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Sakthivel PS, Scipioni L, Karam J, Keulen Z, Blurton-Jones M, Gratton E, Anderson AJ. Organelle phenotyping and multi-dimensional microscopy identify C1q as a novel regulator of microglial function. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 39018376 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are dynamic and heterogenous cells. While single cell RNA sequencing has become the conventional methodology for evaluating microglial state, transcriptomics do not provide insight into functional changes, identifying a critical gap in the field. Here, we propose a novel organelle phenotyping approach in which we treat live human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iMGL) with organelle dyes staining mitochondria, lipids, lysosomes and acquire data by live-cell spectral microscopy. Dimensionality reduction techniques and unbiased cluster identification allow for recognition of microglial subpopulations with single-cell resolution based on organelle function. We validated this methodology using lipopolysaccharide and IL-10 treatment to polarize iMGL to an "inflammatory" and "anti-inflammatory" state, respectively, and then applied it to identify a novel regulator of iMGL function, complement protein C1q. While C1q is traditionally known as the initiator of the complement cascade, here we use organelle phenotyping to identify a role for C1q in regulating iMGL polarization via fatty acid storage and mitochondria membrane potential. Follow up evaluation of microglia using traditional read outs of activation state confirm that C1q drives an increase in microglia pro-inflammatory gene production and migration, while suppressing microglial proliferation. These data together validate the use of a novel organelle phenotyping approach and enable better mechanistic investigation of molecular regulators of microglial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja S Sakthivel
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lorenzo Scipioni
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Josh Karam
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Zahara Keulen
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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2
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Azargoonjahromi A. Role of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Brain Cells. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:61-78. [PMID: 38315740 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, can have neurological effects, including cognitive symptoms like brain fog and memory problems. Research on the neurological effects of COVID-19 is ongoing, and factors such as inflammation, disrupted blood flow, and damage to blood vessels may contribute to cognitive symptoms. Notably, some authors and existing evidence suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can enter the central nervous system through different routes, including the olfactory nerve and the bloodstream. COVID-19 infection has been associated with neurological symptoms such as altered consciousness, headaches, dizziness, and mental disorders. The exact mechanisms and impact on memory formation and brain shrinkage are still being studied. This review will focus on pathways such as the olfactory nerve and blood-brain barrier disruption, and it will then highlight the interactions of the virus with different cell types in the brain, namely neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Researcher in Neuroscience, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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3
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Chiang YK, Lin YS, Chen CY, Lirng JF, Yang YH, Lee WJ, Fuh JL. Different Splice Isoforms of Peripheral Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 mRNA Expressions are Associated With Cognitive Decline in Mild Dementia Due to Alzheimer's Disease and Reflect Central Neuroinflammation. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2024; 39:15333175241243183. [PMID: 38592304 PMCID: PMC11005501 DOI: 10.1177/15333175241243183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is upregulated in activated microglia and may be related to cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is conflicting evidence regarding the association of peripheral TREM2 mRNA expression/soluble TREM2 (the extracellular domain of TREM2) with cognitive function/neuroinflammation in patients with AD. Herein, we studied the TREM2 and TREM2alt mRNA expression and their association with the cognitive performance in subjects with mild dementia due to AD and healthy controls. In a subgroup of patients with AD, magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure the myo-inositol level in the posterior cingulate cortex, a surrogate marker for neuroinflammation. The results showed that increased TREM2 and TREM2alt mRNA expression is associated with AD pathogenesis at the mild dementia stage, thereby serving as a potential biomarker for early symptomatic stage of AD. TREM2 may exert protective effects on both cognition and central neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kuan Chiang
- Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Shuan Lin
- Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiing-Feng Lirng
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Yang
- Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Dementia Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Dementia Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Su W, Ju J, Gu M, Wang X, Liu S, Yu J, Mu D. SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein triggers depression-like behaviors and dysosmia via TLR2-mediated neuroinflammation in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:110. [PMID: 37158916 PMCID: PMC10166055 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and dysosmia have been regarded as primary neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients, the mechanism of which remains unclear. Current studies have demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein is a pro-inflammatory factor sensed by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), suggesting the pathological feature of E protein is independent of viral infection. In this study, we aim to ascertain the role of E protein in depression, dysosmia and associated neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS Depression-like behaviors and olfactory function were observed in both female and male mice receiving intracisternal injection of E protein. Immunohistochemistry was applied in conjunction with RT-PCR to evaluate glial activation, blood-brain barrier status and mediators synthesis in the cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb. TLR2 was pharmacologically blocked to determine its role in E protein-related depression-like behaviors and dysosmia in mice. RESULTS Intracisternal injection of E protein evoked depression-like behaviors and dysosmia in both female and male mice. Immunohistochemistry suggested that the E protein upregulated IBA1 and GFAP in the cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb, while ZO-1 was downregulated. Moreover, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, MMP2 and CSF1 were upregulated in both cortex and hippocampus, whereas IL-1β, IL-6 and CCL2 were upregulated in the olfactory bulb. Furtherly, inhibiting microglia, rather than astrocytes, alleviated depression-like behaviors and dysosmia induced by E protein. Finally, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry suggested that TLR2 was upregulated in the cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb, the blocking of which mitigated depression-like behaviors and dysosmia induced by E protein. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that envelope protein could directly induce depression-like behaviors, dysosmia, and obvious neuroinflammation in CNS. TLR2 mediated depression-like behaviors and dysosmia induced by envelope protein, which could serve as a promising therapeutic target for neurological manifestation in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahang Ju
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Minghui Gu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaozhuang Liu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiawen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongliang Mu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Microglia and microglial-based receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lonnemann N, Hosseini S, Ohm M, Geffers R, Hiller K, Dinarello CA, Korte M. IL-37 expression reduces acute and chronic neuroinflammation and rescues cognitive impairment in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. eLife 2022; 11:75889. [PMID: 36040311 PMCID: PMC9481244 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-37 (IL-37) belongs to the IL-1 family but is not expressed in mice. We used a human IL-37 (hIL-37tg) expressing mouse, which has been subjected to various models of local and systemic inflammation as well as immunological challenges. Previous studies reveal an immunomodulatory role of IL-37, which can be characterized as an important suppressor of innate immunity. Here, we examined the functions of IL-37 in the central nervous system and explored the effects of IL-37 on neuronal architecture and function, microglial phenotype, cytokine production and behavior after inflammatory challenge by intraperitoneal LPS-injection. In wild-type mice, decreased spine density, activated microglial phenotype and impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) were observed after LPS injection, whereas hIL-37tg mice showed no impairment. In addition, we crossed the hIL-37tg mouse with an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease (APP/PS1) to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of IL-37 under chronic neuroinflammatory conditions. Our results show that expression of IL-37 is able to limit inflammation in the brain after acute inflammatory events and prevent loss of cognitive abilities in a mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Lonnemann
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shirin Hosseini
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Melanie Ohm
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health, Aurora, United States
| | - Martin Korte
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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7
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Ganz T, Fainstein N, Ben-Hur T. When the infectious environment meets the AD brain. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:53. [PMID: 35986296 PMCID: PMC9388962 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Amyloid theory of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suggests that the deposition of Amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain triggers a chain of events, involving the deposition of phosphorylated Tau and other misfolded proteins, leading to neurodegeneration via neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurovascular factors. The infectious theory linked various infectious agents with the development of AD, raising the possibility that they serve as etiological causes of the disease. Are these theories mutually exclusive, or do they coincide? Main body In this review, we will discuss how the two theories converge. We present a model by which (1) the systemic infectious burden accelerates the development of AD brain pathology via bacterial Amyloids and other pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and (2) the developing AD brain pathology increases its susceptibility to the neurotoxicity of infectious agents -derived PAMPs, which drive neurodegeneration via activated microglia. Conclusions The reciprocal effects of amyloid deposition and systemic infectious burden may lead to a vicious cycle fueling Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis.
