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Yang Q, Fu B, Luo D, Wang H, Cao H, Chen X, Tian L, Yu X. The Multiple Biological Functions of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 in Bone Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:856954. [PMID: 35586625 PMCID: PMC9109619 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.856954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is a ubiquitously occurring protease involved in various physiological and pathological processes ranging from glucose homeostasis, immunoregulation, inflammation to tumorigenesis. Recently, the benefits of DPP4 inhibitors as novel hypoglycemic agents on bone metabolism have attracted extensive attraction in many studies, indicating that DPP4 inhibitors may regulate bone homeostasis. The effects of DPP4 on bone metabolism are still unclear. This paper thoroughly reviews the potential mechanisms of DPP4 for interaction with adipokines, bone cells, bone immune cells, and cytokines in skeleton system. This literature review shows that the increased DPP4 activity may indirectly promote bone resorption and inhibit bone formation, increasing the risk of osteoporosis. Thus, bone metabolic balance can be improved by decreasing DPP4 activities. The substantial evidence collected and analyzed in this review supports this implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Fu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xijie Yu,
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Hebanowska A, Mierzejewska P, Braczko A. Effect of estradiol on enzymes of vascular extracellular nucleotide metabolism. Hormones (Athens) 2021; 20:111-117. [PMID: 32935303 PMCID: PMC7889668 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estrogens have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, promoting vasodilation, endothelial cells growth, relaxation, and regulation of blood pressure. Some of these effects could be associated with the purinergic system known for the control of vasodilation, inflammation, and platelet function. The aim of our study was the evaluation of ATP, AMP, and adenosine extracellular catabolism, catalyzed by ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (CD39), ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73), and ecto-adenosine deaminase (eADA) in mouse aortas. METHODS Extracellular hydrolysis of ATP, AMP, and adenosine was estimated on the aortic surface of 3-month-old female and male C57BL/6 J wild-type (WT) mice, in female WT mouse aortas incubated for 48 h in the presence or absence of 100 nM estradiol, and in WT female mouse and ApoE-/-LDL-R-/- aortas. The conversion of substrates to products was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS We demonstrated significantly higher adenosine deamination rate in WT male vs. female mice (p = 0.041). We also noted the lower adenosine hydrolysis in aortas exposed to estradiol, as compared with the samples incubated in estradiol-free medium (p = 0.043). Finally, we observed that adenosine conversion to inosine was significantly higher on the surface of ApoE-/-LDL-R-/- aortas compared with WT mice (p = 0.001). No such effects were noted in ATP and AMP extracellular hydrolysis. CONCLUSION We conclude that estradiol inhibits the extracellular degradation of adenosine to inosine, which may be an element of its vascular protective effect, as it will lead to an increase in extracellular adenosine concentration. We can also assume that during the development of the atherosclerotic process, the protective role of estradiol in the regulation of adenosine degradation may be obscured by other pathogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areta Hebanowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | | | - Alicja Braczko
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Vliegen G, Kehoe K, Bracke A, De Hert E, Verkerk R, Fransen E, Jongers B‘, Peters E, Lambeir AM, Kumar-Singh S, Pickkers P, Jorens PG, De Meester I. Dysregulated activities of proline-specific enzymes in septic shock patients (sepsis-2). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231555. [PMID: 32315321 PMCID: PMC7173796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The proline-specific enzymes dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP), fibroblast activation protein α (FAP) and prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) are known for their involvement in the immune system and blood pressure regulation. Only very limited information is currently available on their enzymatic activity and possible involvement in patients with sepsis and septic-shock. The activity of the enzymes was measured in EDTA-plasma of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU): 40 septic shock patients (sepsis-2) and 22 ICU control patients after major intracranial surgery. These data were used to generate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. A survival analysis (at 90 days) and an association study with other parameters was performed. PRCP (day 1) and PREP (all days) enzymatic activities were higher in septic shock patients compared to controls. In contrast, FAP and DPP4 were lower in these patients on all studied time points. Since large differences were found, ROC curves were generated and these yielded area under the curve (AUC) values for PREP, FAP and DPP4 of 0.88 (CI: 0.80-0.96), 0.94 (CI: 0.89-0.99) and 0.86 (CI: 0.77-0.95), respectively. PRCP had a lower predicting value with an AUC of 0.71 (CI: 0.58-0.83). A nominally significant association was observed between survival and the DPP4 enzymatic activity at day 1 (p<0.05), with a higher DPP4 activity being associated with an increase in survival. All four enzymes were dysregulated in septic shock patients. DPP4, FAP and PREP are good in discriminating between septic shock patients and ICU controls and should be further explored to see whether they are already dysregulated in earlier stages, opening perspectives for their further investigation as biomarkers in sepsis. DPP4 also shows potential as a prognostic biomarker. Additionally, the associations found warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kaat Kehoe
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Bracke
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emilie De Hert
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robert Verkerk
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart ‘s Jongers
- Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esther Peters
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Samir Kumar-Singh
- Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe G. Jorens
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium and Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is a unique serine protease that exists in a membrane bound state and in a soluble state in most tissues in the body. DPP-IV has multiple targets including cytokines, neuropeptides, and incretin hormones, and plays an important role in health and disease. Recent work suggests that skeletal muscle releases DPP-IV as a myokine and participates in control of muscle blood flow. However, few of the functions of DPP-IV as a myokine have been investigated to date and there is a poor understanding about what causes DPP-IV to be released from muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Kluess
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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CD26-Related Serum Biomarkers: sCD26 Protein, DPP4 Activity, and Anti-CD26 Isotype Levels in a Colorectal Cancer-Screening Context. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:4347936. [PMID: 32051696 PMCID: PMC6995486 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4347936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current screening trials are showing reduction in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. However, participation rates are often low, and blood-based tests could complement existing screening strategies. CD26 protein (sCD26) and its dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) enzymatic activity in circulation have been proposed as biomarkers for colorectal cancer and other diseases. However, changes in sCD26 and DPP4 levels show complex degrees of correlation, and their physiological or pathophysiological role is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyse if anti-CD26 autoantibodies are related to sCD26 and DPP4 and to determine their relevance in a context of colorectal cancer screening for complementing the value of sCD26 and DPP4 as biomarkers. These biomarkers were measured in a large prospective cohort (n = 497, except the anti-CD26 antibodies, evaluated in 125 samples) that included a subgroup of individuals that were positive for the faecal immunological occult blood test (FIT) (n = 86) and underwent a colonoscopy (n = 47). We confirmed for the first time higher DPP4 activity in men compared to women (Student's t test, p = 0.002), though this difference between sexes was not seen for serum sCD26 protein. These biomarkers correlated (R = 0.246, p = 0.003) only in women. Correlations were found between anti-CD26 isotypes but not with DPP4 activity or sCD26 concentration, except for a negative correlation only in men between anti-CD26 IgA isotype and sCD26 (R = -0.232, p = 0.044), and an almost significant negative correlation between anti-CD26 IgG and sCD26 limited to FIT-positive men. Interestingly, patients with advanced adenomas displayed the most elevated mean levels of anti-CD26 IgA, IgM, and particularly IgG (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.030) in comparison with the other FIT positives without adenomas, and these levels did not correlate with sCD26 or its DPP4 activity. Our preliminary results suggest that the combination of these measures using sex as confounder could perhaps be used as biomarkers for colorectal disease. It also suggests that events affecting the gut influence the levels of anti-CD26 antibodies, which show little or no effect in antigen clearance. These findings should be confirmed in a larger cohort of individuals with colonoscopy. The physiological origin of the sex differences observed should be further addressed.
