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Zhu L, Zeng Q, Wang J, Deng F, Jin S. Cathepsin V drives lung cancer progression by shaping the immunosuppressive environment and adhesion molecules cleavage. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:13961-13979. [PMID: 38078882 PMCID: PMC10756122 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin V (CTSV) is a cysteine cathepsin protease that plays a crucial role in extracellular matrix degradation. CTSV is correlated with poor prognosis in various cancers, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we observed that CSTV is upregulated in lung cancer and is a poor prognosis factor for lung cancer. CTSV acts as a driver in the metastasis of lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo. CTSV promotes lung cancer metastasis by downregulating adhesion molecules, including fibronectin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin. Our data revealed that CTSV functions by mediating the fragmentation of fibronectin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin in cleavage, remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM). The rationally designed antibody targeting CTSV blocks its cleaving ability towards fibronectin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin, suppressing migration and invasion. Furthermore, we found that CTSV expression is negatively correlated with immune cell infiltration and immune scores and inhibits T cell activity. Targeting CTSV with specific antibodies effectively suppressed lung cancer metastasis in a mouse model. Our study demonstrates the critical role of CTSV in the immunity and metastasis of lung cancer, suggesting that the CTSV-targeting approach is a promising strategy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Precision Medicine Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shi Jin
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
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2
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Gutierrez-Ruiz OL, Johnson KM, Krueger EW, Nooren RE, Cruz-Reyes N, Heppelmann CJ, Hogenson TL, Fernandez-Zapico ME, McNiven MA, Razidlo GL. Ectopic expression of DOCK8 regulates lysosome-mediated pancreatic tumor cell invasion. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113042. [PMID: 37651233 PMCID: PMC10591794 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplified lysosome activity is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) orchestrated by oncogenic KRAS that mediates tumor growth and metastasis, though the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Using comparative proteomics, we found that oncogenic KRAS significantly enriches levels of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) on lysosomes. Surprisingly, DOCK8 is aberrantly expressed in a subset of PDAC, where it promotes cell invasion in vitro and in vivo. DOCK8 associates with lysosomes and regulates lysosomal morphology and motility, with loss of DOCK8 leading to increased lysosome size. DOCK8 promotes actin polymerization at the surface of lysosomes while also increasing the proteolytic activity of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B. Critically, depletion of DOCK8 significantly reduces cathepsin-dependent extracellular matrix degradation and impairs the invasive capacity of PDAC cells. These findings implicate ectopic expression of DOCK8 as a key driver of KRAS-driven lysosomal regulation and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar L Gutierrez-Ruiz
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Katherine M Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eugene W Krueger
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Roseanne E Nooren
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nicole Cruz-Reyes
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Tara L Hogenson
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Martin E Fernandez-Zapico
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark A McNiven
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Gina L Razidlo
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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3
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Mustafa A, Elkhamisy F, Arghiani N, Pranjol MZI. Potential crosstalk between pericytes and cathepsins in the tumour microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114932. [PMID: 37236029 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, and as such, investigators are constantly exploring underlying mechanisms that drive its progression. One area of interest is the role of lysosomal enzymes, such as cathepsins, in regulating cancer growth and development in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Pericytes, a key component of vasculature, play a key role in regulating blood vessel formation in the TME, have been shown to be influenced by cathepsins and their activity. Although cathepsins such as cathepsins D and L have been shown to induce angiogenesis, currently no direct link is known between pericytes and cathepsins interaction. This review aims to shed light on the potential interplay between pericytes and cathepsins in the TME, highlighting the possible implications for cancer therapy and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mustafa
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - F Elkhamisy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - N Arghiani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - M Z I Pranjol
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
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4
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Peyton SR, Platt MO, Cukierman E. Challenges and Opportunities Modeling the Dynamic Tumor Matrisome. BME FRONTIERS 2023; 4:0006. [PMID: 37849664 PMCID: PMC10521682 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We need novel strategies to target the complexity of cancer and, particularly, of metastatic disease. As an example of this complexity, certain tissues are particularly hospitable environments for metastases, whereas others do not contain fertile microenvironments to support cancer cell growth. Continuing evidence that the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tissues is one of a host of factors necessary to support cancer cell growth at both primary and secondary tissue sites is emerging. Research on cancer metastasis has largely been focused on the molecular adaptations of tumor cells in various cytokine and growth factor environments on 2-dimensional tissue culture polystyrene plates. Intravital imaging, conversely, has transformed our ability to watch, in real time, tumor cell invasion, intravasation, extravasation, and growth. Because the interstitial ECM that supports all cells in the tumor microenvironment changes over time scales outside the possible window of typical intravital imaging, bioengineers are continuously developing both simple and sophisticated in vitro controlled environments to study tumor (and other) cell interactions with this matrix. In this perspective, we focus on the cellular unit responsible for upholding the pathologic homeostasis of tumor-bearing organs, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and their self-generated ECM. The latter, together with tumoral and other cell secreted factors, constitute the "tumor matrisome". We share the challenges and opportunities for modeling this dynamic CAF/ECM unit, the tools and techniques available, and how the tumor matrisome is remodeled (e.g., via ECM proteases). We posit that increasing information on tumor matrisome dynamics may lead the field to alternative strategies for personalized medicine outside genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly R. Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Manu O. Platt
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edna Cukierman
- Cancer Signaling & Microenvironment Program, Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Zamyatnin AA, Gregory LC, Townsend PA, Soond SM. Beyond basic research: the contribution of cathepsin B to cancer development, diagnosis and therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:963-977. [PMID: 36562407 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2161888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In view of other candidate proteins from the cathepsin family of proteases holding great potential in being targeted during cancer therapy, the importance of Cathepsin B (CtsB) stands out as being truly exceptional. Based on its contribution to oncogenesis, its intimate connection with regulating apoptosis and modulating extracellular and intracellular functions through its secretion or compartmentalized subcellular localization, collectively highlight its complex molecular involvement with a myriad of normal and pathological regulatory processes. Despite its complex functional nature, CtsB is emerging as one of the few cathepsin proteases that has been extensively researched to yield tangible outcomes for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED In this article, we review the scientific literature that has justified or shaped the importance of CtsB expression in cancer progression, from the perspective of highlighting a paradigm that is rapidly changing from basic research toward a broader clinical and translational context. EXPERT OPINION In doing so, we detail its maturation as a diagnostic marker through describing the development of CtsB-specific Activity-Based Probes, the rapid evolution of these toward a new generation of Prodrugs, and the evaluation of these in model systems for their therapeutic potential as anti-cancer agents in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Zamyatnin
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Levy C Gregory
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Paul A Townsend
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Surinder M Soond
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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6
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Hsu CH, Lee KJ, Chiu YH, Huang KC, Wang GS, Chen LP, Liao KW, Lin CS. The Lysosome in Malignant Melanoma: Biology, Function and Therapeutic Applications. Cells 2022; 11:1492. [PMID: 35563798 PMCID: PMC9103375 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that play roles in the degradation and recycling of cellular waste and homeostasis maintenance within cells. False alterations of lysosomal functions can lead to broad detrimental effects and cause various diseases, including cancers. Cancer cells that are rapidly proliferative and invasive are highly dependent on effective lysosomal function. Malignant melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer, with high metastasis characteristics, drug resistance, and aggressiveness. It is critical to understand the role of lysosomes in melanoma pathogenesis in order to improve the outcomes of melanoma patients. In this mini-review, we compile our current knowledge of lysosomes' role in tumorigenesis, progression, therapy resistance, and the current treatment strategies related to lysosomes in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Keng-Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Yi-Han Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Ching Huang
- Holistic Education Center, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan;
| | - Guo-Shou Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (G.-S.W.); (K.-W.L.)
| | - Lei-Po Chen
- Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan;
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (G.-S.W.); (K.-W.L.)
