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Paludetto LS, Florence LLA, Torales J, Ventriglio A, Castaldelli-Maia JM. Mapping the Neural Substrates of Cocaine Craving: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:329. [PMID: 38671981 PMCID: PMC11048489 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Craving is one of the most important symptoms of cocaine use disorder (CUD) since it contributes to the relapse and persistence of such disorder. This systematic review aimed to investigate which brain regions are modulated during cocaine craving. The articles were obtained through searches in the Google Scholar, Regional BVS Portal, PubMed, and Scielo databases. Overall, there was a selection of 36 studies with 1574 individuals, the majority being participants with CUD, whereby about 61.56% were individuals with CUD and 38.44% were controls (mean age = 40.4 years). Besides the methodological points, the neurobiological investigations comprised fMRI (58.34%) and PET (38.89%). The induction of cocaine craving was studied using different methods: exposure to cocaine cues (69.45%), stressful stimuli, food cues, and methylphenidate. Brain activations demonstrated widespread activity across the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, basal ganglia, diencephalon, brainstem, and the limbic system. In addition to abnormalities in prefrontal cortex activity, abnormalities in various other brain regions' activity contribute to the elucidation of the neurobiology of cocaine craving. Abnormalities in brain activity are justified not only by the dysfunction of dopaminergic pathways but also of the glutamatergic and noradrenergic pathways, and distinct ways of inducing craving demonstrated the involvement of distinct brain circuits and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiza Larrubia Alvares Florence
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil;
| | - Julio Torales
- Department of Medical Psychology, School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay;
- Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo 050106, Paraguay
- School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Sudamericana, Salto del Guairá 130112, Paraguay
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, FMABC University Center, Santo André 09060-870, Brazil
- Perdizes Institute of the Clinical Hospital (IPer-HCFMUSP), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
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2
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Scala SG, Kang MS, Cox SML, Rosa‐Neto P, Massarweh G, Leyton M. Mesocorticolimbic function in cocaine polydrug users: A multimodal study of drug cue reactivity and cognitive regulation. Addict Biol 2024; 29:e13358. [PMID: 38221806 PMCID: PMC10898841 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Addictions are thought to be fostered by the emergence of poorly regulated mesocorticolimbic responses to drug-related cues. The development and persistence of these responses might be promoted by altered glutamate transmission, including changes to type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5s). Unknown, however, is when these changes arise and whether the mGluR5 and mesocorticolimbic alterations are related. To investigate, non-dependent cocaine polydrug users and cocaine-naïve healthy controls underwent a positron emission tomography scan (15 cocaine users and 14 healthy controls) with [11 C]ABP688, and a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan (15/group) while watching videos depicting activities with and without cocaine use. For some drug videos, participants were instructed to use a cognitive strategy to lower craving. Both groups exhibited drug cue-induced mesocorticolimbic activations and these were larger in the cocaine polydrug users than healthy controls during the session's second half. During the cognitive regulation trials, the cocaine users' corticostriatal responses were reduced. [11 C]ABP688 binding was unaltered in cocaine users, relative to healthy controls, but post hoc analyses found reductions in those with 75 or more lifetime cocaine use sessions. Finally, among cocaine users (n = 12), individual differences in prefrontal [11 C]ABP688 binding were associated with midbrain and limbic region activations during the regulation trials. Together, these preliminary findings raise the possibility that (i) recreational polydrug cocaine users show biased brain processes towards cocaine-related cues and (ii) repeated cocaine use can lower cortical mGluR5 levels, diminishing the ability to regulate drug cue responses. These alterations might promote susceptibility to addiction and identify early intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Su Kang
- Integrated Program in NeuroscienceMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Sunnybrook Research InstituteUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Pedro Rosa‐Neto
- Integrated Program in NeuroscienceMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Gassan Massarweh
- McConnell Brain Imaging CentreMontreal Neurological InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Marco Leyton
- Integrated Program in NeuroscienceMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- McConnell Brain Imaging CentreMontreal Neurological InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of PsychologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Center for Studies in Behavioral NeurobiologyConcordia UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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3
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Zald DH. The influence of dopamine autoreceptors on temperament and addiction risk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105456. [PMID: 37926241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
As a major regulator of dopamine (DA), DA autoreceptors (DAARs) exert substantial influence over DA-mediated behaviors. This paper reviews the physiological and behavioral impact of DAARs. Individual differences in DAAR functioning influences temperamental traits such as novelty responsivity and impulsivity, both of which are associated with vulnerability to addictive behavior in animal models and a broad array of externalizing behaviors in humans. DAARs additionally impact the response to psychostimulants and other drugs of abuse. Human PET studies of D2-like receptors in the midbrain provide evidence for parallels to the animal literature. These data lead to the proposal that weak DAAR regulation is a risk factor for addiction and externalizing problems. The review highlights the potential to build translational models of the functional role of DAARs in behavior. It also draws attention to key limitations in the current literature that would need to be addressed to further advance a weak DAAR regulation model of addiction and externalizing risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Zald
- Center for Advanced Human Brain Imaging and Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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4
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Manza P, Tomasi D, Shokri-Kojori E, Zhang R, Kroll D, Feldman D, McPherson K, Biesecker C, Dennis E, Johnson A, Yuan K, Wang WT, Yonga MV, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Neural circuit selective for fast but not slow dopamine increases in drug reward. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6408. [PMID: 37938560 PMCID: PMC10632365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The faster a drug enters the brain, the greater its addictive potential, yet the brain circuits underlying the rate dependency to drug reward remain unresolved. With simultaneous PET-fMRI we linked dynamics of dopamine signaling, brain activity/connectivity, and self-reported 'high' in 20 adults receiving methylphenidate orally (results in slow delivery) and intravenously (results in fast delivery) (trial NCT03326245). We estimated speed of striatal dopamine increases to oral and IV methylphenidate and then tested where brain activity was associated with slow and fast dopamine dynamics (primary endpoint). We then tested whether these brain circuits were temporally associated with individual 'high' ratings to methylphenidate (secondary endpoint). A corticostriatal circuit comprising the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and insula and their connections with dorsal caudate was activated by fast (but not slow) dopamine increases and paralleled 'high' ratings. These data provide evidence in humans for a link between dACC/insula activation and fast but not slow dopamine increases and document a critical role of the salience network in drug reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle Kroll
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dana Feldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine McPherson
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine Biesecker
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Evan Dennis
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allison Johnson
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kai Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, PR China
| | - Wen-Tung Wang
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michele-Vera Yonga
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Murnane KS, Edinoff AN, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Updated Perspectives on the Neurobiology of Substance Use Disorders Using Neuroimaging. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2023; 14:99-111. [PMID: 37583934 PMCID: PMC10424678 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s362861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use problems impair social functioning, academic achievement, and employability. Psychological, biological, social, and environmental factors can contribute to substance use disorders. In recent years, neuroimaging breakthroughs have helped elucidate the mechanisms of substance misuse and its effects on the brain. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) are all examples. Neuroimaging studies suggest substance misuse affects executive function, reward, memory, and stress systems. Recent neuroimaging research attempts have provided clinicians with improved tools to diagnose patients who misuse substances, comprehend the complicated neuroanatomy and neurobiology involved, and devise individually tailored and monitorable treatment regimens for individuals with substance use disorders. This review describes the most recent developments in drug misuse neuroimaging, including the neurobiology of substance use disorders, neuroimaging, and substance use disorders, established neuroimaging techniques, recent developments with established neuroimaging techniques and substance use disorders, and emerging clinical neuroimaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Murnane