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8
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Jeong GU, Lyu J, Kim KD, Chung YC, Yoon GY, Lee S, Hwang I, Shin WH, Ko J, Lee JY, Kwon YC. SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Microglia Elicits Proinflammatory Activation and Apoptotic Cell Death. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0109122. [PMID: 35510852 PMCID: PMC9241873 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01091-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes various neurological symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The most dominant immune cells in the brain are microglia. Yet, the relationship between neurological manifestations, neuroinflammation, and host immune response of microglia to SARS-CoV-2 has not been well characterized. Here, we reported that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect human microglia, eliciting M1-like proinflammatory responses, followed by cytopathic effects. Specifically, SARS-CoV-2 infected human microglial clone 3 (HMC3), leading to inflammatory activation and cell death. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis also revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and immune responses were induced in the early, and apoptotic processes in the late phases of viral infection. SARS-CoV-2-infected HMC3 showed the M1 phenotype and produced proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), but not the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. After this proinflammatory activation, SARS-CoV-2 infection promoted both intrinsic and extrinsic death receptor-mediated apoptosis in HMC3. Using K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, murine microglia were also infected by intranasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2. This infection induced the acute production of proinflammatory microglial IL-6 and TNF-α and provoked a chronic loss of microglia. Our findings suggest that microglia are potential mediators of SARS-CoV-2-induced neurological problems and, consequently, can be targets of therapeutic strategies against neurological diseases in patients with COVID-19. IMPORTANCE Recent studies reported neurological and cognitive sequelae in patients with COVID-19 months after the viral infection with several symptoms, including ageusia, anosmia, asthenia, headache, and brain fog. Our conclusions raise awareness of COVID-19-related microglia-mediated neurological disorders to develop treatment strategies for the affected patients. We also indicated that HMC3 was a novel human cell line susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection that exhibited cytopathic effects, which could be further used to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurological manifestations of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Uk Jeong
- Center for Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemyun Lyu
- Arontier Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun-Do Kim
- Center for Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Cheul Chung
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Young Yoon
- Center for Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Lee
- Center for Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Insu Hwang
- Center for Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsu Ko
- Arontier Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Yong Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Chan Kwon
- Center for Convergent Research for Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Feng YQ, Xu ZZ, Wang YT, Xiong Y, Xie W, He YY, Chen L, Liu GY, Li X, Liu J, Wu Q. Targeting C–C Chemokine Receptor 5: Key to Opening the Neurorehabilitation Window After Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:876342. [PMID: 35573839 PMCID: PMC9095921 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.876342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the world’s second major cause of adult death and disability, resulting in the destruction of brain tissue and long-term neurological impairment; induction of neuronal plasticity can promote recovery after stroke. C–C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) can direct leukocyte migration and localization and is a co-receptor that can mediate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into cells. Its role in HIV infection and immune response has been extensively studied. Furthermore, CCR5 is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), is engaged in various physiological activities such as brain development, neuronal differentiation, communication, survival, and learning and memory capabilities, and is also involved in the development of numerous neurological diseases. CCR5 is differentially upregulated in neurons after stroke, and the inhibition of CCR5 in specific regions of the brain promotes motor and cognitive recovery. The mechanism by which CCR5 acts as a therapeutic target to promote neurorehabilitation after stroke has rarely been systematically reported yet. Thus, this review aims to discuss the function of CCR5 in the CNS and the mechanism of its effect on post-stroke recovery by regulating neuroplasticity and the inflammatory response to provide an effective basis for clinical rehabilitation after stroke.
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Early Life Events and Maturation of the Dentate Gyrus: Implications for Neurons and Glial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084261. [PMID: 35457079 PMCID: PMC9031216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG), an important part of the hippocampus, plays a significant role in learning, memory, and emotional behavior. Factors potentially influencing normal development of neurons and glial cells in the DG during its maturation can exert long-lasting effects on brain functions. Early life stress may modify maturation of the DG and induce lifelong alterations in its structure and functioning, underlying brain pathologies in adults. In this paper, maturation of neurons and glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) and the effects of early life events on maturation processes in the DG have been comprehensively reviewed. Early postnatal interventions affecting the DG eventually result in an altered number of granule neurons in the DG, ectopic location of neurons and changes in adult neurogenesis. Adverse events in early life provoke proinflammatory changes in hippocampal glia at cellular and molecular levels immediately after stress exposure. Later, the cellular changes may disappear, though alterations in gene expression pattern persist. Additional stressful events later in life contribute to manifestation of glial changes and behavioral deficits. Alterations in the maturation of neuronal and glial cells induced by early life stress are interdependent and influence the development of neural nets, thus predisposing the brain to the development of cognitive and psychiatric disorders.
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The Pivotal Immunoregulatory Functions of Microglia and Macrophages in Glioma Pathogenesis and Therapy. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:8903482. [PMID: 35419058 PMCID: PMC9001141 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8903482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are mixed solid tumors composed of both neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells. In glioma microenvironment, the most common nonneoplastic and infiltrating cells are macrophages and microglia. Microglia are the exact phagocytes of the central nervous system, whereas macrophages are myeloid immune cells that are depicted with ardent phagocytosis. Microglia are heterogeneously located in almost all nonoverlapping sections of the brain as well as the spinal cord, while macrophages are derived from circulating monocytes. Microglia and macrophages utilize a variety of receptors for the detection of molecules, particles, and cells that they engulf. Both microglia and peripheral macrophages interact directly with vessels both in the periphery of and within the tumor. In glioma milieu, normal human astrocytes, glioma cells, and microglia all exhibited the ability of phagocytosing glioma cells and precisely apoptotic tumor cells. Also, microglia and macrophages are robustly triggered by the glioma via the expression of chemoattractants such as monocyte chemoattractant protein, stromal-derived factor-1, and macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Glioma-associated microglia and/or macrophages positively correlated with glioma invasiveness, immunosuppression, and patients' poor outcome, making these cells a suitable target for immunotherapeutic schemes.
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12
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Simó R, Simó-Servat O, Bogdanov P, Hernández C. Diabetic Retinopathy: Role of Neurodegeneration and Therapeutic Perspectives. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2022; 11:160-167. [PMID: 35533335 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Retinal neurodegeneration plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of preventable blindness. The hallmarks of diabetes-induced neurodegeneration are neural cell apoptosis and glial activation, which seem even before vascular lesions can be detected by ophthalmoscopic examination. The molecular mediators of retinal neurodegeneration include proinflamma- tory cytokines, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the molecular pathways closely related to chronic hyperglycemia. In this article, an overview of the main components of neurodegeneration, its key underlying mechanisms, and the more useful experimental models for investigative purposes will be given. In addition, the results of most relevant treatments based on neuroprotection, and the research gaps that should be filled will be critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Simó-Servat
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Bogdanov
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), Madrid, Spain
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Pavan M, Bassani D, Bolcato G, Bissaro M, Sturles M, Moro S. Computational strategies to identify new drug candidates against neuroinflammation. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4756-4775. [PMID: 35135446 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220208095122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The even more increasing application of computational approaches in these last decades has deeply modified the process of discovery and commercialization of new therapeutic entities. This is especially true in the field of neuroinflammation, in which both the peculiar anatomical localization and the presence of the blood-brain barrier makeit mandatory to finely tune the candidates' physicochemical properties from the early stages of the discovery pipeline. The aim of this review is therefore to provide a general overview to the readers about the topic of neuroinflammation, together with the most common computational strategies that can be exploited to discover and design small molecules controlling neuroinflammation, especially those based on the knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the biological targets of therapeutic interest. The techniques used to describe the molecular recognition mechanisms, such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics, will therefore be eviscerated, highlighting their advantages and their limitations. Finally, we report several case studies in which computational methods have been applied in drug discovery on neuroinflammation, focusing on the last decade's research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pavan
