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Ye Z, Gary SE. Editorial for "Alterations in Resting-State MR Functional Connectivity of the Central Autonomic Network in Multiple System Atrophy and Relationship With Disease Severity". J Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 58:1488-1489. [PMID: 36974950 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zezhong Ye
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM) Program, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sam E Gary
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Daume J, Kaminski J, Schjetnan AGP, Salimpour Y, Khan U, Reed C, Anderson W, Valiante TA, Mamelak AN, Rutishauser U. Control of working memory maintenance by theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling of human hippocampal neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.05.535772. [PMID: 37066145 PMCID: PMC10104113 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.05.535772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Retaining information in working memory (WM) is a demanding process that relies on cognitive control to protect memoranda-specific persistent activity from interference. How cognitive control regulates WM storage, however, remains unknown. We hypothesized that interactions of frontal control and hippocampal persistent activity are coordinated by theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling (TG-PAC). We recorded single neurons in the human medial temporal and frontal lobe while patients maintained multiple items in WM. In the hippocampus, TG-PAC was indicative of WM load and quality. We identified cells that selectively spiked during nonlinear interactions of theta phase and gamma amplitude. These PAC neurons were more strongly coordinated with frontal theta activity when cognitive control demand was high, and they introduced information-enhancing and behaviorally relevant noise correlations with persistently active neurons in the hippocampus. We show that TG-PAC integrates cognitive control and WM storage to improve the fidelity of WM representations and facilitate behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Daume
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jan Kaminski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrea G P Schjetnan
- Krembil Research Institute and Division of Neurosurgery, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yousef Salimpour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Umais Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chrystal Reed
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taufik A Valiante
- Krembil Research Institute and Division of Neurosurgery, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Angel HF. Pathways and crossroads to creditions: Insights from a retrospective view. Front Psychol 2022; 13:942590. [PMID: 36405173 PMCID: PMC9673172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
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Using resting thalamic connectivity to identify the relationship between Eysenck personality traits and intelligence in healthy adults. Brain Res 2022; 1787:147922. [PMID: 35460643 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Personality refers to a set of relatively stable psychological characteristics of individuals and has been associated with intelligence. It is well known that the thalamus plays an important role in cognitive processes and personality traits, but the relationship between personality traits, thalamic function, and intelligence has rarely been directly explored. Hence, we investigated the relationship between Eysenck personality traits, resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the thalamus, and intelligence in a large sample of healthy adults (N = 176). We found that the trait of psychoticism was negatively associated with intelligence. The high intelligence group showed significantly lower psychoticism and demonstrated enhanced thalamic connectivity to the amygdala, inferior parietal lobules, pallidum, medial superior/middle frontal gyrus, and precuneus. Furthermore, a mediation analysis indicated that the FC between the left thalamus and left amygdala significantly mediated the correlation between psychoticism and full IQ (FIQ). These findings suggest that intelligent people may be less prone to psychoticism. Meanwhile, thalamic rsFC may reflect individual differences in intelligence and play a key role in the relationship between personality traits and intellectual abilities.
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Gage M, Putra M, Gomez-Estrada C, Golden M, Wachter L, Gard M, Thippeswamy T. Differential Impact of Severity and Duration of Status Epilepticus, Medical Countermeasures, and a Disease-Modifier, Saracatinib, on Brain Regions in the Rat Diisopropylfluorophosphate Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:772868. [PMID: 34720886 PMCID: PMC8555467 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.772868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute organophosphate (OP) toxicity poses a significant threat to both military and civilian personnel as it can lead to a variety of cholinergic symptoms including the development of status epilepticus (SE). Depending on its severity, SE can lead to a spectrum of neurological changes including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this study, we determined the impact of SE severity and duration on disease promoting parameters such as gliosis and neurodegeneration and the efficacy of a disease modifier, saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src/Fyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Animals were exposed to 4 mg/kg diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP, s.c.) followed by medical countermeasures. We had five experimental groups: controls (no DFP), animals with no continuous convulsive seizures (CS), animals with ∼20-min continuous CS, 31-60-min continuous CS, and > 60-min continuous CS. These groups were then assessed for astrogliosis, microgliosis, and neurodegeneration 8 days after DFP exposure. The 31-60-min and > 60-min groups, but not ∼20-min group, had significantly upregulated gliosis and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus compared to controls. In the piriform cortex and amygdala, however, all three continuous CS groups had significant upregulation in both gliosis and neurodegeneration. In a separate cohort of animals that had ∼20 and > 60-min of continuous CS, we administered saracatinib for 7 days beginning three hours after DFP. There was bodyweight loss and mortality irrespective of the initial SE severity and duration. However, in survived animals, saracatinib prevented spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) during the first week in both severity groups. In the ∼20-min CS group, compared to the vehicle, saracatinib significantly reduced neurodegeneration in the piriform cortex and amygdala. There were no significant differences in the measured parameters between the naïve control and saracatinib on its own (without DFP) groups. Overall, this study demonstrates the differential effects of the initial SE severity and duration on the localization of gliosis and neurodegeneration. We have also demonstrated the disease-modifying potential of saracatinib. However, its’ dosing regimen should be optimized based on initial severity and duration of CS during SE to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize toxicity in the DFP model as well as in other OP models such as soman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Gage
