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Mohamed HT, El-Shinawi M, Mohamed MM. Editorial: Inflammatory tumor microenvironment: role of cytokines and virokines in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1414734. [PMID: 38903531 PMCID: PMC11188433 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1414734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Taha Mohamed
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Science, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | | | - Mona Mostafa Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Science, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
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2
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PDGFRα Enhanced Infection of Breast Cancer Cells with Human Cytomegalovirus but Infection of Fibroblasts Increased Prometastatic Inflammation Involving Lysophosphatidate Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189817. [PMID: 34575976 PMCID: PMC8471290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects 40-70% of adults in developed countries. HCMV proteins and DNA are detected in tumors and metastases, suggesting an association with increased invasion. We investigated HCMV infection in human breast cancer cell lines compared to fibroblasts, a component of tumors, and the role of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα). HCMV productively infected HEL299 fibroblasts and, to a lesser extent, Hs578T breast cancer cells. Infection of another triple-negative cell line, MDA-MB-231, and also MCF-7 cells, was extremely low. These disparate infection rates correlated with expression of PDGFRA, which facilitates HCMV uptake. Increasing PDGFRA expression in T-47D breast cancer and BCPAP thyroid cancer cells markedly increased HCMV infection. Conversely, HCMV infection decreased PDGFRA expression, potentially attenuating signaling through this receptor. HCMV infection of fibroblasts promoted the secretion of proinflammatory factors, whereas an overall decreased secretion of inflammatory factors was observed in infected Hs578T cells. We conclude that HCMV infection in tumors will preferentially target tumor-associated fibroblasts and breast cancer cells expressing PDGFRα. HCMV infection in the tumor microenvironment, rather than cancer cells, will increase the inflammatory milieu that could enhance metastasis involving lysophosphatidate.
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3
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Alhallak I, Wolter KG, Munoz AC, Simmen FA, Ward RJ, Petty SA, Li LX, Simmen RC. Breast adipose regulation of premenopausal breast epithelial phenotype involves interleukin 10. J Mol Endocrinol 2021; 67:173-188. [PMID: 34382943 PMCID: PMC8489570 DOI: 10.1530/jme-21-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies inversely associate BMI with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women, but the pathophysiological linkage remains ill-defined. Despite the documented relevance of the 'local' environment to breast cancer progression and the well-accepted differences in transcriptome and metabolic properties of anatomically distinct fat depots, specific breast adipose contributions to the proliferative potential of non-diseased breast glandular compartment are not fully understood. To address early breast cancer causation in the context of obesity status, we compared the cellular and molecular phenotypes of breast adipose and matched breast glandular tissue from premenopausal non-obese (mean BMI = 27 kg/m2) and obese (mean BMI = 44 kg/m2) women. Breast adipose from obese women showed higher expression levels of adipogenic, pro-inflammatory, and estrogen synthetic genes than from non-obese women. Obese breast glandular tissue displayed lower proliferation and inflammatory status and higher expression of anti-proliferative/pro-senescence biomarkers TP53 and p21 than from non-obese women. Transcript levels for T-cell receptor and co-receptors CD3 and CD4 were higher in breast adipose of obese cohorts, coincident with elevated adipose interleukin 10 (IL10) and FOXP3 gene expression. In human breast epithelial cell lines MCF10A and HMEC, recombinant human IL10 reduced cell viability and CCND1 transcript levels, increased those of TP53 and p21, and promoted (MCF10A) apoptosis. Our findings suggest that breast adipose-associated IL10 may mediate paracrine interactions between non-diseased breast adipose and breast glandular compartments and highlight how breast adipose may program the local inflammatory milieu, partly by recruiting FOXP3+ T regulatory cells, to influence premenopausal breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iad Alhallak
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Keith G. Wolter
- Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Ana Castro Munoz
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Frank A. Simmen
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
- Department of The Winthrop P Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | | | - Stacy A. Petty
- Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Lin-Xi Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Rosalia C.M. Simmen
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
- Department of The Winthrop P Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
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4
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Kartikasari AER, Huertas CS, Mitchell A, Plebanski M. Tumor-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines and the Emerging Diagnostic Devices for Cancer Detection and Prognosis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:692142. [PMID: 34307156 PMCID: PMC8294036 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.692142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation generated by the tumor microenvironment is known to drive cancer initiation, proliferation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. The tumor microenvironment promotes the secretion of diverse cytokines, in different types and stages of cancers. These cytokines may inhibit tumor development but alternatively may contribute to chronic inflammation that supports tumor growth in both autocrine and paracrine manners and have been linked to poor cancer outcomes. Such distinct sets of cytokines from the tumor microenvironment can be detected in the circulation and are thus potentially useful as biomarkers to detect cancers, predict disease outcomes and manage therapeutic choices. Indeed, analyses of circulating cytokines in combination with cancer-specific biomarkers have been proposed to simplify and improve cancer detection and prognosis, especially from minimally-invasive liquid biopsies, such as blood. Additionally, the cytokine signaling signatures of the peripheral immune cells, even from patients with localized tumors, are recently found altered in cancer, and may also prove applicable as cancer biomarkers. Here we review cytokines induced by the tumor microenvironment, their roles in various stages of cancer development, and their potential use in diagnostics and prognostics. We further discuss the established and emerging diagnostic approaches that can be used to detect cancers from liquid biopsies, and additionally the technological advancement required for their use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apriliana E. R. Kartikasari
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Cesar S. Huertas
- Integrated Photonics and Applications Centre (InPAC), School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- Integrated Photonics and Applications Centre (InPAC), School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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5
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Viral Manipulation of the Host Epigenome as a Driver of Virus-Induced Oncogenesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061179. [PMID: 34070716 PMCID: PMC8227491 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis due to viral infection accounts for a high fraction of the total global cancer burden (15–20%) of all human cancers. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which viral infection leads to tumor development is extremely important. One of the main mechanisms by which viruses induce host cell proliferation programs is through controlling the host’s epigenetic machinery. In this review, we dissect the epigenetic pathways through which oncogenic viruses can integrate their genome into host cell chromosomes and lead to tumor progression. In addition, we highlight the potential use of drugs based on histone modifiers in reducing the global impact of cancer development due to viral infection.
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6
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Detection of Human Cytomegalovirus Proteins in Paraffin-Embedded Breast Cancer Tissue Specimens-A Novel, Automated Immunohistochemical Staining Protocol. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051059. [PMID: 34068349 PMCID: PMC8153275 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports a significant association between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human malignancies, suggesting HCMV as a human oncomodulatory virus. HCMV gene products are found in >90% of breast cancer tumors and seem to be correlated with more aggressive disease. The definitive diagnosis of HCMV relies on identification of virus inclusions and/or viral proteins by different techniques including immunohistochemical staining. In order to reduce biases and improve clinical value of HCMV diagnostics in oncological pathology, automation of the procedure is needed and this was the purpose of this study. Tumor specimens from 115 patients treated for primary breast cancer at Akershus University Hospital in Norway were available for the validation of the staining method in this retrospective study. We demonstrate that our method is highly sensitive and delivers excellent reproducibility for staining of HCMV late antigen (LA), which makes this method useful for future routine diagnostics and scientific applications.