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Guo X, Mu S, Li J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Gao H. Fabrication of a water-soluble near-infrared fluorescent probe for selective detection and imaging of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in biological systems. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:767-775. [PMID: 31897456 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is a transmembrane glycoprotein known to regulate T cell activation, which is related to various pathological processes and has become a potential target to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, it is significant for the evaluation of endogenous DPP-IV activity in various biological systems. Herein, a water-soluble near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe HCA-D based on cyanine dyes as the fluorophore and glycyl-prolyl peptide as the specific recognition sequence was developed for the assay of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity. Upon addition of DPP-IV, HCA-D can emit a significant turn-on NIR fluorescence signal under physiological conditions and exhibit high selectivity toward DPP-IV. This feature was available for quantifying DPP-IV in the range from 0.62 to 10 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.19 ng mL-1. Furthermore, the present probe was successfully employed for monitoring DPP-IV in serum samples from diabetic and healthy people, and imaging of DPP-IV in living cells and tumor mice models. These results demonstrate that the designed probe provides a promising tool to explore the relationship between DPP-IV and diabetes mellitus or other diseases. Perhaps, it may become a prospective image-guided tumor resection indicator based on the abnormal expression of DPP-IV activity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Shuai Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yintang Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Haixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Hong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Nieto-Fontarigo JJ, González-Barcala FJ, San José E, Arias P, Nogueira M, Salgado FJ. CD26 and Asthma: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019; 56:139-160. [PMID: 27561663 PMCID: PMC7090975 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous and chronic inflammatory family of disorders of the airways with increasing prevalence that results in recurrent and reversible bronchial obstruction and expiratory airflow limitation. These diseases arise from the interaction between environmental and genetic factors, which collaborate to cause increased susceptibility and severity. Many asthma susceptibility genes are linked to the immune system or encode enzymes like metalloproteases (e.g., ADAM-33) or serine proteases. The S9 family of serine proteases (prolyl oligopeptidases) is capable to process peptide bonds adjacent to proline, a kind of cleavage-resistant peptide bonds present in many growth factors, chemokines or cytokines that are important for asthma. Curiously, two serine proteases within the S9 family encoded by genes located on chromosome 2 appear to have a role in asthma: CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) and DPP10. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about CD26 and to provide a structured overview of the numerous functions and implications that this versatile enzyme could have in this disease, especially after the detection of some secondary effects (e.g., viral nasopharyngitis) in type II diabetes mellitus patients (a subset with a certain risk of developing obesity-related asthma) upon CD26 inhibitory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Nieto-Fontarigo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology-Biological Research Centre (CIBUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco J González-Barcala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology-Biological Research Centre (CIBUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Respiratory Department, Clinic University Hospital (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esther San José
- Clinical Analysis Service, Clinic University Hospital (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Arias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology-Biological Research Centre (CIBUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Montserrat Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology-Biological Research Centre (CIBUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco J Salgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology-Biological Research Centre (CIBUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Xiao L, Ge B, Chen X, Chen B, Qin L, Hu X, Pan H, Chen Y, Tian L, Gao Y, Zheng T. The Relationship Between Plasma DPP4 Activity to BDNF Ratio and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Population With Normal Glucose Tolerance. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:33. [PMID: 30886577 PMCID: PMC6409327 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Since decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and increased dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) activity have both been implicated in the pathogenesis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the aim of our study was to evaluate the association of MCI with plasma DPP4 activity to BDNF ratio (DBR) in an elderly population with normal glucose tolerance. Methods: We cross-sectionally measured C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, nitrotyrosine, 8-iso-PGF2a, DPP4 activity BDNF and calculated the DBR in a total of 1,066 elderly participants in China. MCI was determined by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and finally confirmed by neurologists. Results: An inverse correlation was found between DPP4 activity and BDNF (r = -0.456, P < 0.001) and this inverse correlation was partly mediated by nitrotyrosine and 8-iso-PGF2a. Across rising quartiles of DBR, nitrotyrosine, 8-iso-PGF2a, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 progressively increased, whereas the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score progressively decreased. Subjects in the lowest quartile of BDNF and highest quartiles of DBR and DPP4 activity, had higher MCI risk compared with subjects in the highest quartile of the BDNF and lowest quartiles of DBR and DPP4 activity, respectively (all P < 0.05). The odds ratio for MCI became more pronounced with decreased BDNF and increased DPP4. Conclusion: In conclusion, a negative correlation was found between DPP4 activity and BDNF, and this negative correlation was partly mediated by oxidative stress, not inflammation. The DBR was positively associated with MCI and thus may be used as a novel risk biomarker for MCI in an elderly population with normal glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuping Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Bo Ge
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Linyuan Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xueping Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Haidong Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianpeng Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Center of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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Jarmołowska B, Bukało M, Fiedorowicz E, Cieślińska A, Kordulewska NK, Moszyńska M, Świątecki A, Kostyra E. Role of Milk-Derived Opioid Peptides and Proline Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010087. [PMID: 30621149 PMCID: PMC6356206 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid peptides released during digestion of dietary proteins such as casein, were suggested to contribute to autism development, leading to the announcement of opioid excess hypothesis of autism. This paper examines role of enzyme proline dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV; EC 3.4.14.5) and it is exogenous substrate, β-casomorphin-7 (BCM7) in autism etiology. Our study included measurements of DPPIV and BCM7 concentrations in serum and urine, which were analyzed with ELISA assays and activity of DPPIV was measured by colorimetric test. The effect of opioid peptides from hydrolysed bovine milk on DPPIV gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in autistic and healthy children was determined using the Real-Time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method. Our research included 51 healthy children and 86 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD, ICDF84). We determined that the concentration of BCM7 in serum was significantly, 1.6-fold, higher in the ASD group than in controls (p < 0.0001). Concentration of DPPIV was found to also be significantly higher in serum from ASD children compared to the control group (p < 0.01), while we did not notice significant difference in enzymatic activity of serum DPPIV between the two study groups. We confirmed correlation according to the gender between analyzed parameters. The inspiration for this study emanated from clinical experience of the daily diet role in relieving the symptoms of autism. Despite this, we have concluded that milk-derived opioid peptides and DPPIV are potentially factors in determining the pathogenesis of autism; conducted studies are still limited and require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jarmołowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marta Bukało
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ewa Fiedorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Cieślińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Natalia Karolina Kordulewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Moszyńska
- Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Therapy of Autism at the Regional Children's Hospital in Olsztyn, Zolnierska 18 A Street, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Świątecki
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Mycology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Kostyra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Emson C, Pham TH, Manetz S, Newbold P. Periostin and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4: Potential Biomarkers of Interleukin 13 Pathway Activation in Asthma and Allergy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2018; 38:611-628. [PMID: 30342583 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Periostin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) are proteins induced by type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 and show increased expression in asthma and diseases with type 2 inflammation, including atopic dermatitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Both proteins can also be induced by other stimuli, such as profibrotic factors, which may confound their specificity as biomarkers of IL-13 pathway activation and type 2-driven disease. DPP-4 is important in glucose metabolism; therefore, serum concentrations may be confounded by the presence of concomitant metabolic disease. This review evaluates the potential of these biomarkers for anti-IL-13-directed therapy in asthma and diseases with type 2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Emson
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | - Scott Manetz
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Paul Newbold
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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Yeganeh F, Mousavi SMJ, Hosseinzadeh-Sarband S, Ahmadzadeh A, Bahrami-Motlagh H, Hoseini MHM, Sattari M, Sohrabi MR, Pouriran R, Dehghan P. Association of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV mRNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with disease activity and bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37:3183-3190. [PMID: 30136129 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV, CD26) plays many roles in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The current study evaluated the association of DPP-IV enzymatic activity and its gene expression with disease activity and bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Blood samples were collected from 20 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 40 healthy volunteers. Patients were divided into four subgroups using DAS28 index. CD26 gene expression levels were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, the enzymatic activity of this molecule in serum was determined using Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate. Digital radiography was applied to obtain images for bone erosion assessment. No significant difference in serum DPP-IV activity level was seen between patients and controls (p = 0.140). However, patients exhibited an increase in CD26 mRNA expression (1.68 times) when compared to controls (p = 0.001). Moreover, a strong positive correlation between CD26 gene expression and DAS28 index as well as bone erosion in the hands was observed (r = 0.71, p = 0.002 and r = 0.61, p = 0.049, respectively). This study demonstrated that CD26 mRNA expression in rheumatoid arthritis patients is associated with disease activity and bone erosion, suggesting a potential role for this molecule in the immunopathology of rheumatoid arthritis and bone erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Yeganeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Hosseinzadeh-Sarband