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
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7
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Wei S, Liu W, Xu M, Qin H, Liu C, Zhang R, Zhou S, Li E, Liu Z, Wang Q. Cathepsin F and Fibulin-1 as novel diagnostic biomarkers for brain metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1795-1805. [PMID: 35217799 PMCID: PMC9174239 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of non-invasive methods for detection of early micro-metastasis is a major cause of the poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastasis (BM) patients. Herein, we aimed to identify circulating biomarkers based on proteomics for the early diagnosis and monitoring of patients with NSCLC BM. Methods Upregulated proteins were detected by secretory proteomics in the animal-derived high brain metastatic lung cancer cell line. A well-designed study composed of three independent cohorts was then performed to verify these blood-based protein biomarkers: the serum discovery and verification cohorts (n = 80; n = 459), and the tissue verification cohort (n = 76). Logistic regression was used to develop a diagnostic biomarker panel. Model validation cohort (n = 160) was used to verify the stability of the constructed predictive model. Changes in serum Cathepsin F (CTSF) levels of patients were tracked to monitor the treatment response. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analysed to assess their prognostic relevance. Results CTSF and Fibulin-1 (FBLN1) levels were specifically upregulated in sera and tissues of patients with NSCLC BM compared with NSCLC without BM and primary brain tumour. The combined diagnostic performance of CTSF and FBLN1 was superior to their individual ones. CTSF serum changes were found to reflect the therapeutic response of patients with NSCLC BM and the trends of progression were detected earlier than the magnetic resonance imaging changes. Elevated expression of CTSF in NSCLC BM tissues was associated with poor PFS, and was found to be an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions We report a novel blood-based biomarker panel for early diagnosis, monitoring of therapeutic response, and prognostic evaluation of patients with NSCLC BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Cancer Translational Medicine Research Center, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mingxin Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huamin Qin
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sihai Zhou
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Encheng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China. .,Cancer Translational Medicine Research Center, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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8
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Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics to Explore the Action Mechanism of the Pharmaceutical-Grade Triticum vulgare Extract in Speeding Up Keratinocyte Healing. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031108. [PMID: 35164377 PMCID: PMC8839156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant extracts have shown beneficial properties in terms of skin repair, promoting wound healing through a plethora of mechanisms. In particular, the poly-/oligosaccharidic aqueous extract of Triticum vulgare (TVE), as well as TVE-based products, shows interesting biological assets, hastening wound repair. Indeed, TVE acts in the treatment of tissue regeneration mainly on decubitus and venous leg ulcers. Moreover, on scratched monolayers, TVE prompts HaCat cell migration, correctly modulating the expression of metalloproteases toward a physiological matrix remodeling. Here, using the same HaCat-based in vitro scratch model, the TVE effect has been investigated thanks to an LFQ proteomic analysis of HaCat secretomes and immunoblotting. Indeed, the unbiased TVE effect on secreted proteins has not yet been fully understood, and it could be helpful to obtain a comprehensive picture of its bio-pharmacological profile. It has emerged that TVE treatment induces significant up-regulation of several proteins in the secretome (153 to be exact) whereas only a few were down-regulated (72 to be exact). Interestingly, many of the up-regulated proteins are implicated in promoting wound-healing-related processes, such as modulating cell-cell interaction and communication, cell proliferation and differentiation, and prompting cell adhesion and migration.
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Abstract
The intimate involvement of pathogens with the heightened risk for developing certain cancers is an area of research that has captured a great deal of attention over the last 10 years. One firmly established paradigm that highlights this aspect of disease progression is in the instance of Helicobacter pylori infection and the contribution it makes in elevating the risk for developing gastric cancer. Whilst the molecular mechanisms that pinpoint the contribution that this microorganism inflicts towards host cells during gastric cancer initiation have come into greater focus, another picture that has also emerged is one that implicates the host's immune system, and the chronic inflammation that can arise therefrom, as being a central contributory factor in disease progression. Consequently, when taken with the underlying role that the extracellular matrix plays in the development of most cancers, and how this dynamic can be modulated by proteases expressed from the tumor or inflammatory cells, a complex and detailed relationship shared between the individual cellular components and their surroundings is coming into focus. In this review article, we draw attention to the emerging role played by the cathepsin proteases in modulating the stage-specific progression of Helicobacter pylori-initiated gastric cancer and the underlying immune response, while highlighting the therapeutic significance of this dynamic and how it may be amenable for novel intervention strategies within a basic research or clinical setting.
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10
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New Insights into the Role of Cysteine Cathepsins in Neuroinflammation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121796. [PMID: 34944440 PMCID: PMC8698589 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, which is mediated by microglia and astrocytes, is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidence shows that activated microglia induce the expression and secretion of various lysosomal cathepsins, particularly during the early stage of neuroinflammation. This trigger signaling cascade that aggravate neurodegeneration. To date, most research on neuroinflammation has focused on the role of cysteine cathepsins, the largest cathepsin family. Cysteine cathepsins are primarily responsible for protein degradation in lysosomes; however, they also play a role in regulating a number of other important physiological and pathological processes. This review focuses on the functional roles of cysteine cathepsins in the central nervous system during neuroinflammation, with an emphasis on their roles in the polarization of microglia and neuroinflammation signaling, which in turn causes neuronal death and thus neurodegeneration.
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11
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Sebzda T, Gnus J, Dziadkowiec B, Latka M, Gburek J. Diagnostic usefulness of selected proteases and acute phase factors in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6673-6688. [PMID: 34754160 PMCID: PMC8554409 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled growth and loss of control over basic metabolic functions, leading to invasive proliferation and metastases, are the salient traits of malignant tumors in general and colorectal cancer in particular. Invasion and metastases hinder effective tumor treatment. While surgical techniques and radiotherapy can be used to remove tumor focus, only chemotherapy can eliminate dispersed neoplastic cells. However, the efficacy of the latter method is limited in the advanced stages of the disease. Therefore, recognition of the mechanisms involved in neoplastic cell spreading is indispensable for developing effective therapies.
AIM To use a number of biomarkers involved in cancer progression and identify a panel that could be used for effective early diagnosis.
METHODS We recruited 185 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma (98 men, 87 women with median age 63). Thirty-five healthy controls were sex and age-matched. Dukes’ staging was as follows: A = 22, B = 52, C = 72, D = 39. We analyzed patients' blood serum before surgery. We determined: (1) Cathepsin B (CB) with Barrett's method (fluorogenic substrate); (2) Leukocytic elastase (LE) in a complex with alpha 1 trypsin inhibitor (AAT) using the immunoenzymatic MERCK test; (3) Total sialic acid (TSA) with the colorimetric periodate-resorcinol method; (4) Lipid-bound sialic acid (LASA) with the colorimetric Taut's method; and (5) The antitrypsin activity (ATA) employing the colorimetric test.
RESULTS In patients, the values of the five biochemical parameters were as follows: CB = 16.1 ± 8.8 mU/L, LE = 875 ± 598 µg/L, TSA = 99 ± 31 mg%, LASA = 0.68 ± 0.33 mg%, and ATA = 3211 ± 1504 U/mL. Except for LASA, they were significantly greater than those of controls: CB = 11.4 ± 6.5 mU/L, LE = 379 ± 187 µg/L, TSA = 71.4 ± 15.1 mg%, LASA = 0.69 ± 0.28 mg%, and ATA = 2016 ± 690 U/mL. For CB and LASA, the differences between the four Dukes’ stages and controls were not statistically significant. The inter-stage differences for CB and LASA were also absent. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed the potential diagnostic value of CB, TSA, and ATA. The area under ROC, sensitivity, and specificity for these three parameters were: 0.85, 72%, 90%; 0.75, 66%, 77%; and 0.77, 63%, 84%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the three-parameter panel CB-TSA-ATA were equal to 88.2% and 100%, respectively.