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Marson Putra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Crystal Gomez-Estrada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Madison Golden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Logan Wachter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Megan Gard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Yang Y, Yang B, Zhang L, Peng G, Fang D. Dynamic Functional Connectivity Reveals Abnormal Variability in the Amygdala Subregions of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:648143. [PMID: 34658751 PMCID: PMC8514188 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.648143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study investigates whether the dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) of the amygdala subregions is altered in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: The dFC of the amygdala subregions was systematically calculated using a sliding time window method, for 75 children with ADHD and 20 healthy control (HC) children. Results: Compared with the HC group, the right superficial amygdala exhibited significantly higher dFC with the right prefrontal cortex, the left precuneus, and the left post-central gyrus for children in the ADHD group. The dFC of the amygdala subregions showed a negative association with the cognitive functions of children in the ADHD group. Conclusion: Functional connectivity of the amygdala subregions is more unstable among children with ADHD. In demonstrating an association between the stability of functional connectivity of the amygdala and cognitive functions, this study may contribute by providing a new direction for investigating the internal mechanism of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Children's Healthcare & Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Binrang Yang
- Children's Healthcare & Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Children's Healthcare & Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Peng
- Children's Healthcare & Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Diangang Fang
- Children's Healthcare & Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Persistent proteomic changes in glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in the amygdala of adolescent rats exposed to chlorpyrifos as juveniles. Neurotoxicology 2021; 85:234-244. [PMID: 34058248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) remains one of the most widely used organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) despite the concerns about its developmental neurotoxicity. Developmental exposure to CPF has long-lasting negative impacts, including abnormal emotional behaviors. These negative impacts are observed at exposure levels do not cause inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the canonical target of OPs. Exposure to CPF at these levels inhibits the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) but it is not clear what the persistent effects of this inhibition are. To investigate this, male rat pups were exposed orally to either corn oil, 0.75 mg/kg CPF, or 0.02 mg/kg PF-04457845 (PF; a specific inhibitor of FAAH) daily from postnatal day 10 (PND10) - PND16. This dosage of CPF does not inhibit brain cholinesterase activity but inhibits FAAH activity. On PND38 (adolescence), the protein expression in the amygdala was determined using a label-free shotgun proteomic approach. The analysis of control vs CPF and control vs PF led to the identification of 44 and 142 differentially regulated proteins, respectively. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that most of the proteins with altered expression in both CPF and PF treatment groups were localized in the synapse-related regions, such as presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic density, and synaptic vesicle. The different biological processes affected by both treatment groups included persistent synaptic potentiation, glutamate receptor signaling, protein phosphorylation, and chemical synaptic transmission. These results also indicated disturbances in the balance between glutamatergic (↓ Glutamate AMPA receptor 2, ↓ Excitatory amino acid transporter 2, and ↑ vesicular glutamate transporter 2) and GABAergic signaling (↑ GABA transporter 3 and ↑ glutamate decarboxylase 2). This imbalance could play a role in the abnormal emotional behavior that we have previously reported. These results suggest that there is a similar pattern of expression between CPF and PF, and both these chemicals can persistently alter emotional behavior as a consequence of inhibition of FAAH.
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Li Y, Xue YZ, Zhao WT, Li SS, Li J, Xu Y. Correlates of intelligence via resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala in healthy adults. Brain Res 2020; 1751:147176. [PMID: 33121922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intelligence is a form of advanced cognition that includes reasoning, problem solving, pattern recognition, and establishing relationships among items. The amygdala plays an important role in cognitive processing, but the relationship between amygdalar function and intelligence has rarely been explored directly. Here, we investigated the relationship between resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the amygdala and intelligence test performance in a large sample of healthy adults (N = 197). We found that two pairs of RSFCs were significantly increased in the high IQ group compared with that of the general IQ group. One of these RSFCs consisted of the right amygdala and the right superior parietal lobule, whereas the other RSFC consisted of the right amygdala and the left middle cingulum. In addition, we found that the brain regions in which the strength of RSFC significantly correlated with full IQ (FIQ) were mainly distributed in the parietal and limbic lobes. What's more, a further mediation analysis indicated that the functional connectivity of the right amygdala and the right superior parietal lobule significantly mediated the correlation between comprehension and object assembly, whereas the functional connectivity of the right amygdala and the left middle cingulum mediated the association between similarities and digit symbol. These findings suggest that amygdalar RSFC may reflect individual differences in intelligence and mediate specific relationships among different intellectual abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital /First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yun-Zhen Xue
- Department of Humanities and Social Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wen-Tao Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital /First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sha-Sha Li