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Rheumatology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Bahrami-Motlagh
- Department of Radiology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Sattari
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sohrabi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Dehghan
- Department of Radiology, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Noels H, Theelen W, Sternkopf M, Jankowski V, Moellmann J, Kraemer S, Lehrke M, Marx N, Martin L, Marx G, Jankowski J, Goetzenich A, Stoppe C. Reduced post-operative DPP4 activity associated with worse patient outcome after cardiac surgery. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11820. [PMID: 30087386 PMCID: PMC6081383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) triggers myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury contributing to organ dysfunction. Preclinical studies revealed that dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP4) inhibition is protective during myocardial infarction. Here, we assessed for the first time the relation of peri-operative DPP4-activity in serum of 46 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with patients' post-operative organ dysfunction during intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Whereas a prior myocardial infarction significantly reduced pre-operative DDP4-activity, patients with preserved left ventricular function showed an intra-operative decrease of DPP4-activity. The latter correlated with aortic cross clamping time, indicative for the duration of surgery-induced myocardial ischemia. As underlying mechanism, mass-spectrometry revealed increased DPP4 oxidation by cardiac surgery, with DPP4 oxidation reducing DPP4-activity in vitro. Further, post-operative DPP4-activity was negatively correlated with the extent of post-operative organ injury as measured by SAPS II and SOFA scoring, circulating levels of creatinine and lactate, as well as patients' stay on the ICU. In conclusion, cardiac surgery reduces DPP4-activity through oxidation, with low post-operative DPP4-activity being associated with organ dysfunction and worse outcome of patients during the post-operative ICU stay. This likely reflects the severity of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and may suggest potential beneficial effects of anti-oxidative treatments during cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Wendy Theelen
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marieke Sternkopf
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Moellmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandra Kraemer
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Martin
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gernot Marx
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Goetzenich
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Stoppe
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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13
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Carbone LD, Bůžková P, Fink HA, Robbins JA, Bethel M, Isales CM, Hill WD. Association of DPP-4 activity with BMD, body composition, and incident hip fracture: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:1631-1640. [PMID: 28150034 PMCID: PMC5653373 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-3916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There was no association of plasma DPP-4 activity levels with bone mineral density (BMD), body composition, or incident hip fractures in a cohort of elderly community-dwelling adults. INTRODUCTION Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inactivates several key hormones including those that stimulate postprandial insulin secretion, and DPP-4 inhibitors (gliptins) are approved to treat diabetes. While DPP-4 is known to modulate osteogenesis, the relationship between DPP-4 activity and skeletal health is uncertain. The purpose of the present study was to examine possible associations between DPP-4 activity in elderly subjects enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and BMD, body composition measurements, and incident hip fractures. METHODS All 1536 male and female CHS participants who had evaluable DXA scans and plasma for DPP-4 activity were included in the analyses. The association between (1) BMD of the total hip, femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total body; (2) body composition measurements (% lean, % fat, and total body mass); and (3) incident hip fractures and plasma levels of DPP-4 activity were determined. RESULTS Mean plasma levels of DPP-4 activity were significantly higher in blacks (227 ± 78) compared with whites (216 ± 89) (p = 0.04). However, there was no significant association of DPP-4 activity with age or gender (p ≥ 0.14 for both). In multivariable adjusted models, there was no association of plasma DPP-4 activity with BMD overall (p ≥ 0.55 for all) or in gender stratified analyses (p ≥ 0.23). There was also no association of DPP-4 levels and incident hip fractures overall (p ≥ 0.24) or in gender stratified analyses (p ≥ 0.39). CONCLUSION Plasma DPP-4 activity, within the endogenous physiological range, was significantly associated with race, but not with BMD, body composition, or incident hip fractures in elderly community-dwelling subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Carbone
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University (Formerly Georgia Regents University and Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - P Bůžková
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H A Fink
- Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J A Robbins
- Department of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - M Bethel
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University (Formerly Georgia Regents University and Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - C M Isales
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University (Formerly Georgia Regents University and Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University (Formerly Georgia Regents University and Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University (Formerly Georgia Regents University and Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University (Formerly Georgia Regents University and Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - W D Hill
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University (Formerly Georgia Regents University and Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University (Formerly Georgia Regents University and Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA.
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University (Formerly Georgia Regents University and Georgia Health Sciences University), Sanders Research Building, CB1119, b1459 Laney-Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912-2000, USA.
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14
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Zou LW, Wang P, Qian XK, Feng L, Yu Y, Wang DD, Jin Q, Hou J, Liu ZH, Ge GB, Yang L. A highly specific ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe to detect dipeptidyl peptidase IV in plasma and living systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 90:283-289. [PMID: 27923191 PMCID: PMC7127234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a highly specific ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe GP-BAN was developed and well-characterized to monitor dipeptidyl peptidase IV in plasma and living systems. GP-BAN was designed on the basis of the catalytic properties and substrate preference of DPP-IV, and it could be readily hydrolyzed upon addition of DPP-IV under physiological conditions. Both reaction phenotyping and inhibition assays demonstrated that GP-BAN displayed good reactivity and high selectivity towards DPP-IV over other human serine hydrolases including FAP, DPP-VIII, and DPP-IX. The probe was successfully used to monitor the real activities of DPP-IV in complex biological systems including diluted plasma, while it could be used for high throughput screening of DPP-IV inhibitors by using human plasma or tissue preparations as enzyme sources. As a two-photon fluorescent probe, GP-BAN was also successfully used for two-photon imaging of endogenous DPP-IV in living cells and tissues, and showed high ratiometric imaging resolution and deep-tissue penetration ability. Taken together, a ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe GP-BAN was developed and well-characterized for highly selective and sensitive detection of DPP-IV in complex biological systems, which could serve as a promising imaging tool to explore the biological functions and physiological roles of this key enzyme in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Zou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xing-Kai Qian
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Ling Yang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Wolke C, Teumer A, Endlich K, Endlich N, Rettig R, Stracke S, Fiene B, Aymanns S, Felix SB, Hannemann A, Lendeckel U. Serum protease activity in chronic kidney disease patients: The GANI_MED renal cohort. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:554-563. [PMID: 28038565 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216684040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum or plasma proteases have been associated with various diseases including cancer, inflammation, or reno-cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to investigate whether the enzymatic activities of serum proteases are associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our study population comprised 268 participants of the "Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine" (GANI_MED) cohort. Enzymatic activity of aminopeptidase A, aminopeptidase B, alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase, insulin-regulated aminopeptidase, puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase 3, prolyl-endopeptidase (PEP), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), angiotensin I-converting enzyme, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) proteases was measured in serum. Linear regression of the respective protease was performed on kidney function adjusted for age and sex. Kidney function was modeled either by the continuous Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)-based eGFR or dichotomized by eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 or <45 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Results with a false discovery rate below 0.05 were deemed statistically significant. Among the 10 proteases investigated, only the activities of ACE2 and DPP4 were correlated with eGFR. Patients with lowest eGFR exhibited highest DPP4 and ACE2 activities. DPP4 and PEP were correlated with age, but all other serum protease activities showed no associations with age or sex. Our data indicate that ACE2 and DPP4 enzymatic activity are associated with the eGFR in patients with CKD. This finding distinguishes ACE2 and DPP4 from other serum peptidases analyzed and clearly indicates that further analyses are warranted to identify the precise role of these serum ectopeptidases in the pathogenesis of CKD and to fully elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms. Impact statement • Renal and cardiac diseases are very common and often occur concomitantly, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Understanding of molecular mechanisms linking both diseases is limited, available fragmentary data point to a role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and, in particular, Ras-related peptidases. • Here, a comprehensive analysis of serum peptidase activities in patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is presented, with special emphasis given to RAS peptidases • The serum activities of the peptidases angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 were identified as closely associated with kidney function, specifically with the estimated glomerular filtration rate. The findings are discussed in the context of available data suggesting protective roles for both enzymes in reno-cardiac diseases. • The data add to our understanding of pathomechanisms underlying development and progression of CKD and indicate that both enzymes might represent potential pharmacological targets for the preservation of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Wolke
