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Haghighi AH, Ahmadi A, Askari R, Shahrabadi H, Moody JA, Miller JM, Clemente F, Gentil P. A three-arm randomized controlled trial of aerobic and resistance training in women with spinal cord injuries: Effects on physical fitness and pulmonary function. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32538. [PMID: 39040233 PMCID: PMC11260952 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the effects of different volumes of aerobic training (AT) and resistance training (RT) during a concurrent exercise training program on selected indicators of physical fitness and pulmonary function in women with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods Twenty-three inactive females with complete or incomplete SCI from T6 to L5 were divided into three groups: concurrent training with a focus on AT (CTAT; two weekly sessions of AT and one of RT), concurrent training with a focus on RT (CTRT; two weekly sessions of RT and one of AT), and control (CON). Tests were performed before and after an 8-week experimental period for indicators of pulmonary function, aerobic power, endurance performance, muscular strength and endurance, speed, and change of direction. Results Markers of both aerobic and muscular fitness increased in the CTAT and CTRT groups, but not in CON. There were significant differences in aerobic power and endurance performance between the CTAT and CTRT groups, with greater changes in CTAT. Both CTAT and CTRT improved respiratory functions, with no differences between them (p > 0.05). Conclusions CTAT and CTRT improved most of the indicators of physical fitness. However, CTAT should be used to achieve higher aerobic power and endurance without compromising muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atefeh Ahmadi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, 961797648, Iran
| | - Roya Askari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, 961797648, Iran
| | - Hadi Shahrabadi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, 961797648, Iran
| | - Jeremy A. Moody
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Nişantaşı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Joshua M. Miller
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Filipe Clemente
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, 4960-320, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
- Hypertension League Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, 74605-050, Brazil
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Bello ML, Gillen ZM, Smith JW. Changes in muscular strength following nine weeks of high- or low-load resistance training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:439-445. [PMID: 38385637 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional resistance training schemes often utilize higher loads for strength gains and lower loads for muscular endurance or hypertrophy. This study aimed to investigate muscular strength adaptations after nine weeks of high- or low-load resistance training. METHODS Seventeen recreationally-trained male lifters were recruited for this study (age 20.4±2.7 years) and split into high-load (85% 1-RM; N.=8) or low-load (30% 1-RM; N.=9), completing three whole-body training sessions per week for nine weeks. Each session included three working sets of repetitions to failure. At baseline and every three weeks after, knee extension/flexion were tested using an isokinetic dynamometer. Participants completed three 5-s MVIC and isokinetic muscle actions at 60°/s and 120°/s, with the highest torque value used in analysis. Predicted 1-RM testing was at baseline and end of training program. ANCOVAs were conducted to analyze changes in strength, with significance set at P<0.05. RESULTS This study demonstrated similar MVIC and peak torque values for both isokinetic speeds, although there were nonsignificant decreases largely driven by the 30% group. The high-load group showed greater increases in 1-RM following the training program. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests training with lighter loads may be detrimental for long term isokinetic strength, whereas heavier loads could result in maintenance and greater increases in 1-RM despite performing repetitions to failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Bello
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA -
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA -
| | - Zachary M Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - JohnEric W Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Beausejour JP, Guinto G, Artrip C, Corvalan A, Furtado Mesa M, Lebron MA, Stock MS. Successful Powerlifting in a Unilateral, Transtibial Amputee: A Descriptive Case Series. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e243-e252. [PMID: 38373088 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beausejour, JP, Guinto, G, Artrip, C, Corvalan, A, Mesa, MF, Lebron, MA, and Stock, MS. Successful powerlifting in a unilateral, transtibial amputee: A descriptive case series. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): e243-e252, 2024-There are no reports in the literature of powerlifting success after amputation. We had the unique opportunity to characterize functional outcomes, strength, muscle contractility and size, and corticospinal excitability in an accomplished, competitive powerlifter (best competition squat = 205.0 kg, deadlift = 262.7 kg) with a unilateral, transtibial amputation relative to amputee controls. Four men (age range = 23-49 years) with unilateral, lower-limb amputation (3 transtibial, 1 transfemoral) participated in 1 laboratory visit. We assessed 10-m gait speed, the timed up and go (TUG) test, 5-time sit-to-stand performance (5TSTS), contractile properties of the vastus lateralis (VL) and medial gastrocnemius by tensiomyography, and VL cross-sectional area (CSA) by ultrasonography. Unilateral assessments for the intact limb included isokinetic knee extension and flexion torque and power and transcranial magnetic stimulation derived corticospinal excitability. An interview with the powerlifter provided contextual perspective. Compared with the control subjects, the powerlifter performed the 5TSTS faster (6.8%), exhibited faster VL contraction times (intact limb = 12.2%; residual limb = 23.9%), and showed larger VL CSA for the intact limb (46.7%). The powerlifter exhibited greater knee extension and flexion peak torque and mean power, particularly at 180°·s -1 , as well as greater corticospinal excitability for the intact VL (65.6%) and tibialis anterior (79.6%). By contrast, the control subjects were faster in the TUG (18.3%) and comfortable (13.0%) and fast (21.4%) in the 10-m walk test. The major themes of our interview included needing to modify lifting mechanics, persistence, and remarkable pain tolerance. Our findings highlight the impressive neuromuscular adaptations that are attainable after lower-limb amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Beausejour
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Goldshawn Guinto
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Chloe Artrip
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Alejandra Corvalan
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Maxine Furtado Mesa
- Physiology of Work & Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Modesto A Lebron
- Physiology of Work & Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Matt S Stock
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Grecco MV, Brech GC, Soares-Junior JM, Baracat EC, Greve JMD, Silva PRS. Effect of concurrent training in unilateral transtibial amputees using Paralympic athletes as a control group. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2023; 78:100165. [PMID: 37037074 PMCID: PMC10126662 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Transtibial Amputation (TA) predisposes to a sedentary lifestyle. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficiency of a short-term (8-week) Concurrent Training (CT) program in Unilateral Transtibial Amputees (UTA) and to compare it with the physical condition of a group of Paralympic athletes in preparation for the Rio de Janeiro Paralympics. DESIGN This was a longitudinal, prospective and controlled trial study. METHODS Thirty-four male subjects with UTA and using prostheses for six months or more were selected for this study. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1) ‒ 17 non-athlete and untrained UTA and Group 2 (G2) ‒ 17 paralympic athletes with active UTA in the training phase. G1 was evaluated before and after eight weeks of CT and G2 made a single evaluation for control. All were submitted to anamnesis, clinical evaluation (blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and heart rate) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a lower limb cycle ergometer, and isokinetic knee dynamometry. The CT of G1 included resistance exercise and aerobic interval training on a stationary bicycle and G2 followed the training of the Paralympic teams. RESULTS Patients were retested by the same methods after CT. The two most important central dependent variables (maximal oxygen uptake and muscular strength) increased by 22% and knee extensor and flexor strength by 106% and 97%, respectively. CONCLUSION After eight weeks of CT, there was an improvement in general functional condition, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory performance improving protection against chronic diseases and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinicius Grecco
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Sports Medicine Division, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC) da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Carlos Brech