- Department of Humanities and Social Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital /First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital /First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Department of Humanities and Social Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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Alia-Klein N, Preston-Campbell RN, Kim SW, Pareto D, Logan J, Wang GJ, Moeller SJ, Fowler JS, Biegon A. Human Cognitive Ability Is Modulated by Aromatase Availability in the Brain in a Sex-Specific Manner. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:565668. [PMID: 33192252 PMCID: PMC7604391 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.565668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme aromatase catalyzes the final step in estrogen biosynthesis, converting testosterone to estradiol, and is expressed in the brain of all mammals. Estrogens are thought to be important for maintenance of cognitive function in women, whereas testosterone is thought to modulate cognitive abilities in men. Here, we compare differences in cognitive performance in relation to brain aromatase availability in healthy men and women. Twenty-seven healthy participants were administered tests of verbal learning and memory and perceptual/abstract reasoning. In vivo images of brain aromatase availability were acquired in this sample using positron emission tomography (PET) with the validated aromatase radiotracer [11C]vorozole. Regions of interest were placed bilaterally on the amygdala and thalamus where aromatase availability is highest in the human brain. Though cognitive performance and aromatase availability did not differ as a function of sex, higher availability of aromatase in the amygdala was associated with lower cognitive performance in men. No such relationship was found in women; and the corresponding regression slopes were significantly different between the sexes. Thalamic aromatase availability was not significantly correlated with cognitive performance in either sex. These findings suggest that the effects of brain aromatase on cognitive performance are both region- and sex-specific and may explain some of the normal variance seen in verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities in men and women as well as sex differences in the trajectory of cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Alia-Klein
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Sung Won Kim
- National Institute on Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deborah Pareto
- Neuroradiology Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean Logan
- New York University, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Scott J. Moeller
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | | | - Anat Biegon
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Anat Biegon,
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Muster R, Choudhury S, Sharp W, Kasparek S, Sudre G, Shaw P. Mapping the neuroanatomic substrates of cognition in familial attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 2019; 49:590-597. [PMID: 29792238 PMCID: PMC6252155 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the neuroanatomic substrates of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been investigated, less is known about the neuroanatomic correlates of cognitive abilities pertinent to the disorder, particularly in adults. Here we define the neuroanatomic correlates of key cognitive abilities and determine if there are associations with histories of psychostimulant medication. METHODS We acquired neuroanatomic magnetic resonance imaging data from 264 members of 60 families (mean age 29.5; s.d. 18.4, 116 with ADHD). Using linear mixed model regression, we tested for associations between cognitive abilities (working memory, information processing, intelligence, and attention), symptoms and both cortical and subcortical volumes. RESULTS Symptom severity was associated with spatial working memory (t = -3.77, p = 0.0002), processing speed (t = -2.95, p = 0.004) and a measure of impulsive responding (t = 2.19, p = 0.03); these associations did not vary with age (all p > 0.1). Neuroanatomic associations of cognition varied by task but centered on prefrontal, lateral parietal and temporal cortical regions, the thalamus and putamen. The neuroanatomic correlates of ADHD symptoms overlapped significantly with those of working memory (Dice's overlap coefficient: spatial, p = 0.003; verbal, p = 0.001) and information processing (p = 0.02). Psychostimulant medication history was associated with neither cognitive skills nor with a brain-cognition relationships. CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic differences in the cognitive profile of ADHD does not vary significantly with age; nor were cognitive differences associated with psychostimulant medication history. The neuroanatomic substrates of working memory and information overlapped with those for symptoms within these extended families, consistent with a pathophysiological role for these cognitive skills in familial ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip Shaw
- Corresponding author, Philip Shaw, Bldg 31, B1B37, Bethesda 20892, , T: (301) 451-4010, F: (301) 480-3108
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The effect of mild acute psychological stress on attention processing: an ERP study. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2061-2071. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Age sensitive associations of adolescent substance use with amygdalar, ventral striatum, and frontal volumes in young adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 186:94-101. [PMID: 29558674 PMCID: PMC5911233 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluated an age sensitive model of substance use across adolescence to determine if substance use was associated with smaller volumes for an earlier developing brain region, the amygdala, a later developing region, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the ventral striatum. METHOD Participants (N = 110) were African American young adults who were members of a longitudinal cohort across childhood and adolescence. Measures of substance use were collected across early (ages 12-15 yrs.), middle (ages 16-18 yrs.), and later (ages 19-21 yrs.) adolescence; then, at age 25, a representative subset of the sample completed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that assessed regional brain volumes. RESULTS Higher levels of substance use during early adolescence, but not middle or later adolescence, were significantly associated with smaller amygdalar volume in young adulthood. Higher levels of substance use during middle adolescence, but not early or later adolescence, were significantly associated with smaller pars opercularis volume. Substance use was not associated with the pars triangularis or ventral striatum. CONCLUSION These findings support age sensitive associations between substance use and smaller gray matter volumes at age 25 and are consistent with literature supporting the differential nature of substance use and brain maturation across adolescence and into young adulthood.