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Bassani
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bolcato
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maicol Bissaro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Sturles
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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14
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Filchenko I, Korostovtseva L, Bochkarev M, Sviryaev Y. Brain damage in sleep-disordered breathing: the role of glia. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:15-22. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212201115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Hernandez M, Vaughan J, Gordon T, Lippmann M, Gandy S, Chen LC. World Trade Center dust induces nasal and neurological tissue injury while propagating reduced olfaction capabilities and increased anxiety behaviors. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:175-188. [PMID: 35533138 PMCID: PMC9728549 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2072027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Previous in vitro and in vivo World Trade Center particulate matter (WTCPM) exposure studies have provided evidence of exposure-driven oxidative/nitrative stress and inflammation on respiratory tract and aortic tissues. What remains to be fully understood are secondary organ impacts due to WTCPM exposure. This study was designed to test if WTC particle-induced nasal and neurologic tissue injury may result in unforeseen functional and behavioral outcomes.Material and Methods: WTCPM was intranasally administered in mice, evaluating genotypic, histopathologic, and olfaction latency endpoints.Results: WTCPM exposure was found to incite neurologic injury and olfaction latency in intranasally (IN) exposed mice. Single high-dose and repeat low-dose nasal cavity insults from WTCPM dust resulted in significant olfaction delays and enduring olfaction deficits. Anxiety-dependent behaviors also occurred in mice experiencing olfaction loss including significant body weight loss, increased incidence and time spent in hind stretch postures, as well as increased stationary time and decreased exploratory time. Additionally, WTCPM exposure resulted in increased whole brain wet/dry ratios and wet whole brain to body mass ratios that were correlated with exposure and increased exposure dose (p<0.05).Discussion: The potential molecular drivers of WTCPM-driven tissue injury and olfaction latency may be linked to oxidative/nitrative stress and inflammatory cascades in both upper respiratory nasal and brain tissues.Conclusion: Cumulatively, these data provide evidence of WTCPM exposure in relation to tissue damage related to oxidative stress-driven inflammation identified in the nasal cavity, propagated to olfactory bulb tissues and, potentially, over extended periods, to other CNS tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hernandez
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Vaughan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Morton Lippmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J Peter VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Soares NL, Vieira HLA. Microglia at the Centre of Brain Research: Accomplishments and Challenges for the Future. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:218-233. [PMID: 34586585 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), with critical functions in development, maintenance of homeostatic tissue balance, injury and repair. For a long time considered a forgotten 'third element' with basic phagocytic functions, a recent surge in interest, accompanied by technological progress, has demonstrated that these distinct myeloid cells have a wide-ranging importance for brain function. This review reports microglial origins, development, and function in the healthy brain. Moreover, it also targets microglia dysfunction and how it contributes to the progression of several neurological disorders, focusing on particular molecular mechanisms and whether these may present themselves as opportunities for novel, microglia-targeted therapeutic approaches, an ever-enticing prospect. Finally, as it has been recently celebrated 100 years of microglia research, the review highlights key landmarks from the past century and looked into the future. Many challenging problems have arisen, thus it points out some of the most pressing questions and experimental challenges for the ensuing century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno L Soares
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Helena L A Vieira
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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17
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Simó R, Simó-Servat O, Bogdanov P, Hernández C. Neurovascular Unit: A New Target for Treating Early Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081320. [PMID: 34452281 PMCID: PMC8399715 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of diabetic retinopathy as a microvascular disease has evolved and is now considered a more complex diabetic complication in which neurovascular unit impairment plays an essential role and, therefore, can be considered as a main therapeutic target in the early stages of the disease. However, neurodegeneration is not always the apparent primary event in the natural story of diabetic retinopathy, and a phenotyping characterization is recommendable to identify those patients in whom neuroprotective treatment might be of benefit. In recent years, a myriad of treatments based on neuroprotection have been tested in experimental models, but more interestingly, there are drugs with a dual activity (neuroprotective and vasculotropic). In this review, the recent evidence concerning the therapeutic approaches targeting neurovascular unit impairment will be presented, along with a critical review of the scientific gaps and problems which remain to be overcome before our knowledge can be transferred to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (O.S.-S.); (P.B.); (C.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Olga Simó-Servat
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (O.S.-S.); (P.B.); (C.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Bogdanov
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (O.S.-S.); (P.B.); (C.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (O.S.-S.); (P.B.); (C.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Cheng J, Chen M, Wan HQ, Chen XQ, Li CF, Zhu JX, Liu Q, Xu GH, Yi LT. Paeoniflorin exerts antidepressant-like effects through enhancing neuronal FGF-2 by microglial inactivation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 274:114046. [PMID: 33753146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Paeonia lactiflora is a famous Traditional Chinese medicine widely used for immunological regulation. Paeoniflorin, the main component of Paeonia lactiflora, exerts neuroprotective and antidepressant-like effects in rodents. AIM OF THE STUDY Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is essentially required in the central nervous system as it acts as both a neurotrophic factor and an anti-inflammatory factor participating in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of neurons in the brain. However, it is unclear whether paeoniflorin could exert antidepressant effects via regulating FGF-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, the effects of paeoniflorin were evaluated in depressive mice induced by the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. RESULTS The results showed that paeoniflorin markedly increased sucrose preference and reduced immobility time in LPS mice, indicating antidepressant effects. Consistent with the results from molecular docking showing paeoniflorin antagonizes TLR4, NF-κB and NLRP3, the biochemical analysis also indicated paeoniflorin inhibited TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling, decreased proinflammatory cytokine levels and microglial activation in the hippocampus of LPS induced mice. In addition, the levels of neuronal FGF-2 and the density of dendritic spine were improved by paeoniflorin. More importantly, the FGFR1 inhibitor SU5402 prevented the antidepressant effects of paeoniflorin and blocked the neuroinflammatory and neurogenic regulatory effects of paeoniflorin, indicating that FGF-2/FGFR1 activation was required for the effects of paeoniflorin. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results demonstrate that paeoniflorin exhibits neuroprotective and antidepressant effects in mice, which may be mediated by activating neuronal FGF-2/FGFR1 signaling via the inhibition of microglial activation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, PR China.
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, PR China.
| | - Hui-Qi Wan
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen, 361008, Fujian province, PR China.
| | - Xue-Qin Chen
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361009, Fujian province, PR China.
| | - Cheng-Fu Li
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361009, Fujian province, PR China.
| | - Ji-Xiao Zhu
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi province, PR China.
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, PR China.
| | - Guang-Hui Xu
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen, 361008, Fujian province, PR China.
| | - Li-Tao Yi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, PR China.
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19
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Modification of Glial Cell Activation through Dendritic Cell Vaccination: Promises for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1410-1424. [PMID: 33713321 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded tau, amyloid β (Aβ), and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) proteins is the fundamental contributor to many neurodegenerative diseases, namely Parkinson's (PD) and AD. Such protein aggregations trigger activation of immune mechanisms in neuronal and glial, mainly M1-type microglia cells, leading to release of pro-inflammatory mediators, and subsequent neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis. Despite the described neurotoxic features for glial cells, recruitment of peripheral leukocytes to the brain and their conversion to neuroprotective M2-type microglia can mitigate neurodegeneration by clearing extracellular protein accumulations or residues. Based on these observations, it was speculated that Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination, by making use of DCs as natural adjuvants, could be used for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. DCs potentiated by disease-specific antigens can also enhance T helper 2 (Th2)-specific immune response and by production of specific antibodies contribute to clearance of intracellular aggregations, as well as enhancing regulatory T cell response. Thus, enhancement of immune response by DC vaccine therapy can potentially augment glial polarization into the neuroprotective phenotype, enhance antibody production, and at the same time balance neuronal cells' repair, renewal, and protection. The characteristic feature of this method of treatment is to maintain the equilibrium in the immune response rather than targeting a single mediator in the disease and their application in other neurodegenerative diseases should be addressed. However, the safety of these methods should be investigated by clinical trials.
