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Marinoni M, Parpinel M, Gasparini A, Ferraroni M, Edefonti V. Psychological and socio-educational correlates of energy drink consumption in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:889-901. [PMID: 34825275 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Energy drinks (EDs) are non-alcoholic beverages providing an extra boost in physical/cognitive performance and mood. Besides the physiological effects related to the high-caffeine content of EDs, long-term emotional, social, and behavioral effects have been recently receiving attention. However, a few systematic reviews have focused on the critical yet understudied periods of childhood and adolescence. We have undertaken a comprehensive systematic review of the evidence on any psychosocial correlates of ED consumption in 0-18-year-old subjects, as published up to April 1, 2021, in MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Reviews and Central Register of Controlled Trials. Of the initial 789 records, 104 original articles were included in the systematic review. Seventy percent of them were published from 2016 onwards; among investigated topics, substance use ranked first, followed by psychological and socio-educational factors; the less investigated topic was risky behaviors. Taste and energy-seeking were the main drivers of consumption, which generally happened at home or during sport/recreational activities, without perception of health-related risks. Positive associations with ED consumption were found for sensation seeking, irritability/anger, and suicide ideation, plan, or attempts. Finally, participants with lower grades, a low parental monitoring, or bad influences from peers were more likely to consume EDs. Conclusion: With ~ 70% of papers published since the 2 comprehensive reviews on children/adolescents were carried out, an update of the literature with a broad focus is of great importance. Consumption of EDs by children/adolescents lies in the potential interplay between personality traits, school performance, and influences by family members and peers. What is Known: • Taste and energy-seeking are the main drivers of energy drink consumption, which mostly happened at home or in sport/recreational activities. What is New: • Perception of risks related to energy drinks is associated with a lower consumption, as based on cross-sectional studies. • As mostly based on cross-sectional studies: 1. energy drink consumption is related to sensation seeking, irritability/anger, and suicide ideation or attempts; 2. students with a lower school performance, low parental monitoring, or bad peer influence, are more likely to consume energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Marinoni
- Department of Medicine - DAME, Università Degli Studi di Udine, via Colugna 50, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Maria Parpinel
- Department of Medicine - DAME, Università Degli Studi di Udine, via Colugna 50, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Alessio Gasparini
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Monica Ferraroni
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Valeria Edefonti
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy.
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Petrelli F, Cangelosi G, Scuri S, Pantanetti P, Lavorgna F, Faldetta F, De Carolis C, Rocchi R, Debernardi G, Florescu A, Nittari G, Sagaro GG, Garda G, Nguyen CTT, Grappasonni I. Diabetes and technology: A pilot study on the management of patients with insulin pumps during the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 169:108481. [PMID: 33002544 PMCID: PMC8277429 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the treatment process through IT/technological supports, useful in the management of chronic patients such as those affected by type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Specific routes for fragile patients such as those with micro-infusers have been created thanks to the application of "Diabetes Technology," which allows patients to monitor blood glucose quickly and easily. The present pilot study aimed to assess the quality of care provided to patients with micro-infusers in a delicate phase such as a pandemic lockdown. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mixed-methods approach was used. In the first part, with prior written consent, patients with insulin pumps enrolled voluntarily. In the second part, the focus group discussion (FGD) was carried out with the voluntarily enrolled participants. The FGD data were organized and analyzed by the thematic areas. RESULTS The number of patients with afferent insulin pumps at the center was 50 individuals. Among them, 20 patients voluntarily joined the first part of the study by completing the PACIC questionnaire, which gave an average result of 3.34 (min. 2.2 and max. 4.2). In the second part, the application of the focus group technique demonstrated that technology is decisive in the management of diabetic pathology, not only in the emergency phase. CONCLUSIONS At the time of public health crises, alternative strategies such as Tele-Nursing or Telemedicine could be crucial for the management of patients with micro-infuser not only in critical moments, such as lockdown, but also in ordinary health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Petrelli
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Scuri
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Giulio Nittari
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Getu Gamo Sagaro
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giulia Garda