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Amber N Edinoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elyse M Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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6
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Lv X, Zhang J, Yuan TF. Retrieval-extinction of drug memory requires AMPA receptor trafficking. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd6642. [PMID: 36563160 PMCID: PMC9788760 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of drug-associated memory reduces relapse. Transient memory retrieval facilitates the upcoming extinction of addiction memory, while the neural basis for this beneficial outcome remains unelucidated. Here, we report that AMPA receptor trafficking acts as the central component for retrieval-extinction-based drug memory intervention. Drug memory retrieval transiently reduces AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in prefrontal cortical neurons (lasting for 2 to 4 hours) through rapid removal of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors from the synapse, which returned to basal state level after 6 hours. The receptor trafficking is orchestrated by dopamine D1 but not D2 receptor signaling. Blocking AMPA receptor trafficking abolishes retrieval-extinction-mediated addiction memory degradation. These results reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the efficacy of transient memory retrieval on helping to erase addiction memory and support targeting the prefrontal cortex to reduce relapse (e.g., with noninvasive brain stimulation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Laboratory Section, Affiliated Tongzhou Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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Ceccarini J, Koole M, Van Laere K. Cannabinoid receptor availability modulates the magnitude of dopamine release in vivo in the human reward system: A preliminary multitracer positron emission tomography study. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13167. [PMID: 35470551 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The established role of dopamine (DA) in the mediation of reward and positive reinforcement, reward processing is strongly influenced by the type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1 Rs). Although considerable preclinical evidence has demonstrated several functional CB1 R-DA interactions, the relation between human CB1 R availability, DA release capacity and drug-reinforcing effects has been never investigated so far. Here, we perform a multitracer [18 F]MK-9470 and [18 F]fallypride positron emission tomography (PET) study in 10 healthy male subjects using a placebo-controlled and single-blinded amphetamine (AMPH) (30 mg) administration paradigm to (1) investigate possible functional interactions between CB1 R expression levels and DA release capacity in a normo-DAergic state, relating in vivo AMPH-induced DA release to CB1 R availability, and (2) to test the hypothesis that the influence of striatal DAergic signalling on the positive reinforcing effects of AMPH may be regulated by prefrontal CB1 R levels. Compared with placebo, AMPH significantly reduced [18 F]fallypride binding potential (hence increase DA release; ΔBPND ranging from -6.1% to -9.6%) in both striatal (p < 0.005, corrected for multiple comparisons) and limbic extrastriatal regions (p ≤ 0.04, uncorrected). Subjects who reported a greater dopaminergic response in the putamen also showed higher CB1 R availability in the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (r = 0.72; p = 0.02), which are regions involved in salience attribution, motivation and decision making. On the other hand, the magnitude of DA release was greater in those subjects with lower CB1 R availability in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (r = -0.66; p = 0.03). Also, the correlation between the DA release in the nucleus accumbens with the subjective AMPH effect liking was mediated through the CB1 R availability in the ACC (c' = -0.76; p = 0.01). Our small preliminary study reports for the first time that the human prefrontal CB1 R availability is a determinant of DA release within both the ventral and dorsal reward corticostriatal circuit, contributing to a number of studies supporting the existence of an interaction between CB1 R and DA receptors at the molecular and behavioural level. These preliminary findings warrant further investigation in pathological conditions characterized by hypo/hyper excitability to DA release such as addiction and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ceccarini
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Nuclear Medicine University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leyton
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, McGill University; the Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University; and the Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
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9
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Asth L, Santos AC, Moreira FA. The endocannabinoid system and drug-associated contextual memories. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:90-104. [PMID: 33491992 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse and addiction can be initiated and reinstated by contextual stimuli previously paired with the drug use. The influence exerted by the context on drug-seeking behaviour can be modelled in experimental animals with place-conditioning protocols. Here, we review the effects of cannabinoids in place conditioning and the therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid system for interfering with drug-related memories. The phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) tends to induce conditioned place preference (CPP) at low doses and conditioned place aversion at high doses; cannabidiol is devoid of any effect, yet it inhibits CPP induced by some drugs. Synthetic CB1 receptor agonists tend to recapitulate the biphasic profile observed with THC, whereas selective antagonists/inverse agonists inhibit CPP induced by cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and opioids. However, their therapeutic use is limited by potential psychiatric side effects. The CB2 receptor has also attracted attention, because selective CB2 receptor agonists inhibit cocaine-induced CPP. Inhibitors of endocannabinoid membrane transport and hydrolysis yield mixed results. In targeting the endocannabinoid system for developing new treatments for drug addiction, future research should focus on 'neutral' CB1 receptor antagonists and CB2 receptor agonists. Such compounds may offer a well-tolerated pharmacological profile and curb addiction by preventing drug-seeking triggered by conditioned contextual cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Asth
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Iqbal M, Cox SML, Jaworska N, Tippler M, Castellanos-Ryan N, Parent S, Dagher A, Vitaro F, Brendgen MR, Boivin M, Pihl RO, Côté SM, Tremblay RE, Séguin JR, Leyton M. A three-factor model of common early onset psychiatric disorders: temperament, adversity, and dopamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:752-758. [PMID: 34625707 PMCID: PMC8783001 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Commonly comorbid early onset psychiatric disorders might reflect the varying expression of overlapping risk factors. The mediating processes remain poorly understood, but three factors show some promise: adolescent externalizing traits, early life adversity, and midbrain dopamine autoreceptors. To investigate whether these features acquire greater predictive power when combined, a longitudinal study was conducted in youth who have been followed since birth. Cohort members were invited to participate based on externalizing scores between 11 to 16 years of age. At age 18 (age 18.5 ± 0.6 y.o.), 52 entry criteria meeting volunteers had a 90-min positron emission tomography scan with [18F]fallypride, completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5. The three-factor model identified those with a lifetime history of DSM-5 disorders with an overall accuracy of 90.4% (p = 2.4 × 10-5) and explained 91.5% of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [95% CI: .824, 1.000]. Targeting externalizing disorders specifically did not yield a more powerful model than targeting all disorders (p = 0.54). The model remained significant when including data from participants who developed their first disorders during a three-year follow-up period (p = 3.5 × 10-5). Together, these results raise the possibility that a combination of temperamental traits, childhood adversity, and poorly regulated dopamine transmission increases risk for diverse, commonly comorbid, early onset psychiatric problems, predicting this susceptibility prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisha Iqbal
- grid.416102.00000 0004 0646 3639Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | | | - Natalia Jaworska
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada ,grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Maria Tippler
- grid.416102.00000 0004 0646 3639Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Natalie Castellanos-Ryan
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Sophie Parent
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- grid.416102.00000 0004 0646 3639Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.411418.90000 0001 2173 6322CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Mara R. Brendgen
- grid.411418.90000 0001 2173 6322CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211Department of Psychology, Université de Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Department of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec, ON Canada ,grid.77602.340000 0001 1088 3909Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological and Social Foundations of Child Development, Tomsk State University, Siberia, Russia
| | - Robert O. Pihl
- grid.77602.340000 0001 1088 3909Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological and Social Foundations of Child Development, Tomsk State University, Siberia, Russia
| | - Sylvana M. Côté
- grid.411418.90000 0001 2173 6322CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Department of Social & Preventative Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Richard E. Tremblay
