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Merchioratto I, Mendes Peter C, Ramachandran A, Maggioli MF, Vicosa Bauermann F. Viability of Veterinary-Relevant Viruses in Decomposing Tissues over a 90-Day Period Using an In-Vitro System. Pathogens 2023; 12:1104. [PMID: 37764912 PMCID: PMC10537333 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Depopulation is frequently employed during outbreaks of high-impact animal diseases. Security breaches in sites managing mortality may jeopardize pathogen control efforts as infected carcasses can serve as an infection source. This study evaluated the viability and nucleic acid detection of veterinary-relevant viruses or their surrogates in decomposing tissues. The used viruses were: Senecavirus A1 (SVA), feline calicivirus (FCV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), and swinepox virus (SwPV). Viruses were spiked in three decomposing tissues (swine bone marrow and spleen, and bovine bone marrow) and maintained for 90 days. Samples were kept under two temperature conditions resembling the average soil temperature in central Oklahoma, US, during the winter and summer (5.5 °C and 29.4 °C). At 5.5 °C, SVA and FCV remained viable over the 90 days of the study, followed by BVDV (75 days), BoHV-1 and SwPV (60 days), and PEDV (10 days). At 29.4 °C, SVA remained viable for 45 days, followed by BVDV and BoHV-1 (14 days). SwPV was viable for 10 days, whereas FCV and PEDV were viable for 5 days. Overall, viral nucleic acid detection was not significantly altered during the study. These findings support decision-making and risk management in sites overseeing animal mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingryd Merchioratto
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Cristina Mendes Peter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Center for Medical Bioinformatics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- Molecular Diagnostics, Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Mayara Fernanda Maggioli
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Fernando Vicosa Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Duc HM, Hutchinson M, Flory GA, Ngan PH, Son HM, Hung LV, Hoa TTK, Lan NT, Lam TQ, Rozeboom D, Remmenga MD, Vuolo M, Miknis R, Burns A, Flory R. Viability of African Swine Fever Virus with the Shallow Burial with Carbon Carcass Disposal Method. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040628. [PMID: 37111514 PMCID: PMC10140975 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious swine disease with high mortality. In many countries, culling pigs infected and exposed to the ASF virus is mandatory to control the disease, which poses a real challenge in the disposal of large numbers of carcasses during ASF outbreaks. Shallow burial with carbon (SBC) Thanks ew mortality disposal method developed from deep burial and composting. The present study investigates the effectiveness of SBC in disposing of ASF virus-infected pigs. The real-time PCR results showed that DNA of the ASF virus was still detected in bone marrow samples on day 56, while the virus isolation test revealed that the infectious ASF virus was destroyed in both spleen and bone marrow samples on day 5. Interestingly, decomposition was found to occur rapidly in these shallow burial pits. On day 144, only large bones were found in the burial pit. In general, the results of this study indicated that SBC is a potential method for the disposal of ASF-infected carcasses; however, further studies are needed to provide more scientific evidence for the efficacy of SBC in different environment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Minh Duc
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Mark Hutchinson
- Maine Food and Agriculture Center, University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Orono, ME 04473, USA
| | - Gary A Flory
- G.A. Flory Consulting, Mt. Crawford, VA 22841, USA
| | - Pham Hong Ngan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Minh Son
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Hung
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Khanh Hoa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Lan
- Department of Pathoglogy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Truong Quang Lam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Dale Rozeboom
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University Cooperative Extension, Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Marta D Remmenga
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Matthew Vuolo
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Robert Miknis
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Amira Burns
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Renée Flory
- English Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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van Andel M, Tildesley MJ, Gates MC. Challenges and opportunities for using national animal datasets to support foot-and-mouth disease control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1800-1813. [PMID: 32986919 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
National level databases of animal numbers, locations and movements provide the essential foundations for disease preparedness, outbreak investigations and control activities. These activities are particularly important for managing and mitigating the risks of high-impact transboundary animal disease outbreaks such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which can significantly affect international trade access and domestic food security. In countries where livestock production systems are heavily subsidized by the government, producers are often required to provide detailed animal movement and demographic data as a condition of business. In the remaining countries, it can be difficult to maintain these types of databases and impossible to estimate the extent of missing or inaccurate information due to the absence of gold standard datasets for comparison. Consequently, competent authorities are often required to make decisions about disease preparedness and control based on available data, which may result in suboptimal outcomes for their livestock industries. It is important to understand the limitations of poor data quality as well as the range of methods that have been developed to compensate in both disease-free and endemic situations. Using FMD as a case example, this review first discusses the different activities that competent authorities use farm-level animal population data for to support (1) preparedness activities in disease-free countries, (2) response activities during an acute outbreak in a disease-free country, and (3) eradication and control activities in an endemic country. We then discuss (4) data requirements needed to support epidemiological investigations, surveillance, and disease spread modelling both in disease-free and endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Tildesley
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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