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Shao H, Zhang H, Jia D. The Role of Exerkines in Obesity-Induced Disruption of Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Thermogenic Fat. Metabolites 2024; 14:287. [PMID: 38786764 PMCID: PMC11122964 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a notable correlation between mitochondrial homeostasis and metabolic disruption. In this review, we report that obesity-induced disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis adversely affects lipid metabolism, adipocyte differentiation, oxidative capacity, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and thermogenesis in thermogenic fat. Elevating mitochondrial homeostasis in thermogenic fat emerges as a promising avenue for developing treatments for metabolic diseases, including enhanced mitochondrial function, mitophagy, mitochondrial uncoupling, and mitochondrial biogenesis. The exerkines (e.g., myokines, adipokines, batokines) released during exercise have the potential to ameliorate mitochondrial homeostasis, improve glucose and lipid metabolism, and stimulate fat browning and thermogenesis as a defense against obesity-associated metabolic diseases. This comprehensive review focuses on the manifold benefits of exercise-induced exerkines, particularly emphasizing their influence on mitochondrial homeostasis and fat thermogenesis in the context of metabolic disorders associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.)
- Graduate School of Harbin Sport University, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Dandan Jia
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.)
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Cho W, Oh H, Choi SW, Abd El-Aty AM, Yeşilyurt F, Jeong JH, Jung TW. Musclin Mitigates the Attachment of HUVECs to THP-1 Monocytes in Hyperlipidemic Conditions through PPARα/HO-1-Mediated Attenuation of Inflammation. Inflammation 2024; 47:1-12. [PMID: 37737929 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Musclin, a myokine, undergoes modulation during exercise and has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in cardiomyocytes and glomeruli. However, its role in atherosclerotic responses remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the impact of musclin on inflammatory responses and the interaction between endothelial cells and monocytes under hyperlipidemic conditions. The attachment levels of THP-1 monocytes on cultured HUVECs were examined. Inflammation and the expression of cell adhesion molecules were also evaluated. To explore the molecular mechanisms of musclin, PPARα or heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) siRNA transfection was performed in HUVECs. The results revealed that treatment with recombinant musclin effectively suppressed the attachment of palmitate-induced HUVECs to THP-1 cells and reduced the expression of cell adhesion proteins (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin) in HUVECs. Furthermore, musclin treatment ameliorated the expression of inflammation markers (phosphorylated NFκB and IκB) in both HUVECs and THP-1 monocytes, as well as the release of TNFα and MCP-1 from HUVECs and THP-1 monocytes. Notably, musclin treatment augmented the expression levels of PPARα and HO-1. However, when PPARα or HO-1 siRNA was employed, the beneficial effects of musclin on inflammation, cell attachment, and adhesion molecule expression were abolished. These findings indicate that musclin exerts anti-inflammatory effects via the PPARα/HO-1 pathway, thereby mitigating the interaction between endothelial cells and monocytes. This study provides evidence supporting the important role of musclin in ameliorating obesity-related arteriosclerosis and highlights its potential as a therapeutic agent for treating arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeseung Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yeşilyurt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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Ataka K, Asakawa A, Iwai H, Kato I. Musclin prevents depression-like behavior in male mice by activating urocortin 2 signaling in the hypothalamus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1288282. [PMID: 38116320 PMCID: PMC10728487 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1288282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Physical activity is recommended as an alternative treatment for depression. Myokines, which are secreted from skeletal muscles during physical activity, play an important role in the skeletal muscle-brain axis. Musclin, a newly discovered myokine, exerts physical endurance, however, the effects of musclin on emotional behaviors, such as depression, have not been evaluated. This study aimed to access the anti-depressive effect of musclin and clarify the connection between depression-like behavior and hypothalamic neuropeptides in mice. Methods We measured the immobility time in the forced swim (FS) test, the time spent in open arm in the elevated-plus maze (EPM) test, the mRNA levels of hypothalamic neuropeptides, and enumerated the c-Fos-positive cells in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), arcuate nucleus (ARC), and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in mice with the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of musclin. Next, we evaluated the effects of a selective corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 1 receptor antagonist, selective CRF type 2 receptor antagonist, melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist, and selective melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) agonist on changes in behaviors induced by musclin. Finally we evaluated the antidepressant effect of musclin using mice exposed to repeated water immersion (WI) stress. Results We found that the i.p. and i.c.v. administration of musclin decreased the immobility time and relative time in the open arms (open %) in mice and increased urocortin 2 (Ucn 2) levels but decreased proopiomelanocortin levels in the hypothalamus. The numbers of c-Fos-positive cells were increased in the PVN and NTS but decreased in the ARC of mice with i.p. administration of musclin. The c-Fos-positive cells in the PVN were also found to be Ucn 2-positive. The antidepressant and anxiogenic effects of musclin were blocked by central administration of a CRF type 2 receptor antagonist and a melanocortin 4 receptor agonist, respectively. Peripheral administration of musclin also prevented depression-like behavior and the decrease in levels of hypothalamic Ucn 2 induced by repeated WI stress. Discussion These data identify the antidepressant effects of musclin through the activation of central Ucn 2 signaling and suggest that musclin and Ucn 2 can be new therapeutic targets and endogenous peptides mediating the muscle-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ataka