- grid.411418.90000 0001 2173 6322CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Departments of Pediatrics & Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.7886.10000 0001 0768 2743School of Public Health and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM, U669 Paris, France
| | - Jean R. Séguin
- grid.411418.90000 0001 2173 6322CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Kawahara Y, Ohnishi YN, Ohnishi YH, Kawahara H, Nishi A. Distinct Role of Dopamine in the PFC and NAc During Exposure to Cocaine-Associated Cues. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:988-1001. [PMID: 34626116 PMCID: PMC8653875 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine neurotransmission plays a critical role in reward in drug abuse and drug addiction. However, the role of dopamine in the recognition of drug-associated environmental stimuli, retrieval of drug-associated memory, and drug-seeking behaviors is not fully understood. METHODS Roles of dopamine neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm were evaluated using in vivo microdialysis. RESULTS In mice that had acquired cocaine CPP, dopamine levels in the PFC, but not in the NAc, increased in response to cocaine-associated cues when mice were placed in the cocaine chamber of an apparatus with 2 separated chambers. The induction of the dopamine response and the development of cocaine CPP were mediated through activation of glutamate NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)/AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor signaling in the PFC during conditioning. Activation of dopamine D1 or D2 receptor signaling in the PFC was required for cocaine-induced locomotion, but not for the induction of the dopamine response or the development of cocaine CPP. Interestingly, dopamine levels in the NAc increased in response to cocaine-associated cues when mice were placed at the center of an apparatus with 2 connected chambers, which requires motivated exploration associated with cocaine reward. CONCLUSIONS Dopamine neurotransmission in the PFC is activated by the exposure to the cocaine-associated cues, whereas dopamine neurotransmission in the NAc is activated in a process of motivated exploration of cues associated with cocaine reward. Furthermore, the glutamate signaling cascade in the PFC is suggested to be a potential therapeutic target to prevent the progression of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Kawahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan,Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan,Correspondence: Yukie Kawahara, DDS, PhD, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan ()
| | - Yoshinori N Ohnishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoko H Ohnishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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12
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Abnormal white matter within brain structural networks is associated with high-impulse behaviour in codeine-containing cough syrup dependent users. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:823-833. [PMID: 32124022 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-020-01111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Codeine-containing cough syrup (CCS) is considered as one of the most popular drug of dependence among adolescents because of its inexpensiveness and easy availability. However, its relationship with neurobiological effects remains sparsely explored. Herein, we examined how high-impulse behaviours relate to changes in the brain structural networks. Forty codeine-containing cough syrup dependent (CCSD) users and age-, gender-, and number of cigarettes smoked per day -matched forty healthy control (HC) subjects underwent structural brain imaging via MRI. High-impulse behaviour was assessed using the 30-item self-rated Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and structural networks were constructed using diffusion tensor imaging and AAL-90 template. Between-group topological metrics were compared using nonparametric permutations. Benjamin-Hochberg false discovery rate correction was used to correct for multiple comparisons (P < 0.05). The relationships between abnormal network metrics and clinical characteristics of CCS dependent (BIS-11 total score, CCS- dependent duration and mean dose) were examined by Spearman's correlation. Structural networks of the CCSD group demonstrated lower small-world properties than those of the HC group. Abnormal changes in nodal properties among CCSD users were located mainly in the frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobe and olfactory cortex. NBS analysis further indicated disrupted structural connections between the frontal gyrus and multiple brain regions. There were significant correlations between abnormal nodal properties of the frontal gyrus and clinical characteristics (BIS-11 total score, CCS dependent duration and mean dose) in the CCSD group. These findings suggest that the high-impulse behavioural expression in CCS addiction is associated with widespread brain regions, particularly within those in the frontal cortex. Aberrant brain regions and disrupted connectivity of structural network may be the bases of neuropathology for underlying symptoms of high-impulse behaviours in CCSD users, which may provide a novel sight to better treat and prevent codeine dependency in adolescents.
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Shi Z, Jagannathan K, Padley JH, Wang A, Fairchild VP, O'Brien CP, Childress AR, Langleben DD. The role of withdrawal in mesocorticolimbic drug cue reactivity in opioid use disorder. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12977. [PMID: 33098179 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is characterized by heightened cognitive, physiological, and neural responses to opioid-related cues that are mediated by mesocorticolimbic brain pathways. Craving and withdrawal are key symptoms of addiction that persist during physiological abstinence. The present study evaluated the relationship between the brain response to drug cues in OUD and baseline levels of craving and withdrawal. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain responses to opioid-related pictures and control pictures in 29 OUD patients. Baseline measures of drug use severity, opioid craving, and withdrawal symptoms were assessed prior to cue exposure and correlated with subsequent brain responses to drug cues. Mediation analysis was conducted to test the indirect effect of drug use severity on brain cue reactivity through craving and withdrawal symptoms. We found that baseline drug use severity and opioid withdrawal symptoms, but not craving, were positively associated with the neural response to drug cues in the nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala. Withdrawal, but not craving, mediated the effect of drug use severity on the nucleus accumbens' response to drug cues. We did not find similar effects for the neural responses to stimuli unrelated to drugs. Our findings emphasize the central role of withdrawal symptoms as the mediator between the clinical severity of OUD and the brain correlates of sensitization to opioid-related cues. They suggest that in OUD, baseline withdrawal symptoms signal a high vulnerability to drug cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Shi
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kanchana Jagannathan
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - James H. Padley
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - An‐Li Wang
- Department of Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York USA
| | - Victoria P. Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, Queens College The City University of New York New York New York USA
| | - Charles P. O'Brien
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Daniel D. Langleben
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Annenberg Public Policy Center University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Behavioral Health Service Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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Mitelman SA, Buchsbaum MS, Christian BT, Merrill BM, Buchsbaum BR, Mukherjee J, Lehrer DS. Dopamine receptor density and white mater integrity: 18F-fallypride positron emission tomography and diffusion tensor imaging study in healthy and schizophrenia subjects. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:736-752. [PMID: 30523488 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-0012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic dysfunction and changes in white matter integrity are among the most replicated findings in schizophrenia. A modulating role of dopamine in myelin formation has been proposed in animal models and healthy human brain, but has not yet been systematically explored in schizophrenia. We used diffusion tensor imaging and 18F-fallypride positron emission tomography in 19 healthy and 25 schizophrenia subjects to assess the relationship between gray matter dopamine D2/D3 receptor density and white matter fractional anisotropy in each diagnostic group. AFNI regions of interest were acquired for 42 cortical Brodmann areas and subcortical gray matter structures as well as stereotaxically placed in representative white matter areas implicated in schizophrenia neuroimaging literature. Welch's t-test with permutation-based p value adjustment was used to compare means of z-transformed correlations between fractional anisotropy and 18F-fallypride binding potentials in hypothesis-driven regions of interest in the diagnostic groups. Healthy subjects displayed an extensive pattern of predominantly negative correlations between 18F-fallypride binding across a range of cortical and subcortical gray matter regions and fractional anisotropy in rostral white matter regions (internal capsule, frontal lobe, anterior corpus callosum). These patterns were disrupted in subjects with schizophrenia, who displayed significantly weaker overall correlations as well as comparatively scant numbers of significant correlations with the internal capsule and frontal (but not temporal) white matter, especially for dopamine receptor density in thalamic nuclei. Dopamine D2/D3 receptor density and white matter integrity appear to be interrelated, and their decreases in schizophrenia may stem from hyperdopaminergia with dysregulation of dopaminergic impact on axonal myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge A Mitelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Elmhurst Hospital Center, 79-01 Broadway, Elmhurst, NY, 11373, USA.