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Graduate Program in Aging Sciences, Universidade São Judas Tadeu (USJT), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jose Maria Soares-Junior
- Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Disciplina de Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edmund Chada Baracat
- Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Disciplina de Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia Maria D'Andrea Greve
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Sports Medicine Division, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC) da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Santos Silva
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Sports Medicine Division, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas (IOT-HC) da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Quantifying the Generality of Strength Adaptation: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:637-648. [PMID: 36396899 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isotonic exercise is the most common mode of strength training. Isotonic strength is often measured in the movement that was exercised, but isometric and isokinetic movements are also commonly used to quantify changes in muscular strength. Previous research suggests that increasing strength in one movement may not lead to an increase in strength in a different movement. Quantifying the increase in strength in a movement not trained may be important for understanding strength training adaptations and making recommendations for resistance exercise and rehabilitation programs. OBJECTIVE To quantify changes in non-specific strength relative to a control. DESIGN A systematic review and random effects meta-analysis was conducted investigating the effects of isotonic strength training on isotonic and isokinetic/isometric strength. SEARCH AND INCLUSION This systematic review was conducted in Google scholar, PubMed, Academic Search Premier, and MENDELEY. To be included in this review paper the article needed to meet the following criteria: (1) report sufficient data for our variables of interest (i.e., changes in isotonic strength and changes in isokinetic or isometric strength); (2) include a time-matched non-exercise control; (3) be written in English; (4) include healthy human participants over the age of 18 years; (5) the participants had to train and test isotonically; (6) the participants had to be tested isokinetically or isometrically on a device different from that they trained on; (7) the non-specific strength task had to test a muscle involved in the training (i.e., could not have trained chest press and test handgrip strength); and (8) the control group and the experimental group had to perform the same number of strength tests. RESULTS We completed two separate searches. In the original search a total of 880 papers were screened and nine papers met the inclusion criteria. In the secondary search a total of 2594 papers were screened and three additional papers were added (total of 12 studies). The overall effect of resistance training on changes in strength within a movement that was not directly trained was 0.8 (Cohen's d) with a standard error of 0.286. This overall effect was significant (t = 2.821, p = 0.01) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) is 0.22-1.4. The overall effect of resistance training on strength changes within a movement that was directly trained was 1.84 (Cohen's d) with a standard error of 0.296. This overall effect was significant (t = 6.221, p < 0.001) and the 95% CI is 1.23-2.4. CONCLUSION The results of our meta-analysis suggest that strength increases in both the specific and non-specific strength tests. However, the smaller effect size associated with non-specific strength suggests that it will be difficult for a single study to meaningfully investigate the transfer of strength training adaptions.
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Grecco MV, Brech GC, Camargo CP, Santos-Silva PR, D'Andréa Greve JM. The eight-week concurrent training effect on functional capacity in person living with unilateral transtibial amputation: A randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 33:164-170. [PMID: 36775514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main causes of amputation include vascular diseases, trauma, cancer, and congenital limb abnormalities. The person with transtibial amputation (TA) is affected by a greater cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and muscular load to walk and perform daily activities. The sedentary lifestyle contributes to the process of chronic non-communicable diseases. The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of eight-week concurrent training (CT) for dependent variables as muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, agility, and postural balance in persons with unilateral TA. METHODS A eight-week, randomized, controlled trial. Thirty-one people using prostheses for three or more months were selected. They were randomly divided into two groups: Experimental Group (EG; n = 17) - concurrent training and Control group (CG; n = 14) - no training. All patients were evaluated at the baseline and after eight weeks by the functional performance, isokinetic knee evaluation, static and dynamic posturography and cardiopulmonary test. RESULTS The patients showed improvements in all measures after training (size effect >0.80). CONCLUSION The main limitations are the sample size, related to the socioeconomic status and availability training and no comparison to other types of training. Eight weeks of CT was effective and favorably modified the dependent variables in TA patients. Therefore, CT is a good option to improve functional performance after the regular rehabilitation program discharge and decreases the metabolic and functional deficits of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinicius Grecco
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia Do Hospital Das Clínicas (HC) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Carlos Brech
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia Do Hospital Das Clínicas (HC) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), SP, Brazil; Graduate Program in Aging Sciences from the University São Judas Tadeu (USJT), SP, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Pires Camargo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Laboratory of Microsurgery and Plastic Surgery (LIM-04), Medical School, HC da FMUSP, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Santos-Silva
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia Do Hospital Das Clínicas (HC) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Maria D'Andréa Greve
- Laboratory Study of Movement, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia Do Hospital Das Clínicas (HC) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), SP, Brazil
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7
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Lin LLC, Chen YJ, Lin TY, Weng TC. Effects of Resistance Training Intensity on Heart Rate Variability at Rest and in Response to Orthostasis in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10579. [PMID: 36078296 PMCID: PMC9517804 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aging and deficits related to decreased physical activity can lead to higher risks of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 24 weeks of resistance training (RT) at various intensities on hemodynamics as well as heart rate variability (HRV) at rest and in response to orthostatic tests in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS Forty adults were randomized into three groups: high-intensity (HEX) (80% 1-RM) (11 female, 4 male; 60 ± 4 years); low-moderate-intensity (LEX) (50% 1-RM) (nine female, four male; 61 ± 5 years); and a control group (CON) (eight female, four male; 60 ± 4 years). The RT program consisted of nine exercises, with two sets performed of each exercise two times per week for 24 weeks. Data collected included 1-RM, heart rate, and blood pressure and HRV at rest and in response to orthostasis. RESULTS Both the HEX (42-94%) and LEX (31.3-51.7%) groups showed increases in 1-RM (p < 0.01). The HEX group showed decreases in resting heart rate (-4.0%), diastolic blood pressure (-3.2 mmHg (-4.2%)), and low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) (Ln ratio) (p < 0.05). Post-study, the HEX group had higher HF (Ln ms2) than the CON, adjusted for pre-study value and age (p < 0.05). Post-study, the supine-standing ratio (SSR) of LFn (normalized unit) in the HEX group was greater than that in the LEX and CON groups, while the SSR of LF/HF in the HEX group was greater than the CON (p < 0.05). In conclusion, high-intensity RT can improve resting heart rate and HRV by enhancing cardiac vagal control. High-intensity RT might also improve the orthostatic response in terms of HRV. High intensity RT might assist ANS modification and could perhaps decrease the risks of cardiovascular disease and orthostatic intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Li-Chuan Lin
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tai-You Lin
- National Sports Training Center, No. 399, Shiyun Blvd., Zuoying Dist., Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chun Weng