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7
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Ye S, Hu Y, Chen C, Chen S, Tong X, Zhu H, Deng B, Hu X, Sun X, Chen X, Shi X, Gu R, Xie W, Guo G, Xing D, Shen X, Xue X, Shen S. The Human Cytomegalovirus US31 Gene Predicts Favorable Survival and Regulates the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:614925. [PMID: 33959494 PMCID: PMC8093799 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.614925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an oncogenic virus associated with tumorigenesis. Our previous study revealed that the HCMV US31 gene interacted with NF-κB2 and mediated inflammation through macrophages. However, there are few reports on the role of US31 in gastric cancer (GC). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the US31 gene in GC tissue and assess its role in the occurrence and development of GC. US31 expression in 573 cancer tissues was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Results showed that US31 was significantly associated with tumor size (P = 0.005) and distant metastasis (P < 0.001). Higher US31 expression indicated better overall survival in GC patients. Overexpression of US31 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells in vitro (P < 0.05). Furthermore, expression levels of CD4, CD66b, and CD166 were positively correlated with US31, suggesting that it was involved in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment of GC. RNA sequencing, along with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, confirmed that the expression of US31 promoted immune activation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Overall, US31 inhibited the malignant phenotype and regulated tumor immune cell infiltration in GC; these results suggest that US31 could be a potential prognostic factor for GC and may open the door for a new immunotherapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Ye
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Precision Medical Center Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanbo Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenbin Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sian Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinya Tong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huanbo Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xianjing Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiadong Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruihong Gu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wangkai Xie
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gangqiang Guo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dong Xing
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xian Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shurong Shen
- Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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8
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Haidar Ahmad S, Al Moussawi F, El Baba R, Nehme Z, Pasquereau S, Kumar A, Molimard C, Monnien F, Algros MP, Karaky R, Stamminger T, Diab Assaf M, Herbein G. Identification of UL69 Gene and Protein in Cytomegalovirus-Transformed Human Mammary Epithelial Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:627866. [PMID: 33937031 PMCID: PMC8085531 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.627866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence addressing the involvement of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in malignancies had directed attention to the oncomodulation paradigm. HCMV-DB infected human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) in culture showed the emergence of clusters of rapidly proliferating, spheroid-shaped transformed cells named CTH (CMV-Transformed HMECs) cells. CTH cells assessment suggests a direct contribution of HCMV to oncogenesis, from key latent and lytic genes activating oncogenic pathways to fueling tumor evolution. We hypothesized that the presence of HCMV genome in CTH cells is of pivotal importance for determining its oncogenic potential. We previously reported the detection of a long non-coding (lnc) RNA4.9 gene in CTH cells. Therefore, we assessed here the presence of UL69 gene, located nearby and downstream of the lncRNA4.9 gene, in CTH cells. The HCMV UL69 gene in CTH cells was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of UL69 gene was performed using Sanger method. The corresponding amino acid sequence was then blasted against the UL69 sequence derived from HCMV-DB genome using NCBI Protein BLAST tool. A 99% identity was present between the nucleotide sequence present in CTH cells and HCMV-DB genome. UL69 transcript was detected in RNA extracts of CTH cells, using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, and pUL69 protein was identified in CTH lysates using western blotting. Ganciclovir-treated CTH cells showed a decrease in UL69 gene detection and cellular proliferation. In CTH cells, the knockdown of UL69 with siRNA was assessed by RT-qPCR and western blot to reveal the impact of pUL69 on HCMV replication and CTH cell proliferation. Finally, UL69 gene was detected in breast cancer biopsies. Our results indicate a close link between the UL69 gene detected in the HCMV-DB isolate used to infect HMECs, and the UL69 gene present in transformed CTH cells and tumor biopsies, further highlighting a direct role for HCMV in breast tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Haidar Ahmad
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Bourgogne France-Comté, Besançon, France.,Molecular Cancer and Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Lebanese University, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Fatima Al Moussawi
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Bourgogne France-Comté, Besançon, France.,Molecular Cancer and Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Lebanese University, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Ranim El Baba
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Bourgogne France-Comté, Besançon, France.,Molecular Cancer and Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Lebanese University, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Nehme
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Bourgogne France-Comté, Besançon, France.,Molecular Cancer and Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Lebanese University, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Sébastien Pasquereau
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Bourgogne France-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Bourgogne France-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Chloé Molimard
- Department of Pathology, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Franck Monnien
- Department of Pathology, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | | | - Racha Karaky
- Molecular Cancer and Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Lebanese University, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | | | - Mona Diab Assaf
- Molecular Cancer and Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Lebanese University, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Bourgogne France-Comté, Besançon, France.,Department of Virology, CHRU Besancon, Besancon, France
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9
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Potential Impact of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection on Immunity to Ovarian Tumours and Cancer Progression. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040351. [PMID: 33808294 PMCID: PMC8065684 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common, and life-threatening gynaecological cancer affecting females. Almost 75% of all OC cases are diagnosed at late stages, where the 5-year survival rate is less than 30%. The aetiology of the disease is still unclear, and there are currently no screening method nor effective treatment strategies for the advanced disease. A growing body of evidence shows that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infecting more than 50% of the world population, may play a role in inducing carcinogenesis through its immunomodulatory activities. In healthy subjects, the primary HCMV infection is essentially asymptomatic. The virus then establishes a life-long chronic latency primarily in the hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow, with periodic reactivation from latency that is often characterized by high levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Currently, infection-induced chronic inflammation is considered as an essential process for OC progression and metastasis. In line with this observation, few recent studies have identified high expressions of HCMV proteins on OC tissue biopsies that were associated with poor survival outcomes. Active HCMV infection in the OC tumour microenvironment may thus directly contribute to OC progression. In this review, we highlight the potential impact of HCMV infection-induced immunomodulatory effects on host immune responses to OC that may promote OC progression.