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asakawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruki Iwai
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kato
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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Abbadessa G, Maniscalco E, Grasso L, Popara J, Di Scipio F, Franco F, Mancardi D, Pigozzi F, Borrione P, Berta GN, Racca S. Metformin Protects Rat Skeletal Muscle from Physical Exercise-Induced Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2334. [PMID: 37760776 PMCID: PMC10525561 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin (Met) is a drug commonly prescribed in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its efficacy is due to the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis, enhancement of peripheral glucose uptake and lower glucose absorption by the intestine. Recent studies have reported Met efficacy in other clinical applications, such as age-related diseases. Despite the wide clinical use of Met, its mechanism of action on muscle and its effect on muscle performance are unclear. We investigated the effects of Met combined with training on physical performance (PP) in healthy rats receiving Met for 8 weeks while undergoing daily moderate exercise. We evaluated the following: PP through graded endurance exercise test performed before the beginning of the training protocol and 48 h before the end of the training period; blood ALT, AST, LDH and CK-MB levels in order to address muscle damage; and several blood and muscle myokines and the expression of factors believed to be involved in muscle adaptation to exercise. Our data demonstrate that Met does not improve the positive effects of exercise on performance, although it protects myocytes from exercise-induced damage. Moreover, given that Met positively affects exercise-induced muscle adaptation, our data support the idea of the therapeutic application of Met when muscle function and structure are compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Abbadessa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.M.); (L.G.); (J.P.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Eleonora Maniscalco
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.M.); (L.G.); (J.P.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Loredana Grasso
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.M.); (L.G.); (J.P.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Jasmin Popara
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.M.); (L.G.); (J.P.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Federica Di Scipio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.M.); (L.G.); (J.P.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Francesco Franco
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.M.); (L.G.); (J.P.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Daniele Mancardi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.M.); (L.G.); (J.P.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Paolo Borrione
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Giovanni Nicolao Berta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.M.); (L.G.); (J.P.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Silvia Racca
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (E.M.); (L.G.); (J.P.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
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Kim CJ, Singh C, Lee C, DiMagno K, O'Donnell M, Kaczmarek M, Ahmed A, Salvo‐Schaich J, Perez A, Letsou W, Sepulveda MC, Ramos RL, Hadjiargyrou M. Mustn1 ablation in skeletal muscle results in increased glucose tolerance concomitant with upregulated GLUT expression in male mice. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15674. [PMID: 37170065 PMCID: PMC10175242 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is closely regulated to maintain energy requirements of vital organs and skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in this process. Mustn1 is expressed during embryonic and postnatal skeletal muscle development and its function has been implicated in myogenic differentiation and myofusion. Whether Mustn1 plays a role in glucose homeostasis in anyway remains largely unknown. As such, we deleted Mustn1 in skeletal muscle using a conditional knockout (KO) mouse approach. KO mice did not reveal any specific gross phenotypic alterations in skeletal muscle. However, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance testing (IPGTT) revealed that 2-month-old male KO mice had significantly lower glycemia than their littermate wild type (WT) controls. These findings coincided with mRNA changes in genes known to be involved in glucose metabolism, tolerance, and insulin sensitivity; 2-month-old male KO mice had significantly higher expression of GLUT1 and GLUT10 transporters, MUP-1 while OSTN expression was lower. These differences in glycemia and gene expression were statistically insignificant after 4 months. Identical experiments in female KO and WT control mice did not indicate any differences at any age. Our results suggest a link between Mustn1 expression and glucose homeostasis during a restricted period of skeletal muscle development/maturation. While this is an observational study, Mustn1's relationship to glucose homeostasis appears to be more complex with a possible connection to other key proteins such as GLUTs, MUP-1, and OSTN. Additionally, our data indicate temporal and sex differences. Lastly, our findings strengthen the notion that Mustn1 plays a role in the metabolic capacity of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Kim
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Chanpreet Singh
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Christine Lee
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Kevin DiMagno
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Madison O'Donnell
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Marina Kaczmarek
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Arhum Ahmed
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Jessica Salvo‐Schaich
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Alexis Perez
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - William Letsou
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Raddy L. Ramos
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