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Silva MH, Andre Barbosa De Lira C, Steele J, Fisher JP, Mota JF, Gomes AC, Gentil P. Cycle ergometer training and resistance training similarly increase muscle strength in trained men. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:583-590. [PMID: 34789054 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2005282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare two different maximal intensity exercise modality training protocols of similar durations on muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and lower limb composition in recreationally trained men. Twenty-five trained men (28.9 ± 5.6 years) were randomly divided into Cycle ergometer (4 sets of 30 seconds sprints) and Leg press (4 sets of 10-12 repetitions to momentary failure). Both groups trained three times a week for 5 weeks. Before and after the training period, the participants performed a 10-repetition maximum (10RM) test for knee extension, an incremental exercise test on a treadmill for time to exhaustion (TTE) and peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak) and underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess lower limb composition. Knee extension 10RM and TTE increased in both groups with no statistically significant between group (p = 0.614 and p = 0.210). Only cycle ergometer group increased V˙O2peak (p = 0,012). For all lower limb composition outcomes, changes were minimal. The results suggest that 5 weeks of effort and duration matched exercise protocols using cycle ergometer training or leg press may produce similar strength adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Henrique Silva
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil.,Uniaraguaia University Center Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, UK.,Ukactive Research Institute, London, UK
| | - James P Fisher
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, UK
| | | | | | - Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
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Sole S, Ramírez-Campillo R, Andrade DC, Sanchez-Sanchez J. Plyometric jump training effects on the physical fitness of individual-sport athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11004. [PMID: 33717707 PMCID: PMC7931718 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to explore the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on the physical fitness of individual sport athletes (ISA). Methods Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we searched through PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS electronic databases. We included controlled studies that incorporated a PJT intervention among ISA (with no restriction for age or sex), that included a pre-to-post intervention assessment of physical fitness (e.g., sprint; jump). From the included studies, relevant data (e.g., PJT and participants characteristics) was extracted. We assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the PEDro scale. Using a random-effects model, meta-analyses for a given outcome was conducted. Means and standard deviations for a measure of pre-post-intervention physical fitness from the PJT and control groups were converted to Hedges' g effect size (ES). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I 2 statistic. The risk of bias was explored using the extended Egger's test. The statistical significance threshold was set at p < 0.05. Moderator analyses were conducted according to the sex, age and sport background of the athletes. Results Twenty-six studies of moderate-high methodological quality were included (total participants, n = 667). Compared to controls, PJT improved vertical jump (ES = 0.49; p < 0.001; I = 0.0%), linear sprint (ES = 0.23; p = 0.032; I 2 = 10.9%), maximal strength (ES = 0.50; p < 0.001; I2 = 0.0%) and endurance performance (ES = 0.30; p = 0.028; I2 = 11.1%). No significant effect was noted for sprint with change of direction (ES = 0.34; p = 0.205; I2 = 70.9%). Athlete's sex, age and sport background had no modulator role on the effect of PJT on vertical jump, linear sprint, maximal strength and endurance performance. Among the included studies, none reported adverse effects related to the PJT intervention. Conclusions PJT induces small improvements on ISA physical fitness, including jumping, sprinting speed, strength and endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sole
- Faculty of Nursery and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,GRECS Research Group, IrB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - David C Andrade
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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10
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Brandão L, de Salles Painelli V, Lasevicius T, Silva-Batista C, Brendon H, Schoenfeld BJ, Aihara AY, Cardoso FN, de Almeida Peres B, Teixeira EL. Varying the Order of Combinations of Single- and Multi-Joint Exercises Differentially Affects Resistance Training Adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1254-1263. [PMID: 32149887 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brandão, L, de Salles Painelli, V, Lasevicius, T, Silva-Batista, C, Brendon, H, Schoenfeld, BJ, Aihara, AY, Cardoso, FN, de Almeida Peres, B, and Teixeira, EL. Varying the order of combinations of single- and multi-joint exercises differentially affects resistance training adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1254-1263, 2020-Our study aimed to compare the effects of multi-joint (MJ) and single-joint (SJ) exercises, either isolated or in combination, and in different orders, on cross-sectional area (CSA) of the pectoralis major (PM) and different heads of the triceps brachii (TB), as well as on the one-repetition maximum (1-RM) in the bench press and lying barbell triceps press. Forty-three young men were randomly assigned to one of 4 possible RT protocols: barbell bench press plus lying barbell triceps press (MJ + SJ, n = 12); lying barbell triceps press plus barbell bench press (SJ + MJ, n = 10); barbell bench press (MJ, n = 10); or lying barbell triceps press (SJ, n = 11). Results showed significant within-group increases in 1-RM bench press for MJ, MJ + SJ, and SJ + MJ but not for SJ. Conversely, significantly greater within-group increases in elbow extension 1-RM were noted for SJ, MJ + SJ, and SJ + MJ but not for MJ. Significantly greater increases in PM CSA were observed for MJ, MJ + SJ, and SJ + MJ compared with SJ. Significant increases in TB CSA were noted for SJ, MJ + SJ, and SJ + MJ, but not for MJ, without observed between-group differences. Individual analysis of TB heads showed significantly greater CSA increases in the lateral head for MJ, MJ + SJ, and SJ + MJ compared with SJ. Alternatively, significantly greater increases in the long head were observed for SJ, MJ + SJ, and SJ + MJ compared with MJ. CSA increases for the medial head were statistically similar between conditions. Our findings indicate that muscular adaptations are differentially affected by performance of MJ and SJ exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Brandão
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Paulista University, UNIP, São Paulo, SP-Brazil
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Paulista University, UNIP, São Paulo, SP-Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP-Brazil
| | - Thiago Lasevicius
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP-Brazil
| | - Carla Silva-Batista
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP-Brazil.,Exercise Neuroscience Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP-Brazil
| | - Helderson Brendon
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Paulista University, UNIP, São Paulo, SP-Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Emerson Luiz Teixeira
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Paulista University, UNIP, São Paulo, SP-Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP-Brazil
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11
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Lago-Rodríguez Á, Domínguez R, Ramos-Álvarez JJ, Tobal FM, Jodra P, Tan R, Bailey SJ. The Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Isokinetic Torque in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3022. [PMID: 33023118 PMCID: PMC7601047 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation, which can enhance performance in exercise settings involving repeated high-intensity efforts, has been linked to improved skeletal muscle contractile function. Although muscular strength is an important component of explosive movements and sport-specific skills, few studies have quantified indices of muscular strength following NO3- supplementation, particularly isokinetic assessments at different angular velocities. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether dietary NO3- supplementation improves peak torque, as assessed by the gold standard method of isokinetic dynamometry, and if this effect was linked to the angular velocity imposed during the assessment. Dialnet, Directory of Open Access Journals, MEDLINE, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus were searched for articles using the following search strategy: (nitrate OR beet*) AND (supplement* OR nutr* OR diet*) AND (isokinetic OR strength OR "resistance exercise" OR "resistance training" OR "muscular power"). The meta-analysis of data from 5 studies with 60 participants revealed an overall effect size of -0.01 for the effect of nitrate supplementation on isokinetic peak torque, whereas trivial effect sizes ranging from -0.11 to 0.16 were observed for independent velocity-specific (90°/s, 180°/s, 270°/s, and 360°/s) isokinetic peak torque. Four of the five studies indicated that dietary NO3- supplementation is not likely to influence voluntary knee extensor isokinetic torque across a variety of angular velocities. These results suggest that NO3- supplementation does not influence isokinetic peak torque, but further work is required to elucidate the potential of NO3- supplementation to influence other indices of muscular strength, given the dearth of experimental evidence on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, Brazil
| | - Juan José Ramos-Álvarez
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine of Physical Education and Sport, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.R.-Á.); (F.M.T.)