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Angel HF, Seitz RJ. Violations of Expectations As Matter for the Believing Process. Front Psychol 2017; 8:772. [PMID: 28611697 PMCID: PMC5446980 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For the purpose of this communication it is postulated that violation of expectation means a disturbing event or conflict interfering with a previously established mental state that affords a firm belief or confident feeling. According to this hypothesis a violation of an expectation contradicts predictions and intentions that have been attained on stored experiences, valuations, and actual mood. We will argue that the notion of belief as static or stable which is usually described by expressions such as "my belief" or "our general belief" has to be extended to accommodate the process of belief formation. The credition model emphasizes the procedural aspect of belief by which the "process of believing" becomes similar to other psychological processes. We will describe that the "violation of expectation" can be decoded from the credition perspective and has brain functional correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Ferdinand Angel
- Institute of Catechetics and Religious Pedagogics, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Rüdiger J. Seitz
- Department of Neurology, Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJL. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine functioning in primary psychopathy: A source of within-group heterogeneity. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:633-77. [PMID: 26277034 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite similar emotional deficiencies, primary psychopathic individuals can be situated on a continuum that spans from controlled to disinhibited. The constructs on which primary psychopaths are found to diverge, such as self-control, cognitive flexibility, and executive functioning, are crucially regulated by dopamine (DA). As such, the goal of this review is to examine which specific alterations in the meso-cortico-limbic DA system and corresponding genes (e.g., TH, DAT, COMT, DRD2, DRD4) might bias development towards a more controlled or disinhibited expression of primary psychopathy. Based on empirical data, it is argued that primary psychopathy is generally related to a higher tonic and population activity of striatal DA neurons and lower levels of D2-type DA receptors in meso-cortico-limbic projections, which may boost motivational drive towards incentive-laden goals, dampen punishment sensitivity, and increase future reward-expectancy. However, increasingly higher levels of DA activity in the striatum (moderate versus pathological elevations), lower levels of DA functionality in the prefrontal cortex, and higher D1-to-D2-type receptor ratios in meso-cortico-limbic projections may lead to increasingly disinhibited and impetuous phenotypes of primary psychopathy. Finally, in order to provide a more coherent view on etiological mechanisms, we discuss interactions between DA and serotonin that are relevant for primary psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariş O Yildirim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, De Kluyskamp 1002, 6545 JD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan J L Derksen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Room: A.07.04B, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Negative symptoms in schizophrenia show association with amygdala volumes and neural activation during affective processing. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2015; 27:213-20. [PMID: 25777814 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Negative symptoms in schizophrenia have been associated with structural and functional alterations of the amygdala. We hypothesised that there would be between-group differences in amygdala volume and neural activation patterns during processing of affective stimuli among patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. We further hypothesised correlations between neuroimaging metrics and clinical ratings of negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS We used structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess volume and neural activation of the amygdala in 28 patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy controls. RESULTS We found no between-group differences in amygdala volume or neural activation. However, we found a significant negative correlation between emotional blunting and neural activation in the left amygdala during processing of positive affect. We also found a significant negative correlation between stereotyped thinking and the volume of right amygdala. CONCLUSION Our findings implicate the amygdala in a subgroup of negative symptoms in schizophrenia that are characterised by reduced expression with blunted affect and stereotyped thinking.
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Nazir AH, Liljenström H. A cortical network model of cognitive and emotional influences in human decision making. Biosystems 2015; 136:128-41. [PMID: 26184761 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Decision making (DM)(2) is a complex process that appears to involve several brain structures. In particular, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) seem to be essential in human decision making, where both emotional and cognitive aspects are taken into account. In this paper, we present a computational network model representing the neural information processing of DM, from perception to behavior. We model the population dynamics of the three neural structures (amygdala, OFC and LPFC), as well as their interaction. In our model, the neurodynamic activity of amygdala and OFC represents the neural correlates of secondary emotion, while the activity of certain neural populations in OFC alone represents the outcome expectancy of different options. The cognitive/rational aspect of DM is associated with LPFC. Our model is intended to give insights on the emotional and cognitive processes involved in DM under various internal and external contexts. Different options for actions are represented by the oscillatory activity of cell assemblies, which may change due to experience and learning. Knowledge and experience of the outcome of our decisions and actions can eventually result in changes in our neural structures, attitudes and behaviors. Simulation results may have implications for how we make decisions for our individual actions, as well as for societal choices, where we take examples from transport and its impact on CO2 emissions and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Liljenström
- Division of Biometry and Systems Analysis, ET, SLU, P.O. Box 7032, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Agora for Biosystems, P.O. Box 57, SE-19322 Sigtuna, Sweden(1).