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Zhang J, Shi J, Cheng Z, Hu W. The correlation of serum musclin with diabetic nephropathy. Cytokine 2023; 167:156211. [PMID: 37137178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Musclin is a recently found myokine involved in the process of glucose metabolism. The purpose of the present investigation is to evaluate the relationship between serum musclin levels and diabetic nephropathy (DN). METHODS The current investigation included 175 (T2DM) cases and 62 controls. T2DM patients were divided into three subgroups: normoalbuminuria (DN0), microalbuminuria (DN1), and macroalbuminuria (DN2) on the basis of the values of urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR). RESULTS T2DM group displayed higher serum musclin than the controls. Serum musclin were remarkably elevated in DN2 subgroup compared with DN0 and DN1 subgroups. In addition, elevated serum musclin was observed in DN1 subgroup than in the DN0 subgroup. Serum musclin was correlated with an increased risk of having T2DM and DN using a logistic regression model. Linear regression analysis showed that serum musclin was negatively related with gender, and positively related with body mass index, systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and ACR. CONCLUSION Serum musclin increases with the progressed stages of DN. Serum musclin is associated with renal function parameters and ACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Blood Purification Center, The Sixth People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Zengguang Cheng
- Shibei Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenchao Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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Epidemiological, mechanistic, and practical bases for assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle status in adults in healthcare settings. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:945-964. [PMID: 36683091 PMCID: PMC10119074 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Given their importance in predicting clinical outcomes, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscle status can be considered new vital signs. However, they are not routinely evaluated in healthcare settings. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the epidemiological, mechanistic, and practical bases of the evaluation of CRF and muscle status in adults in primary healthcare settings. We highlight the importance of CRF and muscle status as predictors of morbidity and mortality, focusing on their association with cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. Notably, adults in the best quartile of CRF and muscle status have as low as one-fourth the risk of developing some of the most common chronic metabolic and cardiovascular diseases than those in the poorest quartile. The physiological mechanisms that underlie these epidemiological associations are addressed. These mechanisms include the fact that both CRF and muscle status reflect an integrative response to the body function. Indeed, muscle plays an active role in the development of many diseases by regulating the body's metabolic rate and releasing myokines, which modulate metabolic and cardiovascular functions. We also go over the most relevant techniques for assessing peak oxygen uptake as a surrogate of CRF and muscle strength, mass, and quality as surrogates of muscle status in adults. Finally, a clinical case of a middle-aged adult is discussed to integrate and summarize the practical aspects of the information presented throughout. Their clinical importance, the ease with which we can assess CRF and muscle status using affordable techniques, and the availability of reference values, justify their routine evaluation in adults across primary healthcare settings.
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Llanos P, Palomero J. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS) and Cytokines-Myokines Involved in Glucose Uptake and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244008. [PMID: 36552772 PMCID: PMC9776436 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance onset in skeletal muscle is characterized by the impairment of insulin signaling, which reduces the internalization of glucose, known as glucose uptake, into the cell. Therefore, there is a deficit of intracellular glucose, which is the main source for energy production in the cell. This may compromise cellular viability and functions, leading to pathological dysfunction. Skeletal muscle fibers continuously generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). An excess of RONS produces oxidative distress, which may evoke cellular damage and dysfunction. However, a moderate level of RONS, which is called oxidative eustress, is critical to maintain, modulate and regulate cellular functions through reversible interactions between RONS and the components of cellular signaling pathways that control those functions, such as the facilitation of glucose uptake. The skeletal muscle releases peptides called myokines that may have endocrine and paracrine effects. Some myokines bind to specific receptors in skeletal muscle fibers and might interact with cellular signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt and AMPK, and facilitate glucose uptake. In addition, there are cytokines, which are peptides produced by non-skeletal muscle cells, that bind to receptors at the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells and interact with the cellular signaling pathways, facilitating glucose uptake. RONS, myokines and cytokines might be acting on the same signaling pathways that facilitate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. However, the experimental studies are limited and scarce. The aim of this review is to highlight the current knowledge regarding the role of RONS, myokines and cytokines as potential signals that facilitate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. In addition, we encourage researchers in the field to lead and undertake investigations to uncover the fundamentals of glucose uptake evoked by RONS, myokines, and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Llanos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Jesus Palomero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, Av. Alfonso X El Sabio, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-666-589-153