CONCLUSION The increased value of CB, TSA, and ATA parameters are associated with tumor biology, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer. The presented evidence suggests the potential value of the CB-TSA-ATA biochemical marker panel in early diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Sebzda
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-368, Poland
| | - Jan Gnus
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-355, Poland
| | - Barbara Dziadkowiec
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-368, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Latka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Jakub Gburek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-556, Poland
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12
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Perišić Nanut M, Pečar Fonović U, Jakoš T, Kos J. The Role of Cysteine Peptidases in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation and Modulation of Immune System Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680279. [PMID: 34335582 PMCID: PMC8322073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are primarily involved in the degradation and recycling of proteins in endo-lysosomal compartments but are also gaining recognition as pivotal proteolytic contributors to various immune functions. Through their extracellular proteolytic activities within the hematopoietic stem cell niche, they are involved in progenitor cell mobilization and differentiation. Cysteine cathepsins, such as cathepsins L and S contribute to antigen-induced adaptive immunity through major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation whereas cathepsin X regulates T-cell migration. By regulating toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine secretion cysteine cathepsins activate innate immune cells and affect their functional differentiation. Cathepsins C and H are expressed in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells and are involved in processing of pro-granzymes into proteolytically active forms. Cytoplasmic activities of cathepsins B and L contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis of the adaptive immune response by regulating cell death of T and B lymphocytes. The expression pattern, localization, and activity of cysteine cathepsins is tightly connected to their function in immune cells. Furthermore, cysteine cathepsins together with their endogenous inhibitors, serve as mediators in the interplay between cancer and immune cells that results in immune cell anergy. The aim of the present article is to review the mechanisms of dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins and their inhibitors in relation to immune dysfunction to address new possibilities for regulation of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanja Jakoš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Suurs FV, Qiu SQ, Yim JJ, Schröder CP, Timmer-Bosscha H, Bensen ES, Santini JT, de Vries EGE, Bogyo M, van Dam GM. Fluorescent image-guided surgery in breast cancer by intravenous application of a quenched fluorescence activity-based probe for cysteine cathepsins in a syngeneic mouse model. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:111. [PMID: 32990883 PMCID: PMC7524956 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The reoperation rate for breast-conserving surgery is as high as 15–30% due to residual tumor in the surgical cavity after surgery. In vivo tumor-targeted optical molecular imaging may serve as a red-flag technique to improve intraoperative surgical margin assessment and to reduce reoperation rates. Cysteine cathepsins are overexpressed in most solid tumor types, including breast cancer. We developed a cathepsin-targeted, quenched fluorescent activity-based probe, VGT-309, and evaluated whether it could be used for tumor detection and image-guided surgery in syngeneic tumor-bearing mice. Methods Binding specificity of the developed probe was evaluated in vitro. Next, fluorescent imaging in BALB/c mice bearing a murine breast tumor was performed at different time points after VGT-309 administration. Biodistribution of VGT-309 after 24 h in tumor-bearing mice was compared to control mice. Image-guided surgery was performed at multiple time points tumors with different clinical fluorescent camera systems and followed by ex vivo analysis. Results The probe was specifically activated by cathepsins X, B/L, and S. Fluorescent imaging revealed an increased tumor-to-background contrast over time up to 15.1 24 h post probe injection. In addition, VGT-309 delineated tumor tissue during image-guided surgery with different optical fluorescent imaging camera systems. Conclusion These results indicate that optical fluorescent molecular imaging using the cathepsin-targeted probe, VGT-309, may improve intraoperative tumor detection, which could translate to more complete tumor resection when coupled with commercially available surgical tools and techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans V Suurs
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Si-Qi Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Breast Diseases, Affiliated Shantou Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shantou, China.
| | - Joshua J Yim
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carolien P Schröder
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty Timmer-Bosscha
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gooitzen M van Dam
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Nagakannan P, Tabeshmehr P, Eftekharpour E. Oxidative damage of lysosomes in regulated cell death systems: Pathophysiology and pharmacologic interventions. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:94-127. [PMID: 32259579 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are small specialized organelles containing a variety of different hydrolase enzymes that are responsible for degradation of all macromolecules, entering the cells through the endosomal system or originated from the internal sources. This allows for transport and recycling of nutrients and internalization of surface proteins for antigen presentation as well as maintaining cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes are also important storage compartments for metal ions and nutrients. The integrity of lysosomal membrane is central to maintaining their normal function, but like other cellular membranes, lysosomal membrane is subject to damage mediated by reactive oxygen species. This results in spillage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm, leading to proteolytic damage to cellular systems and organelles. Several forms of lysosomal dependent cell death have been identified in diseases. Examination of these events are important for finding treatment strategies relevant to cancer or neurodegenerative diseases as well as autoimmune deficiencies. In this review, we have examined the current literature on involvement of lysosomes in induction of programed cell death and have provided an extensive list of therapeutic approaches that can modulate cell death. Exploitation of these mechanisms can lead to novel therapies for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandian Nagakannan
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Parisa Tabeshmehr
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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15
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Vidak E, Javoršek U, Vizovišek M, Turk B. Cysteine Cathepsins and their Extracellular Roles: Shaping the Microenvironment. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030264. [PMID: 30897858 PMCID: PMC6468544 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, cysteine cathepsins were considered primarily as proteases crucial for nonspecific bulk proteolysis in the endolysosomal system. However, this view has dramatically changed, and cathepsins are now considered key players in many important physiological processes, including in diseases like cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and various inflammatory diseases. Cathepsins are emerging as important players in the extracellular space, and the paradigm is shifting from the degrading enzymes to the enzymes that can also specifically modify extracellular proteins. In pathological conditions, the activity of cathepsins is often dysregulated, resulting in their overexpression and secretion into the extracellular space. This is typically observed in cancer and inflammation, and cathepsins are therefore considered valuable diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In particular, the investigation of limited proteolysis by cathepsins in the extracellular space is opening numerous possibilities for future break-through discoveries. In this review, we highlight the most important findings that establish cysteine cathepsins as important players in the extracellular space and discuss their roles that reach beyond processing and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In addition, we discuss the recent developments in cathepsin research and the new possibilities that are opening in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vidak
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Matej Vizovišek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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16
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Vizovišek M, Fonović M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins in extracellular matrix remodeling: Extracellular matrix degradation and beyond. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:141-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Cysteine cathepsins as a prospective target for anticancer therapies-current progress and prospects. Biochimie 2018; 151:85-106. [PMID: 29870804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins (CTS), being involved in both physiological and pathological processes, play an important role in the human body. During the last 30 years, it has been shown that CTS are highly upregulated in a wide variety of cancer types although they have received a little attention as a potential therapeutic target as compared to serine or metalloproteinases. Studies on the increasing problem of neoplastic progression have revealed that secretion of cell-surface- and intracellular cysteine proteases is aberrant in tumor cells and has an impact on their growth, invasion, and metastasis by taking part in tumor angiogenesis, in apoptosis, and in events of inflammatory and immune responses. Considering the role of CTS in carcinogenesis, inhibition of these enzymes becomes an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. The downregulation of natural CTS inhibitors (CTSsis), such as cystatins, observed in various types of cancer, supports this claim. The intention of this review is to highlight the relationship of CTS with cancer and to present illustrations that explain how some of their inhibitors affect processes related to neoplastic progression.
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18
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Pandey G, Bakhshi S, Thakur B, Jain P, Chauhan SS. Prognostic significance of cathepsin L expression in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 59:2175-2187. [PMID: 29345177 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1422865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of cathepsin L (CTSL), an endolysosomal cysteine protease, is associated with inferior survival of patients with various human malignancies. We evaluated the expression/activity of CTSL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) of 103 pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients to assess its prognostic significance in this malignancy. Thirty-five healthy siblings of patients served as controls. Our results revealed significantly higher CTSL activity (p < .0001), protein (p < .05), and mRNA levels (p < .01) in both PBMCs and BMMCs of patients as compared with controls. BMMCs displayed higher activity of CTSL than PBMCs (p < .01). A dramatic reduction in CTSL activity was recorded after chemotherapy in a significant proportion (74%) of patients (p < .0001). By multivariate analysis, CTSL in BMMCs emerged as a strong independent prognostic marker for overall survival (OS) (p = .004). Thus, our results suggest the potential utility of CTSL in predicting the outcome of pediatric AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Pandey
- a Department of Biochemistry , AIIMS , New Delhi , India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- b Department of Medical Oncology , AIIMS , New Delhi , India
| | - Bhaskar Thakur
- c Department of Biostatistics , AIIMS , New Delhi , India
| | - Prerna Jain
- a Department of Biochemistry , AIIMS , New Delhi , India
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19
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Wu H, Du Q, Dai Q, Ge J, Cheng X. Cysteine Protease Cathepsins in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:111-123. [PMID: 28978867 PMCID: PMC5827079 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is an inflammatory disease characterized by extensive arterial wall matrix protein degradation. Cysteine protease cathepsins play a pivotal role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and have been implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular diseases. An imbalance in expression between cathepsins (such as cathepsins S, K, L, C) and their inhibitor cystatin C may favor proteolysis of ECM in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, restenosis, and neovascularization. New insights into cathepsin functions have been made possible by the generation of knock-out mice and by the application of specific inhibitors. Inflammatory cytokines regulate the expression and activities of cathepsins in cultured vascular cells and macrophages. In addition, evaluations of the possibility of cathepsins as a diagnostic tool revealed that the circulating levels of cathepsin S, K, and L, and their endogenous inhibitor cystatin C could be promising biomarkers in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, aneurysm, adiposity, peripheral arterial disease, and coronary artery calcification. In this review, we summarize the available information regarding the mechanistic contributions of cathepsins to ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Qiuna Du
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University
| | - Qiuyan Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Xianwu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of a water-soluble phosphate prodrug salt and structural analogues of KGP94, a lead inhibitor of cathepsin L. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:1304-1310. [PMID: 28117205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of expression of cathepsin L, often upregulated in the tumor microenvironment, correlates with the invasive and metastatic nature of certain tumors. Inhibition of cathepsin L represents an emerging strategy for the treatment of metastatic cancer. A potent, small-molecule inhibitor (referred to as KGP94) of cathepsin L, and new KGP94 analogues were synthesized. (3,5-Dibromophenyl)-(3-hydroxyphenyl) ketone thiosemicarbazone (22), with an IC50 value of 202nM, exhibited similar inhibitory activity against cathepsin L compared to KGP94 (IC50=189nM). Due to limited aqueous solubility of KGP94, a water-soluble phosphate salt (KGP420) was prepared in order to facilitate future in vivo studies. Enzymatic hydrolysis with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) demonstrated that the phosphate prodrug, KGP420, was readily converted to the parent compound, KGP94.