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van Velzen LS, de Wit SJ, Ćurĉić-Blake B, Cath DC, de Vries FE, Veltman DJ, van der Werf YD, van den Heuvel OA. Altered inhibition-related frontolimbic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4064-75. [PMID: 26183689 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that response inhibition is impaired in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their unaffected siblings, suggesting that these deficits may be considered a cognitive endophenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Structural and functional neural correlates of altered response inhibition have been identified in patients and siblings. This study aims to examine the functional integrity of the response inhibition network in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their unaffected siblings. METHODS Forty-one unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, 17 of their unaffected siblings and 37 healthy controls performed a stop signal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psycho-physiological interaction analysis was used to examine functional connectivity between the following regions of interest: the bilateral inferior frontal gyri, presupplementary motor area, subthalamic nuclei, inferior parietal lobes, anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala. We then used dynamic causal modeling to investigate the directionality of the networks involved. RESULTS Patients, and to a lesser extent also their unaffected siblings, show altered connectivity between the inferior frontal gyrus and the amygdala during response inhibition. The follow-up dynamic causal modeling suggests a bottom-up influence of the amygdala on the inferior frontal gyrus in healthy controls, whereas processing occurs top-down in patients with obsessive-compulsive, and in both directions in siblings. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that amygdala activation in obsessive-compulsive disorder interferes differently with the task-related recruitment of the inhibition network, underscoring the role of limbic disturbances in cognitive dysfunctions in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S van Velzen
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stella J de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Branislava Ćurĉić-Blake
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle C Cath
- Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Froukje E de Vries
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D van der Werf
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Park HY, Maitra K, Martinez KM. The Effect of Occupation-based Cognitive Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Occup Ther Int 2015; 22:104-16. [PMID: 25808426 DOI: 10.1002/oti.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability among people younger than 35 years in the United States. Cognitive difficulty is a common consequence of TBI. To address cognitive deficits of patients with TBI, various cognitive rehabilitation approaches have been used for the clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the overall effect of occupation-based cognitive rehabilitation on patients' improvement in cognitive performance components, activity of daily living (ADL) performance, and values, beliefs and spirituality functions of patients with TBI. The papers used in this study were retrieved from the Cochrane Database, EBSCO (CINAHL), PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science published between 1997 and 2014. The keywords for searching were cognitive, rehabilitation, occupation, memory, attention, problem-solving, executive function, ADL, values, beliefs, spirituality, randomized controlled trials and TBI. For the meta-analysis, we examined 60 effect sizes from nine studies that are related to the occupation-based cognitive rehabilitation on persons with TBI. In persons with TBI, overall mental functions, ADL, and values, beliefs and spirituality were significantly improved in the groups that received occupation-based cognitive rehabilitation compared with comparison groups (mean d = 0.19, p < .05). Evidence from the present meta-analytic study suggests that occupation-based cognitive rehabilitation would be beneficial for individuals with TBI for improving daily functioning and positively be able to affect their psychosocial functions. Collecting many outcome measures in studies with relatively few participants and the final data are less reliable than the whole instrument itself. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of specific occupation-based cognitive rehabilitations programmes in order to improve consistency among rehabilitation providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Yean Park
- Occupational Therapy, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 3, 443, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Occupational Therapy, Yonsei University, 106ho, Backun-kwan, Maeji-ri, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 220-710, South Korea
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20
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Arrigo A, Mormina E, Anastasi GP, Gaeta M, Calamuneri A, Quartarone A, De Salvo S, Bruschetta D, Rizzo G, Trimarchi F, Milardi D. Constrained spherical deconvolution analysis of the limbic network in human, with emphasis on a direct cerebello-limbic pathway. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:987. [PMID: 25538606 PMCID: PMC4259125 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The limbic system is part of an intricate network which is involved in several functions like memory and emotion. Traditionally the role of the cerebellum was considered mainly associated to motion control; however several evidences are raising about a role of the cerebellum in learning skills, emotions control, mnemonic and behavioral processes involving also connections with limbic system. In 15 normal subjects we studied limbic connections by probabilistic Constrained Spherical Deconvolution (CSD) tractography. The main result of our work was to prove for the first time in human brain the existence of a direct cerebello-limbic pathway which was previously hypothesized but never demonstrated. We also extended our analysis to the other limbic connections including cingulate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinated fasciculus, anterior thalamic connections and fornix. Although these pathways have been already described in the tractographic literature we provided reconstruction, quantitative analysis and Fractional Anisotropy (FA) right-left symmetry comparison using probabilistic CSD tractography that is known to provide a potential improvement compared to previously used Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) techniques. The demonstration of the existence of cerebello-limbic pathway could constitute an important step in the knowledge of the anatomic substrate of non-motor cerebellar functions. Finally the CSD statistical data about limbic connections in healthy subjects could be potentially useful in the diagnosis of pathological disorders damaging this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Enricomaria Mormina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pio Anastasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Gaeta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Daniele Bruschetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Trimarchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Demetrio Milardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina Messina, Italy ; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo Messina, Italy
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21
