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Vicosa Bauermann F, Falkenberg S, Rudd JM, Peter CM, Merchioratto I, Ritchey JW, Gilliam J, Taylor J, Ma H, Maggioli MF. Immune Responses to Influenza D Virus in Calves Previously Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2. Viruses 2023; 15:2442. [PMID: 38140683 PMCID: PMC10747992 DOI: 10.3390/v15122442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) induces immunosuppression and thymus depletion in calves. This study explores the impact of prior BVDV-2 exposure on the subsequent immune response to influenza D virus (IDV). Twenty 3-week-old calves were divided into four groups. Calves in G1 and G3 were mock-treated on day 0, while calves in G2 and G4 received BVDV. Calves in G1 (mock) and G2 (BVDV) were necropsied on day 13 post-infection. IDV was inoculated on day 21 in G3 calves (mock + IDV) and G4 (BVDV + IDV) and necropsy was conducted on day 42. Pre-exposed BVDV calves exhibited prolonged and increased IDV shedding in nasal secretions. An approximate 50% reduction in the thymus was observed in acutely infected BVDV calves (G2) compared to controls (G1). On day 42, thymus depletion was observed in two calves in G4, while three had normal weight. BVDV-2-exposed calves had impaired CD8 T cell proliferation after IDV recall stimulation, and the α/β T cell impairment was particularly evident in those with persistent thymic atrophy. Conversely, no difference in antibody levels against IDV was noted. BVDV-induced thymus depletion varied from transient to persistent. Persistent thymus atrophy was correlated with weaker T cell proliferation, suggesting correlation between persistent thymus atrophy and impaired T cell immune response to subsequent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vicosa Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Shollie Falkenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Animal Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Rudd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Cristina Mendes Peter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Center for Medical Bioinformatics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Ingryd Merchioratto
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Jerry W. Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - John Gilliam
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jared Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Hao Ma
- Animal Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mayara Fernanda Maggioli
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Merchioratto I, Mendes Peter C, Ramachandran A, Maggioli MF, Vicosa Bauermann F. Viability of Veterinary-Relevant Viruses in Decomposing Tissues over a 90-Day Period Using an In-Vitro System. Pathogens 2023; 12:1104. [PMID: 37764912 PMCID: PMC10537333 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Depopulation is frequently employed during outbreaks of high-impact animal diseases. Security breaches in sites managing mortality may jeopardize pathogen control efforts as infected carcasses can serve as an infection source. This study evaluated the viability and nucleic acid detection of veterinary-relevant viruses or their surrogates in decomposing tissues. The used viruses were: Senecavirus A1 (SVA), feline calicivirus (FCV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), and swinepox virus (SwPV). Viruses were spiked in three decomposing tissues (swine bone marrow and spleen, and bovine bone marrow) and maintained for 90 days. Samples were kept under two temperature conditions resembling the average soil temperature in central Oklahoma, US, during the winter and summer (5.5 °C and 29.4 °C). At 5.5 °C, SVA and FCV remained viable over the 90 days of the study, followed by BVDV (75 days), BoHV-1 and SwPV (60 days), and PEDV (10 days). At 29.4 °C, SVA remained viable for 45 days, followed by BVDV and BoHV-1 (14 days). SwPV was viable for 10 days, whereas FCV and PEDV were viable for 5 days. Overall, viral nucleic acid detection was not significantly altered during the study. These findings support decision-making and risk management in sites overseeing animal mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingryd Merchioratto
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Cristina Mendes Peter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Center for Medical Bioinformatics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- Molecular Diagnostics, Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Mayara Fernanda Maggioli
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Fernando Vicosa Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Merchioratto I, de Oliveira PSB, Silva Júnior JVJ, Brum MCS, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Phylogeny and amino acid analysis in single and mixed bovine papillomavirus infections in Southern Brazil, 2016-2020. Arch Virol 2023; 168:52. [PMID: 36609926 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) exhibit a high degree of genetic variability, and several viral types have been identified based on analysis of the L1 gene. The L1 is the main capsid protein and the main target for neutralizing antibodies. We performed a retrospective study on BPVs circulating in Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil, in 2016-2020. DNA from 43 bovine papilloma samples were amplified using two degenerate primer sets - FAP59/64 and MY09/11 - targeting the L1 region, and analyzed for phylogeny, mixed BPV infections (coinfections) and amino acid (aa) sequences. We also performed an in silico analysis with 114 BPV L1 sequences from the GenBank database to assess the agreement between the phylogeny obtained based on complete L1 sequences versus that based on the region amplified using the FAP59/64 and MY09/11 primer sets. Considering single and coinfections, we identified 31 BPV-1 (31/43; 72.1%), 27 BPV-2 (27/43; 62.8%) and 4 BPV-6 (4/43; 9.3%). Coinfections with BPV-1 and BPV-2 were observed in 61.3% of the samples. Our results are supported by in silico analyses that demonstrate that the classification using FAP59/64 or MY09/11 matches