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21
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Olson OC, Joyce JA. Cysteine cathepsin proteases: regulators of cancer progression and therapeutic response. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:712-29. [PMID: 26597527 DOI: 10.1038/nrc4027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsin protease activity is frequently dysregulated in the context of neoplastic transformation. Increased activity and aberrant localization of proteases within the tumour microenvironment have a potent role in driving cancer progression, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have also uncovered functions for cathepsins in the suppression of the response to therapeutic intervention in various malignancies. However, cathepsins can be either tumour promoting or tumour suppressive depending on the context, which emphasizes the importance of rigorous in vivo analyses to ascertain function. Here, we review the basic research and clinical findings that underlie the roles of cathepsins in cancer, and provide a roadmap for the rational integration of cathepsin-targeting agents into clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oakley C Olson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Cathepsin L acutely alters microvessel integrity within the neurovascular unit during focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015. [PMID: 26198177 PMCID: PMC4635247 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During focal cerebral ischemia, the degradation of microvessel basal lamina matrix occurs acutely and is associated with edema formation and microhemorrhage. These events have been attributed to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, both known protease generation and ligand specificities suggest other participants. Using cerebral tissues from a non-human primate focal ischemia model and primary murine brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia in culture, the effects of active cathepsin L have been defined. Within 2 hours of ischemia onset cathepsin L, but not cathepsin B, activity appears in the ischemic core, around microvessels, within regions of neuron injury and cathepsin L expression. In in vitro studies, cathepsin L activity is generated during experimental ischemia in microglia, but not astrocytes or endothelial cells. In the acidic ischemic core, cathepsin L release is significantly increased with time. A novel ex vivo assay showed that cathepsin L released from microglia during ischemia degrades microvessel matrix, and interacts with MMP activity. Hence, the loss of microvessel matrix during ischemia is explained by microglial cathepsin L release in the acidic core during injury evolution. The roles of cathepsin L and its interactions with specific MMP activities during ischemia are relevant to strategies to reduce microvessel injury and hemorrhage.
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23
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Parker EN, Song J, Kishore Kumar GD, Odutola SO, Chavarria GE, Charlton-Sevcik AK, Strecker TE, Barnes AL, Sudhan DR, Wittenborn TR, Siemann DW, Horsman MR, Chaplin DJ, Trawick ML, Pinney KG. Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone analogues as potent and selective inhibitors of cathepsin L. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6974-92. [PMID: 26462052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of cathepsin L in a variety of tumors and its ability to promote cancer cell invasion and migration through degradation of the extracellular matrix suggest that cathepsin L is a promising biological target for the development of anti-metastatic agents. Based on encouraging results from studies on benzophenone thiosemicarbazone cathepsin inhibitors, a series of fourteen benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone analogues were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against cathepsins L and B. Thiosemicarbazone inhibitors 3-benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone 1, 1,3-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)benzene thiosemicarbazone 8, and 1,3-bis(2-fluorobenzoyl)-5-bromobenzene thiosemicarbazone 32 displayed the greatest potency against cathepsin L with low IC50 values of 9.9 nM, 14.4 nM, and 8.1 nM, respectively. The benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone analogues evaluated were selective in their inhibition of cathepsin L compared to cathepsin B. Thiosemicarbazone analogue 32 inhibited invasion through Matrigel of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by 70% at 10 μM. Thiosemicarbazone analogue 8 significantly inhibited the invasive potential of PC-3ML prostate cancer cells by 92% at 5 μM. The most active cathepsin L inhibitors from this benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone series (1, 8, and 32) displayed low cytotoxicity toward normal primary cells [in this case human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)]. In an initial in vivo study, 3-benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone (1) was well-tolerated in a CDF1 mouse model bearing an implanted C3H mammary carcinoma, and showed efficacy in tumor growth delay. Low cytotoxicity, inhibition of cell invasion, and in vivo tolerability are desirable characteristics for anti-metastatic agents functioning through an inhibition of cathepsin L. Active members of this structurally diverse group of benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone cathepsin L inhibitors show promise as potential anti-metastatic, pre-clinical drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - Jiangli Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - G D Kishore Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - Samuel O Odutola
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97224, Waco, TX 76798-7224, United States
| | - Gustavo E Chavarria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - Amanda K Charlton-Sevcik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - Tracy E Strecker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - Ashleigh L Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - Dhivya R Sudhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Thomas R Wittenborn
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dietmar W Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Michael R Horsman
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David J Chaplin
- OXiGENE, Inc., 701 Gateway Blvd, Suite 210, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Mary Lynn Trawick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97224, Waco, TX 76798-7224, United States.
| | - Kevin G Pinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97224, Waco, TX 76798-7224, United States.