| | - Monte S Buchsbaum
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, 101 The City Dr. S, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Bradley T Christian
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Room T231, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Brian M Merrill
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, East Medical Plaza, Dayton, OH, 45408, USA
| | - Bradley R Buchsbaum
- The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 3560 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Jogeshwar Mukherjee
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Preclinical Imaging, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, East Medical Plaza, Dayton, OH, 45408, USA
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Dopamine 'ups and downs' in addiction revisited. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:516-526. [PMID: 33892963 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Repeated drug use can change dopamine (DA) function in ways that promote the development and persistence of addiction, but in what direction? By one view, drug use blunts DA neurotransmission, producing a hypodopaminergic state that fosters further drug use to overcome a DA deficiency. Another view is that drug use enhances DA neurotransmission, producing a sensitized, hyperdopaminergic reaction to drugs and drug cues. According to this second view, continued drug use is motivated by sensitization of drug 'wanting'. Here we discuss recent evidence supporting the latter view, both from preclinical studies using intermittent cocaine self-administration procedures that mimic human patterns of use and from related human neuroimaging studies. These studies have implications for the modeling of addiction in the laboratory and for treatment.
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Effects of the monoamine stabilizer, (-)-OSU6162, on cocaine-induced locomotion and conditioned place preference in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1143-1152. [PMID: 33471153 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a severe mental disorder for which few treatment options are available. The underlying mechanisms include facilitation of monoamine-neurotransmission, particularly dopamine. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the monoamine stabilizers, (-)-OSU6162 ((3S)-3-(3-methylsulfonylphenyl)-1-propylpiperidine) and aripiprazole (7-[4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one), prevent cocaine-induced behaviors. Male Swiss mice received injections of (-)-OSU6162 or aripiprazole and cocaine and were tested for cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion, locomotor sensitization, and acquisition and expression of conditioned place preference (CPP). The increase in the distance traveled induced by cocaine (20 mg/kg) was prevented by pretreatment with aripiprazole (1 and 10 mg/kg), whereas (-)-OSU6162 (3 mg/kg) exerted a minor effect. Aripiprazole, however, also impaired spontaneous locomotion. Neither (-)-OSU6162 nor aripiprazole interfered with the locomotor sensitization and expression of CPP induced by cocaine (15 mg/kg). (-)-OSU6162 (3 mg/kg), but not aripiprazole, prevented the acquisition of CPP induced by cocaine (15 mg/kg). (-)-OSU6162 exerts a minor effect in reducing cocaine-induced stimulatory activity and context-related memories, which are responsible for triggering drug seeking. Further studies are required to establish whether (-)-OSU6162 could be a candidate drug for the treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Thompson BL, Oscar-Berman M, Kaplan GB. Opioid-induced structural and functional plasticity of medium-spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 120:417-430. [PMID: 33152423 PMCID: PMC7855607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing clinical condition with tremendous morbidity and mortality that frequently persists, despite treatment, due to an individual's underlying psychological, neurobiological, and genetic vulnerabilities. Evidence suggests that these vulnerabilities may have neurochemical, cellular, and molecular bases. Key neuroplastic events within the mesocorticolimbic system that emerge through chronic exposure to opioids may have a determinative influence on behavioral symptoms associated with OUD. In particular, structural and functional alterations in the dendritic spines of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and its dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are believed to facilitate these behavioral sequelae. Additionally, glutamatergic neurons from the prefrontal cortex, the basolateral amygdala, the hippocampus, and the thalamus project to these same MSNs, providing an enriched target for synaptic plasticity. Here, we review literature related to neuroadaptations in NAc MSNs from dopaminergic and glutamatergic pathways in OUD. We also describe new findings related to transcriptional, epigenetic, and molecular mechanisms in MSN plasticity in the different stages of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Thompson
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, USA.
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 720 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Gary B Kaplan
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 720 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Mental Health Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA, 02301, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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18
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Extra-striatal D 2/3 receptor availability in youth at risk for addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1498-1505. [PMID: 32259831 PMCID: PMC7360619 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological traits that confer risk for addictions remain poorly understood. However, dopaminergic function throughout the prefrontal cortex, limbic system, and upper brainstem has been implicated in behavioral features that influence addiction vulnerability, including poor impulse control, and altered sensitivity to rewards and punishments (i.e., externalizing features). To test these associations in humans, we measured type-2/3 dopamine receptor (DA2/3R) availability in youth at high vs. low risk for substance use disorders (SUDs). In this study, N = 58 youth (18.5 ± 0.6 years) were recruited from cohorts that have been followed since birth. Participants with either high (high EXT; N = 27; 16 F/11 M) or low pre-existing externalizing traits (low EXT; N = 31; 20 F/11 M) underwent a 90-min positron emission tomography [18F]fallypride scan, and completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Substance Use Risk Profile scale (SURPS), and Sensitivity to Punishment (SP) and Sensitivity to Reward (SR) questionnaire. We found that high vs. low EXT trait participants reported elevated substance use, BIS-11, SR, and SURPS impulsivity scores, had a greater prevalence of psychiatric disorders, and exhibited higher [18F]fallypride binding potential (BPND) values in prefrontal, limbic and paralimbic regions, even when controlling for substance use. Group differences were not evident in midbrain dopamine cell body regions, but, across all participants, low midbrain BPND values were associated with low SP scores. Together, the results suggest that altered DA2/3R availability in terminal extra-striatal and dopamine cell body regions might constitute biological vulnerability traits, generating an EXT trajectory for addictions with and without co-occurring alterations in punishment sensitivity (i.e., an internalizing feature).