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20
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Huang MF, Lee WJ, Yeh YC, Liao YC, Wang SJ, Yang YH, Chen CS, Fuh JL. Genetics of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A 1-year follow-up study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:645-651. [PMID: 32909371 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between candidate gene variants and domains of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and the changes in these associations over a 1-year period. METHODS Seven hundred and ninety-three Taiwanese participants (47.8% female) with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were enrolled. Genes associated with a risk of developing AD were selected as candidate genes. NPS were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q), and the NPI-Q total score and sub-scores for the Psychosis, Mood, and Frontal Syndrome domains were calculated. RESULTS Patients with AD and the APOE ε4 allele exhibited more obvious symptoms of psychosis. Mood symptoms were associated with CD33 rs3865444 and EPHA1 rs11767557, and frontal symptoms were associated with SORL1 rs3824968. A 1-year Time × Alleles interaction effect of CD33 rs3865444 on mood symptoms was discerned. CONCLUSION Risk genes of AD, which are also associated with NPS, are APOE ε4 for psychosis, CD33 and EPHA1 for mood symptoms, and SORL1 for frontal symptoms. The association between CD33 and mood symptoms is dynamic and could change over 1 year; however, the results should be interpreted with caution because corrections for multiple comparisons were not performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Feng Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Neurological Institute, Dementia and Parkinson's Disease Integrated Center, and Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Liao
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuu-Jiun Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Yang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Sheng Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Smedlund KB, Hill JW. The role of non-neuronal cells in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110996. [PMID: 32860862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) released by the hypothalamus. Disruption of this system leads to impaired reproductive maturation and function, a condition known as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Most studies to date have focused on genetic causes of HH that impact neuronal development and function. However, variants may also impact the functioning of non-neuronal cells known as glia. Glial cells make up 50% of brain cells of humans, primates, and rodents. They include radial glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, tanycytes, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Many of these cells influence the hypothalamic neuroendocrine system controlling fertility. Indeed, glia regulate GnRH neuronal activity and secretion, acting both at their cell bodies and their nerve endings. Recent work has also made clear that these interactions are an essential aspect of how the HPG axis integrates endocrine, metabolic, and environmental signals to control fertility. Recognition of the clinical importance of interactions between glia and the GnRH network may pave the way for the development of new treatment strategies for dysfunctions of puberty and adult fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B Smedlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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22
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Lana D, Ugolini F, Giovannini MG. An Overview on the Differential Interplay Among Neurons-Astrocytes-Microglia in CA1 and CA3 Hippocampus in Hypoxia/Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:585833. [PMID: 33262692 PMCID: PMC7686560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.585833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons have been long regarded as the basic functional cells of the brain, whereas astrocytes and microglia have been regarded only as elements of support. However, proper intercommunication among neurons-astrocytes-microglia is of fundamental importance for the functional organization of the brain. Perturbation in the regulation of brain energy metabolism not only in neurons but also in astrocytes and microglia may be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration, especially in hypoxia/ischemia. Glial activation has long been considered detrimental for survival of neurons, but recently it appears that glial responses to an insult are not equal but vary in different brain areas. In this review, we first take into consideration the modifications of the vascular unit of the glymphatic system and glial metabolism in hypoxic conditions. Using the method of triple-labeling fluorescent immunohistochemistry coupled with confocal microscopy (TIC), we recently studied the interplay among neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in chronic brain hypoperfusion. We evaluated the quantitative and morpho-functional alterations of the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads comparing the hippocampal CA1 area, more vulnerable to ischemia, to the CA3 area, less vulnerable. In these contiguous and interconnected areas, in the same experimental hypoxic conditions, astrocytes and microglia show differential, finely regulated, region-specific reactivities. In both areas, astrocytes and microglia form triad clusters with apoptotic, degenerating neurons. In the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads, the cell body of a damaged neuron is infiltrated and bisected by branches of astrocyte that create a microscar around it while a microglial cell phagocytoses the damaged neuron. These coordinated actions are consistent with the scavenging and protective activities of microglia. In hypoxia, the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads are more numerous in CA3 than in CA1, further indicating their protective effects. These data, taken from contiguous and interconnected hippocampal areas, demonstrate that glial response to the same hypoxic insult is not equal but varies significantly. Understanding the differences of glial reactivity is of great interest to explain the differential susceptibility of hippocampal areas to hypoxia/ischemia. Further studies may evidence the differential reactivity of glia in different brain areas, explaining the higher or lower sensitivity of these areas to different insults and whether glia may represent a target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anatomopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria G Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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23
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Cocaine Administration and Its Abstinence Conditions Modulate Neuroglia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217970. [PMID: 33120991 PMCID: PMC7663194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine induces neuronal changes as well as non-neuronal (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendroglia) mechanisms, but these changes can also be modulated by various types of drug abstinence. Due to the very complex and still incompletely understood nature of cocaine use disorder, understanding of the mechanisms involved in addictive behavior is necessary to further search for effective pharmacotherapy of this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate changes at the gene and protein levels associated with glial cell activity after cocaine exposure, as well as during early cocaine abstinence (3 days) with extinction training or in home cage isolation. Cocaine self-administration significantly decreased myelin regulatory factor (MYRF) and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CNP) expression in the hippocampus as well as pleckstrin (PLEK) and T-lymphocyte activation antigen (CD86) in the rat striatum. Depending on cocaine abstinence conditions, microglial PLEK expression was increased through extinction training but did not change in the home cage isolation. In addition, downregulation of gene expression associated with oligodendrocytes (CNP, MYRF) and microglia regulator of G protein signaling 1 (RGS1) was observed in the hippocampus, regardless of the type of drug abstinence, while downregulation of myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL) expression was found only in rats exposed to abstinence in the home cage. Taken together, the presented results strongly suggest that cocaine abstinence evokes significant changes in gene expression associated with the proper functioning of glial cells, suggesting their significant involvement in adaptive changes in the brain associated with cocaine exposure. Interestingly, drug abstinence conditions are important factors influencing observed changes at the transcript levels of selected genes, which may be of clinical interest.
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24
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Zhong X, Xie L, Yang X, Liang F, Yang Y, Tong J, Zhong Y, Zhao K, Tang Y, Yuan C. Ethyl pyruvate protects against sepsis-associated encephalopathy through inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. Mol Med 2020; 26:55. [PMID: 32517686 PMCID: PMC7285451 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advance of antibiotics and life support therapy, the mortality of sepsis has been decreasing in recent years. However, the incidence of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), a common complication of sepsis, is still high. There are few effective therapies to treat clinical SAE. We previously found that ethyl pyruvate (EP), a metabolite derivative, is able to effectively inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Administration of ethyl pyruvate protects mice against polymicrobial sepsis in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. The aim of present study is to investigate if ethyl pyruvate is able to attenuate SAE. METHODS After CLP, C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally or intrathecally injected with saline or ethyl pyruvate using the sham-operated mice as control. New Object Recognition (NOR) and Morris Water Maze (MWM) were conducted to determine the cognitive function. Brain pathology was assessed via immunohistochemistry. To investigate the mechanisms by which ethyl pyruvate prevent SAE, the activation of NLRP3 in the hippocampus and the microglia were determined using western blotting, and cognitive function, microglia activation, and neurogenesis were assessed using WT, Nlrp3-/- and Asc-/- mice in the sublethal CLP model. In addition, Nlrp3-/- and Asc-/- mice treated with saline or ethyl pyruvate were subjected to CLP. RESULTS Ethyl pyruvate treatment significantly attenuated CLP-induced cognitive decline, microglia activation, and impaired neurogenesis. In addition, EP significantly decreased the NLRP3 level in the hippocampus of the CLP mice, and inhibited the cleavage of IL-1β induced by NLRP3 inflammsome in microglia. NLRP3 and ASC deficiency demonstrated similar protective effects against SAE. Nlrp3-/- and Asc-/- mice significantly improved cognitive function and brain pathology when compared with WT mice in the CLP models. Moreover, ethyl pyruvate did not have additional effects against SAE in Nlrp3-/- and Asc-/- mice. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that ethyl pyruvate confers protection against SAE through inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhong
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
| | - Lingli Xie
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liang
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
| | - Yanliang Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanjun Zhong
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
- ICU Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Furong, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
| | - Yiting Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China.
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China.
| | - Chuang Yuan
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China.
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25
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Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Reimers D, Casarejos MJ, Calatrava Ferreras L, Vallejo-Muñoz M, Jiménez-Escrig A, Diaz-Gil JJ, Ulzurrun de Asanza GM, Bazán E. Liver Growth Factor Induces Glia-Associated Neuroprotection in an In Vitro Model of Parkinson´s Disease. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10050315. [PMID: 32455921 PMCID: PMC7287666 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), which leads to a loss of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the basal ganglia. Current treatments relieve the symptoms of the disease, but none stop or delay neuronal degeneration. Liver growth factor (LGF) is an albumin-bilirubin complex that stimulates axonal growth in the striatum and protects DA neurons in the SN of 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Our previous results suggested that these effects observed in vivo are mediated by microglia and/or astrocytes. To determine if these cells are LGF targets, E14 (embryos from Sprague Dawley rats of 14 days) rat mesencephalic glial cultures were used. Treatment with 100 pg/mL of LGF up-regulated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in glial cultures, and it increased the microglia marker Iba1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) protein levels. The treatment of E14 midbrain neurons with a glial-conditioned medium from LGF-treated glial cultures (GCM-LGF) prevented the loss of DA neurons caused by 6-hydroxy-dopamine. This neuroprotective effect was not observed when GCM-LGF was applied in the presence of a blocking antibody of TNF-alpha activity. Altogether, our findings strongly suggest the involvement of microglia and TNF-alpha in the neuroprotective action of LGF on DA neurons observed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.G.-G.); (E.B.); Tel.: +34-913-368-168 (R.G.-G. & E.B.)
| | - Diana Reimers
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - María José Casarejos
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Lucía Calatrava Ferreras
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Manuela Vallejo-Muñoz
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | | | - Juan José Diaz-Gil
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Gonzalo M. Ulzurrun de Asanza
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
| | - Eulalia Bazán
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (M.J.C.); (L.C.F.); (M.V.-M.); (J.J.D.-G.); (G.M.U.d.A.)
- Correspondence: (R.G.-G.); (E.B.); Tel.: +34-913-368-168 (R.G.-G. & E.B.)