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Kakkad S, Glunde K, Penet MF, Bhujwalla ZM. Structural and functional roles of collagen 1 fibers in breast cancer metastasis: collagen 1 fiber density increases in lymph node-positive breast cancers. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.15.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samata Kakkad
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 208C Traylor Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kristine Glunde
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 208C Traylor Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marie-France Penet
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 208C Traylor Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 208C Traylor Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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25
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Azad GK, Tomar RS. Proteolytic clipping of histone tails: the emerging role of histone proteases in regulation of various biological processes. Mol Biol Rep 2015; 41:2717-30. [PMID: 24469733 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin is a dynamic DNA scaffold structure that responds to a variety of external and internal stimuli to regulate the fundamental biological processes. Majority of the cases chromatin dynamicity is exhibited through chemical modifications and physical changes between DNA and histones. These modifications are reversible and complex signaling pathways involving chromatin-modifying enzymes regulate the fluidity of chromatin. Fluidity of chromatin can also be impacted through irreversible change, proteolytic processing of histones which is a poorly understood phenomenon. In recent studies, histone proteolysis has been implicated as a regulatory process involved in the permanent removal of epigenetic marks from histones. Activities responsible for clipping of histone tails and their significance in various biological processes have been observed in several organisms. Here, we have reviewed the properties of some of the known histone proteases, analyzed their significance in biological processes and have provided future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Kumar Azad
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, 462023, India
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26
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Fonović M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins and their potential in clinical therapy and biomarker discovery. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:416-26. [PMID: 24470315 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, cysteine cathepsins were generally considered to be involved mainly in the nonspecific bulk protein degradation that takes place within the lysosomes. However, it has become clear that their proteolytical activity can also influence various specific pathological processes such as cancer, arthritis, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, their localization was found not to be limited strictly to the lysosomes. In the light of those findings, it is not surprising that cysteine cathepsins are currently considered as highly relevant clinical targets. Moreover, recent development of proteomic-based methods for identification of novel physiological substrates of proteases provides a major opportunity also in the field of cysteine cathepsins. In this review, we will therefore present cysteine cathepsin roles in disease progression and discuss their potential relevance as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Fonović
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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27
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Tholen S, Biniossek ML, Gansz M, Ahrens TD, Schlimpert M, Kizhakkedathu JN, Reinheckel T, Schilling O. Double deficiency of cathepsins B and L results in massive secretome alterations and suggests a degradative cathepsin-MMP axis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:899-916. [PMID: 23811845 PMCID: PMC11113308 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endolysosomal cysteine cathepsins functionally cooperate. Cathepsin B (Ctsb) and L (Ctsl) double-knockout mice die 4 weeks after birth accompanied by (autophago-) lysosomal accumulations within neurons. Such accumulations are also observed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient for Ctsb and Ctsl. Previous studies showed a strong impact of Ctsl on the MEF secretome. Here we show that Ctsb alone has only a mild influence on extracellular proteome composition. Protease cleavage sites dependent on Ctsb were identified by terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS), revealing a prominent yet mostly indirect impact on the extracellular proteolytic cleavages. To investigate the cooperation of Ctsb and Ctsl, we performed a quantitative secretome comparison of wild-type MEFs and Ctsb (-/-) Ctsl (-/-) MEFs. Deletion of both cathepsins led to drastic alterations in secretome composition, highlighting cooperative functionality. While many protein levels were decreased, immunodetection corroborated increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. Re-expression of Ctsl rescues MMP-2 abundance. Ctsl and to a much lesser extent Ctsb are able to degrade MMP-2 at acidic and neutral pH. Addition of active MMP-2 to the MEF secretome degrades proteins whose levels were also decreased by Ctsb and Ctsl double deficiency. These results suggest a degradative Ctsl-MMP-2 axis, resulting in increased MMP-2 levels upon cathepsin deficiency with subsequent degradation of secreted proteins such as collagen α-1 (I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tholen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin L. Biniossek
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Gansz
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Theresa D. Ahrens
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Schlimpert
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Song J, Jones LM, Chavarria GE, Charlton-Sevcik AK, Jantz A, Johansen A, Bayeh L, Soeung V, Snyder LK, Lade SD, Chaplin DJ, Trawick ML, Pinney KG. Small-molecule inhibitors of cathepsin L incorporating functionalized ring-fused molecular frameworks. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2801-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Stasinopoulos I, Penet MF, Krishnamachary B, Bhujwalla ZM. Molecular and functional imaging of invasion and metastasis: windows into the metastatic cascade. Cancer Biomark 2011; 7:173-88. [PMID: 21576811 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-2010-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to invade, metastasize, and form distant colonies, is one of the key characteristics that confers lethality to cancer. Metastatic cancer cells typically become refractory to treatment. The metastatic cascade is a multi-step process that is governed by events within the cancer cell, the tumor microenvironment, and the distant environments that are invaded and colonized by the cancer cells. Noninvasive imaging techniques are facilitating a close examination of the stepwise journey of the cancer cell from the primary tumor to the distant metastatic site. Here we have discussed the metastatic process, and how molecular and functional imaging of cancer are providing new insights into the metastatic cascade that can be exploited for treatment of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stasinopoulos
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, USA
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Stasinopoulos I, Penet MF, Chen Z, Kakkad S, Glunde K, Bhujwalla ZM. Exploiting the tumor microenvironment for theranostic imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:636-47. [PMID: 21793072 PMCID: PMC3146040 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The integration of chemistry and molecular biology with imaging is providing some of the most exciting opportunities in the treatment of cancer. The field of theranostic imaging, where diagnosis is combined with therapy, is particularly suitable for a disease as complex as cancer, especially now that genomic and proteomic profiling can provide an extensive 'fingerprint' of each tumor. Using this information, theranostic agents can be shaped for personalized treatment to target specific compartments, such as the tumor microenvironment (TME), whilst minimizing damage to normal tissue. These theranostic agents can also be used to target multiple pathways or networks by incorporating multiple small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) within a single agent. A decade ago genetic alterations were the primary focus in cancer research. Now it is apparent that the tumor physiological microenvironment, interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts and macrophages, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and a host of secreted factors and cytokines, influence progression to metastatic disease, aggressiveness and the response of the disease to treatment. In this review, we outline some of the characteristics of the TME, describe the theranostic agents currently available to target the TME and discuss the unique opportunities the TME provides for the design of novel theranostic agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stasinopoulos
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marie-France Penet
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhihang Chen
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samata Kakkad
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristine Glunde
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zaver M. Bhujwalla
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Correspondence to: Z. M. Bhujwalla, Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Rm 208C, Traylor Bldg., 720, Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Qin Y, Shi GP. Cysteinyl cathepsins and mast cell proteases in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:338-50. [PMID: 21605595 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases involve extensive arterial wall matrix protein degradation. Proteases are essential to these pathological events. Recent discoveries suggest that proteases do more than catabolize matrix proteins. During the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneuryms, and associated complications, cysteinyl cathepsins and mast cell tryptases and chymases participate importantly in vascular cell apoptosis, foam cell formation, matrix protein gene expression, and pro-enzyme, latent cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activation. Experimental animal disease models have been invaluable in examining each of these protease functions. Deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of cathepsins or mast cell proteases have allowed their in vivo evaluation in the setting of pathological conditions. Recent discoveries of highly selective and potent inhibitors of cathepsins, chymase, and tryptase, and their applications in vascular diseases in animal models and non-vascular diseases in human trials, have led to the hypothesis that selective inhibition of cathepsins, chymases, and tryptase will benefit patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. This review highlights recent discoveries from in vitro cell-based studies to experimental animal cardiovascular disease models, from protease knockout mice to treatments with recently developed selective and potent protease inhibitors, and from patients with cathepsin-associated non-vascular diseases to those affected by cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