- 1 Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- 2 Dept. SHIP/KEF, Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- 3 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- 3 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Rainer Rettig
- 4 Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg D-17495, Germany
| | - Sylvia Stracke
- 5 Department of Internal Medicine A, Nephrology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Beate Fiene
- 5 Department of Internal Medicine A, Nephrology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Simone Aymanns
- 5 Department of Internal Medicine A, Nephrology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Stephan B Felix
- 6 Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Anke Hannemann
- 7 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Uwe Lendeckel
- 1 Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
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16
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Klemann C, Wagner L, Stephan M, von Hörsten S. Cut to the chase: a review of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase-4's (DPP4) entanglement in the immune system. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:1-21. [PMID: 26919392 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD26/DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4/DP4/DPPIV) is a surface T cell activation antigen and has been shown to have DPP4 enzymatic activity, cleaving-off amino-terminal dipeptides with either L-proline or L-alanine at the penultimate position. It plays a major role in glucose metabolism by N-terminal truncation and inactivation of the incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP) and gastric inhibitory protein (GIP). In 2006, DPP4 inhibitors have been introduced to clinics and have been demonstrated to efficiently enhance the endogenous insulin secretion via prolongation of the half-life of GLP-1 and GIP in patients. However, a large number of studies demonstrate clearly that CD26/DPP4 also plays an integral role in the immune system, particularly in T cell activation. Therefore, inhibition of DPP4 might represent a double-edged sword. Apart from the metabolic benefit, the associated immunological effects of long term DPP4 inhibition on regulatory processes such as T cell homeostasis, maturation and activation are not understood fully at this stage. The current data point to an important role for CD26/DPP4 in maintaining lymphocyte composition and function, T cell activation and co-stimulation, memory T cell generation and thymic emigration patterns during immune-senescence. In rodents, critical immune changes occur at baseline levels as well as after in-vitro and in-vivo challenge. In patients receiving DPP4 inhibitors, evidence of immunological side effects also became apparent. The scope of this review is to recapitulate the role of CD26/DPP4 in the immune system regarding its pharmacological inhibition and T cell-dependent immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Klemann
- Center of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, University Medical Center Freiburg
| | - L Wagner
- Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e.V.,Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Stephan
- Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - S von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Neidert LE, Wainright KS, Zheng C, Babu JR, Kluess HA. Plasma dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and measures of body composition in apparently healthy people. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00097. [PMID: 27441271 PMCID: PMC4946079 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Based on its regulatory action on glucagon-like peptide 1, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) has increasingly been linked to Type 2 diabetes. However, there is no evidence as to how this normal modulatory enzyme leads to pathology. It is thought that DPP-IV is affected by the development of obesity, which is a common precursor to Type 2 diabetes. Little is known about the relationship between DPP-IV activity in plasma and specific body composition measures. MAIN METHODS In the current study, plasma DPP-IV activity and body composition measures were collected from 111 healthy subjects between the ages of 19 and 70 years old for analysis. KEY FINDINGS The mean plasma DPP-IV activity was 35.9U/L ± 12.3, falling within normal reference value range presented by Durinx et al. DPP-IV activity was negatively correlated with absolute body fat mass, but absolute lean mass was positively correlated. Consistent with the findings, DPP-IV activity was also negatively correlated with absolute gynoid fat (p = 0.0047). DPP-IV activity did not have a significant correlation with absolute android fat mass, visceral adipose tissue, BMI, and age. SIGNIFICANCE From these results, it can be concluded that high activity of DPP-IV is not indicative of pathology, and specific body composition components may influence soluble DPP-IV activity in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Neidert
- The School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Chen Zheng
- The Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- The Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Heidi A Kluess
- The School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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18
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Retlich S, Duval V, Graefe-Mody U, Friedrich C, Patel S, Jaehde U, Staab A. Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Linagliptin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 54:737-50. [PMID: 25637172 PMCID: PMC4486092 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor, used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses were performed to characterize the impact of clinically relevant intrinsic/extrinsic factors (covariates) on linagliptin exposure and DPP-4 inhibition in patients with T2DM. Methods Linagliptin plasma concentrations and DPP-4 activities were obtained from four studies (two phase 1, two phase 2b). Non-linear mixed-effects modelling techniques were implemented using NONMEM software. The covariates that were studied comprised demographic information and laboratory values, including liver enzyme levels and creatinine clearance, as well as study-related factors such as metformin co-treatment. Covariate effects on parameters describing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship were investigated using stepwise forward inclusion/backward elimination. Results The pharmacokinetic analysis included 6,907 measurements of plasma linagliptin concentrations from 462 patients; the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis included 9,674 measurements of plasma DPP-4 activity and linagliptin plasma concentrations from 607 patients. The non-linear pharmacokinetics were described by a target-mediated drug disposition model accounting for the concentration-dependent binding of linagliptin to its target, DPP-4. The difference in exposure between the 5th and 95th percentiles of the covariate distributions and median was <20 % for each single covariate. Likewise, the impact of the covariates on both the half-maximum effect (EC50) and the concentration leading to 80 % DPP-4 inhibition was <20 %. Conclusion These analyses show that the investigated factors do not alter the pharmacokinetics and DPP-4 inhibitory activity of linagliptin to a clinically relevant extent and that dose adjustment is not necessary on the basis of factors including age, sex and weight. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40262-014-0232-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Retlich
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany,
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Frenssen F, Croonenberghs J, Van den Steene H, Maes M. Prolyl endopeptidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV are associated with externalizing and aggressive behaviors in normal and autistic adolescents. Life Sci 2015; 136:157-62. [PMID: 26165750 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Peptides and a dysregulated immune system play a role in the pathophysiology of autism. Dysfunctions in prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) may underpin both the peptidergic and immune alterations in autism. The aims of this study are to: (i) delineate serum PEP and DPP-IV enzyme activities in autism, and (ii) examine the associations between both peptidases and behavioral characteristics or immune variables. MAIN METHODS We included 18 autistic patients and 22 healthy controls and measured the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), serum PEP and DPP-IV and immune biomarkers, i.e. the serum protein fractions α1, α2 and γ, and immunoglobulins, i.e. IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. Results were adjusted for possible effects of age and body mass index (BMI). KEY FINDINGS There were no significant differences in PEP or DPP-IV between the autistic patients and controls. DPP-IV was significantly and positively associated with the CBCL attention problems, aggressive and externalizing behavior subscales. PEP was significantly and positively associated with the CBCL delinquent, aggressive, externalizing and internalizing behavior subscales. There was a negative correlation between both peptidases and age and Tanner stage. DPP-IV was associated with α2-globulin (positively) and IgG3 (inversely) levels, while PEP activity was correlated with IgG2 levels (inversely). BMI was significantly associated with aggressive and externalizing behaviors. SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate an association between peptidases and aggressive and externalizing behaviors, which may be explained by effects of these peptidases cleaving behavioral neuropeptides. Both peptidases are associated with immune biomarkers suggesting multiple bidirectional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Frenssen
- University Center of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (ZNA-UKJA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; CAPRI-Youth, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jan Croonenberghs
- University Center of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (ZNA-UKJA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; CAPRI-Youth, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Helena Van den Steene
- University Center of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (ZNA-UKJA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; CAPRI-Youth, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Serum calprotectin, CD26 and EGF to establish a panel for the diagnosis of lung cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127318. [PMID: 25992884 PMCID: PMC4436352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most lethal neoplasia, and an early diagnosis is the best way for improving survival. Symptomatic patients attending Pulmonary Services could be diagnosed with lung cancer earlier if high-risk individuals are promptly separated from healthy individuals and patients with benign respiratory pathologies. We searched for a convenient non-invasive serum test to define which patients should have more immediate clinical tests. Six cancer-associated molecules (HB-EGF, EGF, EGFR, sCD26, VEGF, and Calprotectin) were investigated in this study. Markers were measured in serum by specific ELISAs, in an unselected population that included 72 lung cancer patients of different histological types and 56 control subjects (healthy individuals and patients with benign pulmonary pathologies). Boosted regression and random forests analysis were conducted for the selection of the best candidate biomarkers. A remarkable discriminatory capacity was observed for EGF, sCD26, and especially for Calprotectin, these three molecules constituting a marker panel boasting a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 87%, resulting in an associated misclassification rate of 15%. Finally, an algorithm derived by logistic regression and a nomogram allowed generating classification scores in terms of the risk of a patient of suffering lung cancer. In conclusion, we propose a non-invasive test to identify patients at high-risk for lung cancer from a non-selected population attending a Pulmonary Service. The efficacy of this three-marker panel must be tested in a larger population for lung cancer.