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26
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Zhou L, Wu Z, Wang G, Xiao L, Wang H, Sun L, Xie Y. Long-term maternal separation potentiates depressive-like behaviours and neuroinflammation in adult male C57/BL6J mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172953. [PMID: 32450088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early life experience is closely related to depression caused by stress in adulthood. Early life experience, including maternal separation (MS), has been shown to evoke stress sensitivity to depression upon re-exposure to stress in adults. However, MS has also been shown to lead to resilience to stress-induced depression, which is contradictory and rarely studied. To investigate the effects of MS on depression in adults and the related mechanism, male C57/BL6J mouse pups were exposed to different MS procedures from postnatal day (PD)1 to PD21. Body weight (BW) measurements and behavioural tests (the forced swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT)) were performed on PD41 to explore depressive and anxiety-like behaviours. Then, as adults, the mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 28 days, and then behavioural tasks were recorded. After CUMS exposure, the mice in the MS180 group (which were separated from their mothers for 3 h on PD1-PD21) showed significantly decreased time spent in the centre of the open field and reduced velocity in the OFT, a reduced latency to immobility in the FST, and decreased BW. However, the mice in the MS15 group (which were separated from their mothers for 15 min on PD1-PD21) performed similarly to NSNC mice (which were not separated from their mothers) in the behavioural tests. We further found that the expression of Iba1, a marker of neuroinflammation, was increased in the MS180 group but not in the MS15 group. In addition, our study showed decreased mRNA and protein expression of CRMP2, an important neuroprotective factor, in the MS180 group, but CRMP2 expression was unchanged in the MS15 group. This study confirmed the generation of different behavioural responses to stress exposure in adulthood due to different degrees of MS. Neuroinflammation and neuroprotection are involved, which requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zuotian Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Limin Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yumeng Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China
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Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Marmolejo-Garza A, de Pádua VP, Eggen B, Boddeke E, Dolga AM. Microglia alterations in neurodegenerative diseases and their modeling with human induced pluripotent stem cell and other platforms. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 190:101805. [PMID: 32335273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the main innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Unlike neurons and glial cells, which derive from ectoderm, microglia migrate early during embryo development from the yolk-sac, a mesodermal-derived structure. Microglia regulate synaptic pruning during development and induce or modulate inflammation during aging and chronic diseases. Microglia are sensitive to brain injuries and threats, altering their phenotype and function to adopt a so-called immune-activated state in response to any perceived threat to the CNS integrity. Here, we present a short overview on the role of microglia in human neurodegenerative diseases and provide an update on the current model systems to study microglia, including cell lines, iPSC-derived microglia with an emphasis in their transcriptomic profile and integration into 3D brain organoids. We present various strategies to model and study their role in neurodegeneration providing a relevant platform for the development of novel and more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica María Sabogal-Guáqueta
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area-School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Marmolejo-Garza
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vítor Passos de Pádua
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neurology Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bart Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Cao D, Li XH, Luo XG, Yu HM, Wan LS, Wei L, Ren Y. Phorbol myristate acetate induces cellular senescence in rat microglia in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:415-426. [PMID: 32626908 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to establish a cellular model to test the hypothesis that oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is triggered by aging-related activation of microglia. Primary microglia were incubated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and β-galactosidase (β-Gal) staining was applied to subsequent assessment of cellular senescence. Moreover, flow cytometry was employed for examinations of cell cycle arrest and senescence-associated proteins, p53 and p21 were measured by western blotting. Furthermore, examination of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were carried out with microglia supernatants undergoing age-related degenerative diseases in the nervous system, using ELISA. PC12 cells were co-cultured with microglia activated by aging-related alteration(s) to evaluate whether apoptosis was increased in PC12 cells. Cellular senescence-associated β-Gal staining showed that microglial β-Gal expression gradually increased with prolonged PMA stimulation. Microglia in the group receiving 72 h of PMA stimulation displayed the highest percentage of cells arrested in G0/G1, the highest amount of senescence-associated expression of p53 and p21, and the most prominent secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β. In comparison with controls, an increase of apoptotic PC12 cells was detected, which were co-cultured with aging microglia. Taken together, microglia tend to undergo senescence after PMA treatment, suggesting that microglial senescence is associated with inactivation of certain oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning 110031, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Guang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Li-Shu Wan
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Dandong, Dandong, Liaoning 118000, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning 110031, P.R. China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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29
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Mueller-Buehl AM, Doepper H, Grauthoff S, Kiebler T, Peters L, Hurst J, Kuehn S, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Dick HB, Joachim SC, Schnichels S. Oxidative stress-induced retinal damage is prevented by mild hypothermia in an ex vivo model of cultivated porcine retinas. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:666-681. [PMID: 32077190 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) can be used in vitro to simulate oxidative stress. In retinal organ cultures, H2 O2 induces strong neurodegeneration of the retina. It is known that oxidative stress plays a role in the development of several retinal diseases including glaucoma and ischemia. Thus, we investigated whether processes underlying oxidative stress can be prevented by hypothermia using an ex vivo organ culture model of porcine retinas. METHODS Porcine retinal explants were cultivated for 5 and 8 days. Oxidative stress was induced via 300 μM H2 O2 on day 1 for 3 hours. Hypothermia treatment at 30°C was applied simultaneously with H2 O2 , for 3 hours. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), apoptosis, bipolar and cholinergic amacrine cells, microglia and macroglia were evaluated immunohistologically. Apoptosis rate was additionally analysed via western blot. RESULTS Reduced apoptosis rates through hypothermia led to a preservation of RGCs (P < .001). Amacrine cells were rescued after hypothermia treatment (P = .17), whereas bipolar cells were only protected partly. Additionally, at 8 days, microglial response due to oxidative stress was completely counteracted via hypothermia (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS H2 O2 induced strong degenerative processes in porcine retinas. The role of oxidative stress in the progression of retinal diseases makes this ex vivo organ culture model suitable to investigate new therapeutic approaches. In the present study, the damaging effect of H2 O2 to several retinal cell types was counteracted or strongly alleviated through hypothermia treatment. Especially RGCs, which are affected in glaucoma disease, were protected due to a reduced apoptosis rate through hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Mueller-Buehl
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hannah Doepper
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Grauthoff
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Kiebler
- Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Peters
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - José Hurst
- Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Kuehn
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Karl U Bartz-Schmidt
- Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Burkard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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30
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Chávez-Castillo M, Nava M, Ortega Á, Rojas M, Núñez V, Salazar J, Bermúdez V, Rojas-Quintero J. Depression as an Immunometabolic Disorder: Exploring Shared Pharmacotherapeutics with Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1138-1153. [PMID: 32282306 PMCID: PMC7709154 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200413144401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern times have seen depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD) become notorious public health concerns, corresponding to alarming proportions of morbidity, mortality, decreased quality of life, and economic costs. Expanding comprehension of the pathogenesis of depression as an immunometabolic disorder has identified numerous pathophysiologic phenomena in common with CVD, including chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. These shared components could be exploited to offer improved alternatives in the joint management of these conditions. Abundant preclinical and clinical data on the impact of established treatments for CVD in the management of depression have allowed for potential candidates to be proposed for the joint management of depression and CVD as immunometabolic disorders. However, a large proportion of the clinical investigation currently available exhibits marked methodological flaws which preclude the formulation of concrete recommendations in many cases. This situation may be a reflection of pervasive problems present in clinical research in psychiatry, especially pertaining to study homogeneity. Therefore, further high-quality research is essential in the future in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan Salazar
- Address correspondence to this author at the Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 20th Avenue 4004, Venezuela; Tel/Fax: ++582617597279; E-mail:
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31
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Ma C, Wu X, Shen X, Yang Y, Chen Z, Sun X, Wang Z. Sex differences in traumatic brain injury: a multi-dimensional exploration in genes, hormones, cells, individuals, and society. Chin Neurosurg J 2019; 5:24. [PMID: 32922923 PMCID: PMC7398330 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-019-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is exceptionally prevalent in society and often imposes a massive burden on patients' families and poor prognosis. The evidence reviewed here suggests that gender can influence clinical outcomes of TBI in many aspects, ranges from patients' mortality and short-term outcome to their long-term outcome, as well as the incidence of cognitive impairment. We mainly focused on the causes and mechanisms underlying the differences between male and female after TBI, from both biological and sociological views. As it turns out that multiple factors contribute to the gender differences after TBI, not merely the perspective of gender and sex hormones. Centered on this, we discussed how female steroid hormones exert neuroprotective effects through the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanism, along with the cognitive impairment and the social integration problems it caused. As to the treatment, both instant and long-term treatment of TBI requires adjustments according to gender. A further study with more focus on this topic is therefore suggested to provide better treatment options for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Xiaotian Shen
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yanbo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Zhouqing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006 China
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32