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Heng YJ, Di Quinzio MKW, Permezel M, Rice GE, Georgiou HM. Cystatin A protease inhibitor and cysteine proteases in human cervicovaginal fluid in term pregnancy and labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:254.e1-7. [PMID: 21167469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.10.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal changes in immunoreactive cystatin A and the enzymatic activity of cathepsins B, H, L, and S in human cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) in late pregnancy and spontaneous labor. STUDY DESIGN CVF was collected weekly (n = 95 women) from 36 weeks gestation until spontaneous term labor. Cystatin A was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The enzyme activity of cathepsins B, H, L, and S was measured with fluorometric enzyme assay kits. RESULTS Cystatin A significantly decreased towards (P = .016, 2-way analysis of variance) and during labor (P < .001, 2-way analysis of variance). Enzymatic activity of cathepsins B, H, and S did not change with labor onset (P = .452, P = .703, P = .411, respectively, 2-way analysis of variance). CONCLUSION In late gestation, CVF-decreased expression of the cysteine protease inhibitor, cystatin A, is associated with labor. Although the role and contribution of cystatin A to increased extracellular matrix remodeling has yet to be elucidated, the data that were obtained are consistent with this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing J Heng
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Yu W, Liu J, Shi MA, Wang J, Xiang M, Kitamoto S, Wang B, Sukhova GK, Murphy GF, Orasanu G, Grubb A, Shi GP. Cystatin C deficiency promotes epidermal dysplasia in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13973. [PMID: 21085595 PMCID: PMC2981574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cysteine protease cathepsins are important in extracellular matrix protein degradation, cell apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Mice lacking cathepsins are protected from tumor progression in several animal models, suggesting that the regulation of cathepsin activities controls the growth of various malignant tumors. Methods and Results We tested the role of cathepsins using a mouse model of multistage epithelial carcinogenesis, in which the human keratin-14 promoter/enhancer drove the expression of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) early region E6/E7 transgenes. During the progression of premalignant dysplasia, we observed increased expression of cysteine protease cathepsin S, but concomitantly reduced expression of cathepsin endogenous inhibitor cystatin C in the skin tissue extract. Absence of cystatin C in these transgenic mice resulted in more progression of dysplasia to carcinoma in situ on the face, ear, chest, and tail. Chest and ear skin extract real time PCR and immunoblot analysis, mouse serum sample ELISA, tissue immunohistological analysis, and tissue extract-mediated in vitro elastinolysis and collagenolysis assays demonstrated that cystatin C deficiency significantly increased cathepsin expression and activity. In skin from both the chest and ear, we found that the absence of cystatin C reduced epithelial cell apoptosis but increased proliferation. From the same tissue preparations, we detected significantly higher levels of pro-angiogenic laminin 5-derived γ2 peptides and concurrently increased neovascularization in cystatin C-deficient mice, compared to those from wild-type control mice. Conclusion Enhanced cathepsin expression and activity in cystatin C-deficient mice contributed to the progression of dysplasia by altering premalignant tissue epithelial proliferation, apoptosis, and neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Yu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Michael A. Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jianan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiro Kitamoto
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Galina K. Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George F. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Orasanu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anders Grubb
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Song G, Bailey DW, Dunlap KA, Burghardt RC, Spencer TE, Bazer FW, Johnson GA. Cathepsin B, Cathepsin L, and Cystatin C in the Porcine Uterus and Placenta: Potential Roles in Endometrial/Placental Remodeling and in Fluid-Phase Transport of Proteins Secreted by Uterine Epithelia Across Placental Areolae1. Biol Reprod 2010; 82:854-64. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Jevnikar Z, Obermajer N, Kos J. Cysteine protease-mediated cytoskeleton interactions with LFA-1 promote T-cell morphological changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 66:1030-40. [PMID: 19670215 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T cells migrate through restrictive barriers in a protease-independent, amoeboid fashion that is characterized by morphological cell polarization. The interaction of cysteine-dependent carboxypeptidase cathepsin X with beta(2) integrin LFA-1 (lymphocyte function associated antigen 1) induces T-cell morphological changes, displaying into a 3D extracellular matrix a cytoplasmic projection termed a uropod. In the present study we show that inhibition of cathepsin X and a cysteine-dependent endopeptidase, cathepsin L, markedly inhibits T-cell actin polymerization, shape polarization, and chemotaxis. We propose that cathepsin L promotes T-cell migration associated processes by activating procathepsin X in the endolysosomal vesicles near the cell membrane and at the peak of the uropod, where both proteases were colocalized. We show that active cathepsin X modifies the beta(2) cytoplasmic tail of LFA-1 in the uropod, promoting its high affinity conformation. We suggest that LFA-1 cleavage contributes to the conformational change in the cytoplasmic tail, promoting the binding of the cytoskeletal protein talin. This interaction is restricted to the uropod and results in the stabilization of this region, promoting LFA-1-mediated cell uropod elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Jevnikar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Cysteine protease activity in the wall of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2008; 46:1260-6. [PMID: 18155003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 07/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteine proteases are potent elastolytic enzymes and together with their inhibitor, cystatin C, have been linked with the growth of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). These enzymes and their inhibitors have previously been studied in AAAs, but comparisons have always been made with wall from normal aorta. Atherosclerosis is a feature of aneurysmal disease and may therefore confound comparisons with normal wall. This study compared the expression and activity of cysteine proteases and their inhibitors in aneurysm wall with their expression in the aortic wall of patients with aortic occlusive disease (AOD). METHODS Aortic wall was obtained from 82 patients with AAA and 13 with AOD. Protein expression and activity of cathepsin B, H, K, L and S, and cystatins A, B, and C were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and specific fluorogenic substrate assays. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity was measured by quantitative bioimmunoassay in the same extracts. RESULTS AAA wall had 330% more cathepsin H protein (P = .007) and >30% less cystatin C (P = .03) than the aortic wall from patients with AOD. The activity of cathepsins B, H, L, and S was significantly greater in AAA than AOD (376%, [P < .0001], 191%, [P = 0.019], 223%, P = 0.002, and approximately 20% [P = 0.045] respectively). MMP-9 activity was also increased in AAA compared with AOD (P<0.0001) and levels in the wall of AAA correlated positively with cathepsin L activity (r = 0.42, P<.0001) and negatively with cystatin C (r = -0.75, P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS The activity of four cathepsins B, H, L, and S was higher in the aneurysm wall than in aortic wall of patients with occlusive disease. This was associated with a reduced level of cystatin C in the aneurysmal wall. Cathepsin H was the only protein in which there was a correlation between protein level and activity, which suggests that post-translational modifications were responsible for activation of the other cathepsins. Increased cathepsin activity may influence the activity of MMP-9, which is thought to have an important role in aneurysm development.
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Büth H, Luigi Buttigieg P, Ostafe R, Rehders M, Dannenmann SR, Schaschke N, Stark HJ, Boukamp P, Brix K. Cathepsin B is essential for regeneration of scratch-wounded normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:747-61. [PMID: 17651862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes are important processes during tissue regeneration and wound healing of the skin. Here, we focussed on proteases that contribute to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling as a prerequisite of keratinocyte migration. In particular, we assessed the significance of the mammalian cysteine peptidase cathepsin B for human keratinocytes during regeneration from scratch wounding. We describe the construction of a scratch apparatus that allows applying scratches of defined length, width and depth to cultured cells in a reproducible fashion. The rationale for our approach derived from our previous work where we have shown that HaCaT keratinocytes secrete cathepsin B into the extracellular space during spontaneous and induced migration. Here, we observed rapid removal of type IV collagen from underneath lamellipodial extensions of keratinocytes at the advancing fronts of regenerating monolayers, indicating that proteolytic ECM remodeling starts upon initiation of keratinocyte migration. Furthermore, we verified our previous results with HaCaT cells by using normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and show that non-cell-permeant cathepsin B-specific inhibitors delayed full regeneration of the monolayers from scratch wounding in both cell systems, HaCaT and NHEK. Application of a single dose of cathepsin B inhibitor directly after scratch wounding of keratinocytes demonstrated that cathepsin B is essential during initial stages of wound healing, while its contribution to the subsequent processes of proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes was of less significance. This notion was supported by our observation that the cathepsin B inhibitors used in this study did not affect proliferation rates of keratinocytes of regenerating cultures. Thus, we conclude that cathepsin B is indeed involved in ECM remodeling after its secretion from migrating keratinocytes. Cathepsin B might directly cleave ECM constituents or it may initiate proteolytic cascades that involve other proteases with the ability to degrade ECM components. Because cathepsin B is important for enabling migration of both, HaCaT cells and NHEK, our results support the notion that HaCaT keratinocytes represent an excellent cell culture model for analysis of human epidermal skin keratinocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Büth
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen (formerly International University Bremen), Campus Ring 6, Research II-107, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
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Brix K, Dunkhorst A, Mayer K, Jordans S. Cysteine cathepsins: cellular roadmap to different functions. Biochimie 2007; 90:194-207. [PMID: 17825974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins belong to the papain-like family C1 of clan CA cysteine peptidases. These enzymes are ubiquitously expressed and exert their proteolytic activity mainly, but not exclusively within the compartments along the endocytic pathway. Moreover, cysteine cathepsins are active in pericellular environments as soluble enzymes or bound to cell surface receptors at the plasma membrane, and possibly even within secretory vesicles, the cytosol, mitochondria, and within the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Proteolytic actions performed by cysteine cathepsins are essential in the maintenance of homeostasis and depend heavily upon their correct sorting and trafficking within cells. As a consequence, the numerous and diverse approaches to identification, qualitative and quantitative determination, and visualization of cysteine cathepsin functions in vitro, in situ, and in vivo cover the entire spectrum of biochemistry, molecular and cell biology. This review focuses upon the transport pathways directing cysteine cathepsins to their points of action and thus emphasizes the broader role and functionality of cysteine cathepsins in a number of specific cellular locales. Such understanding will provide a foundation for future research investigating the involvement of these peptidases with their substrates, inhibitors, and the intertwined proteolytic networks at the hubs of complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Brix