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Lissemore JI, Nagano-Saito A, Smart K, Gravel P, Leyton M, Benkelfat C. Dopaminergic Plasticity in the Bilateral Hippocampus Following Threat Reversal in Humans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7627. [PMID: 32376865 PMCID: PMC7203150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When a cue no longer predicts a threat, a diminished ability to extinguish or reverse this association is thought to increase risk for stress-related disorders. Despite the clear clinical relevance, the mediating neurochemical mechanisms of threat reversal have received relatively little study. One neurotransmitter implicated in rodent research of changing associations with threat is dopamine. To study whether dopamine is involved in threat reversal in humans, we used high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) coupled with 18F-fallypride. Twelve healthy volunteers (6 F/6 M) underwent three PET scans: (i) at baseline, (ii) following threat conditioning (the response to a cue associated with electric wrist shock), and (iii) following threat reversal (the response to the same cue now associated with safety). We observed moderate evidence of reduced dopamine D2/3 receptor availability, consistent with greater dopamine release, in the bilateral anterior hippocampus following threat reversal, in response to a safety cue that was previously associated with threat, as compared to both baseline and during exposure to the same cue prior to threat reversal. These findings offer the first preliminary evidence that the response to a previously threatening cue that has since become associated with safety involves dopaminergic neurotransmission within the hippocampus in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer I Lissemore
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Atsuko Nagano-Saito
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kelly Smart
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Gravel
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, H3A 2B4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, H3A 2B4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chawki Benkelfat
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, H3A 2B4, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Porter JT, Sepulveda-Orengo MT. Learning-induced intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the rodent medial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 169:107117. [PMID: 31765801 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, the anterior cingulate (ACC), prelimbic (PL), and infralimbic cortex (IL) comprise the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Through extensive connections with cortical and subcortical structures, the mPFC plays a key modulatory role in the neuronal circuits underlying associative fear and reward learning. In this article, we have compiled the evidence that associative learning induces plasticity in both the intrinsic and synaptic excitability of mPFC neurons to modulate conditioned fear and cocaine seeking behavior. The literature highlights the accumulating evidence that plasticity in the intrinsic excitability of mPFC neurons represents a major cellular mechanism that interacts with synaptic changes to alter the impact of the mPFC on fear and reward circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Porter
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR 00732, United States.
| | - Marian T Sepulveda-Orengo
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR 00732, United States
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21
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Drug-related Virtual Reality Cue Reactivity is Associated with Gamma Activity in Reward and Executive Control Circuit in Methamphetamine Use Disorders. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:509-517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zheng H, Hu Y, Wang Z, Wang M, Du X, Dong G. Meta-analyses of the functional neural alterations in subjects with Internet gaming disorder: Similarities and differences across different paradigms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 94:109656. [PMID: 31145927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has become a global public health concern due to its increasing prevalence and potential negative consequences. Researchers have sought to identify which brain regions are associated with this disorder. However, inconsistent results have been reported among studies due to the heterogeneity of paradigms and subjects. The present research aimed to combine the results of individual studies to provide a more coherent and powerful explanation. By selecting 40 studies utilizing a qualified whole-brain analysis, we performed a comprehensive series of meta-analyses that employed seed-based d mapping. We divided the existing experimental paradigms into 3 categories: game-related cue-reactivity, executive control, and risk-reward-related decision-making tasks. We divided all studies into three subgroups according to their paradigms. In cue-reactivity tasks, patients with IGD exhibited significant hyperactivation in the bilateral precuneus and bilateral cingulate and significant hypoactivation in the insula, but there were no differences in the striatum. In executive control tasks, patients with IGD displayed significant hyperactivation in the right superior temporal gyrus, bilateral precuneus, bilateral cingulate, and insula and hypoactivation in the left inferior frontal gyrus. In risky decision-making paradigms, IGD patients exhibited significant hyperactivation in the left striatum, right inferior frontal gyrus, and insula and hypoactivation in the left superior frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, and right precentral gyrus. Our study aimed to discover the similarities among all studies and to explore the uniqueness of the different paradigms. This study further confirmed the critical role of reward circuitry and executive control circuitry in IGD but not under all conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanbo Hu
- Department of Psychology, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Ziliang Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 10010, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guangheng Dong
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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23
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Dobbs LK, Kaplan AR, Bock R, Phamluong K, Shin JH, Bocarsly ME, Eberhart L, Ron D, Alvarez VA. D1 receptor hypersensitivity in mice with low striatal D2 receptors facilitates select cocaine behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:805-816. [PMID: 30504927 PMCID: PMC6372593 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vulnerability for cocaine abuse in humans is associated with low dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) availability in the striatum. The mechanisms driving this vulnerability are poorly understood. In this study, we found that downregulating D2R expression selectively in striatal indirect-pathway neurons triggers a multitude of changes in D1 receptor (D1R)-expressing direct-pathway neurons, which comprise the other main subpopulation of striatal projection neurons. These changes include a leftward shift in the dose-response to a D1-like agonist that indicates a behavioral D1R hypersensitivity, a shift from PKA to ERK intracellular signaling cascades upon D1R activation, and a reduction in the density of bridging collaterals from D1R-expressing neurons to pallidal areas. We hypothesize that the D1R hypersensitivity underlies abuse vulnerability by facilitating the behavioral responses to repeated cocaine, such as locomotor sensitization and drug self-administration. We found evidence that littermate control mice develop D1R hypersensitivity after they are sensitized to cocaine. Indeed, D1-like agonist and cocaine cross-sensitize in control littermates and this effect was potentiated in mice lacking striatal D2Rs from indirect-pathway neurons. To our surprise, mice with low striatal D2Rs acquired cocaine self-administration similarly to littermate controls and showed no significant change in motivation to take cocaine but lower seeking. These findings indicate that downregulation of striatal D2Rs triggers D1R hypersensitivity to facilitate cocaine locomotor sensitization, which by itself was not associated with greater cocaine taking or seeking under the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Dobbs
- Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Compulsive Behaviors, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alanna R Kaplan
- Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Compulsive Behaviors, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roland Bock
- Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Compulsive Behaviors, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Khanhky Phamluong
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Hoon Shin
- Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Compulsive Behaviors, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miriam E Bocarsly
- Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Compulsive Behaviors, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Postdoctoral Research Associate Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Eberhart
- Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Compulsive Behaviors, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorit Ron
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Veronica A Alvarez
- Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Compulsive Behaviors, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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24
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Solinas M, Belujon P, Fernagut PO, Jaber M, Thiriet N. Dopamine and addiction: what have we learned from 40 years of research. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:481-516. [PMID: 30569209 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the neurotransmitters involved in addiction, dopamine (DA) is clearly the best known. The critical role of DA in addiction is supported by converging evidence that has been accumulated in the last 40 years. In the present review, first we describe the dopaminergic system in terms of connectivity, functioning and involvement in reward processes. Second, we describe the functional, structural, and molecular changes induced by drugs within the DA system in terms of neuronal activity, synaptic plasticity and transcriptional and molecular adaptations. Third, we describe how genetic mouse models have helped characterizing the role of DA in addiction. Fourth, we describe the involvement of the DA system in the vulnerability to addiction and the interesting case of addiction DA replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease. Finally, we describe how the DA system has been targeted to treat patients suffering from addiction and the result obtained in clinical settings and we discuss how these different lines of evidence have been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the physiopathology of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Solinas
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France.
