 2009; 40:33-45. [PMID: 19396637 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-009-8067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors represent a promising new avenue of therapeutic options for a range of neurological disorders. Within any particular neurological disorder, neuronal damage or death is not widespread; rather, particular brain regions are preferentially affected. Different disorders exhibit distinct focal pathologies. Hence, understanding the region-specific effects of HDAC inhibitors is essential for targeting appropriate brain areas and reducing toxicity in unaffected areas. The outcome of HDAC inhibition depends on several factors, including the diversity in the central nervous system expression of HDAC enzymes, selectivity of a given HDAC inhibitor for different HDAC enzymes, and the presence or absence of cofactors necessary for enzyme function. This review will summarize brain regions associated with various neurological disorders and factors affecting the consequences of HDAC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, MB-10, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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30
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Molecular profiles of schizophrenia in the CNS at different stages of illness. Brain Res 2008; 1239:235-48. [PMID: 18778695 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Results from clinical and imaging studies provide evidence for changes in schizophrenia with disease progression, however, the underlying molecular differences that may occur at different stages of illness have not been investigated. To test the hypothesis that the molecular basis for schizophrenia changes from early to chronic illness, we profiled genome-wide expression patterns in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic subjects at different stages of illness, along with their age- and sex-matched controls. Results show that gene expression profiles change dramatically depending on the stage of illness, whereby the greatest number and magnitude of gene expression differences were detected in subjects with short-term illness (<or=4 years from diagnosis). Comprehensive pathways analyses revealed that each defined stage of illness was associated with dysfunction in both distinct, as well as overlapping systems. Short-term illness was particularly associated with disruptions in gene transcription, metal ion binding, RNA processing and vesicle-mediated transport. In contrast, long-term illness was associated with inflammation, stimulus-response and immune functions. We validated expression differences of 12 transcripts associated with these various functions by real-time PCR analysis. While only four genes, SAMSN1, CDC42BPB, DSC2 and PTPRE, were consistently expressed across all groups, there was dysfunction in overlapping systems among all stages, including cellular signal transduction, lipid metabolism and protein localization. Our results demonstrate that the molecular basis for schizophrenia changes from early to chronic stages, providing evidence for a changing nature of schizophrenia with disease progression.
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31
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Convergence and divergence in the etiology of myelin impairment in psychiatric disorders and drug addiction. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:1940-9. [PMID: 18404371 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of oligodendroglia (OL)-dependent myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) is a remarkable parallel recently identified in major psychiatric disorders and chronic drug abuse. Neuroimaging and neuropathological studies revealed myelin defects and microarray-profiling analysis demonstrated aberrant expression of myelin-related genes in schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and cocaine addiction. However, the etiology underlying myelin impairment in these clinically distinct subjects remains elusive. This article reviews myelin impairment in line with dopaminergic dysfunction, a prime neuropathophysiological trait shared in psychiatric disorders and drug abuse, as well as the genetic and epigenetic alterations associated with these diseases. The current findings support the hypothesis that aberrant dopamine (DA) action on OLs is a common pathologic mechanism for myelin impairment in the aforementioned mental morbidities, whereas inherited genetic variations that specifically affect OL development and myelinogenesis may further increase myelin vulnerability in psychiatric disorders. Importantly, OL defect is not only a pathological consequence but also a causative factor for dopaminergic dysfunction. Hence, myelin impairment is a key factor in the pathogenic loop of psychiatric diseases and drug addiction.
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