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 6, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
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Huber LC, Distler O, Tarner I, Gay RE, Gay S, Pap T. Synovial fibroblasts: key players in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45:669-75. [PMID: 16567358 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune-disease of unknown origin that primarily affects the joints and ultimately leads to their destruction. The involvement of immune cells is a general hallmark of autoimmune-related disorders. In this regard, macrophages, T cells and their respective cytokines play a pivotal role in RA. However, the notion that RA is a primarily T-cell-dependent disease has been strongly challenged during recent years. Rather, it has been understood that resident, fibroblast-like cells contribute significantly to the perpetuation of disease, and that they may even play a role in its initiation. These rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) constitute a quite unique cell type that distinguishes RA from other inflammatory conditions of the joints. A number of studies have demonstrated that RASFs show alterations in morphology and behaviour, including molecular changes in signalling cascades, apoptosis responses and in the expression of adhesion molecules as well as matrix-degrading enzymes. These changes appear to reflect a stable activation of RASFs, which occurs independently of continuous exogenous stimulation. As a consequence, RASFs are no longer considered passive bystanders but active players in the complex intercellular network of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Huber
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 23CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Lombardi G, Burzyn D, Mundiñano J, Berguer P, Bekinschtein P, Costa H, Castillo LF, Goldman A, Meiss R, Piazzon I, Nepomnaschy I. Cathepsin-L influences the expression of extracellular matrix in lymphoid organs and plays a role in the regulation of thymic output and of peripheral T cell number. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7022-32. [PMID: 15905545 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nackt mice, which are deficient in cathepsin-L (CTSL), show an early impairment during positive selection in the context of class II MHC molecules and as a consequence, the percentage and absolute number of CD4(+) thymocytes are significantly decreased. In this study, we show that lymph nodes from nackt mice are hypertrophied, showing normal absolute numbers of CD4(+) T cells and marked increases in the number of CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Basal proliferative levels are increased in the CD4(+) but not in the CD8(+) population. Lymph node T cells show increases in the expression of alpha(5), alpha(6), and beta(1) integrin chains. These alterations correlate with increases in the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in lymph nodes. Interestingly, laminin, fibronectin, and collagen I and IV are markedly decreased in nackt thymus which shows an augmented output of CD8(+) cells. These results demonstrate that a mutation in the Ctsl gene influences the levels of ECM components in lymphoid organs, the thymic output, and the number of T cells in the periphery. They further raise the possibility that, by regulating the level of expression of ECM components in lymphoid organs, CTSL is able to broadly affect the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lombardi
- Instituto de Leucemia Experimental (ILEX)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), División Medicina Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bao BY, Yeh SD, Lee YF. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits prostate cancer cell invasion via modulation of selective proteases. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:32-42. [PMID: 15987715 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of invasion and metastasis has become a new approach for treatment of advanced prostate cancer in which secondary hormone therapy has failed. Accumulating evidence indicates that 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-VD) suppresses prostate cancer progression by inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be determined. Here, we used the in vitro cell invasion assay to demonstrate that 1,25-VD inhibits the invasive ability of human prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP, PC-3 and DU 145. Three major groups of proteases, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the plasminogen activators (PAs) and the cathepsins (CPs), that are involved in tumor invasion were then examined for changes in activity and expression after 1,25-VD treatment. We found that 1,25-VD decreased MMP-9 and CPs, but not PAs activities, while it increased the activity of their counterparts, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and cathepsin inhibitors. Mechanistic studies showed that 1,25-VD did not suppress MMP-9 expression at the transcriptional level, but reduced its mRNA stability. In addition, 1,25-VD increased AP-1 complexes binding to TIMP-1 promoter, which contributed to the enhancement of TIMP-1 activity, and thus resulted in inhibition of MMP activity and tumor invasion. These findings support the idea that vitamin D-based therapies might be beneficial in the management of advanced prostate cancer, especially among patients who have higher MMP-9 and CPs activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ying Bao
- Department of Urology and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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42
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Vigneswaran N, Wu J, Muller S, Zacharias W, Narendran S, Middleton L. Expression analysis of cystatin C and M in laser-capture microdissectioned human breast cancer cells--a preliminary study. Pathol Res Pract 2005; 200:753-62. [PMID: 15792117 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins B and L, implicated in the progression of malignant tumors, are regulated by a family of endogenous inhibitors referred to as the cystatins. Cystatin M was identified by differential display as down-regulated gene in metastatic breast cancer cells. However, this finding has yet to be confirmed in clinical breast cancer specimens. Our objective is to examine the expression levels of cystatins C, M, and cathepsins B and L mRNA in breast cancer cells isolated by laser capture microdissection. The mRNA and protein levels of cathepsin B, L, and cystatin C and M in breast cancer specimens were determined utilizing laser capture microdissection/RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical methods. Expression levels of either cystatin M or C were not significantly different between lymph node-positive and -negative breast carcinomas. Increased expression levels of both cystatin M and C correlated significantly with larger tumor size. Cystatin M mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization in both primary and metastatic breast cancer cells. Our findings are at variance with a previous report proposing a metastasis suppressive function for cystatin M. Therefore, additional studies in a larger series with adequate follow-up are necessary to elucidate the biologic significance of cystatin M expression in breast cancer metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins/genetics
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins/metabolism
- Cystatin C
- Cystatin M
- Cystatins/genetics
- Cystatins/metabolism
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lasers
- Microdissection/methods
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadarajah Vigneswaran
- Departments of Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dental Branch, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Freitas ZFO, Rodrigues EG, Oliveira V, Carmona AK, Travassos LR. Melanoma heterogeneity: differential, invasive, metastatic properties and profiles of cathepsin B, D and L activities in subclones of the B16F10-NEX2 cell line. Melanoma Res 2005; 14:333-44. [PMID: 15457088 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200410000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumour cell lines and in vivo growing tumours are heterogeneous, comprising different cell clones. To understand why some cells primarily invade a tissue, while others are more apt to metastasize, several clones from the established B16F10-Nex2 cell line were isolated and 10 viable cells of each clone were injected intravenously into C57Bl/6 and Balb/c mice. Two cell clones (Nex2B and Nex2D) showed contrasting metastatic abilities. Clone 2D rather than clone 2B colonized the lungs of both mice after intravenous injection. Surprisingly, clone 2B grew more rapidly than 2D after subcutaneous implantation, significantly reducing the survival of injected mice. Clearly, dissociation between subcutaneous growth and metastatic ability was observed in clones from the same tumour cell lineage. Clone Nex2B continuously released proteolytic activity, including cathepsin B, and showed a greater capacity to invade Matrigel than clone Nex2D. Clone Nex2D accumulated cathepsins B, D and L intracellularly and released a moderate proteolytic activity in vitro that was inhibited with the time of incubation. E-64-treated Nex2B cells injected subcutaneously showed a significant delay in tumour development and increased survival of challenged animals. A similar result was obtained on treatment of clone 2B with chagasin, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor from Trypanosoma cruzi, even at 2 microM. Clone Nex2D was less sensitive to pretreatment with inhibitors of cysteine proteases for tumour development in vivo. Our results suggest that, in a tumour cell population, cells dissociate into metastatic and non-metastatic subtypes, and that release or accumulation of cathepsins can be a differential trait of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenilda F O Freitas
- Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Lakka SS, Gondi CS, Yanamandra N, Olivero WC, Dinh DH, Gujrati M, Rao JS. Inhibition of cathepsin B and MMP-9 gene expression in glioblastoma cell line via RNA interference reduces tumor cell invasion, tumor growth and angiogenesis. Oncogene 2004; 23:4681-9. [PMID: 15122332 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular proteases have been shown to cooperatively influence matrix degradation and tumor cell invasion through proteolytic cascades, with individual proteases having distinct roles in tumor growth, invasion, migration and angiogenesis. Matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-9 and cathepsin B have been shown to participate in the processes of tumor growth, vascularization and invasion of gliomas. In the present study, we used a cytomegalovirus promoter-driven DNA template approach to induce hairpin RNA (hpRNA)-triggered RNA interference (RNAi) to block MMP-9 and cathepsin B gene expression with a single construct. Transfection of a plasmid vector-expressing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for MMP-9 and cathepsin B significantly inhibited MMP-9 and cathepsin B expression and reduced the invasive behavior of SNB19, glioblastoma cell line in Matrigel and spheroid invasion models. Downregulation of MMP-9 and cathepsin B using RNAi in SNB19 cells reduced cell-cell interaction of human microvascular endothelial cells, resulting in the disruption of capillary network formation in both in vitro and in vivo models. Direct intratumoral injections of plasmid DNA expressing hpRNA for MMP-9 and cathepsin B significantly inhibited established glioma tumor growth and invasion in intracranial tumors in vivo. Further intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of plasmid DNA expressing hpRNA for MMP-9 and cathepsin B completely regressed pre-established tumors for a long time (4 months) without any indication of these tumor cells. For the first time, these observations demonstrate that the simultaneous RNAi-mediated targeting of MMP-9 and cathepsin B has potential application for the treatment of human gliomas.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cathepsin B/administration & dosage