the complete L1 results, except for BPV-17 and -18, which may be mistakenly classified depending on the primers used. Furthermore, we found unique or rare amino acids in at least one L1 sequence of each BPV type identified in our study, some of which have been identified previously in papillomavirus epitopes, suggesting immune-mediated selection. Finally, our study provides an overview of BPVs circulating in Southern Brazil over the last five years and point to the combined use of primers FAP59/64 and MY09/11 for analysis of BPV coinfections and putative epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingryd Merchioratto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A Centro de Eventos, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Pablo Sebastian Britto de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A Centro de Eventos, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A Centro de Eventos, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.,Setor de Virologia, Instituto Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mário Celso Sperotto Brum
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A Centro de Eventos, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A Centro de Eventos, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Silva Júnior JVJ, Merchioratto I, de Oliveira PSB, Rocha Lopes TR, Brites PC, de Oliveira EM, Weiblen R, Flores EF. End-point RT-PCR: A potential alternative for diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Virol Methods 2021; 288:114007. [PMID: 33130151 PMCID: PMC7598561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is considered the "gold standard" for the direct diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, routine diagnosis by RT-qPCR is a limitation for many laboratories, mainly due to the infrastructure and/or disproportionate relationship between demand and supply of inputs. In this context, and to increase the diagnostic coverage of SARS-CoV-2 infections, we describe an alternative, sensitive and specific one-step end-point RT-PCR for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 E gene. The performance of the RT-PCR was evaluated in 43 clinical samples, of which 10 and 33 were previously identified as negative and positive, respectively, by RT-qPCR. Among the positive samples, 15 and 18 were from asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals, respectively. Here, 32/33 of the positive samples in the RT-qPCR, including from asymptomatic individuals, were found positive in the RT-PCR (Ct 15.94-34.92). The analytical sensitivity of the assay was about 7.15-9 copies of vRNA/μL, and nonspecific amplifications were not observed in SARS-CoV-2 negative samples. Importantly, the RT-PCR reactions were performed in a 10 μL final volume. Finally, considering specificity, analytical sensitivity and cost reduction, we believe that the RT-PCR platform described here may be a viable option for the diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2 infections in laboratories in which RT-qPCR is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Setor de Virologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ingryd Merchioratto
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Thaísa Regina Rocha Lopes
- Setor de Virologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil; Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Chaves Brites
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Setor de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elehu Moura de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Setor de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Amaral BP, Cargnelutti JF, Mortari APG, Merchioratto I, Feio LM, Nogueira CW, Weiblen R, Flores E. Diphenyl diselenide and cidofovir present anti-viral activity against Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 2 in vitro and in a sheep model. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:78-85. [PMID: 33338952 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2) - the agent of bovine herpetic mamillitis (BHM) - is related to Human alphaherpesviruses 1 and 2 (HHV-1, HHV-2) and, as such, has been proposed as a model for vaccine and drug testing. We herein investigated the anti-viral activity in vitro against BoHV-2 of three anti-herpetic drugs: Cidofovir (CDV), Fanciclovir (FAM), Foscarnet (PFA), and diphenyl disselenide (Ph2Se2), a compound that has showed activity against HHV-2. Plaque reduction assays (PRA) revealed a significant reduction in viral plaques (p < 0.05) in cells treated with Ph2Se2 (79.7% reduction) or CDV (62.8%). FAM treatment resulted in a slight decrease in plaque number (22.9%, p < 0.05); PFA showed no activity. The effects of Ph2Se2 and CDV, alone or in combination, were investigated in ewes inoculated with BoHV-2 transdermally and submitted to daily topic treatment. Virus inoculated ewes developed lesions progressing through the stages of hyperemia, large papules or depressed dark areas, followed by scab formation. Treatment with Ph2Se2 resulted in reduction in clinical score from day 10 pi onwards (P < 0.05), shortening of clinical course and reduction in duration of virus shedding (P < 0.05) compared to untreated controls. Combined treatment (Ph2Se2 + CDV) and CDV alone, also led to clinical improvement (P < 0.05), yet less pronounced and delayed. These results are promising towards the use of Ph2Se2, alone or in combination with anti-herpetic drugs, in the treatment of udder and teat lesions produced by BoHV-2 in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Amaral
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - J F Cargnelutti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A P G Mortari
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - I Merchioratto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L M Feio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C W Nogueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R Weiblen
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - E Flores
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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