| | - Francisco Miguel Tobal
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine of Physical Education and Sport, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.R.-Á.); (F.M.T.)
| | - Pablo Jodra
- Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Alcalá, 19001 Guadalajara, Spain;
| | - Rachel Tan
- Faculty of Sports Medicine, Natural Sciences Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA;
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK;
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12
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Reggiani C, Schiaffino S. Muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength: dependent or independent variables? A provocative review. Eur J Transl Myol 2020; 30:9311. [PMID: 33117512 PMCID: PMC7582410 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2020.9311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The question whether the muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training, hormone administration or genetic manipulation is accompanied by a proportional increase in muscle strength is still open. This review summarizes and analyses data obtained in human and rodent muscles in studies that have monitored in parallel changes in muscle size and changes in muscle force, measured in isometric contractions in vivo, in isolated muscles ex vivo (in rodents) and in single muscle fibers. Although a general positive relation exists among the two variables, a number of studies show a clear dissociation with increase of muscle size with no change or even decrease in strength and, vice versa, increase in strength without increase in size. The possible mechanisms of such dissociation, which involves neural motor control and/or cellular and molecular adaptations of muscle fibers, are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
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13
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San Juan AF, Dominguez R, Lago-Rodríguez Á, Montoya JJ, Tan R, Bailey SJ. Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Weightlifting Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2227. [PMID: 32722588 PMCID: PMC7469052 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation has been evidenced to induce an ergogenic effect in endurance and sprint-type exercise, which may be underpinned by enhanced muscle contractility and perfusion, particularly in type II muscle fibers. However, limited data are available to evaluate the ergogenic potential of NO3- supplementation during other exercise modalities that mandate type II fiber recruitment, such as weightlifting exercise (i.e., resistance exercise). In this systematic review, we examine the existing evidence basis for NO3- supplementation to improve muscular power, velocity of contraction, and muscular endurance during weightlifting exercise in healthy adults. We also discuss the potential mechanistic bases for any positive effects of NO3- supplementation on resistance exercise performance. Dialnet, Directory of Open Access Journals, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus and SPORT Discus databases were searched for articles using the keywords: nitrate or beetroot and supplement or nut*r or diet and strength or "resistance exercise" or "resistance training" or "muscular power". Four articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria were identified. Two of the four studies indicated that NO3- supplementation could increase aspects of upper body weightlifting exercise (i.e., bench press) performance (increases in mean power/velocity of contraction/number of repetitions to failure), whereas another study observed an increase in the number of repetitions to failure during lower limb weightlifting exercise (i.e., back squat). Although these preliminary observations are encouraging, further research is required for the ergogenic potential of NO3- supplementation on weightlifting exercise performance to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F. San Juan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Sport Biomechanics Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte—INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Raul Dominguez
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain;
| | | | - Juan José Montoya
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine of Physical Education and Sport, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rachel Tan
- Faculty of Sports Medicine, Natural Sciences Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA;
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK;
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14
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Ability of Isokinetic Dynamometer to Predict Isotonic Knee Extension 1-Repetition Maximum. J Sport Rehabil 2019; 29:616-620. [PMID: 31034325 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Resistance training exercise prescription is often based on exercises performed at a percentage of a 1-repetition maximum (1RM). Following knee injury, there is no consensus when a patient can safely perform 1RM testing. Resistance training programs require the use of higher loads, and loads used in knee injury rehabilitation may be too low to elicit gains in strength and power. A maximum isometric contraction can safely be performed during early stages of knee rehabilitation and has potential to predict an isotonic knee extension 1RM. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a 1RM on an isotonic knee extension machine can be predicted from isometric peak torque measurements. DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. SETTING University research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS A total of 20 (12 males and 8 females) healthy, physically active adults. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES An isokinetic dynamometer was used to determine isometric peak torque (in N·m). 1RM testing was performed on a knee extension machine. Linear regression was used to develop a prediction equation, and Bland-Altman plots with limits of agreement calculations were used to validate the equation. RESULTS There was a significant correlation (P < .001, r = .926) between peak torque (283.0 [22.6] N·m) and the knee extension 1RM (69.1 [22.6] kg). The prediction equation overestimated the loads (2.3 [9.1] kg; 95% confidence interval, -15.6 to 20.1 kg). CONCLUSIONS The results show that isometric peak torque values obtained on an isokinetic dynamometer can be used to estimate 1RM values for isotonic knee extension. Although the prediction equation tends to overestimate loads, the relatively wide confidence intervals indicate that results should be viewed with caution.
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15
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Dankel SJ, Bell ZW, Spitz RW, Wong V, Viana RB, Chatakondi RN, Buckner SL, Jessee MB, Mattocks KT, Mouser JG, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Assessing differential responders and mean changes in muscle size, strength, and the crossover effect to 2 distinct resistance training protocols. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:463-470. [PMID: 31553889 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine differences in 2 distinct resistance training protocols and if true variability can be detected after accounting for random error. Individuals (n = 151) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (i) a traditional exercise group performing 4 sets to failure; (ii) a group performing a 1-repetition maximum (1RM) test; and (iii) a time-matched nonexercise control group. Both exercise groups performed 18 sessions of elbow flexion exercise over 6 weeks. While both training groups increased 1RM strength similarly (∼2.4 kg), true variability was only present in the traditional exercise group (true variability = 1.80 kg). Only the 1RM group increased untrained arm 1RM strength (1.5 kg), while only the traditional group increased ultrasound measured muscle thickness (∼0.23 cm). Despite these mean increases, no true variability was present for untrained arm strength or muscle hypertrophy in either training group. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the importance of taking into consideration the magnitude of random error when classifying differential responders, as many studies may be classifying high and low responders as those who have the greatest amount of random error present. Additionally, our mean results demonstrate that strength is largely driven by task specificity, and the crossover effect of strength may be load dependent. Novelty Many studies examining differential responders to exercise do not account for random error. True variability was present in 1RM strength gains, but the variability in muscle hypertrophy and isokinetic strength changes could not be distinguished from random error. The crossover effect of strength may differ based on the protocol employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Dankel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Goassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ricardo B Viana
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74000-000, Brazil
| | - Raksha N Chatakondi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- USF Muscle Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Kevin T Mattocks
- Department of Exercise Science, Lindenwood University - Belleville, Belleville, IL 63301, USA
| | - J Grant Mouser
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Troy University, Troy, AL 36082, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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16
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Abstract
In this paper, we review the effects of caffeine on muscle strength and provide suggestions for caffeine supplementation in powerlifting competitions. The currently available studies indicate that caffeine ingestion may enhance strength in two powerlifting competition events, the squat and the bench press. For the deadlift, the same might be expected even though studies directly using this event are lacking. Optimal doses of caffeine are likely in the range from 2 to 6 mg·kg−1, and are highly individual. When using caffeine-containing capsules, 60 minutes pre-exercise seems to be a good timing of caffeine consumption. For other sources such as caffeinated chewing gum, a shorter period (5 to 10 min) from consumption to the start of the exercise seems to be effective. For shorter duration powerlifting competitions (e.g., 2 hours), one pre-competition dose of caffeine could be sufficient for acute performance-enhancing effects that might be maintained across all three events. For longer duration competitions (with longer rest periods between one repetition maximum attempts), there might be a benefit to repeated dosing with caffeine; for example, ingesting smaller doses of caffeine before each attempt or event. During training, powerlifters may consider ingesting caffeine only before the training sessions with the highest intensity. This approach might eliminate the attenuation of caffeine’s effects associated with chronic caffeine ingestion and would help in maximizing performance benefits from acute caffeine ingestion at the competition. Nonetheless, withdrawal from caffeine (e.g., no caffeine intake seven days before competition) does not seem necessary and may have some indirect negative effects.