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Reddy I, Yadav Y, Dey CS. Cellular and Molecular Regulation of Exercise—A Neuronal Perspective. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1551-1571. [PMID: 35986789 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of exercise on the proper functioning of the body have been firmly established. Multi-systemic metabolic regulation of exercise is the consequence of multitudinous changes that occur at the cellular level. The exercise responsome comprises all molecular entities including exerkines, miRNA species, growth factors, signaling proteins that are elevated and activated by physical exercise. Exerkines are secretory molecules released by organs such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and gut as a function of acute/chronic exercise. Exerkines such as FNDC5/irisin, Cathepsin B, Adiponectin, and IL-6 circulate through the bloodstream, cross the blood-brain barrier, and modulate the expression of important signaling molecules such as AMPK, SIRT1, PGC1α, BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF which further contribute to improved energy metabolism, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and overall well-being of the body and brain. These molecules are also responsible for neuroprotective adaptations that exercise confers on the brain and potentially ameliorate neurodegeneration. This review aims to detail important cellular and molecular species that directly or indirectly mediate exercise-induced benefits in the body, with an emphasis on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishitha Reddy
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Yamini Yadav
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Chow LS, Gerszten RE, Taylor JM, Pedersen BK, van Praag H, Trappe S, Febbraio MA, Galis ZS, Gao Y, Haus JM, Lanza IR, Lavie CJ, Lee CH, Lucia A, Moro C, Pandey A, Robbins JM, Stanford KI, Thackray AE, Villeda S, Watt MJ, Xia A, Zierath JR, Goodpaster BH, Snyder MP. Exerkines in health, resilience and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:273-289. [PMID: 35304603 PMCID: PMC9554896 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The health benefits of exercise are well-recognized and are observed across multiple organ systems. These beneficial effects enhance overall resilience, healthspan and longevity. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of exercise, however, remain poorly understood. Since the discovery in 2000 that muscle contraction releases IL-6, the number of exercise-associated signalling molecules that have been identified has multiplied. Exerkines are defined as signalling moieties released in response to acute and/or chronic exercise, which exert their effects through endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine pathways. A multitude of organs, cells and tissues release these factors, including skeletal muscle (myokines), the heart (cardiokines), liver (hepatokines), white adipose tissue (adipokines), brown adipose tissue (baptokines) and neurons (neurokines). Exerkines have potential roles in improving cardiovascular, metabolic, immune and neurological health. As such, exerkines have potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, and possibly in the facilitation of healthy ageing. This Review summarizes the importance and current state of exerkine research, prevailing challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Chow
- Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joan M Taylor
- Department of Pathology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for PA Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain institute and Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zorina S Galis
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yunling Gao
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob M Haus
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School-the University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Lee
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cedric Moro
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team MetaDiab, Inserm UMR1297, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse III University-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeremy M Robbins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Saul Villeda
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley Xia
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Nestin and osteocrin mRNA increases in human semitendinosus myotendinous junction 7 days after a single bout of eccentric exercise. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 158:49-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Efficacy of high-intensity interval- or continuous aerobic-training on insulin resistance and muscle function in adults with metabolic syndrome: a clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:331-344. [PMID: 34687360 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04835-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We carried out a randomized, clinical trial in adults of both sexes with metabolic syndrome (MS) to assess the efficacy of high-intensity, low-volume interval training (HIIT) compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on insulin resistance (IR), muscle mass, muscle activation, and serum musclin. METHODS Fasting glycemia, insulinemia, and glycated haemoglobin were determined by conventional methods, IR by Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), lean mass by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, muscle activation through carnosine by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, and musclin by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay before and after a supervised, three-times/week, 12-week treadmill programme. HIIT (n = 29) consisted of six intervals with one-minute, high-intensity phases at 90% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). MICT (n = 31) trained at 60% of VO2peak for 30 min. RESULTS Patients had a mean age of 50.8 ± 6.0 years, body mass index of 30.6 ± 4.0 kg/m2, and VO2peak of 29.0 ± 6.3 mL.kg-1.min-1. Compared to MICT, HIIT was not superior at reducing Ln HOMA-IR (adjusted mean difference: 0.083 [95%CI - 0.092 to 0.257]), carnosine or musclin or at increasing thigh lean mass. HIIT increased carnosine by 0.66 mmol/kg.ww (95% CI 0.08-1.24) after intervention. Both interventions reduced IR, body fat percentage and increased total lean mass/height2 and VO2peak. Musclin showed a non-significant reduction with a small effect size after both interventions. CONCLUSION Compared to MICT, HIIT is not superior at reducing IR, carnosine or musclin or at increasing skeletal muscle mass in adults with MS. Both training types improved IR, muscle mass and body composition. NCT03087721, March 22nd, 2017. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03087721. Registered March 22nd, 2017.
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