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Wang J, Ding X, Wu X, Liu J, Zhou R, Wei P, Zhang Q, Zhang C, Zen K, Li L. SIRPα deficiency accelerates the pathologic process in models of Parkinson disease. Glia 2019; 67:2343-2359. [PMID: 31322787 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a crucial pathophysiological contributor to several aging-related neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). During the process of aging or stress, microglia undergoes several transcriptional and morphological changes that contribute to aberrant immunological responses, which is known as priming. Key molecules involved in the process, however, are not clearly defined. In the present study, we have demonstrated that level of microglial signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) decreased during aging or inflammatory challenge. Functional studies suggested that downregulation of SIRPα released the brake of inflammatory response in microglia, revealing an inhibitory effect of SIRPα in microglial activation. Furthermore, we assessed the impact of SIRPα downregulation in PD pathogenesis using both cell culture and animal models. Our results showed that SIRPα deficiency resulted in abnormal inflammatory response and phagocytic activity of microglia, which in turn, further accelerated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine or lipopolysaccharides mice models. These results collectively demonstrate that dysregulation of SIRPα signaling in microglia during aging plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of age-related neurological disorders such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingxuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Li J, Hao J. Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases with Bioactive Components of Tripterygium wilfordii. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:769-785. [PMID: 31091976 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1950040x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. (TWHF), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis in China. Recently, studies have demonstrated that the bioactive components of TWHF have effective therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Multiple Sclerosis. In this paper, we summarize the research progress of triptolide and celastrol (the two major TWHF components) as well as their analogues in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we review and discuss the molecular mechanisms and structure features of those two bioactive TWHF components, highlighting their therapeutic promise in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianheng Li
- * School of Pharmacy, Key laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Hao
- † College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.,‡ Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Yang T, Terrando N. The Evolving Role of Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators in Modulating Neuroinflammation in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:27-35. [PMID: 31562619 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Surgery can be a life-saving procedure; however, significant complications may occur after routine procedures especially in older and more frail patients. Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs), including delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction, are the most common complications in older adults following common procedures such as orthopedic or cardiac surgery. The consequences of PNDs can be devastating, with longer in-hospital stay, poorer prognosis, and higher mortality rates. Inflammation is gaining considerable interest as a critical driver of cognitive deficits. In this regard, resolution of inflammation, once thought to be a passive process, may provide novel approaches to treat neuroinflammation and PNDs. Herein we review the role for impaired resolution after surgery and the growing role of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) in regulating postoperative neuroinflammation and neurological complications after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Niccolò Terrando
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Osborne BF, Turano A, Caulfield JI, Schwarz JM. Sex- and region-specific differences in microglia phenotype and characterization of the peripheral immune response following early-life infection in neonatal male and female rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 692:1-9. [PMID: 30367955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Early-life infection has been shown to have profound effects on the brain and behavior across the lifespan, a phenomenon termed "early-life programming". Indeed, many neuropsychiatric disorders begin or have their origins early in life and have been linked to early-life immune activation (e.g. autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia). Furthermore, many of these disorders show a robust sex bias, with males having a higher risk of developing early-onset neurodevelopmental disorders. The concept of early-life programming is now well established, however, it is still unclear how such effects are initiated and then maintained across time to produce such a phenomenon. To begin to address this question, we examined changes in microglia, the immune cells of the brain, and peripheral immune cells in the hours immediately following early-life infection in male and female rats. We found that males showed a significant decrease in BDNF expression and females showed a significant increase in IL-6 expression in the cerebellum following E.coli infection on postnatal day 4; however, for most cytokines examined in the brain and in the periphery we were unable to identify any sex differences in the immune response, at least at the time points examined. Instead, neonatal infection with E.coli increased the expression of a number of cytokines in the brain of both males and females similarly including TNF-α, IL-1β, and CD11b (a marker of microglia activation) in the hippocampus and, in the spleen, TNF-α and IL-1β. We also found that protein levels of GRO-KC, MIP-1a, MCP1, IP-10, TNF-α, and IL-10 were elevated 8-hours postinfection, but this response was resolved by 24-hours. Lastly, we found that males have more thin microglia than females on P5, however, neonatal infection had no effect on any of the microglia morphologies we examined. These data show that sex differences in the acute immune response to neonatal infection are likely gene, region, and even time dependent. Future research should consider these factors in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of the immune response in males and females as these changes are likely the initiating agents that lead to the long-term, and often sex-specific, effects of early-life infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany F Osborne
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Alexandra Turano
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Jasmine I Caulfield
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Jaclyn M Schwarz
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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37
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Tak AZA, Şengül Y, Karadağ AS. Evaluation of thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and choroidal thickness in essential tremor: can eyes be a clue for neurodegeneration? Acta Neurol Belg 2018; 118:235-241. [PMID: 29076006 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-017-0852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of essential tremor (ET) and underlying mechanisms of the disease are still unclear, but an increasing amount of research has been conducted on the subject. Discussions are ongoing about ET's definition as a neurodegenerative disease. Optic coherence tomography (OCT) provides a window to the brain where direct visualization of central nervous system (CNS) changes may be possible, and it can help us to develop a new point of view on ET. The goal of this study was to examine OCT parameters in ET. 40 ET patients and 40 healthy controls, i.e., a total of 160 eyes were evaluated. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and choroid thinning were analyzed using spectral domain OCT. The mean age was 25.77 ± 8.98 in the ET group and 27.25 ± 8.22 in the control group. We found a decreased global RNFL thickness for both eyes in ET patients. All GCL and IPL thickness parameters were lower in the patients with ET (P < 0.001, P 0.03). Choroid was significantly thicker in ET patients than the controls (P < 0.001). Our study's results suggest that the usefulness of OCT in detecting neurodegeneration in ET. RNFL, GCL, IPL measurements are highly reproduced findings of neurodegeneration. Increased choroid volume may indicate neuroinflammation. Eyes in ET may shed light on nature of the disease, and may be used as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zeynel Abidin Tak
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Adiyaman University Siteler Mahallesi, Atatürk Bulvarı, No. 411, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Yıldızhan Şengül
- Department of Neurology, Bezmialem Vakif Universitesi Hastanesi, Adnan Menderes Bulvarı, Vatan Caddesi, Fatih, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Sevgi Karadağ
- Department of Ophthalmolgy, School of Medicine, Adiyaman University Siteler Mahallesi, Atatürk Bulvarı, No. 411, Adiyaman, Turkey
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Chen SX, Wang SK, Yao PW, Liao GJ, Na XD, Li YY, Zeng WA, Liu XG, Zang Y. Early CALP2 expression and microglial activation are potential inducers of spinal IL-6 up-regulation and bilateral pain following motor nerve injury. J Neurochem 2018; 145:154-169. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Xia Chen
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
- Department of Anesthesiology; Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative, Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Shao-Kun Wang
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Pei-Wen Yao
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Guang-Jie Liao
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiao-Dong Na
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
- Department of Pathophysiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yong-Yong Li
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Wei-an Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology; Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative, Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Ying Zang
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology; Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
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Zhang Y, Feng S, Nie K, Li Y, Gao Y, Gan R, Wang L, Li B, Sun X, Wang L, Zhang Y. TREM2 modulates microglia phenotypes in the neuroinflammation of Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:797-802. [PMID: 29621548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and overactivated microglia underlies the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, microglia could polarize into classic inflammatory M1 and immunosuppressive M2 phenotype. Thus, inhibiting the overactivated inflammatory M1 microglia by promoting the transformation of microglia to the protective M2 phenotype provides potential therapy for PD, but the mechanism that modulates microglia polarization remains unknown. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a recently identified immune receptor expressed by the microglia in the brain. Emerging evidence indicates that TREM2 enhances the phagocytosis function of microglia and suppress inflammation. Based on these evidence, we hypothesized that TREM2 might play a protective role through regulating microglia polarization. Here, we employ a lentiviral strategy to overexpress or suppress TREM2 on microglia and found that TREM2 was essential for M2 microglia polarization. Knockdown of TREM2 in BV2 microglia inhibited M2 polarization and lead to exaggeration of M1 microglial inflammatory responses, whereas overexpression of TREM2 promoted M2 polarization and alleviated microglial inflammation. We also observed that the TREM2 level was higher in the midbrain of PD mice, which was accompanied by an elevated level of Arginase-1 and increased proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting that TREM2 is an important factor in switching the microglia phenotypes. Taken together, these findings indicate that TREM2 plays a crucial role in altering the proinflammatory M1 microglia to M2 phenotype and has beneficial effects in the immune pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujun Feng
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Nie
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyuan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Gan
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuegang Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuhu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Jiang X, Xu L, Tang L, Liu F, Chen Z, Zhang J, Chen L, Pang C, Yu X. Role of the indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase/kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in behavioral alterations in a hepatic encephalopathy rat model. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:3. [PMID: 29301550 PMCID: PMC5753541 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to explore the role of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)/kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan (TRY) metabolism in behavioral alterations observed in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) rats. Methods Expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines were tested by QT-PCR and ELISA, levels of IDOs were tested by QT-PCR and Western blot, and levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), KYN, TRY, 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), and kynurenic acid (KA) in different brain regions were estimated using HPLC. Effects of the IDO direct inhibitor 1-methyl-l-tryptophan (1-MT) on cognitive, anxiety, and depressive-like behavior were evaluated in bile duct ligation (BDL) rats. Results Increased serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were shown in rats 7 days after BDL, and these increases were observed earlier than those in the brain, indicating peripheral immune activation may result in central upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, BDL rats showed a progressive decline in memory formation, as well as anxiety and depressive-like behavior. Further study revealed that IDO expression increased after BDL, accompanied by a decrease of 5-HT and an increase of KYN, as well as abnormal expression of 3-HK and KA. The above results affected by BDL surgery were reversed by IDO inhibitor 1-MT treatment. Conclusion Taken together, these findings indicate that (1) behavioral impairment in BDL rats is correlated with proinflammatory cytokines; (2) TRY pathway of KYN metabolism, activated by inflammation, may play an important role in HE development; and (3) 1-MT may serve as a therapeutic agent for HE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1037-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China. .,Mingzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China.