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17
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Marcos-Pardo PJ, González-Hernández JM, García-Ramos A, López-Vivancos A, Jiménez-Reyes P. Movement velocity can be used to estimate the relative load during the bench press and leg press exercises in older women. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7533. [PMID: 31497399 PMCID: PMC6707344 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Movement velocity has been proposed as an effective tool to prescribe the load during resistance training in young healthy adults. This study aimed to elucidate whether movement velocity could also be used to estimate the relative load (i.e., % of the one-repetition maximum (1RM)) in older women. Methods A total of 22 older women (age = 68.2 ± 3.6 years, bench press 1RM = 22.3 ± 4.7 kg, leg press 1RM = 114.6 ± 15.9 kg) performed an incremental loading test during the free-weight bench press and the leg press exercises on two separate sessions. The mean velocity (MV) was collected with a linear position transducer. Results A strong linear relationship between MV and the relative load was observed for the bench press (%1RM = −130.4 MV + 119.3; r2 = 0.827, standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 6.10%1RM, p < 0.001) and leg press exercises (%1RM = −158.3 MV + 131.4; r2 = 0.913, SEE = 5.63%1RM, p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between the bench press and leg press exercises for the MV attained against light-medium relative loads (≤70%1RM), while the MV associated with heavy loads (≥80%1RM) was significantly higher for the leg press. Conclusions These results suggest that the monitoring of MV could be useful to prescribe the loads during resistance training in older women. However, it should be noted that the MV associated with a given %1RM is significantly lower in older women compared to young healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Miguel González-Hernández
- Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Health Science, European University of Canarias, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Pedro Jiménez-Reyes
- Centre for Sports Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Effects of Protein Intake Beyond Habitual Intakes Associated With Resistance Training on Metabolic Syndrome-Related Parameters, Isokinetic Strength, and Body Composition in Older Women. J Aging Phys Act 2019; 27:545–552. [PMID: 30676196 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2018-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of protein intake beyond habitual intakes associated with resistance training on metabolic syndrome (MetS)-related parameters, isokinetic strength, and body composition in health older women. A total of 30 older women (68.8 ± 4.3 years) participated in this investigation and were assigned to receive 35 g of whey protein or placebo combined with resistance training, over 12-weeks, three times per week. Blood samples, blood pressure, dietary intake, strength, and body composition were assessed before and after the intervention period. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was applied for comparisons. Both groups improved the skeletal muscle mass, muscular strength, waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, resistance, reactance, and MetS Z-score risk. However, the improvements in skeletal muscle mass, waist circumference, and MetS Z-score risk were significantly greater in protein group when compared with control group. Moreover, protein group significantly decreased %body fat when compared with control group. Higher protein intake combined with resistance training promoted greater improvements in skeletal muscle mass, %body fat, waist circumference, and MetS Z-score risk in older women.
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19
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Morton RW, Colenso-Semple L, Phillips SM. Training for strength and hypertrophy: an evidence-based approach. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Ralston GW, Kilgore L, Wyatt FB, Dutheil F, Jaekel P, Buchan DS, Baker JS. Re-examination of 1- vs. 3-Sets of Resistance Exercise for Pre-spaceflight Muscle Conditioning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:864. [PMID: 31396092 PMCID: PMC6668575 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recommendations on resistance training (RT) set-volume protocols in preparation for spaceflight muscular strength conditioning remains equivocal. A meta-analysis was performed on the effects of single-set (S), or three-set (M3) RT on muscular strength per exercise for different body segments and joint types (multi-joint and single-joint). Methods: Computerized searches were performed on PubMed, MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus™. Twelve studies were considered appropriate according to pre-set eligibility criteria. Outcomes analyzed were pre-to-post-muscular strength change on; multi-joint and single-joint combined; upper body only; lower body only; multi-joint exercises only; single-joint exercises only. Results: Upper body exercise analysis on combined subjects and untrained subjects only reported greater but not significant strength gains with M3 (ES 0.37; 95% CI 0.09-0.82; P = 0.11 and ES 0.35; 95% CI-0.49 to 1.19; P = 0.42). Trained only subjects reported superior strength gains with M3 (ES 0.63; 95% CI 0.34-0.92; P = <0.0001). Lower body exercise on combined subjects and untrained subjects only reported superior strength gains with M3 (ES 0.35; 95% CI 0.10-0.60; P = 0.006 and ES 0.49; 95% CI 0.14-0.83; P = 0.005). Trained subjects only observed greater but not significant strength gains with M3 (ES 0.18; 95% CI -0.23 to 0.58; P = 0.39). Multi-joint exercise on combined subjects reported greater strength gains with M3 (ES 0.83; 95% CI 0.14-1.51; P = 0.02). Trained only subjects reported greater strength gains with M3 (ES 0.52; 95% CI 0.10-0.94; P = 0.02). Single-joint exercise on combined subjects and untrained only observed greater strength gains for M3 (ES 0.49; 95% CI 0.26-0.72; P = <0.0001 and ES 0.56; 95% CI 0.21-0.91; P = 0.002). Trained only subjects reported greater but not significant strength gains with M3 (ES 0.37; 95% CI -0.01 to 0.75; P = 0.06). Conclusion: For astronauts in space-flight preparation, the findings suggest that M3 training appears to be preferable over S for developing muscular strength. Nevertheless, depending on the physical conditioning of the crew member or tight pre-flight scheduling, S is still able to provide a positive strength training stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W. Ralston
- Applied Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Science and Sport, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland
| | | | - Frank B. Wyatt
- Department of Athletic Training and Exercise Physiology, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX, United States
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont–Ferrand, CHU Clermont–Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, WittyFit, Clermont–Ferrand, France
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick Jaekel
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre (EAC), European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
- KBR, Cologne, Germany
| | - Duncan S. Buchan
- Applied Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Science and Sport, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Applied Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Science and Sport, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland
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22
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Goncalves A, Gentil P, Steele J, Giessing J, Paoli A, Fisher JP. Comparison of single- and multi-joint lower body resistance training upon strength increases in recreationally active males and females: a within-participant unilateral training study. Eur J Transl Myol 2019; 29:8052. [PMID: 31019663 PMCID: PMC6460214 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study compared strength increases resulting from either single-joint (SJ) or multi-joint (MJ) lower body resistance exercise. A within-participants design was utilised. Ten recreationally active participants (males; n=5, and females; n=5) had their lower limbs randomly allocated to perform both unilateral MJ (leg press; LP) and unilateral SJ (knee extension; KE, and seated knee flexion; KF) exercises. Participants trained 2 d.week-1 for 6 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention maximal strength (1-repetition maximum; 1RM) was measured for leg press, knee extension, and seated knee flexion exercises. Statistically significant strength increases occurred for both SJ and MJ groups, with significantly greater increases in 1RM for the MJ compared to the SJ group (p < 0.001 for all exercises). This study supports the use of MJ exercise for strength increases across lower body MJ and SJ movements, suggesting a time-efficient, and simple approach to resistance training may be efficacious. This might serve to promote greater adherence in the lay population as well as serving useful for rehabilitation professionals and strength and conditioning coaches in managing resistance exercise around skill/sport specific training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Goncalves