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Nazarian A, Lawlor K, Yi SS, Philip J, Ghosh M, Yaneva M, Villanueva J, Saghatelian A, Assel M, Vickers AJ, Eastham JA, Scher HI, Carver BS, Lilja H, Tempst P. Inhibition of circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 4 activity in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:3082-96. [PMID: 25056937 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.038836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is responsible for many deaths and is a major source of healthcare expenditures. The identification of new, non-invasive biomarkers might allow improvement of the direct diagnostic or prognostic ability of already available tools. Here, we took the innovative approach of interrogating the activity of exopeptidases in the serum of cancer patients with the aim of establishing a distinction based on enzymatic function, instead of simple protein levels, as a means to biomarker discovery. We first analyzed two well-characterized mouse models of prostate cancer, each with a distinct genetic lesion, and established that broad exopeptidase and targeted aminopeptidase activity tests reveal proteolytic changes associated with tumor development. We also describe new peptide-based freeze-frame reagents uniquely suited to probe the altered balance of selected aminopeptidases, as opposed to the full array of exopeptidases, and/or their modulators in patient serum or plasma. One particular proteolytic activity was impaired in animals with aggressive disease relative to cancer-free littermates. We identified the protease in question as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) by analyzing selected knockout mice and evaluating the effect of specific inhibitors. DPP4 activity was also reduced in the sera of patients with metastatic prostate cancer relative to patients with localized disease or healthy controls. However, no significant differences in DPP4 serum levels were observed, which established the loss of activity as the result of impaired enzymatic function. Biochemical analysis indicated that reduced activity was the result not of post-translational modifications or allosteric changes, but instead of a low-molecular-weight inhibitor. After we adjusted for age and total prostate-specific antigen, reduced DPP4 activity remained a significant predictor of cancer status. The results of this proof-of-principle study suggest that DPP4 activity might be a potential blood-based indicator of the presence of metastatic cancer of prostatic origin, either by itself or, more likely, as a means to improve the sensitivity and specificity of existing markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpi Nazarian
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Kevin Lawlor
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - San San Yi
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - John Philip
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Mousumi Ghosh
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; §Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Mariana Yaneva
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; §Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Josep Villanueva
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; §Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- **Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Melissa Assel
- ‡‡Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Andrew J Vickers
- ‡‡Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - James A Eastham
- §§Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Howard I Scher
- ¶¶Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Brett S Carver
- §§Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; ‖‖Human Oncology and Pathology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Hans Lilja
- §§Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; ¶¶Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital UMAS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Paul Tempst
- From the ‡Protein Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; §Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065;
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Taylor JM, Yaneva M, Velasco K, Philip J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Ostrovnaya I, Lilja HG, Bochner BH, Tempst P. Aminopeptidase activities as prospective urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:317-26. [PMID: 24591208 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Proteases have been implicated in cancer progression and invasiveness. We have investigated the activities, as opposed to simple protein levels, of selected aminopeptidases in urine specimens to serve as potential novel biomarkers for urothelial cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The unique urinary proteomes of males and females were profiled to establish the presence of a gender-independent set of aminopeptidases. Samples were also collected from patients with urothelial cancer and matched controls. A SOP for urine processing was developed taking into account hydration variation. Five specific aminopeptidase activity assays, using fluorophoric substrates, were optimized for evaluation of marker potential. RESULTS Nineteen exopeptidases and 21 other proteases were identified in urine and the top-five most abundant aminopeptidases, identical in both genders, selected for functional studies. Depending on the enzyme, activities were consistently lower (p ≤ 0.05), higher or unchanged in the cancer samples as compared to controls. Two selected aminopeptidase activities used as a binary classifier resulted in a ROC curve with an AUC = 0.898. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE We have developed functional assays that characterize aminopeptidase activities in urine specimens with adequate technical and intraindividual reproducibility. With further testing, it could yield a reliable biomarker test for bladder cancer detection or prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Taylor
- Protein Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Tejera-Alhambra M, Casrouge A, de Andrés C, Ramos-Medina R, Alonso B, Vega J, Albert ML, Sánchez-Ramón S. Low DPP4 expression and activity in multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2013; 150:170-83. [PMID: 24412911 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prototypic Th1/Th17 chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4 or CD26) is a multifunctional molecule involved in autoimmune diseases' pathophysiology. We sought to integrate disparate pieces of data and analyze the plasma levels of sDPP4, DPP activity and DPP4 surface expression on T-cells in 129 MS patients with different clinical forms and 53 healthy controls, across two independent cohorts. Herein, we provide new evidence that sDPP4 concentration and DPP activity are significantly lower in MS patients than controls (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01, respectively). In contrast, the frequency of circulating CD8(+)DPP4(hi) T-cells (p = 0.02) was increased in MS patients. This is the first study that simultaneously analyzes DPP4 expression and function in a large cohort of MS patients. Our data indicate a putative role for DPP4 in MS pathophysiology and suggest that a deeper understanding of surface versus shed DPP4 biology is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tejera-Alhambra
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Armanda Casrouge
- Centre d'Immunologie Humaine, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; INSERM U818, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Clara de Andrés
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío Ramos-Medina
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bárbara Alonso
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Janet Vega
- Center Alicia Koplowitz for Multiple Sclerosis of the Community of Madrid, Bulevar de José Prat, 42, 28032 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Matthew L Albert
- Centre d'Immunologie Humaine, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; INSERM U818, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
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Ichiki T, Huntley BK, Burnett JC. BNP molecular forms and processing by the cardiac serine protease corin. Adv Clin Chem 2013; 61:1-31. [PMID: 24015598 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407680-8.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac hormone, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), is one of human natriuretic peptides which possesses cardiorenal protective actions and is used as a therapeutic and a biomarker for heart failure (HF). Its prohormone, proBNP1_108, is processed by the proNPs convertases, corin or furin, to inactive NT-proBNP1_76 and active BNP1-32. Paradoxically, circulating NT-proBNP and BNP are elevated in HF leading to the use of BNP as a sensitive and predictive marker of HF. This paradox may be explained by the "nonspecific" nature of conventional assays and/or a relative deficiency state of "active BNP" as characterized by an increase in inactive proBNP_108 and a decrease in active BNP1-32. Therefore, understanding the regulation of proBNP1_108 processing and the role of the convertase corin may be important in understanding the physiology of HF. Corin is expressed in heart and kidney and may play an important role in regulating blood pressure and remodeling of the heart. The processing of proBNP1_108 by corin may be controlled by O-linked glycosylation of proBNP1-108. A potential impairment of proBNP1lo8 processing in HF may be linked to dysregulation of the convertase corin, which may offer therapeutic opportunities to control proBNPlo0s processing and its activation in HF.
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Pala L, Pezzatini A, Dicembrini I, Ciani S, Gelmini S, Vannelli BG, Cresci B, Mannucci E, Rotella CM. Different modulation of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity between microvascular and macrovascular human endothelial cells. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49 Suppl 1:S59-63. [PMID: 20455069 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-010-0195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is an enzyme that is produced by endothelial cells in different districts and circulates in plasma. Patients with type 2 diabetes show a reduction in active Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) that could be due to impairment of secretion or its degradation or both. GLP-1 is rapidly inactivated in vivo, mainly by the DPP-4. Some authors suggest that Metformin has no direct inhibitory effect on DPP-4 activity and that Metformin and the other biguanides enhance GLP-1 secretion; others suggest a possible role of Metformin in the inhibition of the DPP-4 activity. In order to better elucidate the role of insulin sensitizers on the modulation of GLP-1 circulating levels, DPP-4 activity and mRNA expression were measured in cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and human microvascular dermal endothelial cells (HMVEC) exposed to high glucose, Metformin and Rosiglitazone. Present data show that hyperglycemia is capable of increasing in a significant manner the DPP-4 activity only in microvascular endothelial cells. Rosiglitazone is able to modulate in a negative manner the expression of DPP-4 but not its activity in macrovascular endothelial cells, while at 24 h of exposure it is able to increase significantly DPP-4 activity but not its expression in microvascular endothelial cells. Metformin at 48 h only in microvascular endothelial cells is able to reduce in a significant manner (p = 0.01) the activity of DPP-4 but not its expression. The modulation of DPP-4 is site specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pala
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Matić IZ, Ðorđić M, Grozdanić N, Damjanović A, Kolundžija B, Erić-Nikolić A, Džodić R, Šašić M, Nikolić S, Dobrosavljević D, Rašković S, Andrejević S, Gavrilović D, Cordero OJ, Juranić ZD. Serum activity of DPPIV and its expression on lymphocytes in patients with melanoma and in people with vitiligo. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:48. [PMID: 22908963 PMCID: PMC3464610 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, a multifunctional serine protease, is implicated in regulation of malignant transformation, promotion and further progression of cancer, exerting tumor-suppressing or even completely opposite - tumor-promoting activities. The aim of present research was to determine the serum DPPIV activity, as well as the percentages of CD26+ lymphocytes, CD26+ overall white blood cells and the mean fluorescence intensity of CD26 expression on lymphocytes in patients with melanoma, people with vitiligo and in healthy controls. Methods The activity of DPPIV in serum was determined by colorimetric test. Expression of DPPIV (as CD26) on immunocompetent peripheral white blood cells was done using flow cytometry analysis. Results Data from our study show for the first time statistically significant decrease: in the serum DPPIV activity, in the percentage of CD26+ overall white blood cells and in the percentage of lymphocytes in patients with melanoma in comparison to healthy control people. In addition, significantly lower serum DPPIV activity was found in the group of patients with melanoma in relation to people with vitiligo too. Conclusion This study indicates the need for exploring the cause and the importance of the disturbances in the serum DPPIV activity and in the CD26 expression on immunocompetent cells in complex molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Z Matić
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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28
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Toghaw P, Matone A, Lenbury Y, De Gaetano A. Bariatric surgery and T2DM improvement mechanisms: a mathematical model. Theor Biol Med Model 2012; 9:16. [PMID: 22587410 PMCID: PMC3586953 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Consensus exists that several bariatric surgery procedures produce a rapid improvement of glucose homeostasis in obese diabetic patients, improvement apparently uncorrelated with the degree of eventual weight loss after surgery. Several hypotheses have been suggested to account for these results: among these, the anti-incretin, the ghrelin and the lower-intestinal dumping hypotheses have been discussed in the literature. Since no clear-cut experimental results are so far available to confirm or disprove any of these hypotheses, in the present work a mathematical model of the glucose-insulin-incretin system has been built, capable of expressing these three postulated mechanisms. The model has been populated with critically evaluated parameter values from the literature, and simulations under the three scenarios have been compared. Results The modeling results seem to indicate that the suppression of ghrelin release is unlikely to determine major changes in short-term glucose control. The possible existence of an anti-incretin hormone would be supported if an experimental increase of GIP concentrations were evident post-surgery. Given that, on the contrary, collected evidence suggests that GIP concentrations decrease post-surgery, the lower-intestinal dumping hypothesis would seem to describe the mechanism most likely to produce the observed normalization of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) after bariatric surgery. Conclusions The proposed model can help discriminate among competing hypotheses in a context where definitive data are not available and mechanisms are still not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puntip Toghaw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Decreased soluble dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity as a potential serum biomarker for COPD. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:1245-50. [PMID: 22580392 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to measure soluble dipeptidyl peptidase IV (sDPPIV) activity in sera of patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in comparison to healthy controls. The main goal was to assess changes in the enzyme activity in relation to severity of the disease, age and smoking history and to evaluate diagnostic accuracy for prediction of COPD by level of serum sDPPIV activity. DESIGN AND METHODS The study included 106 patients with stable COPD (GOLD II-GOLD IV stages) and 38 healthy controls. Serum sDPPIV activity as well as some inflammatory markers (CRP, total and differential leukocyte counts) was measured. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to analyze association of sDPPIV activity and inflammatory markers in risk estimation for COPD development. RESULTS sDPPIV activity in COPD patients was significantly reduced when compared to healthy controls. Decrease was observed already in GOLD II stage. Age and smoking history did not influence sDPPIV activity. Very good diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.833; sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% and 78.9%, respectively) for GOLD II and good diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.801; sensitivity and specificity of 65.1% and 86.8%, respectively) for total cohort of COPD patients were found. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that the use of sDPPIV in combination with CRP and lymphocyte proportion improved diagnostic strength and gave an AUC of 0.933. CONCLUSIONS sDPPIV activity is decreased in COPD patients as early as in GOLD II stage. Very good diagnostic accuracy of sDPPIV activity suggests it as a candidate biomarker for early diagnosis of COPD.