- Cathepsin B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Collagen/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Drug Combinations
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glioblastoma/blood supply
- Glioblastoma/genetics
- Glioblastoma/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Humans
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Laminin/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/administration & dosage
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Spheroids, Cellular
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajani S Lakka
- Program of Cancer Biology, Department of Biomedical and Therapeutic Sciences, University of Illinois, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
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Colella R, Casey SF. Decreased activity of cathepsins L + B and decreased invasive ability of PC3 prostate cancer cells. Biotech Histochem 2004; 78:101-8. [PMID: 14533846 DOI: 10.1080/10520290310001593856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis involves multiple factors, one of which is the production and secretion of matrix degrading proteases by the cancer cells. Many metastasizing cancer cells secrete the lysosomal proteases, cathepsins L and B, which implicates them in the metastatic process. Cathepsins L and B are regulated by endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors (CPI) known as cystatins. An imbalance between cathepsin L and/or B and cystatin expression/activity may be a characteristic of the metastatic phenotype. To determine whether cystatins can attenuate the invasive ability of PC3 prostate cancer cells, cells were transfected with a cDNA coding for chicken cystatin. Expression of chicken cystatin mRNA was determined by PCR analysis. Total cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity, cathepsins L + B activity, and invasion through a Matrigel matrix were assessed. Stably transfected cells expressed the chicken cystatin mRNA and exhibited a significant decrease in secreted cathepsin L + B activity and a small increase in secreted cysteine proteinase inhibitor activity. The ability of cystatin transfected cells to invade the reconstituted basement membrane, Matrigel, was attenuated compared to nontransfected cells or cells transfected with vector alone. We have demonstrated that the cysteine proteinases cathepsins L and B participate in the invasive ability of the PC3 prostate cancer cell line, and we discuss here the potential of using cysteine proteinase inhibitors such as the cystatins as anti-metastatic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Colella
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Yanamandra N, Gumidyala KV, Waldron KG, Gujrati M, Olivero WC, Dinh DH, Rao JS, Mohanam S. Blockade of cathepsin B expression in human glioblastoma cells is associated with suppression of angiogenesis. Oncogene 2004; 23:2224-30. [PMID: 14730346 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine proteinase cathepsin B has been implicated in tumor progression by virtue of its increased mRNA and protein levels, as well as its localization at the invading front of the tumor. In this study, we examined whether blocking cathepsin B expression in human glioblastoma SNB19 cells affects angiogenesis. Stable transfectants of human glioblastoma cells with a plasmid containing antisense cathepsin B cDNA showed decreased migration rates in wound- and spheroid-migration assays. Analysis showed a reduction in VEGF protein and MMP-9 activity in the cathepsin B antisense cDNA-transfected cells. Regarding angiogenesis in vitro, we found that the conditioned medium of glioblastoma cells with downregulated cathepsin B expression reduced cell-cell interaction of human microvascular endothelial cells, resulting in the disruption of capillary-like network formation. Furthermore, a marked reduction in microvasculature development was seen in an in vivo dorsal air sac assay of glioblastoma cells with downregulated cathepsin B expression. Taken together, these results provide evidence that inhibition of cathepsin B expression can suppress glioblastoma-induced neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Yanamandra
- Program of Cancer Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, One Illini Drive, Box 1649, IL 61656, USA
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Fukuda S, Fini CA, Mabuchi T, Koziol JA, Eggleston LL, del Zoppo GJ. Focal cerebral ischemia induces active proteases that degrade microvascular matrix. Stroke 2004; 35:998-1004. [PMID: 15001799 PMCID: PMC2979008 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000119383.76447.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Focal cerebral ischemia causes microvessel matrix degradation and generates proteases known to degrade this matrix. However, proof that the proteases generated do indeed degrade vascular matrix is lacking. Here we demonstrate that active proteases derived from ischemic tissue after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and transferred to normal tissue can degrade vascular matrix. METHODS In an ex vivo bioassay, the effects of supernatants from ischemic and normal basal ganglia of nonhuman primates, proteases, and control buffer on the immunoreactivity of vascular matrix constituents in normal brain tissue sections were quantified. Protease families were identified with specific inhibitors. RESULTS Plasmin, active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and active MMP-9 significantly reduced microvessel-associated collagen, laminin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). The vascular HSPG perlecan was more sensitive than collagen or laminin in the bioassay and in the ischemic core 2 hours after MCAO. Two-hour and 7-day ischemic tissue samples significantly degraded matrix perlecan and collagen. Inhibitor studies confirmed that while active MMPs were generated, active cysteine proteases significantly degraded microvessel perlecan. The cysteine proteases cathepsins B and L were generated in the microvasculature and adjacent neurons or glial cells 2 hours after MCAO and decreased perlecan in the bioassay. CONCLUSIONS This is the first direct evidence that active proteases are generated in ischemic cerebral tissues that are acutely responsible for vascular matrix degradation. Degradation of vascular perlecan, the most sensitive matrix component thus far identified, may be due to cathepsins B and L, generated very rapidly after MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuda
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif 92037, USA
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Shridhar R, Zhang J, Song J, Booth BA, Kevil CG, Sotiropoulou G, Sloane BF, Keppler D. Cystatin M suppresses the malignant phenotype of human MDA-MB-435S cells. Oncogene 2003; 23:2206-15. [PMID: 14676833 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are involved in many aspects of tumor progression, including cell survival and proliferation, escape from immune surveillance, cell adhesion and migration, remodeling and invasion of the extracellular matrix. Several lysosomal cysteine proteases have been cloned and shown to be overexpressed in cancer; yet, despite the great potential for development of novel therapeutics, we still know little about the regulation of their proteolytic activity. Cystatins such as cystatin M are potent endogenous protein inhibitors of lysosomal cysteine proteases. Cystatin M is expressed in normal and premalignant human epithelial cells, but not in many cancer cell lines. Here, we examined the effects of cystatin M expression on malignant properties of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-435S cells. Cystatin M was found to significantly reduce in vitro: cell proliferation, migration, Matrigel invasion, and adhesion to endothelial cells. Reduction of cell proliferation and adhesion to an endothelial cell monolayer were both independent of the inhibition of lysosomal cysteine proteases. In contrast, cell migration and matrix invasion seemed to rely on lysosomal cysteine proteases, as both recombinant cystatin M and E64 were able to block these processes. This study provides the first evidence that cystatin M may play important roles in safeguarding against human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shridhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Wassélius J, Wallin H, Abrahamson M, Ehinger B. Cathepsin B in the rat eye. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003; 241:934-42. [PMID: 14586591 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-003-0782-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Revised: 09/02/2003] [Accepted: 09/03/2003] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin B is a mammalian cysteine protease. The enzyme has been suggested to participate in the patophysiological processes of keratoconus as well as in the corneal response to infectious agents. This study describes the localization of cathepsin B in the rat eye. METHODS Cathepsin B was identified in rat ocular tissues by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Cathepsin B mRNA levels were analyzed in the tissues by quantitative real-time cDNA amplification (QRT-PCR). RESULTS Cathepsin B is present in the epithelium, in stromal cells and in the endothelium of the cornea. It is also present in the epithelium lining the ciliary processes, in occasional stromal cells in the iris, in the anterior subcapsular lens epithelium and in various cell types in the retina. At all locations cathepsin B is present in cytoplasmic granules, presumably lysosomes. QRT-PCR analysis detected cathepsin B mRNA in all these tissues in amounts correlating to the immunodetection results, suggesting that the enzyme detected is locally produced. CONCLUSIONS Cathepsin B is present in several tissues and cell types throughout the rat eye. It is localized to cytoplasmic granules, presumably lysosomes. Our results suggest that it is probably also produced in the same cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Wassélius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lund, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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50
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Burke MA, Hutter D, Reshamwala RP, Knepper JE. Cathepsin L plays an active role in involution of the mouse mammary gland. Dev Dyn 2003; 227:315-22. [PMID: 12815617 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Involution of the mammary gland after weaning occurs in two stages. The first stage is reversible, whereas the second stage is characterized by the irreversible collapse of the alveolar structure. A differential display analysis using cDNAs from tissues obtained at various times after forced weaning of pups identified cathepsin L as up-regulated during early involution. Levels of cathepsin L mRNA were dramatically increased within 24 hr after weaning. Cathepsin L protein detected by immunoblot was also increased during involution, reaching near maximal levels by 36 hr after weaning. In situ immunohistochemistry detected pronounced cathepsin L protein in the cytoplasm and cell periphery. Mice treated with a specific inhibitor of cathepsin L exhibited substantially reduced numbers of apoptotic cells at times up to 72 hr after weaning when compared with untreated animals. The cathepsin L inhibitor did not alter levels of cathepsin L detected in immunoblots or influence molecular weight of the cathepsin L species detected. These data suggest that cathepsin L plays a regulatory role early in the process of mammary gland involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Burke
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA
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