| | - Pauline Belujon
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre Olivier Fernagut
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Mohamed Jaber
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
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Kirschner M, Sladky R, Haugg A, Stämpfli P, Jehli E, Hodel M, Engeli E, Hösli S, Baumgartner MR, Sulzer J, Huys QJM, Seifritz E, Quednow BB, Scharnowski F, Herdener M. Self-regulation of the dopaminergic reward circuit in cocaine users with mental imagery and neurofeedback. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:489-498. [PMID: 30377073 PMCID: PMC6286189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced drug-related reward sensitivity accompanied by impaired sensitivity to non-drug related rewards in the mesolimbic dopamine system are thought to underlie the broad motivational deficits and dysfunctional decision-making frequently observed in cocaine use disorder (CUD). Effective approaches to modify this imbalance and reinstate non-drug reward responsiveness are urgently needed. Here, we examined whether cocaine users (CU) can use mental imagery of non-drug rewards to self-regulate the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra (VTA/SN). We expected that obsessive and compulsive thoughts about cocaine consumption would hamper the ability to self-regulate the VTA/SN activity and tested if real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback (NFB) can improve self-regulation of the VTA/SN. METHODS Twenty-two CU and 28 healthy controls (HC) were asked to voluntarily up-regulate VTA/SN activity with non-drug reward imagery alone, or combined with rtfMRI NFB. RESULTS On a group level, HC and CU were able to activate the dopaminergic midbrain and other reward regions with reward imagery. In CU, the individual ability to self-regulate the VTA/SN was reduced in those with more severe obsessive-compulsive drug use. NFB enhanced the effect of reward imagery but did not result in transfer effects at the end of the session. CONCLUSION CU can voluntary activate their reward system with non-drug reward imagery and improve this ability with rtfMRI NFB. Combining mental imagery and rtFMRI NFB has great potential for modifying the maladapted reward sensitivity and reinstating non-drug reward responsiveness. This motivates further work to examine the use of rtfMRI NFB in the treatment of CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kirschner
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ronald Sladky
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amelie Haugg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Stämpfli
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Jehli
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Hodel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Etna Engeli
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Hösli
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus R Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analysis, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James Sulzer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Quentin J M Huys
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Scharnowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Herdener
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Guterstam J, Jayaram-Lindström N, Berrebi J, Petrovic P, Ingvar M, Fransson P, Franck J. Cue reactivity and opioid blockade in amphetamine dependence: A randomized, controlled fMRI study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:91-97. [PMID: 30096639 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The opioid antagonist, naltrexone, has been shown to reduce the risk of relapse in amphetamine dependence, but the mechanisms behind this effect are not well understood. We aimed to investigate if naltrexone attenuates cue reactivity and craving in amphetamine dependence. METHODS Forty men with severe, intravenous amphetamine dependence were randomized to one dose of naltrexone (50 mg) or placebo. In a BOLD fMRI cue reactivity paradigm, they were exposed to drug-related and neutral films and gave subjective ratings of craving after each film. Twenty-nine patients left data of sufficient quality to be included in the final analysis. RESULTS The drug-related films elicited strong subjective craving and BOLD activations of the striatum, cingulate cortex, and occipito-temporal visual attention networks. Longer history of amphetamine use was associated with greater activations of the prefrontal cortex. Naltrexone as compared to placebo had no significant effects on brain activations or subjective ratings. CONCLUSION Patients with severe stimulant use disorder exhibit strong neural cue reactivity, the patterns of which are modulated by duration of drug use. In this sample, we found no evidence for any effects of naltrexone on cue reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joar Guterstam
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Norra Stationsgatan 69, SE-113 64, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nitya Jayaram-Lindström
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Norra Stationsgatan 69, SE-113 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Berrebi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Predrag Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingvar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Fransson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Franck
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Norra Stationsgatan 69, SE-113 64, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Drug addiction or substance-use disorder is a chronically relapsing disorder that progresses through binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect and preoccupation/anticipation stages. These stages represent diverse neurobiological mechanisms that are differentially involved in the transition from recreational to compulsive drug use and from positive to negative reinforcement. The progression from recreational to compulsive substance use is associated with downregulation of the brain reward systems and upregulation of the brain stress systems. Individual differences in the neurobiological systems that underlie the processing of reward, incentive salience, habits, stress, pain, and executive function may explain (i) the vulnerability to substance-use disorder; (ii) the diversity of emotional, motivational, and cognitive profiles of individuals with substance-use disorders; and (iii) heterogeneous responses to cognitive and pharmacological treatments. Characterization of the neuropsychological mechanisms that underlie individual differences in addiction-like behaviors is the key to understanding the mechanisms of addiction and development of personalized pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Pitchers KK, Sarter M, Robinson TE. The hot 'n' cold of cue-induced drug relapse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:474-480. [PMID: 30115769 PMCID: PMC6097766 DOI: 10.1101/lm.046995.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental cues associated with rewards can acquire motivational properties. However, there is considerable variation in the extent to which a reward cue gains motivational control over behavior, depending on the individual and the form of the cue. When a discrete cue is paired with food reward, it acquires greater control over motivated behavior in some rats (sign-trackers, STs) than others (goal-trackers, GTs) as indicated by the propensity to approach the cue, the willingness to work to obtain it, and its ability to reinstate reward-seeking behavior. Here, we review studies that employ this ST/GT animal model to investigate characteristics of individuals that are especially susceptible to reward cue-elicited behavior and the involvement of dopamine and acetylcholine neuromodulator systems in the susceptibility to cue-induced drug relapse. First, we discuss individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to different forms of reward cues and the involvement of the mesolimbic dopamine system. We then discuss individual differences in cognitive/attentional control and the contributions of the cholinergic system in processing reward cues. It is suggested that in STs a propensity to attribute motivational properties to a drug cue is combined with poor attentional control in the face of these cues, making them particularly vulnerable to transition from casual/experimental patterns of drug use to addiction and to cue-induced relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle K Pitchers
- Department of Psychology (Biopsychology) and Neuroscience Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Martin Sarter
- Department of Psychology (Biopsychology) and Neuroscience Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Terry E Robinson
- Department of Psychology (Biopsychology) and Neuroscience Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Sarter M, Phillips KB. The neuroscience of cognitive-motivational styles: Sign- and goal-trackers as animal models. Behav Neurosci 2018; 132:1-12. [PMID: 29355335 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive-motivational styles describe predominant patterns of processing or biases that broadly influence human cognition and performance. Here we focus on the impact of cognitive-motivational styles on the response to cues predicting the availability of food or addictive drugs. An individual may preferably conduct an analysis of the motivational significance of reward cues, with the result that such cues per se are perceived as rewarding and worth approaching and working for. Alternatively, a propensity for a "cold" analysis of the behavioral utility of a reward cue may yield search behavior for food or drugs but not involve cue approach. Animal models for studying the neuronal mechanisms mediating such styles have originated from research concerning behavioral indices that predict differential vulnerability to addiction-like behaviors. Rats classified as sign- or goal-trackers (STs, GTs) were found to have opposed attentional biases (bottom-up or cue-driven attention vs. top-down or goal-driven attentional control) that are mediated primarily via relatively unresponsive versus elevated levels of cholinergic neuromodulation in the cortex. The capacity for cholinergic neuromodulation in STs is limited by a neuronal choline transporter (CHT) that fails to support increases in cholinergic activity. Moreover, in contrast to STs, the frontal dopamine system in GTs does not respond to the presence of drug cues and, thus, biases against cue-oriented behavior. The opponent cognitive-motivational styles that are indexed by sign- and goal-tracking bestow different cognitive-behavioral vulnerabilities that may contribute to the manifestation of a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sarter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan