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Method comparison of dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity assays and their application in biological samples containing reversible inhibitors. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:456-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Erić-Nikolić A, Matić IZ, Dorđević M, Milovanović Z, Marković I, Džodić R, Inić M, Srdić-Rajić T, Jevrić M, Gavrilović D, Cordero OJ, Juranić ZD. Serum DPPIV activity and CD26 expression on lymphocytes in patients with benign or malignant breast tumors. Immunobiology 2011; 216:942-6. [PMID: 21281985 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine serum DPPIV activity as well as the percentage of CD26+ white blood cells and of CD26+ lymphocytes and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD26 expression on lymphocytes in groups of patients with benign or malignant breast tumors and in healthy control people. Serum DPPIV activity was determined by colorimetric test, while CD26+ cells were counted using flow cytometer. Results of this study show that there is no statistically significant difference in serum DPPIV activity between examined groups of patients and healthy controls. However, two times higher frequency of patients with breast cancers had the enhanced DPPIV enzymatic activity in comparison to controls. Significant decrease in the percentage of CD26+ total white blood cells was found in the group of breast cancer patients and in patients with benign breast tumors compared to that found for healthy people. Although there was decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes in patients with breast tumors it was not statistically significant. The MFI of CD26 expression on these cells was significantly lower for cancer patients in comparison to healthy controls. In conclusion, this work showed the enhanced frequency of breast cancer patients with higher serum DPPIV activity. Decreased percentage of CD26+ white blood cells and decreased CD26 expression on lymphocytes are also characteristics of this group of patients. Determination of the clinical outcome of analyzed patients, 1 and 2 years after the surgical resection of the tumor, would clarify potential prognostic values of examined parameters for breast cancer.
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Abstract
CD26 is a 110-kDa surface glycoprotein with intrinsic dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) activity that is expressed on various cell types and has many biological functions. An important aspect of CD26 biology is its peptidase activity and its functional and physical association with molecules with key roles in human immunological programs. CD26 role in immune regulation has been extensively characterized, with recent findings elucidating its link age with signaling pathways and structures involved in T cell activation a well as antigen-presenting cell-T cell interaction, being a marker of diseas behavior clinically as well as playing an important role in autoimmune pathogenesis and development. Through the use of various experimental approaches and agents to influence CD26/DPPIV expression and activity, such as anti-CD26 antibodies, CD26/DPPIV chemical inhibitors, siRNAs to inhibit CD26 expression, overexpressing CD26 transfectants, soluble CD26 molecules and proteomic approach, we have shown that CD26 interacts with structures with essential cellular functions in T cell responses. We will review emerging data that suggest CD26 may be an appropriate therapeutic target for the treatment of selected immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohnuma
- Division of Rheumatology and Allergy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Yu DMT, Slaitini L, Gysbers V, Riekhoff AGM, Kähne T, Knott HM, De Meester I, Abbott CA, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD. Soluble CD26 / dipeptidyl peptidase IV enhances human lymphocyte proliferation in vitro independent of dipeptidyl peptidase enzyme activity and adenosine deaminase binding. Scand J Immunol 2011; 73:102-11. [PMID: 21198750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human CD26 has dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP IV) enzyme activity and binds to adenosine deaminase (ADA). CD26 is costimulatory for lymphocytes and has a circulating soluble form (sCD26). DPP IV enzyme inhibition is a new successful type 2 diabetes therapy. We examined whether the ADA binding and catalytic functions of sCD26 contribute to its effects on T-cell proliferation. Wildtype soluble recombinant human CD26 (srhCD26), an enzyme inactive mutant (srhCD26E-) and an ADA non-binding mutant (srhCD26A-) were co-incubated in in vitro T-cell proliferation assays with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), muromonab-CD3 or Herpes simplex virus antigen (HSV Ag). Both srhCD26 and srhCD26E- enhanced PHA-induced T-cell proliferation dose-dependently in all six subjects tested. srhCD26 and srhCD26A- had no overall effect on anti-CD3-stimulated PBMC proliferation in four of five subjects. srhCD26, srhCD26E- and srhCD26A- enhanced HSV Ag induced PBMC proliferation in low responders to HSV Ag, but had no effect or inhibited proliferation in HSV-high responders. Thus, effects of soluble human CD26 on human T-cell proliferation are mechanistically independent of both the enzyme activity and the ADA-binding capability of sCD26.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M T Yu
- A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ichiki T, Huntley BK, Heublein DM, Sandberg SM, McKie PM, Martin FL, Jougasaki M, Burnett JC. Corin is present in the normal human heart, kidney, and blood, with pro-B-type natriuretic peptide processing in the circulation. Clin Chem 2010; 57:40-7. [PMID: 21075870 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.153908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), which is activated in heart failure (HF), is processed to an active form by corin. The corin gene is expressed in the human heart and kidney, but corin protein expression in the heart, kidney, and circulation, along with whether proBNP is processed by circulating corin, remains unknown. METHODS We examined corin protein expression by immunostaining and Western blot in human heart and kidney, and we assessed the circulating corin concentration by ELISA. We examined histidine-tagged (His-tag) proBNP(1-108) processing in serum and plasma by immunoprecipitation and Western blot and sequenced the processed form. RESULTS Normal human heart and kidney displayed the presence of corin, especially in cells around the vasculature. Both corin and proBNP(1-108) were present in the plasma of healthy human subjects, with circulating corin significantly higher in men than women (P < 0.0001) and a positive correlation of corin to age (P = 0.0497, r = 0.27). In fresh normal plasma and serum, His-tag proBNP(1-108) was processed to a lower molecular weight form confirmed to be BNP. Processed BNP was higher in men than women (P = 0.041) and was positively correlated to plasma corin concentrations (P = 0.041, r = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the concept that proBNP(1-108) may be processed outside of the heart in the circulation where the proprotein convertase is present. Moreover, sex may impact this process, since corin concentrations are higher in men. These findings may have important physiologic and pathophysiologic implications for the proBNP/corin system in the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ichiki
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, MN 55905, USA.
