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Rando HM, Brueffer C, Lordan R, Dattoli AA, Manheim D, Meyer JG, Mundo AI, Perrin D, Mai D, Wellhausen N, Gitter A, Greene CS. Molecular and Serologic Diagnostic Technologies for SARS-CoV-2. ARXIV 2022:arXiv:2204.12598v2. [PMID: 35547240 PMCID: PMC9094103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented many challenges that have spurred biotechnological research to address specific problems. Diagnostics is one area where biotechnology has been critical. Diagnostic tests play a vital role in managing a viral threat by facilitating the detection of infected and/or recovered individuals. From the perspective of what information is provided, these tests fall into two major categories, molecular and serological. Molecular diagnostic techniques assay whether a virus is present in a biological sample, thus making it possible to identify individuals who are currently infected. Additionally, when the immune system is exposed to a virus, it responds by producing antibodies specific to the virus. Serological tests make it possible to identify individuals who have mounted an immune response to a virus of interest and therefore facilitate the identification of individuals who have previously encountered the virus. These two categories of tests provide different perspectives valuable to understanding the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Within these categories, different biotechnological approaches offer specific advantages and disadvantages. Here we review the categories of tests developed for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus or antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the role of diagnostics in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halie M Rando
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America · Funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF 4552); the National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG010067)
| | | | - Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anna Ada Dattoli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Manheim
- 1DaySooner, Delaware, United States of America; Risk and Health Communication Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel · Funded by Center for Effective Altruism, Long Term Future Fund
| | - Jesse G Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America · Funded by National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35 GM142502)
| | - Ariel I Mundo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Dimitri Perrin
- School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Mai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nils Wellhausen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony Gitter
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America · Funded by John W. and Jeanne M. Rowe Center for Research in Virology
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America · Funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF 4552); the National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG010067)
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O'Neill B, Kalia S, Gill P, Hum S, Moran-Venegas C, Stoller R, Greiver M, Agarwal P, Kirubarajan A, DeKoven S, Eisen D, Pinto A, Dunn S. Association between new-onset anosmia and positive SARS-CoV-2 tests among people accessing outpatient testing in Toronto, Ontario: a retrospective cross-sectional study. CMAJ Open 2021; 9:E1134-E1140. [PMID: 34876415 PMCID: PMC8673484 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20210085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports have suggested that anosmia is strongly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but patients were often asked about this symptom after their diagnosis. This study assessed associations between prospectively reported anosmia and other symptoms related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and SARS-CoV-2 positivity in community testing centres in Toronto, Ontario. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study in which data were collected from 2 COVID-19 assessment centres affiliated with 2 hospitals in Toronto, Ontario, from Apr. 5 to Sept. 30, 2020. We included symptomatic profiles of all people who underwent a SARS-CoV-2 test at either clinic within the study period. We used generalized estimating equations to account for repeat visits and to assess associations between anosmia and other symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 positivity. RESULTS A total of 83 443 SARS-CoV-2 tests were conducted across the 2 sites for 72 692 participants during the study period. Of all tests, 1640 (2.0%) were positive; 837 (51.0%) of people who tested positive were asymptomatic. The adjusted odds ratio for the association between anosmia and test positivity was 5.29 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.50-6.22), with sensitivity of 0.138 (95% CI 0.121-0.154), specificity of 0.980 (95% CI 0.979-0.981), a positive predictive value of 0.120 (95% CI 0.106-0.135) and a negative predictive value of 0.983 (95% CI 0.982-0.984). INTERPRETATION Anosmia had high specificity and a positive predictive value of 12% for SARS-CoV-2 infection in this community population with low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 positivity. The presence of anosmia should increase clinical suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and our findings suggest that people presenting with this symptom should be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden O'Neill
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Sumeet Kalia
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Peter Gill
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Susan Hum
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Carla Moran-Venegas
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Rebecca Stoller
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Michelle Greiver
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Payal Agarwal
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Abirami Kirubarajan
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Samuel DeKoven
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - David Eisen
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Andrew Pinto
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Sheila Dunn
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (O'Neill, Pinto), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Pinto), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health; Department of Family and Community Medicine (O'Neill, Kalia, Greiver, Agarwal, Eisen, Pinto, Dunn), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; SickKids Research Institute (Gill), Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Hum, Agarwal, Dunn), Women's College Hospital; North York General Hospital (Moran-Venegas); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Stoller, Greiver, Eisen), North York General Hospital; Postgraduate Medical Education (Kirubarajan, DeKoven), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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Barbazza E, Ivanković D, Wang S, Gilmore KJ, Poldrugovac M, Willmington C, Larrain N, Bos V, Allin S, Klazinga N, Kringos D. Exploring Changes to the Actionability of COVID-19 Dashboards Over the Course of 2020 in the Canadian Context: Descriptive Assessment and Expert Appraisal Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e30200. [PMID: 34280120 PMCID: PMC8360335 DOI: 10.2196/30200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public web-based COVID-19 dashboards are in use worldwide to communicate pandemic-related information. Actionability of dashboards, as a predictor of their potential use for data-driven decision-making, was assessed in a global study during the early stages of the pandemic. It revealed a widespread lack of features needed to support actionability. In view of the inherently dynamic nature of dashboards and their unprecedented speed of creation, the evolution of dashboards and changes to their actionability merit exploration. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore how COVID-19 dashboards evolved in the Canadian context during 2020 and whether the presence of actionability features changed over time. METHODS We conducted a descriptive assessment of a pan-Canadian sample of COVID-19 dashboards (N=26), followed by an appraisal of changes to their actionability by a panel of expert scorers (N=8). Scorers assessed the dashboards at two points in time, July and November 2020, using an assessment tool informed by communication theory and health care performance intelligence. Applying the nominal group technique, scorers were grouped in panels of three, and evaluated the presence of the seven defined features of highly actionable dashboards at each time point. RESULTS Improvements had been made to the dashboards over time. These predominantly involved data provision (specificity of geographic breakdowns, range of indicators reported, and explanations of data sources or calculations) and advancements enabled by the technologies employed (customization of time trends and interactive or visual chart elements). Further improvements in actionability were noted especially in features involving local-level data provision, time-trend reporting, and indicator management. No improvements were found in communicative elements (clarity of purpose and audience), while the use of storytelling techniques to narrate trends remained largely absent from the dashboards. CONCLUSIONS Improvements to COVID-19 dashboards in the Canadian context during 2020 were seen mostly in data availability and dashboard technology. Further improving the actionability of dashboards for public reporting will require attention to both technical and organizational aspects of dashboard development. Such efforts would include better skill-mixing across disciplines, continued investment in data standards, and clearer mandates for their developers to ensure accountability and the development of purpose-driven dashboards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Barbazza
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Damir Ivanković
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Wang
- OptiMedis AG, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kendall Jamieson Gilmore
- Laboratorio Management e Sanità, Institute of Management and Department EMbeDS, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mircha Poldrugovac
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Claire Willmington
- Laboratorio Management e Sanità, Institute of Management and Department EMbeDS, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicolas Larrain
- OptiMedis AG, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Véronique Bos
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sara Allin
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Niek Klazinga
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dionne Kringos
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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