| | - Kyra B Phillips
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan
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Zbukvic IC, Hyun Kim J. Divergent prefrontal dopaminergic mechanisms mediate drug- and fear-associated cue extinction during adolescence versus adulthood. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1-12. [PMID: 29174948 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cue-associated learning is vital to guiding behaviour for survival. Adolescence represents a key developmental stage for perturbations in cue-related learning, including a characteristic deficit in cue extinction learning. The present review summarizes evidence from animal and human literature that cue extinction is critically mediated by prefrontal dopamine, a system that undergoes dramatic reorganization during adolescence. We propose that extinction learning and memory is governed by a developmentally dynamic balance of dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex, which changes across adolescence into adulthood. This is contrary to the previous idea that extinction deficits during adolescence reflect inefficiency in the same neural circuitry as adults. This leads to proposal of the novel theory that cue extinction involves divergent prefrontal dopaminergic mechanisms depending on the age of extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C Zbukvic
- Black Dog Institute, Randwick 2031, NSW, Australia; Behavioral Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Parkville 3051, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Parkville 3051, VIC, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
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Bowen MT, Neumann ID. Rebalancing the Addicted Brain: Oxytocin Interference with the Neural Substrates of Addiction. Trends Neurosci 2017; 40:691-708. [PMID: 29128108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drugs that act on the brain oxytocin (OXT) system may provide a much-needed treatment breakthrough for substance-use disorders. Targeting the brain OXT system has the potential to treat addiction to all major classes of addictive substance and to intervene across all stages of the addiction cycle. Emerging evidence suggests that OXT is able to interfere with such a wide range of addictive behaviours for such a wide range of addictive substances by rebalancing core neural systems that become dysregulated over the course of addiction. By improving our understanding of these interactions between OXT and the neural substrates of addiction, we will not only improve our understanding of addiction, but also our ability to effectively treat these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Bowen
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Inga D Neumann
- Regensburg Center of Neuroscience, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Pitchers KK, Kane LF, Kim Y, Robinson TE, Sarter M. 'Hot' vs. 'cold' behavioural-cognitive styles: motivational-dopaminergic vs. cognitive-cholinergic processing of a Pavlovian cocaine cue in sign- and goal-tracking rats. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2768-2781. [PMID: 29044780 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Discrete Pavlovian reward cues acquire more potent incentive motivational properties (incentive salience) in some animals (sign-trackers; STs) compared to others (goal-trackers; GTs). Conversely, GTs appear to be better than STs in processing more complex contextual cues, perhaps reflecting their relatively greater bias for goal-directed cue processing. Here, we investigated the activity of two major prefrontal neuromodulatory input systems, dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh), in response to a discrete Pavlovian cue that was previously paired with cocaine administration in STs and GTs. Rats underwent Pavlovian training in which light cue presentations were either paired or unpaired with an intravenous cocaine infusion. Following a 10-day abstinence period, prefrontal dialysates were collected in STs and GTs during cue presentations in the absence of cocaine. In STs, the cue previously paired with cocaine significantly increased prefrontal DA levels. DA levels remained elevated over baseline across multiple cue presentation blocks, and DA levels and approaches to the cue were significantly correlated. In STs, ACh levels were unaffected by cue presentations. In contrast, in GTs, presentations of the cocaine cue increased prefrontal ACh, but not DA, levels. GTs oriented towards the cue at rates similar to STs, but they did not approach it and elevated ACh levels did not correlate with conditioned orientation. The results indicate a double dissociation between the role of prefrontal DA and ACh in STs and GTs, and suggest that these phenotypes will be useful for studying the role of neuromodulator systems in mediating opponent behavioural-cognitive styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle K Pitchers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, 4030 East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Louisa F Kane
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, 4030 East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, 4030 East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Terry E Robinson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, 4030 East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Martin Sarter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, 4030 East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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George O. Individual differences in the neuropsychopathology of addiction. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 19:217-229. [PMID: 29302219 PMCID: PMC5741105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Drug addiction or substance-use disorder is a chronically relapsing disorder that progresses through binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect and preoccupation/anticipation stages. These stages represent diverse neurobiological mechanisms that are differentially involved in the transition from recreational to compulsive drug use and from positive to negative reinforcement. The progression from recreational to compulsive substance use is associated with downregulation of the brain reward systems and upregulation of the brain stress systems. Individual differences in the neurobiological systems that underlie the processing of reward, incentive salience, habits, stress, pain, and executive function may explain (i) the vulnerability to substance-use disorder; (ii) the diversity of emotional, motivational, and cognitive profiles of individuals with substance-use disorders; and (iii) heterogeneous responses to cognitive and pharmacological treatments. Characterization of the neuropsychological mechanisms that underlie individual differences in addiction-like behaviors is the key to understanding the mechanisms of addiction and development of personalized pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Jaworska N, Cox SM, Casey KF, Boileau I, Cherkasova M, Larcher K, Dagher A, Benkelfat C, Leyton M. Is there a relation between novelty seeking, striatal dopamine release and frontal cortical thickness? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174219. [PMID: 28346539 PMCID: PMC5367687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novelty-seeking (NS) and impulsive personality traits have been proposed to reflect an interplay between fronto-cortical and limbic systems, including the limbic striatum (LS). Although neuroimaging studies have provided some evidence for this, most are comprised of small samples and many report surprisingly large effects given the challenges of trying to relate a snapshot of brain function or structure to an entity as complex as personality. The current work tested a priori hypotheses about associations between striatal dopamine (DA) release, cortical thickness (CT), and NS in a large sample of healthy adults. METHODS Fifty-two healthy adults (45M/7F; age: 23.8±4.93) underwent two positron emission tomography scans with [11C]raclopride (specific for striatal DA D2/3 receptors) with or without amphetamine (0.3 mg/kg, p.o.). Structural magnetic resonance image scans were acquired, as were Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire data. Amphetamine-induced changes in [11C]raclopride binding potential values (ΔBPND) were examined in the limbic, sensorimotor (SMS) and associative (AST) striatum. CT measures, adjusted for whole brain volume, were extracted from the dorsolateral sensorimotor and ventromedial/limbic cortices. RESULTS BPND values were lower in the amphetamine vs. no-drug sessions, with the largest effect in the LS. When comparing low vs. high LS ΔBPND groups (median split), higher NS2 (impulsiveness) scores were found in the high ΔBPND group. Partial correlations (age and gender as covariates) yielded a negative relation between ASTS ΔBPND and sensorimotor CT; trends for inverse associations existed between ΔBPND values in other striatal regions and frontal CT. In other words, the greater the amphetamine-induced striatal DA response, the thinner the frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS These data expand upon previously reported associations between striatal DA release in the LS and both NS related impulsiveness and CT in the largest sample reported to date. The findings add to the plausibility of these associations while suggesting that the effects are likely weaker than has been previously proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Jaworska
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institue of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvia M. Cox