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Pala L, Ciani S, Dicembrini I, Bardini G, Cresci B, Pezzatini A, Giannini S, Mannucci E, Rotella CM. Relationship between GLP-1 levels and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity in different glucose tolerance conditions. Diabet Med 2010; 27:691-5. [PMID: 20546289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM The reduced levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) after an oral glucose load in Type 2 diabetic patients could be dependent either on a reduced synthesis or an increased degradation; but GLP-1 and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) have not been studied together. The aim of the present study was to investigate GLP-1 and DPP-IV levels during an OGTT in patients with different degrees of glucose tolerance. METHODS Fifty six subjects (34 female, 22 male) matched for sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Twenty-eight had normal glucose tolerance, 15 had impaired glucose tolerance and 13 had Type 2 diabetes mellitus. GLP-1 assay was performed with an ELISA kit, and DPP-IV assay using a colorimetric method. RESULTS At 30 min GLP-1 levels were significantly lower in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to those with normal glucose tolerance. The area under the GLP-1 curve was significantly different among the three groups; there was a significant decrease between subjects with normal and impaired glucose tolerance(P = 0.004) and between those with normal glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (P < 0.001), while the area under the curve for DPP-IV showed no significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that an increase of GLP-1 degradation does not play a role in the early stages of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pala
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Jackson DN, Ellis CG, Shoemaker JK. Estrogen modulates the contribution of neuropeptide Y to baseline hindlimb blood flow control in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1351-7. [PMID: 20219870 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00420.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of estrogen in neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Y(1) receptor (Y(1)R)-mediated vascular responses in female rats. Based on earlier work from our laboratory that female rats lacked an NPY contribution to hindlimb vascular conductance relative to males, we tested the hypothesis that estrogen modulates Y(1)R-mediated hindlimb blood flow control. Thus it was expected that ovariectomy would: 1) increase skeletal muscle Y(1)R expression, 2) decrease skeletal muscle Y(2) receptor (Y(2)R) expression, 3) decrease peptidase activity, and/or 4) increase overall skeletal muscle NPY concentration. Separate groups of control (CTL), ovariectomized (OVX), and OVX + 17beta-estradiol replacement (OVX + E(2); 21-day pellet) rats were studied. Animals were anesthetized and given localized hindlimb delivery of BIBP-3226 (Y(1)R antagonist), while femoral artery blood flow and blood pressure were recorded. Tissue samples from the white and red vastus lateralis muscle were extracted to examine Y(1)R and Y(2)R expression, peptidase activity, and NPY concentration. We found that Y(1)R blockade resulted in increased baseline hindlimb blood flow and vascular conductance in OVX rats, whereas no change was noted in CTL or OVX + E(2) groups (P < 0.05). This enhanced functional effect in the OVX group aligned with greater skeletal muscle Y(1)R expression in white vastus muscle and a substantial increase in NPY concentration in both white and red vastus muscle compared with CTL and OVX + E(2) groups. There was no change in Y(2)R expression or peptidase activity among the groups. These data support the hypothesis that estrogen blunts Y(1)R activation in the rat hindlimb through an effect on Y(1)R expression and NPY concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne N Jackson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Dimitrijević M, Stanojević S, Mitić K, Kustrimović N, Vujić V, Miletić T, Kovacević-Jovanović V. Modulation of granulocyte functions by peptide YY in the rat: age-related differences in Y receptors expression and plasma dipeptidyl peptidase 4 activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 159:100-9. [PMID: 19896984 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been acknowledged that aging exerts detrimental effects on cells of the innate immune system and that neuropeptides, including neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY-related peptides fine-tune the activity of these cells through a receptor specific mechanism. The present study investigated the age-dependent potential of peptide YY (PYY) to modulate different granulocyte functions. The PYY reduced the carrageenan-elicited granulocyte accumulation into the air-pouch of aged (24 months) rats, and markedly decreased the phagocytosis of zymosan, as well as the H(2)O(2) production, when applied in vivo (20 microg/air-pouch). The anti-inflammatory effect of PYY was less prominent in adult (8 months) and young (3 months) rats. However, the proportions of granulocytes expressing Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptor subtypes were significantly lower in both aged and young rats when compared to adult rats. Furthermore, the aging was found to be associated with the diminished dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4, an enzyme converting the NPY and PYY to Y2/Y5 receptor selective agonists) activity in plasma. In conclusion, the diverse age-related anti-inflammatory effect of PYY in rats originates from different expression levels of Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor subtypes in addition to different plasma DP4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Immunology Research Center Branislav Janković, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera, Torlak, Vojvode Stepe 458, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Cordero OJ, Salgado FJ, Nogueira M. On the origin of serum CD26 and its altered concentration in cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1723-47. [PMID: 19557413 PMCID: PMC11031058 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), assigned to the CD26 cluster, is expressed on epithelial cells and lymphocytes and is a multifunctional or pleiotropic protein. Its peptidase activity causes degradation of many biologically active peptides, e.g. some incretins secreted by the enteroendocrine system. DPP-IV has, therefore, become a novel therapeutic target for inhibitors that extend endogenously produced insulin half-life in diabetics, and several reviews have appeared in recent months concerning the clinical significance of CD26/DPP-IV. Biological fluids contain relatively high levels of soluble CD26 (sCD26). The physiological role of sCD26 and its relation, if any, to CD26 functions, remain poorly understood because whether the process for CD26 secretion and/or shedding from cell membranes is regulated or not is not known. Liver epithelium and lymphocytes are often cited as the most likely source of sCD26. It is important to establish which tissue or organ is the protein source as well as the circumstances that can provoke an abnormal presence/absence or altered levels in many diseases including cancer, so that sCD26 can be validated as a clinical marker or a therapeutic target. For example, we have previously reported low levels of sCD26 in the blood of colorectal cancer patients, which indicated the potential usefulness of the protein as a biomarker for this cancer in early diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis. Through this review, we envisage a role for sCD26 and the alteration of normal peptidase capacity (in clipping enteroendocrine or other peptides) in the complex crosstalk between the lymphoid lineage and, at least, some malignant tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Cordero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CIBUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, r/Lopez de Marzoa s/n, Campus Sur, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Kirino Y, Sato Y, Kamimoto T, Kawazoe K, Minakuchi K, Nakahori Y. Interrelationship of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) with the development of diabetes, dyslipidaemia and nephropathy: a streptozotocin-induced model using wild-type and DPP4-deficient rats. J Endocrinol 2009; 200:53-61. [PMID: 18931022 DOI: 10.1677/joe-08-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined the role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) in the development of diabetes, dyslipidaemia and renal dysfunction induced by streptozotocin (STZ). F344/DuCrlCrlj rats, which lack DPP4 activity, and wild-type rats were treated with STZ. Plasma DPP4 activity and biochemical parameters were measured until 42 days after STZ treatment. At the end of the experiment, renal function and DPP4 expressions of the kidney, liver, pancreas and adipose tissues were determined. Increases in blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides were evoked by STZ in both rat strains; however, the onset of hyperglycaemia was delayed in DPP4-deficient rats as compared with wild-type rats. By contrast, more severe dyslipidaemia was observed in DPP4-deficient rats than in wild-type rats after STZ treatment. Plasma DPP4 activity increased progressively with time after STZ treatment in wild-type rats. The kidney of wild-type rats showed decreased DPP4 activity with increased Dpp4 mRNA after STZ treatment. In addition, kidney weight, serum creatinine and excreted amounts of urinary protein, glucose and DPP4 enzyme were enhanced by STZ. DPP4-deficient rats showed increased serum creatinine in accordance with decreased creatinine clearance as compared with wild-type rats after STZ treatment. In conclusion, plasma DPP4 activity increased after STZ treatment, positively correlating to blood glucose. DPP4-deficient rats were resistant to developing diabetes, while susceptible to dyslipidaemia and reduction of glomerular filtration rate by STZ. DPP4 activation may be responsible for hyperglycaemia, lipid metabolism and preservation of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kirino
- Department of Human Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Japan