- School of Sport, Health and Social Science, Southampton Solent University, UK
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias, Brazil
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health and Social Science, Southampton Solent University, UK.,ukactive Research Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - James P Fisher
- School of Sport, Health and Social Science, Southampton Solent University, UK
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23
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Grgic J, Lazinica B, Garofolini A, Schoenfeld BJ, Saner NJ, Mikulic P. The effects of time of day-specific resistance training on adaptations in skeletal muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:449-460. [PMID: 30704301 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1567524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present paper endeavored to elucidate the topic on the effects of morning versus evening resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy by conducting a systematic review and a meta-analysis of studies that examined time of day-specific resistance training. This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines with searches conducted through PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. The Downs and Black checklist was used for the assessment of the methodological quality of the included studies. Studies that examined the effects of time of day-specific resistance training (while equating all other training variables, such as training frequency and volume, between the groups) on muscle strength and/or muscle size were included in the present review. The random effects model was used for the meta-analysis. Meta-analyses explored (1) the differences in strength expression between morning and evening hours at baseline; (2) the differences in strength within the groups training in the morning and evening by using their post-intervention strength data from the morning and evening strength assessments; (3) the overall differences between the effects of morning and evening resistance training (with subgroup analyses conducted for studies that assessed strength in the morning hours and for the studies that assessed strength in the evening hours). Finally, a meta-analysis was also conducted for studies that assessed muscle hypertrophy. Eleven studies of moderate and good methodological quality were included in the present review. The primary findings of the review are as follows: (1) at baseline, a significant difference in strength between morning and evening is evident, with greater strength observed in the evening hours; (2) resistance training in the morning hours may increase strength assessed in the morning to similar levels as strength assessed in the evening; (3) training in the evening hours, however, maintains the general difference in strength across the day, with greater strength observed in the evening hours; (4) when comparing the effects between the groups training in the morning versus in the evening hours, increases in strength are similar in both groups, regardless of the time of day at which strength assessment is conducted; and (5) increases in muscle size are similar irrespective of the time of day at which the training is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- a Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Bruno Lazinica
- b Faculty of Education, Department of Kinesiology , J.J. Strossmayer University , Osijek , Croatia
| | - Alessandro Garofolini
- a Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | | | - Nicholas J Saner
- a Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Pavle Mikulic
- d Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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High 1RM Tests Reproducibility and Validity are not Dependent on Training Experience, Muscle Group Tested or Strength Level in Older Women. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040171. [PMID: 30544902 PMCID: PMC6315518 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The maximal one-repetition test (1-RM) is widely used in scientific research; however, there are conflicting results regarding its reproducibility in elderly populations. The present study aimed to analyze the reproducibility of the test both before and after a 12-week training period by using the bench press and leg press 45° 1-RM tests in the elderly, taking into consideration the training experience and strength level of the women. Methods: Elderly women (n = 376; age, 68.5 ± 14.1 years; height, 162.7 ± 5.5 cm; body mass, 71.2 ± 16.0 kg) who underwent ≥3 months of resistance training performed an initial week of familiarization and a second week of testing and retest, with a 48–72 h interval. Results: The results showed that Kappa indices ranged from 0.93 to 0.95, and the intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.99 for both the lower and upper limbs. In addition, minimal detectable changes were found that ranged between 1 and 3%, which means that changes lower than 1 kg could be detected. Conclusion: The present study confirms that the 1-RM test has high reliability and reproducibility in the elderly, for both upper and lower limbs.
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Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Davies TB, Lazinica B, Krieger JW, Pedisic Z. Effect of Resistance Training Frequency on Gains in Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:1207-1220. [PMID: 29470825 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current recommendations on resistance training (RT) frequency for gains in muscular strength are based on extrapolations from limited evidence on the topic, and thus their practical applicability remains questionable. OBJECTIVE To elucidate this issue, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies that compared muscular strength outcomes with different RT frequencies. METHODS To carry out this review, English-language literature searches of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were conducted. The meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. The meta-analysis models were generated with RT frequencies classified as a categorical variable as either 1, 2, 3, or 4+ times/week, or, if there were insufficient data in subgroup analyses, the training frequencies were categorized as 1, 2, or 3 times/week. Subgroup analyses were performed for potential moderators, including (1) training volume; (2) exercise selection for the 1 repetition maximum (RM) test (for both multi-joint and single-joint exercises); (3) upper and lower body strength gains; (4) training to muscular failure (for studies involving and not involving training to muscular failure); (5) age (for both middle-aged/older adults and young adults); and (6) sex (for men and for women). The methodological quality of studies was appraised using the modified Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS A total of 22 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. The average score on the Downs and Black checklist was 18 (range 13-22 points). Four studies were classified as being of good methodological quality, while the rest were classified as being of moderate methodological quality. Results of the meta-analysis showed a significant effect (p = 0.003) of RT frequency on muscular strength gains. Effect sizes increased in magnitude from 0.74, 0.82, 0.93, and 1.08 for training 1, 2, 3, and 4+ times per week, respectively. A subgroup analysis of volume-equated studies showed no significant effect (p = 0.421) of RT frequency on muscular strength gains. The subgroup analysis for exercise selection for the 1RM test suggested a significant effect of RT frequency on multi-joint (p < 0.001), but not single-joint, 1RM test results (p = 0.324). The subgroup analysis for upper and lower body showed a significant effect of frequency (p = 0.004) for upper body, but not lower body, strength gains (p = 0.070). In the subgroup analysis for studies in which the training was and was not carried out to muscular failure, no significant effect of RT frequency was found. The subgroup analysis for the age groups suggested a significant effect of training frequency among young adults (p = 0.024), but not among middle-aged and older adults (p = 0.093). Finally, the subgroup analysis for sex indicated a significant effect of RT frequency on strength gains in women (p = 0.030), but not men (p = 0.190). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present systematic review and meta-analysis suggest a significant effect of RT frequency as higher training frequencies are translated into greater muscular strength gains. However, these effects seem to be primarily driven by training volume because when the volume is equated, there was no significant effect of RT frequency on muscular strength gains. Thus, from a practical standpoint, greater training frequencies can be used for additional RT volume, which is then likely to result in greater muscular strength gains. However, it remains unclear whether RT frequency on its own has significant effects on strength gain. It seems that higher RT frequencies result in greater gains in muscular strength on multi-joint exercises in the upper body and in women, and, finally, in contrast to older adults, young individuals seem to respond more positively to greater RT frequencies. More evidence among resistance-trained individuals is needed as most of the current studies were performed in untrained participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Timothy B Davies