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Demenescu LR, Stan A, Kortekaas R, van der Wee NJA, Veltman DJ, Aleman A. On the connection between level of education and the neural circuitry of emotion perception. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:866. [PMID: 25386133 PMCID: PMC4209829 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Through education, a social group transmits accumulated knowledge, skills, customs, and values to its members. So far, to the best of our knowledge, the association between educational attainment and neural correlates of emotion processing has been left unexplored. In a retrospective analysis of The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we compared two groups of fourteen healthy volunteers with intermediate and high educational attainment, matched for age and gender. The data concerned event-related fMRI of brain activation during perception of facial emotional expressions. The region of interest (ROI) analysis showed stronger right amygdala activation to facial expressions in participants with lower relative to higher educational attainment (HE). The psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed that participants with HE exhibited stronger right amygdala—right insula connectivity during perception of emotional and neutral facial expressions. This exploratory study suggests the relevance of educational attainment on the neural mechanism of facial expressions processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana R Demenescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany ; Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands ; Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology and Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Stan
- Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau France
| | - Rudie Kortekaas
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nic J A van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Leiden Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - André Aleman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands ; Faculty of Psychology, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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22
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Plichta MM, Grimm O, Morgen K, Mier D, Sauer C, Haddad L, Tost H, Esslinger C, Kirsch P, Schwarz AJ, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Amygdala habituation: a reliable fMRI phenotype. Neuroimage 2014; 103:383-390. [PMID: 25284303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amygdala function is of high interest for cognitive, social and psychiatric neuroscience, emphasizing the need for reliable assessments in humans. Previous work has indicated unsatisfactorily low within-subject reliability of amygdala activation fMRI measures. Based on basic science evidence for strong habituation of amygdala response to repeated stimuli, we investigated whether a quantification of habituation provides additional information beyond the usual estimate of the overall mean activity. We assessed the within-subject reliability of amygdala habituation measures during a facial emotion matching paradigm in 25 healthy subjects. We extracted the amygdala signal decrement across the course of the fMRI run for the two test-retest measurement sessions and compared reliability estimates with previous findings based on mean response amplitude. Retest-reliability of the session-wise amygdala habituation was significantly higher than the evoked amygdala mean amplitude (intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC)=0.53 vs. 0.16). To test the task-specificity of this finding, we compared the retest-reliability of amygdala habituation across two different tasks. Significant amygdala response decrement was also seen in a cognitive task (n-back working memory) that did not per se activate the amygdala, but was totally unreliable in that context (ICC~0.0), arguing for task-specificity. Together the results show that emotion-dependent amygdala habituation is a robust and considerably more reliable index than the mean amplitude, and provides a robust potential endpoint for within-subject designs including pharmaco-fMRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Plichta
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Morgen
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniela Mier
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carina Sauer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Leila Haddad
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Esslinger
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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23
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Watts S, Buratto LG, Brotherhood EV, Barnacle GE, Schaefer A. The neural fate of neutral information in emotion-enhanced memory. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:673-84. [PMID: 24673606 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report evidence that neural activity reflecting the encoding of emotionally neutral information in memory is reduced when neutral and emotional stimuli are intermixed during encoding. Specifically, participants studied emotional and neutral pictures organized in mixed lists (in which emotional and neutral pictures were intermixed) or in pure lists (only-neutral or only-emotional pictures) and performed a recall test. To estimate encoding efficiency, we used the Dm effect, measured with event-related potentials. Recall for neutral items was lower in mixed compared to pure lists and posterior Dm activity for neutral items was reduced in mixed lists, whereas it remained robust in pure lists. These findings might be caused by an asymmetrical competition for attentional and working memory resources between emotional and neutral information, which could be a major determinant of emotional memory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Watts
- Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham, UK
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24
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De Sousa A. Towards an integrative theory of consciousness: part 1 (neurobiological and cognitive models). Mens Sana Monogr 2013; 11:100-50. [PMID: 23678241 PMCID: PMC3653219 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1229.109335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of consciousness is poised today at interesting crossroads. There has been a surge of research into various neurobiological underpinnings of consciousness in the past decade. The present article looks at the theories regarding this complex phenomenon, especially the ones that neurobiology, cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology have to offer. We will first discuss the origin and etymology of word consciousness and its usage. Neurobiological correlates of consciousness are discussed with structures like the ascending reticular activating system, the amygdala, the cerebellum, the thalamus, the frontoparietal circuits, the prefrontal cortex and the precuneus. The cellular and microlevel theories of consciousness and cerebral activity at the neuronal level contributing to consciousness are highlighted, along with the various theories posited in this area. The role of neuronal assemblies and circuits along with firing patterns and their ramifications for the understanding of consciousness are discussed. A section on the role of anaesthesia and its links to consciousness is presented, along with details of split-brain studies in consciousness and altered states of awareness, including the vegetative states. The article finally discusses the progress cognitive psychology has made in identifying and theorising various perspectives of consciousness, perceptual awareness and conscious processing. Both recent and past researches are highlighted. The importance and salient features of each theory are discussed along with the pitfalls, if present. A need for integration of various theories to understand consciousness from a holistic perspective is stressed, to enable one to reach a theory that explains the ultimate neurobiology of consciousness.