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Dimitrijević M, Stanojević S, Mitić K, Kustrimović N, Vujić V, Miletić T, Kovacević-Jovanović V. The anti-inflammatory effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in rats is dependent on dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4) activity and age. Peptides 2008; 29:2179-87. [PMID: 18805447 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-induced modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses is regulated by tissue-specific expression of different receptor subtypes (Y1-Y6) and the activity of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4, CD26) which terminates the action of NPY on Y1 receptor subtype. The present study investigated the age-dependent effect of NPY on inflammatory paw edema and macrophage nitric oxide production in Dark Agouti rats exhibiting a high-plasma DP4 activity, as acknowledged earlier. The results showed that NPY suppressed paw edema in adult and aged, but not in young rats. Furthermore, plasma DP4 activity decreased, while macrophage DP4 activity, as well as macrophage CD26 expression increased with aging. The use of NPY-related peptides and Y receptor-specific antagonists revealed that anti-inflammatory effect of NPY is mediated via Y1 and Y5 receptors. NPY-induced suppression of paw edema in young rats following inhibition of DP4 additionally emphasized the role for Y1 receptor in the anti-inflammatory action of NPY. In contrast to the in vivo situation, NPY stimulated macrophage nitric oxide production in vitro only in young rats, and this effect was mediated via Y1 and Y2 receptors. It can be concluded that age-dependant modulation of inflammatory reactions by NPY is determined by plasma, but not macrophage DP4 activity at different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković", Vojvode Stepe 458, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Mannucci E, Pala L, Ciani S, Bardini G, Pezzatini A, Sposato I, Cremasco F, Ognibene A, Rotella CM. Hyperglycaemia increases dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2005; 48:1168-72. [PMID: 15864535 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESES Chronic hyperglycaemia increases dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity in endothelial cells in vitro. The present study was designed to assess the effect of high glucose on circulating DPP-IV activity in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. METHODS Plasma DPP-IV activity was measured in 29 patients with type 1 diabetes and 29 age-, sex- and BMI-matched control subjects. We also assessed DPP-IV activity in 31 type 2 diabetic patients with HbA1c > 8.5% and in plasma from matched groups of 31 newly diagnosed diabetic subjects with HbA1c < 7.5%, 31 subjects with IGT and 62 subjects with NGT. In a further sample of 66 type 2 diabetic patients, a longitudinal study was also performed to evaluate variations in DPP-IV activity and HbA1c over 3 months. RESULTS DPP-IV activity in type 1 diabetic patients was not significantly different from that in control subjects; however, a significant correlation between DPP-IV and HbA1c was observed in diabetic subjects (r = 0.47; p < 0.01). Type 2 diabetic patients with HbA1c > 8.5% showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPP-IV activity (mean+/-SD 27.7+/-7.1 U/l) than newly diagnosed diabetic patients and subjects with IGT (22.1+/-6.0 and 18.8+/-8.8 U/l, respectively). Variations in DPP-IV activity over 3 months in type 2 diabetic patients showed a significant positive correlation with variations in HbA1c (r = 0.26; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Chronic hyperglycaemia induces a significant increase in DPP-IV activity in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This phenomenon could contribute to the reduction in circulating active glucagon-like peptide-1 and to the consequent postprandial hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetic patients with poor metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mannucci
- Diabetology, Geriatric Unit, Department of Critical Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Lim JK, Burns JM, Lu W, DeVico AL. Multiple pathways of amino terminal processing produce two truncated variants of RANTES/CCL5. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:442-52. [PMID: 15923218 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0305161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) is expressed by macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, and T cells during a wide variety of immune responses. Post-translational proteolysis is expected to play an important role in regulating such broad-based expression; however, the rates and modes of RANTES processing by primary cell systems remain poorly understood. Here, we show that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) secrete RANTES as an intact molecule that is subject to three post-translational processing pathways. One occurs in the presence of serum or plasma and rapidly generates a RANTES variant lacking two N-terminal residues (3-68 RANTES). Such processing is mainly attributable to soluble CD26. A second pathway, which is evident in the absence of serum or plasma, generates 3-68 RANTES in concert with the expression of cell-surface CD26. The third pathway is unique and generates a novel variant lacking three N-terminal residues (4-68 RANTES). This variant binds CC chemokine receptor 5, exhibits reduced chemotactic and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-suppressive activity compared with 1-68 and 3-68 RANTES, and is generated by an unidentified enzyme associated with monocytes and neutrophils. Overall, these results indicate that the production of RANTES by primary cells is regulated by multiple processing pathways which produce two variants with different functional properties. Such findings have important implications for understanding the immunological and HIV-suppressive activities of native RANTES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean K Lim
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Van Gool AR, Van Ojik HH, Kruit WHJ, Mulder PGH, Fekkes D, Bannink M, Scharpé S, Stoter G, Eggermont AMM, Maes M, Verkerk R. Serum activity of prolyl endopeptidase, but not of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, is decreased by immunotherapy with IFN-alpha in high-risk melanoma patients. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2005; 24:411-5. [PMID: 15296652 DOI: 10.1089/1079990041535629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) induces neuropsychiatric side effects, most notably depression. In hepatitis patients treated with IFN-alpha, severity of depression correlates with a decrease in serum activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV, EC 3.4.14.5), a membrane-bound protease involved in the cleavage of cytokines and neuroactive peptides. Abnormal serum activity of the cytosolic peptidase prolyl endopeptidase (PEP, EC 3.4.21.26, postprolyl cleaving enzyme, prolyl oligopeptidase) has been documented in patients with a variety of psychiatric disorders, most consistently in mood disorders. The serum activity of PEP and DPP-IV was measured before and after 4 weeks of high-dose induction treatment with IFN-alpha in 18 patients with high-risk melanoma. In this exploratory study, we show a clear decrease in the serum activity of PEP after 4 weeks of treatment with IFN-alpha. This decrease was not related to changes in hematologic parameters. In contrast, serum activity of DPP-IV did not change. Further studies focusing on a possible role of PEP in the pathophysiology of IFN-alpha-induced depression are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Van Gool
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV from bench to bedside: an update on structural properties, functions, and clinical aspects of the enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003; 40:209-94. [PMID: 12892317 DOI: 10.1080/713609354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV/CD26 (DPP IV) is a cell-surface protease belonging to the prolyloligopeptidase family. It selectively removes the N-terminal dipeptide from peptides with proline or alanine in the second position. Apart from its catalytic activity, it interacts with several proteins, for instance, adenosine deaminase, the HIV gp120 protein, fibronectin, collagen, the chemokine receptor CXCR4, and the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. DPP IV is expressed on a specific set of T lymphocytes, where it is up-regulated after activation. It is also expressed in a variety of tissues, primarily on endothelial and epithelial cells. A soluble form is present in plasma and other body fluids. DPP IV has been proposed as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for various tumors, hematological malignancies, immunological, inflammatory, psychoneuroendocrine disorders, and viral infections. DPP IV truncates many bioactive peptides of medical importance. It plays a role in glucose homeostasis through proteolytic inactivation of the incretins. DPP IV inhibitors improve glucose tolerance and pancreatic islet cell function in animal models of type 2 diabetes and in diabetic patients. The role of DPP IV/ CD26 within the immune system is a combination of its exopeptidase activity and its interactions with different molecules. This enables DPP IV/CD26 to serve as a co-stimulatory molecule to influence T cell activity and to modulate chemotaxis. DPP IV is also implicated in HIV-1 entry, malignant transformation, and tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Andrieu T, Thibault V, Malet I, Laporte J, Bauvois B, Agut H, Cahour A. Similar increased serum dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in chronic hepatitis C and other viral infections. J Clin Virol 2003; 27:59-68. [PMID: 12727530 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(02)00128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase IV is a transmembrane enzyme widely expressed in many cell types, but also present as a soluble form in biological fluids. Its abnormal activity is sometimes associated with liver disease related pathologies. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of changes in serum DPPIV activity in hepatitis C and other viral infections. STUDY DESIGN DPPIV activity was assessed by using a microplate-based colorimetric assay on serum from 88 subjects: 12 healthy uninfected controls, 10 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) as a reference group, 36 HCV-infected patients, and patients suffering from viral infections of different etiologies. Levels of DPPIV activity were compared with: (1) those of other serum biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and bilirubin concentrations; and (2) criteria representative of liver histological status. RESULTS Compared with healthy subjects, DPPIV activity was significantly increased during viral infections and in PBC (P<0.01). In HCV-infected patients, the median activity (interquartile range, IQR), 29.78 IU/l (24.66-35.95), differed significantly (P<0.05) from that of controls: 21.42 (19.76-24.93). No correlation was observed between DPPIV activity and either ALT, AST, bilirubin, or the stage of liver fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity, although GGT was moderately correlated (r=0.58, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although we confirmed an elevation of serum DPPIV activity in PBC, it seems to be a non-specific phenomenon common to viral infections. The absence of correlation between serum DPPIV and markers of liver disease in HCV-infected patients, suggests that this activity originates not only from the liver, but also from other sources such as peripheral blood cells involved in the control of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Andrieu
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CERVI, UPRES EA 2387, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Abstract
CD26/DPPIV can be considered a moonlighting protein because it is a multifunctional protein that exerts its different functions depending on cell type and intra- or extracellular conditions in which it is expressed. In the present review, we summarize all its known functions in relation to physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The protein is a proteolytic enzyme, receptor, costimulatory protein, and is involved in adhesion and apoptosis. The CD26/DPPIV protein plays a major role in immune response. Abnormal expression is found in the case of autoimmune diseases, HIV-related diseases and cancer. Natural substrates for CD26/DPPIV are involved in immunomodulation, psycho/neuronal modulation and physiological processes in general. Therefore, targeting of CD26/ DPPIV and especially its proteolytic activity has many therapeutic potentials. On the other hand, there are homologous proteins with overlapping proteolytic activity, which thus may prevent specific modulation of CD26/DPPIV. In conclusion, CD26/DPPIV is a protein present both in various cellular compartments and extracellularly where it exerts different functions and thus is a true moonlighting protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Boonacker
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV from Bench to Bedside: An Update on Structural Properties, Functions, and Clinical Aspects of the Enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/713609354/?{alert(1)}] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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