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Zhu Z, Liu JB, Liu X, Qian L. Association of interleukin 10 rs1800896 polymorphism with susceptibility to breast cancer: a meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520904863. [PMID: 32349574 PMCID: PMC7218478 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520904863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the correlation between interleukin 10 (IL-10) −1082A/G polymorphism (rs1800896) and breast cancers by performing a meta-analysis. Methods The Embase and Medline databases were searched through 1 September 2018 to identify qualified articles. Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to evaluate associations. Results In total, 14 case-control studies, including 5320 cases and 5727 controls, were analyzed. We detected significant associations between the IL10 −1082 G/G genotype and risk of breast cancer (AA + AG vs. GG: OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.80–0.97). Subgroup analyses confirmed a significant association in Caucasian populations (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80–0.99), in population-based case-control studies (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.78–0.96), and in studies with ≥500 subjects (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.79–0.99) under the recessive model (AA + AG vs. GG). No associations were found in Asian populations. Conclusions The IL10 −1082A/G polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The association between IL10 −1082 G/G genotype and increased risk of breast cancer is more significant in Caucasians, in population-based studies, and in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZiYin Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - LinXue Qian
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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11
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Poole E, Neves TC, Oliveira MT, Sinclair J, da Silva MCC. Human Cytomegalovirus Interleukin 10 Homologs: Facing the Immune System. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:245. [PMID: 32582563 PMCID: PMC7296156 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause a variety of health disorders that can lead to death in immunocompromised individuals and neonates. The HCMV lifecycle comprises both a lytic (productive) and a latent (non-productive) phase. HCMV lytic infection occurs in a wide range of terminally differentiated cell types. HCMV latency has been less well-studied, but one characterized site of latency is in precursor cells of the myeloid lineage. All known viral genes are expressed during a lytic infection and a subset of these are also transcribed during latency. The UL111A gene which encodes the viral IL-10, a homolog of the human IL-10, is one of these genes. During infection, different transcript isoforms of UL111A are generated by alternative splicing. The most studied of the UL111A isoforms are cmvIL-10 (also termed the "A" transcript) and LAcmvIL-10 (also termed the "B" transcript), the latter being a well-characterized latency associated transcript. Both isoforms can downregulate MHC class II, however they differ in a number of other immunomodulatory properties, such as the ability to bind the IL10 receptor and induce signaling through STAT3. There are also a number of other isoforms which have been identified which are expressed by differential splicing during lytic infection termed C, D, E, F, and G, although these have been less extensively studied. HCMV uses the viral IL-10 proteins to manipulate the immune system during lytic and latent phases of infection. In this review, we will discuss the literature on the viral IL-10 transcripts identified to date, their encoded proteins and the structures of these proteins as well as the functional properties of all the different isoforms of viral IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Poole
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tainan Cerqueira Neves
- Center for Natural and Humanities Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Martha Trindade Oliveira
- Center for Natural and Humanities Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Liu X, Lin K, Huang X, Xie W, Xiang D, Ding N, Hu C, Shen X, Xue X, Huang Y. Overexpression of the human cytomegalovirus UL111A is correlated with favorable survival of patients with gastric cancer and changes T-cell infiltration and suppresses carcinogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:555-568. [PMID: 32025866 PMCID: PMC7039847 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
We previously found that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with gastric cancer (GC) development. UL111A plays a role during HCMV productive or latent infection. However, UL111A expression profiles in GC tissues and their relationship with this disease are unknown. Methods PCR and nested RT-PCR were performed to verify UL111A expression in 71 GC tissues and its transcripts in 16 UL111A-positive GC samples. UL111A expression levels in GC patients were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray for 620 GC patients. The correlations among UL111A expression levels, clinicopathological characteristics, and prognosis were analyzed. Further, the effects of overexpression of latency-associated viral interleukin-10 (LAcmvIL-10) and cmvIL-10 on GC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion were assessed. Results The UL111A detection rate in GC tissues was 32.4% (23/71) and that of its mRNA expression was 68.75% (11/16). High expression of UL111A was also related to better overall and disease-free survival in GC patients. GC patients with TNM II/III stage expressing higher UL111A levels might benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) after surgery. Moreover, high UL111A expression was also associated with increased CD4+ , CD8+ T-lymphocyte and Foxp3+ T-cell infiltration. In vitro assays further demonstrated that LAcmvIL-10 and cmvIL-10 overexpression inhibits GC cell line proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. Conclusions High UL111A expression changes the number of infiltrating T cells and is associated with favorable survival. Therefore, UL111A could be used as an independent prognostic biomarker and might be a potential therapeutic target for GC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00432-019-03092-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Kangming Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Xielin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Wangkai Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Dan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Changyuan Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xian Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China.
| | - Yingpeng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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13
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Geisler J, Touma J, Rahbar A, Söderberg-Nauclér C, Vetvik K. A Review of the Potential Role of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infections in Breast Cancer Carcinogenesis and Abnormal Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121842. [PMID: 31766600 PMCID: PMC6966479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously recognized classical human onco-viruses can regulate complex neoplastic events, and are estimated to play a role during carcinogenesis in 15-20% of cancer cases. Although the DNA and gene products of several viruses have been found in breast tumors, none of the classical onco-viruses have definitely been linked to the initiation of breast cancer. However, recent evidence shows that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene products are found in >90% of tumors and metastases of breast cancers, and their increased expression can be correlated to a more aggressive breast cancer phenotype. Supporting the active role of HCMV in breast cancer, a specific HCMV strain, HCMV-DB, was recently shown to exert oncogenic transformational activity in breast epithelial cells in vitro, and to give rise to fast-growing, triple-negative breast tumors when injected into immune deficient mice. The same observation holds true for clinical studies implying increased HCMV protein expression in triple negative breast cancer biopsies. In addition to functionally being able to hijack tumor-promoting cellular events, HCMV is known to exhibit a wide range of immunosuppressive effects, which can have radical impact on the tumor microenvironment. HCMV infected cells can avoid recognition and elimination by the immune system by orchestrating polarization of immunosuppressive type II macrophages, preventing antigen presentation, by expressing T cell inhibitory molecules, and possibly, by the induction of regulatory T (Treg) cell responses. These actions would be especially deleterious for the antigenic activation and proliferation of tumor specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), whose effector functions have recently been targeted by successful, experimental immunotherapy protocols. The recognition of alternative causes and drivers of breast cancer is a pivotal research topic for the development of diagnostics and novel, effective preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting both tumor cells and their microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Geisler
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (J.G.); (J.T.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Joel Touma
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (J.G.); (J.T.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery at Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.R.); (C.S.-N.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.R.); (C.S.-N.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katja Vetvik
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery at Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-95796638
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14
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Liu J, Jaijyan DK, Tang Q, Zhu H. Promising Cytomegalovirus-Based Vaccine Vector Induces Robust CD8 + T-Cell Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4457. [PMID: 31510028 PMCID: PMC6770317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has had great success in combating diseases, especially infectious diseases. However, traditional vaccination strategies are ineffective for several life-threatening diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, malaria, and cancer. Viral vaccine vectors represent a promising strategy because they can efficiently deliver foreign genes and enhance antigen presentation in vivo. However, several limitations, including pre-existing immunity and packaging capacity, block the application of viral vectors. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been demonstrated as a new type of viral vector with additional advantages. CMV could systematically elicit and maintain high frequencies of effector memory T cells through the "memory inflation" mechanism. Studies have shown that CMV can be genetically modified to induce distinct patterns of CD8+ T-cell responses, while some unconventional CD8+ T-cell responses are rarely induced through conventional vaccine strategies. CMV has been used as a vaccine vector to deliver many disease-specific antigens, and the efficacy of these vaccines was tested in different animal models. Promising results demonstrated that the robust and unconventional T-cell responses elicited by the CMV-based vaccine vector are essential to control these diseases. These accumulated data and evidence strongly suggest that a CMV-based vaccine vector represents a promising approach to develop novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against some epidemic pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