| | - Lexing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Fuhe Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Cong Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 223001, China.
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China.
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41
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King JR, Gillevet TC, Kabbani N. A G protein-coupled α7 nicotinic receptor regulates signaling and TNF-α release in microglia. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1350-1361. [PMID: 28904864 PMCID: PMC5586346 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs) in microglia attenuates neuroinflammation and regulates TNF‐α release. We used lipopolysaccharide to model inflammation in the microglial cell line EOC20 and examined signaling by the α7 nAChR. Co‐immunoprecipitation experiments confirm that α7 nAChRs bind heterotrimeric G proteins in EOC20 cells. Interaction with Gαi mediates α7 nAChR signaling via enhanced intracellular calcium release and a decrease in cAMP, p38 phosphorylation, and TNF‐α release. These α7 nAChR effects were blocked by the inhibition of Gαi signaling via pertussis toxin, PLC activity with U73122, and α7 nAChR channel activity with the selective antagonist α‐bungarotoxin. Moreover, α7 nAChR signaling in EOC20 cells was significantly diminished by the expression of a dominant‐negative α7 nAChR, α7345‐8A, shown to be impaired in G protein binding. These findings indicate an essential role for G protein coupling in α7 nAChR function in microglia leading to the regulation of inflammation in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R King
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study George Mason University Fairfax VA USA
| | - Trudy C Gillevet
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study George Mason University Fairfax VA USA
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study George Mason University Fairfax VA USA
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42
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Mangold CA, Wronowski B, Du M, Masser DR, Hadad N, Bixler GV, Brucklacher RM, Ford MM, Sonntag WE, Freeman WM. Sexually divergent induction of microglial-associated neuroinflammation with hippocampal aging. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:141. [PMID: 28732515 PMCID: PMC5521082 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The necessity of including both males and females in molecular neuroscience research is now well understood. However, there is relatively limited basic biological data on brain sex differences across the lifespan despite the differences in age-related neurological dysfunction and disease between males and females. Methods Whole genome gene expression of young (3 months), adult (12 months), and old (24 months) male and female C57BL6 mice hippocampus was analyzed. Subsequent bioinformatic analyses and confirmations of age-related changes and sex differences in hippocampal gene and protein expression were performed. Results Males and females demonstrate both common expression changes with aging and marked sex differences in the nature and magnitude of the aging responses. Age-related hippocampal induction of neuroinflammatory gene expression was sexually divergent and enriched for microglia-specific genes such as complement pathway components. Sexually divergent C1q protein expression was confirmed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Similar patterns of cortical sexually divergent gene expression were also evident. Additionally, inter-animal gene expression variability increased with aging in males, but not females. Conclusions These findings demonstrate sexually divergent neuroinflammation with aging that may contribute to sex differences in age-related neurological diseases such as stroke and Alzheimer’s, specifically in the complement system. The increased expression variability in males suggests a loss of fidelity in gene expression regulation with aging. These findings reveal a central role of sex in the transcriptomic response of the hippocampus to aging that warrants further, in depth, investigations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0920-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Mangold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Wronowski
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mei Du
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Dustin R Masser
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging & Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Biology of Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Niran Hadad
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging & Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Biology of Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Georgina V Bixler
- Genome Sciences Facility, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Robert M Brucklacher
- Genome Sciences Facility, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Matthew M Ford
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - William E Sonntag
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging & Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Biology of Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging & Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Biology of Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA. .,, SLY-BRC 1370, 975 NE 10th St, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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Du C, Wang Y, Zhang F, Yan S, Guan Y, Gong X, Zhang T, Cui X, Wang X, Zhang CX. Synaptotagmin-11 inhibits cytokine secretion and phagocytosis in microglia. Glia 2017; 65:1656-1667. [PMID: 28686317 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine secretion and phagocytosis are key functions of activated microglia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their regulation in microglia remain largely unknown. Here, we report that synaptotagmin-11 (Syt11), a non-Ca2+ -binding Syt implicated in Parkinson disease and schizophrenia, inhibits cytokine secretion and phagocytosis in microglia. We found Syt11 expression in microglia in brain slices and primary microglia. Interestingly, Syt11-knockdown (KD) increased cytokine secretion and NO release in primary microglia both in the absence and presence of lipopolysaccharide. NF-κB was activated in untreated KD microglia together with enhanced synthesis of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS. When the release capacity was assessed by the ratio of extracellular to intracellular levels, only the IL-6 and TNF-α secretion capacity was increased in Syt11-KD cells, suggesting that Syt11 specifically regulates conventional secretion. Consistently, Syt11 localized to the trans-Golgi network and recycling endosomes. In addition, Syt11 was recruited to phagosomes and its deficiency enhanced microglial phagocytosis. All the KD phenotypes were rescued by expression of an shRNA-resistant Syt11, while overexpression of Syt11 suppressed cytokine secretion and phagocytosis. Importantly, Syt11 also inhibited microglial phagocytosis of α-synuclein fibrils, supporting its association with Parkinson disease. Taken together, we propose that Syt11 suppresses microglial activation under both physiological and pathological conditions through the inhibition of cytokine secretion and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuilian Du
- Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feifan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxin Yan
- Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Guan
- Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Gong
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyu Cui
- Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Claire Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Lana D, Ugolini F, Melani A, Nosi D, Pedata F, Giovannini MG. The neuron-astrocyte-microglia triad in CA3 after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in the rat: Protective effect of dipyridamole. Exp Gerontol 2017; 96:46-62. [PMID: 28606482 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the quantitative and morphofunctional alterations of neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads in CA3 hippocampus, in comparison to CA1, after 2 Vessel Occlusion (2VO) and the protective effect of dipyridamole. We evaluated 3 experimental groups: sham-operated rats (sham, n=15), 2VO-operated rats treated with vehicle (2VO-vehicle, n=15), and 2VO-operated rats treated with dipyridamole from day 0 to day 7 (2VO-dipyridamole, n=15), 90days after 2VO. We analyzed Stratum Pyramidalis (SP), Stratum Lucidum (SL) and Stratum Radiatum (SR) of CA3. 1) ectopic neurons increased in SL and SR of 2VO-vehicle, and 2VO-dipyridamole rats; 2) apoptotic neurons increased in SP of 2VO-vehicle rats and dipyridamole reverted this effect; 3) astrocytes increased in SP, SL and SR of 2VO-vehicle and 2VO-dipyridamole rats; 4) TNF-α expression increased in astrocytes, blocked by dipyridamole, and in dendrites in SR of 2VO-vehicle rats; 5) total microglia increased in SL and SR of 2VO-vehicle and 2VO-dipyridamole rats; 6) triads increased in SR of 2VO-vehicle rats and dipyridamole reverted this effect. Microglia cooperated with astrocytes to phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons and debris, and engulfed ectopic non-fragmented neurons in SL of 2VO-vehicle and 2VO-dipyridamole rats, through a new mechanism called phagoptosis. CA3 showed a better adaptive capacity than CA1 to the ischemic insult, possibly due to the different behaviour of astrocytes and microglial cells. Dipyridamole had neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Alessia Melani
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
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Walsh CE, Hitchcock PF. Progranulin regulates neurogenesis in the developing vertebrate retina. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:1114-1129. [PMID: 28380680 PMCID: PMC5568971 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the expression and function of the microglia‐specific growth factor, Progranulin‐a (Pgrn‐a) during developmental neurogenesis in the embryonic retina of zebrafish. At 24 hpf pgrn‐a is expressed throughout the forebrain, but by 48 hpf pgrn‐a is exclusively expressed by microglia and/or microglial precursors within the brain and retina. Knockdown of Pgrn‐a does not alter the onset of neurogenic programs or increase cell death, however, in its absence, neurogenesis is significantly delayed—retinal progenitors fail to exit the cell cycle at the appropriate developmental time and postmitotic cells do not acquire markers of terminal differentiation, and microglial precursors do not colonize the retina. Given the link between Progranulin and cell cycle regulation in peripheral tissues and transformed cells, we analyzed cell cycle kinetics among retinal progenitors following Pgrn‐a knockdown. Depleting Pgrn‐a results in a significant lengthening of the cell cycle. These data suggest that Pgrn‐a plays a dual role during nervous system development by governing the rate at which progenitors progress through the cell cycle and attracting microglial progenitors into the embryonic brain and retina. Collectively, these data show that Pgrn‐a governs neurogenesis by regulating cell cycle kinetics and the transition from proliferation to cell cycle exit and differentiation. © 2017 The Authors. Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1114–1129, 2017