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Poldrack RA, Mumford JA, Schonberg T, Kalar D, Barman B, Yarkoni T. Discovering relations between mind, brain, and mental disorders using topic mapping. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002707. [PMID: 23071428 PMCID: PMC3469446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging research has largely focused on the identification of associations between brain activation and specific mental functions. Here we show that data mining techniques applied to a large database of neuroimaging results can be used to identify the conceptual structure of mental functions and their mapping to brain systems. This analysis confirms many current ideas regarding the neural organization of cognition, but also provides some new insights into the roles of particular brain systems in mental function. We further show that the same methods can be used to identify the relations between mental disorders. Finally, we show that these two approaches can be combined to empirically identify novel relations between mental disorders and mental functions via their common involvement of particular brain networks. This approach has the potential to discover novel endophenotypes for neuropsychiatric disorders and to better characterize the structure of these disorders and the relations between them. One of the major challenges of neuroscience research is to integrate the results of the large number of published research studies in order to better understand how psychological functions are mapped onto brain systems. In this research, we take advantage of a large database of neuroimaging studies, along with text mining methods, to extract information about the topics that are found in the brain imaging literature and their mapping onto reported brain activation data. We also show that this method can be used to identify new relations between psychological functions and mental disorders, through their shared brain activity patterns. This work provides a new way to discover the underlying structure that relates brain function and mental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell A Poldrack
- Imaging Research Center and Departments of Psychology and Neurobiology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America.
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26
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Mihov Y, Hurlemann R. Altered amygdala function in nicotine addiction: Insights from human neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:1719-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Morgan B, Terburg D, Thornton HB, Stein DJ, van Honk J. Paradoxical facilitation of working memory after basolateral amygdala damage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38116. [PMID: 22715374 PMCID: PMC3371039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory is a vital cognitive capacity without which meaningful thinking and logical reasoning would be impossible. Working memory is integrally dependent upon prefrontal cortex and it has been suggested that voluntary control of working memory, enabling sustained emotion inhibition, was the crucial step in the evolution of modern humans. Consistent with this, recent fMRI studies suggest that working memory performance depends upon the capacity of prefrontal cortex to suppress bottom-up amygdala signals during emotional arousal. However fMRI is not well-suited to definitively resolve questions of causality. Moreover, the amygdala is neither structurally or functionally homogenous and fMRI studies do not resolve which amygdala sub-regions interfere with working memory. Lesion studies on the other hand can contribute unique causal evidence on aspects of brain-behaviour phenomena fMRI cannot "see". To address these questions we investigated working memory performance in three adult female subjects with bilateral basolateral amygdala calcification consequent to Urbach-Wiethe Disease and ten healthy controls. Amygdala lesion extent and functionality was determined by structural and functional MRI methods. Working memory performance was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III digit span forward task. State and trait anxiety measures to control for possible emotional differences between patient and control groups were administered. Structural MRI showed bilateral selective basolateral amygdala damage in the three Urbach-Wiethe Disease subjects and fMRI confirmed intact functionality in the remaining amygdala sub-regions. The three Urbach-Wiethe Disease subjects showed significant working memory facilitation relative to controls. Control measures showed no group anxiety differences. Results are provisionally interpreted in terms of a 'cooperation through competition' networks model that may account for the observed paradoxical functional facilitation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Morgan
- MRC Medical Imaging Research Unit, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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28
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Aas M, Navari S, Gibbs A, Mondelli V, Fisher HL, Morgan C, Morgan K, MacCabe J, Reichenberg A, Zanelli J, Fearon P, Jones PB, Murray RM, Pariante CM, Dazzan P. Is there a link between childhood trauma, cognition, and amygdala and hippocampus volume in first-episode psychosis? Schizophr Res 2012; 137:73-9. [PMID: 22353995 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Patients with psychosis have higher rates of childhood trauma, which is also associated with adverse effects on cognitive functions such as attention, concentration and mental speed, language, and verbal intelligence. Although the pathophysiological substrate for this association remains unclear, these cognitive deficits may represent the functional correlate of changes observed in relation to trauma exposure in structures such as the amygdala and the hippocampus. Interestingly, these structures are often reported as altered in psychosis. This study investigated the association between childhood trauma, cognitive function and amygdala and hippocampus volume, in first-episode psychosis. We investigated 83 patients with first-episode psychosis and 63 healthy controls. All participants underwent an MRI scan acquired with a GE Sigma 1.5-T system, and a standardized neuropsychological assessment of general cognition, memory, processing speed, executive function, visuo-spatial abilities, verbal intelligence, and language. In a subsample of the patients (N=45) information on childhood trauma was collected with the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q). We found that amygdala, but not hippocampus, volume was significantly smaller (p=0.001) in patients compared to healthy controls. There was a trend level interaction for hippocampus volume between group and sex (p=0.056). A history of childhood trauma was associated with both worse cognitive performance and smaller amygdala volume. This smaller amygdala appeared to mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and performance on executive function, language and verbal intelligence in patients with psychosis. This points to a complex relationship between childhood trauma exposure, cognitive function and amygdala volume in first-episode psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aas
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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No laughing matter: intranasal oxytocin administration changes functional brain connectivity during exposure to infant laughter. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1257-66. [PMID: 22189289 PMCID: PMC3306887 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infant laughter is a rewarding experience. It activates neural reward circuits and promotes parental proximity and care, thus facilitating parent-infant attachment. The neuropeptide oxytocin might enhance the incentive salience of infant laughter by modulating neural circuits related to the perception of infant cues. In a randomized controlled trial with functional magnetic resonance imaging we investigated the influence of intranasally administered oxytocin on functional brain connectivity in response to infant laughter. Blood oxygenation level-dependent responses to infant laughter were measured in 22 nulliparous women who were administered oxytocin and 20 nulliparous women who were administered a placebo. Elevated oxytocin levels reduced activation in the amygdala during infant laughter and enhanced functional connectivity between the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate, the hippocampus, the precuneus, the supramarginal gyri, and the middle temporal gyrus. Increased functional connectivity between the amygdala and regions involved in emotion regulation may reduce negative emotional arousal while enhancing the incentive salience of the infant laughter.