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruno Lazinica
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, J.J. Strossmayer University, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Barbalho M, Coswig VS, Raiol R, Steele J, Fisher JP, Paoli A, Bianco A, Gentil P. Does the addition of single joint exercises to a resistance training program improve changes in performance and anthropometric measures in untrained men? Eur J Transl Myol 2018; 28:7827. [PMID: 30662699 PMCID: PMC6317138 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2018.7827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study compared changes in muscle performance and anthropometric measures in young men performing resistance training (RT) programs composed of only multi joint (MJ) exercises, or with the addition of single joint (SJ) exercises (MJ+SJ). Twenty untrained men were randomized to MJ or MJ+SJ groups for 8 weeks. Both groups performed the same MJ exercises. The difference was that the MJ+SJ group added SJ exercises for upper and lower limbs. Participants were tested for 10 repetitions maximum (10RM), flexed arm circumference, and biceps and triceps skinfolds. Both groups significantly increased 10RM load for the bench press (MJ 38.5%, MJ+SJ 40.1%), elbow extension (MJ 28.7%, MJ+SJ 31.9%), pull down (MJ 34.0% MJ+SJ 38.5%), elbow flexion (MJ 38.2%, MJ+SJ 45.3%), leg press (MJ 40.8%, MJ+SJ 46.8%) and knee extension (MJ 26.9%, MJ+SJ 32.9%), with no significant difference between them. The decreases in biceps (MJ -3.6%, MJ+SJ -3.9%) and triceps (MJ -3.4%, MJ+SJ -3.3%) skinfolds were significant for both groups, with no difference between them. However, the flexed arm circumference increased significantly more for MJ+SJ (5.2%), than for MJ (4.0%). The use of SJ exercises as a complement to a RT program containing MJ exercises brings no additional benefit to untrained men in terms of muscle performance and skinfold reduction, though it promoted higher increases in arm circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Barbalho
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Universidade da Amazônia, Belém, Pará, Brasil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil
| | | | - Rodolfo Raiol
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - James Steele
- Center for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
- ukactive Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - James P Fisher
- Center for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil
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Grgic J, Pickering C. The effects of caffeine ingestion on isokinetic muscular strength: A meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:353-360. [PMID: 30217692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this paper are threefold: (1) to summarize the research examining the effects of caffeine on isokinetic strength, (2) pool the effects using a meta-analysis, and (3) to explore if there is a muscle group or a velocity specific response to caffeine ingestion. DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus were searched using relevant terms. The PEDro checklist was used for the assessment of study quality. A random-effects meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMDs) was done. RESULTS Ten studies of good and excellent methodological quality were included. The SMD for the effects of caffeine on strength was 0.16 (95% CI=0.06, 0.26; p=0.003; +5.3%). The subgroup analysis for knee extensor isokinetic strength showed a significant difference (p=0.004) between the caffeine and placebo conditions with SMD value of 0.19 (95% CI=0.06, 0.32; +6.1%). The subgroup analysis for the effects of caffeine on isokinetic strength of other, smaller muscle groups indicated no significant difference (p=0.092) between the caffeine and placebo conditions. The subgroup analysis for knee extensor isokinetic strength at angular velocities of 60°s-1 and 180°s-1 showed a significant difference between the caffeine and placebo conditions; however, no significant effect (p=0.193) was found at an angular velocity of 30°s-1. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis demonstrates that acute caffeine ingestion caffeine may significantly increase isokinetic strength. Additionally, this meta-analysis reports that the effects of caffeine on isokinetic muscular strength are predominantly manifested in knee extensor muscles and at greater angular velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Australia.
| | - Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, UK; Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd, UK
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28
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Gentil P. Comment on: "Determining Strength: A Case for Multiple Methods of Measurement". Sports Med 2018; 47:1901-1902. [PMID: 28444646 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- FEFD - Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, CEP: 74.690-900, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Stastny P, Lehnert M, Tufano JJ. Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29781992 DOI: 10.3791/57508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite of these eccentric hamstring actions are concentric quadriceps actions, where the larger and likely stronger quadriceps straighten the knee. Therefore, to stabilize the lower limbs during movement, the hamstrings must eccentrically combat against the strong knee-straightening torque of the quadriceps. As such, eccentric hamstring strength expressed relative to concentric quadricep strength is commonly referred to as the "functional ratio" as most movements in sports require simultaneous concentric knee extension and eccentric knee flexion. To increase the strength, resiliency, and functional performance of the hamstrings, it is necessary to test and train the hamstrings at different eccentric speeds. The main purpose of this work is to provide instructions for measuring and interpreting eccentric hamstring strength. Techniques for measuring the functional ratio using isokinetic dynamometry are provided and sample data will be compared. Additionally, we briefly describe how to address hamstring strength deficiencies or unilateral strength differences using exercises that specifically focus on increasing eccentric hamstring strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Stastny
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University;
| | | | - James J Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University
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30
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Vigotsky AD, Halperin I, Lehman GJ, Trajano GS, Vieira TM. Interpreting Signal Amplitudes in Surface Electromyography Studies in Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences. Front Physiol 2018; 8:985. [PMID: 29354060 PMCID: PMC5758546 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a popular research tool in sport and rehabilitation sciences. Common study designs include the comparison of sEMG amplitudes collected from different muscles as participants perform various exercises and techniques under different loads. Based on such comparisons, researchers attempt to draw conclusions concerning the neuro- and electrophysiological underpinning of force production and hypothesize about possible longitudinal adaptations, such as strength and hypertrophy. However, such conclusions are frequently unsubstantiated and unwarranted. Hence, the goal of this review is to discuss what can and cannot be inferred from comparative research designs as it pertains to both the acute and longitudinal outcomes. General methodological recommendations are made, gaps in the literature are identified, and lines for future research to help improve the applicability of sEMG are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vigotsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Israel Halperin
- Physiology Discipline, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | - Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Taian M Vieira