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Walsh
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105
| | - Peter F Hitchcock
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105
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Microglia Loss Contributes to the Development of Major Depression Induced by Different Types of Chronic Stresses. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2698-2711. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kalenderoglu A, Çelik M, Sevgi-Karadag A, Egilmez OB. Optic coherence tomography shows inflammation and degeneration in major depressive disorder patients correlated with disease severity. J Affect Disord 2016; 204:159-65. [PMID: 27344626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has consistently detected inflammation in the etiology of depression and neuroimaging studies have demonstrated gray matter abnormalities implying a neurodegenerative process in depression. The aim of this study was to compare ganglion cell layer (GCL), and inner plexiform layer (IPL) volumes and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between first episode and recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and controls using optic coherence tomography (OCT) in order to detect findings supporting a degenerative process. Also choroid thicknesses of the same groups were compared to examine effects of inflammation on MDD. METHODS This study included 50 recurrent MDD patients, 50 first episode MDD patients and 50 controls. OCT measurements were performed by a spectral OCT device. GCL and IPL volumes and RNFL and choroid thicknesses were measured automatically by the device. RESULTS GCL and IPL volumes were significantly smaller in recurrent depression patients than first episode patients and in all MDD patients than controls. Also there were significant negative correlations between their volumes and disease severity parameters such as Ham-D and CGI scores, and disease duration. RNFL thicknesses were also lower in recurrent MDD patients than first episode patients and all MDD patients than controls but statistical significance was achieved only for global RNFL and temporal superior RNFL. Mean choroid thickness was higher in MDD patients than controls and in first episode MDD patients than recurrent MDD patients. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional design of our study limits conclusions about progressive degeneration during the course of MDD. Lack of a control neuroimaging method like magnetic resonance imaging makes it hard to draw firm conclusions from our results. CONCLUSIONS OCT finding of decreased GCL and IPL volumes supports previous research suggesting degeneration in MDD. OCT may be an important tool to track neurodegeneration in patients with major depression. Considering RNFL to be the latest layer that will be affected during course of degeneration, GCL and IPL volumes appear to be better parameters to follow. In addition, choroid may be an important structure to detect acute attack period and to follow inflammatory process in MDD like in systemic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Kalenderoglu
- Psychiatry Department of Adiyaman University Medical School, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Çelik
- Psychiatry Department of Adiyaman University Medical School, Adiyaman, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Sevgi-Karadag
- Ophthalmology Department of Adiyaman University Medical School, Adiyaman, Turkey
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Podbielska M, Das A, Smith AW, Chauhan A, Ray SK, Inoue J, Azuma M, Nozaki K, Hogan EL, Banik NL. Neuron-microglia interaction induced bi-directional cytotoxicity associated with calpain activation. J Neurochem 2016; 139:440-455. [PMID: 27529445 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia release pro-inflammatory factors and calpain into the extracellular milieu, damaging surrounding neurons. However, mechanistic links to progressive neurodegeneration in disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS) remain obscure. We hypothesize that persistent damaged/dying neurons may also release cytotoxic factors and calpain into the media, which then activate microglia again. Thus, inflammation, neuronal damage, and microglia activation, i.e., bi-directional interaction between neurons and microglia, may be involved in the progressive neurodegeneration. We tested this hypothesis using two in vitro models: (i) the effects of soluble factors from damaged primary cortical neurons upon primary rat neurons and microglia and (ii) soluble factors released from CD3/CD28 activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients on primary human neurons and microglia. The first model indicated that neurons due to injury with pro-inflammatory agents (IFN-γ) release soluble neurotoxic factors, including COX-2, reactive oxygen species, and calpain, thus activating microglia, which in turn released neurotoxic factors as well. This repeated microglial activation leads to persistent inflammation and neurodegeneration. The released calpain from neurons and microglia was confirmed by the use of calpain inhibitor calpeptin or SNJ-1945 as well as μ- and m-calpain knock down using the small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology. Our second model using activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a source of pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 cytokines and calpain released from auto-reactive T cells, corroborated similar results in human primary cell cultures and confirmed calpain to be involved in progressive MS. These insights into reciprocal paracrine regulation of cell injury and calpain activation in the progressive phase of MS, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases suggest potentially beneficial preventive and therapeutic strategies, including calpain inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Laboratory of Signaling Proteins, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Amena W Smith
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ashok Chauhan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jun Inoue
- Senju Pharmaceutical, Co LTD, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Kenkichi Nozaki
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Edward L Hogan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. .,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Samikkannu T, Atluri VSR, Nair MPN. HIV and Cocaine Impact Glial Metabolism: Energy Sensor AMP-activated protein kinase Role in Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Epigenetic Remodeling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31784. [PMID: 27535703 PMCID: PMC4989157 DOI: 10.1038/srep31784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection and cocaine use have been identified as risk factors for triggering neuronal dysfunction. In the central nervous system (CNS), energy resource and metabolic function are regulated by astroglia. Glia is the major reservoir of HIV infection and disease progression in CNS. However, the role of cocaine in accelerating HIV associated energy deficit and its impact on neuronal dysfunction has not been elucidated yet. The aim of this study is to elucidate the molecular mechanism of HIV associated neuropathogenesis in cocaine abuse and how it accelerates the energy sensor AMPKs and its subsequent effect on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), BRSKs, CDC25B/C, MAP/Tau, Wee1 and epigenetics remodeling complex SWI/SNF. Results showed that cocaine exposure during HIV infection significantly increased the level of p24, reactive oxygen species (ROS), ATP-utilization and upregulated energy sensor AMPKs, CDC25B/C, MAP/Tau and Wee1 protein expression. Increased ROS production subsequently inhibits OCR/ECAR ratio and OXPHOS, and eventually upregulate epigenetics remodeling complex SWI/SNF in CHME-5 cells. These results suggest that HIV infection induced energy deficit and metabolic dysfunction is accelerated by cocaine inducing energy sensor AMPKs, mitochondrial biogenesis and chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF activation, which may lead to neuroAIDS disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavel Samikkannu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Venkata S R Atluri
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan P N Nair
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
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Sorrentino FS, Allkabes M, Salsini G, Bonifazzi C, Perri P. The importance of glial cells in the homeostasis of the retinal microenvironment and their pivotal role in the course of diabetic retinopathy. Life Sci 2016; 162:54-9. [PMID: 27497914 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a remarkable microvascular complication of diabetes and it has been considered the leading cause of legal blindness in working-age adults in the world. Several overlapping and interrelated molecular pathways are involved in the development of this disease. DR is staged into different levels of severity, from the nonproliferative to the advanced proliferative form. Over the years the progression of DR evolves through a series of changes involving distinct types of specialized cells: neural, vascular and glial. Prior to the clinically observable vascular complications, hyperglycemia and inflammation affect retinal glial cells which undergo a wide range of structural and functional alterations. In this review, we provide an overview of the status of macroglia and microglia in the course of DR, trying to briefly take into account the complex biochemical mechanisms that affect the intimate relationship among neuroretina, vessels and glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Allkabes
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Salsini
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Bonifazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Perri
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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