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Weintraub D, Doshi J, Koka D, Davatzikos C, Siderowf AD, Duda JE, Wolk DA, Moberg PJ, Xie SX, Clark CM. Neurodegeneration across stages of cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 68:1562-8. [PMID: 22159053 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess regions and patterns of brain atrophy in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) with normal cognition (PD-NC), mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), and dementia-level cognitive deficits (PDD). DESIGN Images were quantified using a region-of-interest approach and voxel-based morphometry analysis. We used a high-dimensional pattern classification approach to delineate brain regions that collectively formed the Spatial Pattern of Abnormalities for Recognition of PDD. SETTING The Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center at the University of Pennsylvania. SUBJECTS Eighty-four PD patients (61 PD-NC, 12 PD-MCI, and 11 PDD) and 23 healthy control subjects (HCs) underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. RESULTS The PD-NC patients did not demonstrate significant brain atrophy compared with HCs. Compared with PD-NC patients, PD-MCI patients had hippocampal atrophy (β = -0.37; P = .001), and PDD patients demonstrated hippocampal (β = -0.32; P = .004) and additional medial temporal lobe atrophy (β = -0.36; P = .003). The PD-MCI patients had a different pattern of atrophy compared with PD-NC patients (P = .04) and a similar pattern to that of PDD patients (P = .81), characterized by hippocampal, prefrontal cortex gray and white matter, occipital lobe gray and white matter, and parietal lobe white matter atrophy. In nondemented PD patients, there was a correlation between memory-encoding performance and hippocampal volume. CONCLUSIONS Hippocampal atrophy is a biomarker of initial cognitive decline in PD, including impaired memory encoding and storage, suggesting heterogeneity in the neural substrate of memory impairment. Use of a pattern classification approach may allow identification of diffuse regions of cortical gray and white matter atrophy early in the course of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Chestnut St, Ste 330, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Mushtaq F, Bland AR, Schaefer A. Uncertainty and cognitive control. Front Psychol 2011; 2:249. [PMID: 22007181 PMCID: PMC3184613 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing trend of neuroimaging, behavioral, and computational research has investigated the topic of outcome uncertainty in decision-making. Although evidence to date indicates that humans are very effective in learning to adapt to uncertain situations, the nature of the specific cognitive processes involved in the adaptation to uncertainty are still a matter of debate. In this article, we reviewed evidence suggesting that cognitive control processes are at the heart of uncertainty in decision-making contexts. Available evidence suggests that: (1) There is a strong conceptual overlap between the constructs of uncertainty and cognitive control; (2) There is a remarkable overlap between the neural networks associated with uncertainty and the brain networks subserving cognitive control; (3) The perception and estimation of uncertainty might play a key role in monitoring processes and the evaluation of the "need for control"; (4) Potential interactions between uncertainty and cognitive control might play a significant role in several affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Mushtaq
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
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King R, Schaefer A. The emotional startle effect is disrupted by a concurrent working memory task. Psychophysiology 2011; 48:269-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vision in autism spectrum disorders. Vision Res 2009; 49:2705-39. [PMID: 19682485 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are developmental disorders which are thought primarily to affect social functioning. However, there is now a growing body of evidence that unusual sensory processing is at least a concomitant and possibly the cause of many of the behavioural signs and symptoms of ASD. A comprehensive and critical review of the phenomenological, empirical, neuroscientific and theoretical literature pertaining to visual processing in ASD is presented, along with a brief justification of a new theory which may help to explain some of the data, and link it with other current hypotheses about the genetic and neural aetiologies of this enigmatic condition.
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Abstract
The current view of brain organization supports the notion that there is a considerable degree of functional specialization and that many regions can be conceptualized as either 'affective' or 'cognitive'. Popular examples are the amygdala in the domain of emotion and the lateral prefrontal cortex in the case of cognition. This prevalent view is problematic for a number of reasons. Here, I will argue that complex cognitive-emotional behaviours have their basis in dynamic coalitions of networks of brain areas, none of which should be conceptualized as specifically affective or cognitive. Central to cognitive-emotional interactions are brain areas with a high degree of connectivity, called hubs, which are critical for regulating the flow and integration of information between regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Pessoa
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Programs in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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