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Paoli A, Gentil P, Moro T, Marcolin G, Bianco A. Resistance Training with Single vs. Multi-joint Exercises at Equal Total Load Volume: Effects on Body Composition, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Muscle Strength. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1105. [PMID: 29312007 PMCID: PMC5744434 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the effects of equal-volume resistance training performed with single-joint (SJ) or multi-joint exercises (MJ) on VO2max, muscle strength and body composition in physically active males. Thirty-six participants were divided in two groups: SJ group (n = 18, 182.1 ± 5.2, 80.03 ± 2.78 kg, 23.5 ± 2.7 years) exercised with only SJ exercises (e.g., dumbbell fly, knee extension, etc.) and MJ group (n = 18, 185.3 ± 3.6 cm, 80.69 ± 2.98 kg, 25.5 ± 3.8 years) with only MJ exercises (e.g., bench press, squat, etc.). The total work volume (repetitions × sets × load) was equated between groups. Training was performed three times a week for 8 weeks. Before and after the training period, participants were tested for VO2max, body composition, 1 RM on the bench press, knee extension and squat. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare post training values between groups, using baseline values as covariates. According to the results, both groups decreased body fat and increased fat free mass with no difference between them. Whilst both groups significantly increased cardiorespiratory fitness and maximal strength, the improvements in MJ group were higher than for SJ in VO2max (5.1 and 12.5% for SJ and MJ), bench press 1 RM (8.1 and 10.9% for SJ and MJ), knee extension 1 RM (12.4 and 18.9% for SJ and MJ) and squat 1 RM (8.3 and 13.8% for SJ and MJ). In conclusion, when total work volume was equated, RT programs involving MJ exercises appear to be more efficient for improving muscle strength and maximal oxygen consumption than programs involving SJ exercises, but no differences were found for body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Barbalho MDSM, Gentil P, Izquierdo M, Fisher J, Steele J, Raiol RDA. There are no no-responders to low or high resistance training volumes among older women. Exp Gerontol 2017; 99:18-26. [PMID: 28918362 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of non-responders to different tests and to compare the effects of different resistance training (RT) volumes on muscle strength, anthropometric and functional performance of older women. METHODS Three hundred seventy six women performed 12weeks of RT with either low or high volume (LV, 71.29±5.77years and HV 69.73±5.88years, respectively). Both groups performed the same exercises, and all parameters were held constant except for the number of sets performed per week. LV performed 8-12 for upper and 4-6 for lower body, while HV performed 16-20 and 8-10, respectively. Before and after the training period, the participants were tested for bench press and leg press 1RM, 30-s chair stand, 30-s arm curl, six-minute walk test, sit and reach, body weight and waist circumference. RESULTS Both groups significantly improved in all strength and functional tests and reduced their body weight and waist circumference. ANOVA revealed higher gains in the leg press 1RM, 30-s arm curls and 6-min walk test for the HV group and higher increases in the results of the sit and reach test for the LV group. However, the differences were negligible and may be attributable to a type I error due to the large sample size. Non-responsiveness was not apparent in any subject, as a positive response on at least one outcome was present in every participant. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that RT, even at low volume, improves waist circumference, muscle strength and physical function in the older population, with no evidence of non-responsiveness. Therefore, we should not be restrictive in prescribing this type of exercise to this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Gôiania, GO, Brazil.
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CB16/10/00315), Tudela, Navarre, Spain
| | - James Fisher
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, United Kingdom
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, United Kingdom
| | - Rodolfo de Azevedo Raiol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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The Effects of 6 Months of Progressive High Effort Resistance Training Methods upon Strength, Body Composition, Function, and Wellbeing of Elderly Adults. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2541090. [PMID: 28676855 PMCID: PMC5476889 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2541090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The present study examined the progressive implementation of a high effort resistance training (RT) approach in older adults over 6 months and through a 6-month follow-up on strength, body composition, function, and wellbeing of older adults. Methods Twenty-three older adults (aged 61 to 80 years) completed a 6-month supervised RT intervention applying progressive introduction of higher effort set end points. After completion of the intervention participants could choose to continue performing RT unsupervised until 6-month follow-up. Results Strength, body composition, function, and wellbeing all significantly improved over the intervention. Over the follow-up, body composition changes reverted to baseline values, strength was reduced though it remained significantly higher than baseline, and wellbeing outcomes were mostly maintained. Comparisons over the follow-up between those who did and those who did not continue with RT revealed no significant differences for changes in any outcome measure. Conclusions Supervised RT employing progressive application of high effort set end points is well tolerated and effective in improving strength, body composition, function, and wellbeing in older adults. However, whether participants continued, or did not, with RT unsupervised at follow-up had no effect on outcomes perhaps due to reduced effort employed during unsupervised RT.
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Gentil P, de Lira CAB, Filho SGC, La Scala Teixeira CV, Steele J, Fisher J, Carneiro JA, Campos MH. High intensity interval training does not impair strength gains in response to resistance training in premenopausal women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1257-1265. [PMID: 28424870 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the increases in upper- and lower-body muscle strength in premenopausal women performing resistance training (RT) alone or alongside concurrent high-intensity interval training (CT). METHODS Sixteen women (26-40 years) were randomly assigned into two groups that performed either RT or CT. Both groups performed the same RT program; however, CT performed additional high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on a bicycle ergometer before RT. The study lasted 8 weeks and the participants were tested for ten repetition maximum (10RM) load in elbow flexion (barbell biceps curl) and knee extension exercises pre- and post-intervention. RT was performed with 10-12 repetitions to self-determined repetition maximum in the first four weeks and then progressed to 8-10. During CT, HIIT was performed before RT with six 1-min bouts at 7-8 of perceived subjective exertion (RPE) and then progressed to eight bouts at 9-10 RPE. RESULTS Analysis of variance revealed significant increases in upper and lower body strength for both the RT and CT groups. Biceps barbell curl 10RM load increased from 12.9 ± 3.2 kg to 14 ± 1.5 kg in CT (p < 0.05) and from 13 ± 1.8 kg to 15.9 ± 2.5 kg in RT (p < 0.05), with no significant between-groups differences. Knee extension 10RM increase from 31.9 ± 11.6 kg to 37.5 ± 8.5 kg for CT (p < 0.05) and from 30.6 ± 8.6 kg to 41.2 ± 7.4 kg for RT (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, performing HIIT on a cycle ergometer before resistance training does not seem to impair muscle strength increases in the knee extensors or elbow flexors of pre-menopausal women. This information should be considered when prescribing exercise sessions, since both activities may be combined without negative effects in muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano/FEFD, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goias, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil.
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano/FEFD, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goias, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Suedi Gonçalves Cardoso Filho
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano/FEFD, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goias, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | | | - James Steele
- Sport Science Laboratory, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, UK
| | - James Fisher
- Sport Science Laboratory, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, UK
| | - Juliana Alves Carneiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano/FEFD, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goias, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Mário Hebling Campos
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano/FEFD, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goias, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
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Gentil P, Arruda A, Souza D, Giessing J, Paoli A, Fisher J, Steele J. Is There Any Practical Application of Meta-Analytical Results in Strength Training? Front Physiol 2017; 8:1. [PMID: 28154536 PMCID: PMC5243816 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiania, Brazil
| | - Antonio Arruda
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano, Universidade de Pernambuco-Campus Petrolina Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Daniel Souza
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Jurgen Giessing
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Koblenz-Landau Landau, Germany
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - James Fisher
- Sport Science Laboratory, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton Solent University Southampton, UK
| | - James Steele
- Sport Science Laboratory, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton Solent University Southampton, UK
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