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kevin F. Casey
- Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariya Cherkasova
- University of British Columbia, Division of Neurology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Larcher
- Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chawki Benkelfat
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bradshaw SD, Shumway ST, Dsauza CM, Morris N, Hayes ND. Hope, coping skills, and the prefrontal cortex in alcohol use disorder recovery. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017. [PMID: 28635348 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1286500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorders adversely affect individual and societal health. These disorders are a chronic brain disease, and protective factors against relapse should be studied. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction is evident in alcohol use disorders, and research that explores recovery of the PFC in alcohol use disorders is needed, specifically in regard to how psychological and behavioral factors can augment medicalized treatments and protect against relapse. For example, hope or a belief that recovery is possible is an important cognitive construct-thought to precede behavioral action-that has been associated with relapse. OBJECTIVES In this study, associations between healthy coping skills and hope (psychological/behavioral factors) and PFC regional activation in response to alcohol cue exposure were examined. It was also examined whether such associations were unique to alcohol cues. METHODS Forty-two participants, 32 males and nine females in recovery from an alcohol use disorder (AUD), were administered a subjective hope and coping in recovery measure. They also viewed alcohol, positive, negative, and neutral cues during functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) PFC assessment. RESULTS Levels of healthy coping skills positively correlated with activation in the right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) in response to alcohol cues. This finding was unique to alcohol cues. CONCLUSION The association between coping skills and activation of the right DMPFC in response to alcohol cues may reflect greater action restraint and top-down PFC control processing that may protect against relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer D Bradshaw
- a Addictive Disorders and Recovery Studies Program, Department of Community, Family, & Addiction Sciences , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Sterling T Shumway
- a Addictive Disorders and Recovery Studies Program, Department of Community, Family, & Addiction Sciences , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Cynthia M Dsauza
- a Addictive Disorders and Recovery Studies Program, Department of Community, Family, & Addiction Sciences , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Neli Morris
- a Addictive Disorders and Recovery Studies Program, Department of Community, Family, & Addiction Sciences , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Nicholas D Hayes
- a Addictive Disorders and Recovery Studies Program, Department of Community, Family, & Addiction Sciences , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
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Nesbit MO, Dias C, Phillips AG. The effects of d -govadine on conditioned place preference with d -amphetamine or food reward. Behav Brain Res 2017; 321:223-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Musetti A, Terrone G, Corsano P, Magnani B, Salvatore S. Exploring the Link among State of Mind Concerning Childhood Attachment, Attachment in Close Relationships, Parental Bonding, and Psychopathological Symptoms in Substance Users. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1193. [PMID: 27555832 PMCID: PMC4977822 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the present study, we have explored the link among styles of attachment and psychopathology in drug users. We know that insecure attachment predisposes the individuals the development of drug-addiction and psychopathological symptoms. However, we do not know which attachment is more frequent in drug users and which is related to particular psychopathological symptoms. The aim of the present work is to explore the relationship between childhood attachment state of mind, attachment in close relationships, parental bonding and psychopathology in sample of Italian substance users. Methods: We explored, in a sample of 70 drug users and drug-addicted patients, the childhood attachment state of mind measured by the Adult Attachment Interview, the attachment in close relationships by the Relationship Questionnaire and parental bonding measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument. The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R) measured psychopathological symptoms. Results: We found that parental bonding, rather than state of mind concerning childhood attachment or attachment in close relationships, is related to the psychopathological manifestation of anxiety, hostility, depression, and paranoid ideation in the sample. The latter occurs frequently in our sample, independent of state of mind concerning child attachment, attachment in close relationships, and parental bonding, suggesting its role either as a factor that favors a bad image of the participants’ own relationships or as a direct effect of consuming drugs. Conclusion: These results have clinical implications on suggesting ways of interventions that prevent drug-addiction, which should include the evaluation of attachment in the prodromic phases of substance use onset or rehabilitation programs to prevent and manage psychotic-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Musetti
- Department of Literature, Arts, History and Society, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Grazia Terrone
- Department of Humanities, Literature, Cultural Heritage, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Paola Corsano
- Department of Literature, Arts, History and Society, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Salvatore
- Department of History, Society and Human Studies, University of Salento Lecce, Italy
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Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:760-773. [PMID: 27475769 PMCID: PMC6135092 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1769] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and stress surfeits, and compromised executive function in three stages. The rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, development of incentive salience, and development of drug-seeking habits in the binge/intoxication stage involve changes in dopamine and opioid peptides in the basal ganglia. The increases in negative emotional states and dysphoric and stress-like responses in the withdrawal/negative affect stage involve decreases in the function of the dopamine component of the reward system and recruitment of brain stress neurotransmitters, such as corticotropin-releasing factor and dynorphin, in the neurocircuitry of the extended amygdala. The craving and deficits in executive function in the so-called preoccupation/anticipation stage involve the dysregulation of key afferent projections from the prefrontal cortex and insula, including glutamate, to the basal ganglia and extended amygdala. Molecular genetic studies have identified transduction and transcription factors that act in neurocircuitry associated with the development and maintenance of addiction that might mediate initial vulnerability, maintenance, and relapse associated with addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Smith CT, Dang LC, Cowan RL, Kessler RM, Zald DH. Variability in paralimbic dopamine signaling correlates with subjective responses to d-amphetamine. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:394-402. [PMID: 27174408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Subjective responses to psychostimulants vary, the basis of which is poorly understood, especially in relation to possible cortical contributions. Here, we tested for relationships between participants' positive subjective responses to oral d-amphetamine (dAMPH) versus placebo and variability in striatal and extrastriatal dopamine (DA) receptor availability and release, measured via positron emission tomography (PET) with the radiotracer (18)F-fallypride. Analyses focused on 35 healthy adult participants showing positive subjective effects to dAMPH measured via the Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) Feel, Like, High, and Want More subscales (Responders), and were repeated after inclusion of 11 subjects who lacked subjective responses. Associations between peak DEQ subscale ratings and both baseline (18)F-fallypride binding potential (BPnd; an index of D2/D3 receptor availability) and the percentage change in BPnd post dAMPH (%ΔBPnd; a measure of DA release) were assessed. Baseline BPnd in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) predicted the peak level of High reported following dAMPH. Furthermore, %ΔBPnd in vmPFC positively correlated with DEQ Want More ratings. DEQ Want More was also positively correlated with %ΔBPnd in right ventral striatum and left insula. This work indicates that characteristics of DA functioning in vmPFC, a cortical area implicated in subjective valuation, are associated with both subjective high and incentive (wanting) responses. The observation that insula %ΔBPnd was associated with drug wanting converges with evidence suggesting its role in drug craving. These findings highlight the importance of variability in DA signaling in specific paralimbic cortical regions in dAMPH's subjective response, which may confer risk for abusing psychostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Smith
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817, United States.
| | - Linh C Dang
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817, United States
| | - Ronald L Cowan
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1601 23rd Ave South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | | | - David H Zald
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1601 23rd Ave South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
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