- College of Life Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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15
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The Human Cytomegalovirus, from Oncomodulation to Oncogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080408. [PMID: 30081496 PMCID: PMC6115842 DOI: 10.3390/v10080408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides its well-described impact in immunosuppressed patients, the role of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the pathogenesis of cancer has been more recently investigated. In cancer, HCMV could favor the progression and the spread of the tumor, a paradigm named oncomodulation. Although oncomodulation could account for part of the protumoral effect of HCMV, it might not explain the whole impact of HCMV infection on the tumor and the tumoral microenvironment. On the contrary cases have been reported where HCMV infection slows down the progression and the spread of the tumor. In addition, HCMV proteins have oncogenic properties per se, HCMV activates pro-oncogenic pathways in infected cells, and recently the direct transformation of cells following HCMV infection has been described, which gave rise to tumors when injected in mice. Thus, beyond the oncomodulation model, this review will assess the direct transforming role of HMCV-infected cells and the potential classification of HCMV as an oncovirus.
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16
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Xie X, Yang M, Ding Y, Chen J. Microbial infection, inflammation and epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1911-1919. [PMID: 28789426 PMCID: PMC5529868 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most common, and life-threatening, type of female gynecological cancer. The etiology of ovarian cancer remains unclear, and there are currently no effective screening or treatment methods for the disease. Microbial infection serves a marked function in inducing carcinogenesis. A number of studies have identified pelvic inflammatory disease as a risk factor for epithelial ovarian cancer. Thus, it is hypothesized that microbial infection may contribute to ovarian cancer. In the present review, the microorganisms that have been identified to be associated with ovarian cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved are discussed. Infection-induced chronic inflammation is considered an important process for carcinogenesis, cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, the pathological process and associated inflammatory factors are reviewed in the present paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Yiling Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
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17
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Valle Oseguera CA, Spencer JV. Human cytomegalovirus interleukin-10 enhances matrigel invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:24. [PMID: 28228690 PMCID: PMC5307693 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While some risk factors for breast cancer are well-known, the influence of other factors, particularly virus infection, remains unclear. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is widespread in the general population, and both molecular and epidemiological evidence has indicated links between HCMV and breast cancer. The HCMV protein cmvIL-10 is a potent suppressor of immune function that has also been shown to promote proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. In this study, the impact of cmvIL-10 on tumor cell invasion through a simulated basement membrane was investigated. RESULTS MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells exhibited invasion through a matrigel layer that was significantly enhanced in the presence of either purified cmvIL-10 or supernatants from HCMV-infected cells containing secreted cmvIL-10. Transcriptional profiling revealed that cmvIL-10 altered expression of several genes implicated in metastasis. Exposure to cmvIL-10 resulted in higher MMP-3 mRNA levels, greater protein expression, and increased enzymatic activity. Treatment with cmvIL-10 also increased expression of both urokinase plasminogen receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which can stimulate MMP-3 activity and have previously been identified as poor prognostic markers in breast cancer patients. Finally, MDA-MB-231 cells treated with cmvIL-10 showed significant downregulation of metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1), a scaffolding protein that regulates cytoskeletal rearrangements and is frequently lost in metastatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS HCMV, and in particular the secreted viral cytokine, cmvIL-10, can induce cellular changes that facilitate cell migration and invasion. These findings indicate that HCMV may be associated with promoting the malignant spread of breast cancer cells and suggest that antiviral treatment may be a useful complement to chemotherapy in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cendy A Valle Oseguera
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117 USA
| | - Juliet V Spencer
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117 USA
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