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Cuc Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Administration and Economics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Iolanda Grappasonni
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Saku EY, Nuro-Ameyaw P, Amenya PC, Kpodo FM, Esua-Amoafo P, Kortei NK. Energy drink: the consumption prevalence, and awareness of its potential health implications among commercial drivers in the Ho municipality of Ghana. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1304. [PMID: 32854661 PMCID: PMC7457268 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consumption of energy drinks has become an escalating global public health problem. The work schedule and irregular sleeping habits of commercial bus drivers make them highly susceptible to getting fatigued, hence most of them consume energy drinks as a fatigue management strategy. However, consumption of energy drinks produces numerous psychomotor side effects that if consumed among drivers puts the traveling public in danger of road accidents. This study sought to assess the prevalence of energy drink consumption and awareness of associated potential health problems among commercial long-distance bus drivers operating from the Ho municipality. Methods The study population comprised about 266 commercial bus drivers. This was a cross-sectional study involving 132 participants who completed a structured questionnaire on the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, frequency of consumption and reasons for consumption. It also included questions to assess the knowledge of the ingredients and side effects of energy drinks. Respondents were selected using a convenience sampling technique. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square test of association were used to analyse the data. Results A majority (62.1%) of the drivers had more than 10 years of commercial driving experience. A 75% energy drink consumption prevalence was recorded with driving performance enhancement (78.8%) as the predominant reason for consumption. 7–10 bottles per week were consumed by most (32.2%) of the drivers. Also, 72.0% had poor knowledge of the side effects linked with energy drink consumption as well as the ingredients for preparation. Conclusion Energy drinks were consumed by the majority of the drivers at the Ho main bus terminal of which most of the drivers had poor knowledge of the potential health problems linked with the consumption of these drinks. The consumption of energy drinks was observed to be higher among the drivers with lower education levels, higher monthly income and those who worked long hours in a day. The Ghana National Road Safety Commission (GNRC) in collaboration with other private road transport unions in Ghana should organize regular seminars for commercial bus drivers on the potential dangers and effects associated with energy drink consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuella Yayra Saku
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Peter Nuro-Ameyaw
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Priscilla Cecilia Amenya
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Fidelis Mawunyo Kpodo
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Paul Esua-Amoafo
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
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Petrelli F, Cangelosi G, Scuri S, Cuc Thi Thu N, Debernardi G, Benni A, Vesprini A, Rocchi R, De Carolis C, Pantanetti P, Faldetta F, Vita S, Talevi S, Capancioni A, Cerasoli G, Grappasonni I. Food knowledge of patients at the first access to a Diabetology center. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:160-164. [PMID: 32275283 PMCID: PMC7975900 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i3-s.9418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Il diabete rappresenta una patologia in costante aumento: familiarità, età e stili di vita rappresentano i principali fattori di rischio per questa malattia e per le complicanze ad essa correlate. Considerando l'importanza del regime alimentare per la prevenzione e il trattamento di questa patologia, scopo del presente studio è stato quello di valutare le conoscenze alimentari di pazienti al primo accesso presso un centro di Diabetologia e di indagare sulla loro eventuale influenza su alcuni parametri ematici. È stato somministrato il questionario di Moynihan. La relazione tra i punteggi ottenuti e le variabili emoglobina glicata, BMI, glicemia a digiuno, è stata analizzata attraverso regressione multipla basata sul metodo dei minimi quadrati ordinari (modello OLS). Il response rate è stato del 73,3%. Il punteggio medio totale ottenuto dal questionario è stato di 23,61 ed è stata osservata una correlazione statisticamente significativa (p<0,0473) tra i migliori punteggi del questionario e i valori di Hb1Ac. Questo studio è il primo passo di un'indagine più ampia che verrà condotta nell'ottica di promuovere una formazione del paziente volta a verificare nel tempo le ricadute positive sulle scelte alimentari e sui parametri clinici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Petrelli
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino.
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Grappasonni I, Scuri S, Petrelli F, Nguyen CTT, Sibilio F, Di Canio M, Samad MA, Amenta F. Survey on smoking habits among seafarers. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2019; 90:489-497. [PMID: 31910174 PMCID: PMC7233783 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i4.9001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Populations living in stressful environments experience higher mortality from lung cancer and chronic diseases. Work-related stress was identified as important determinant of smoking together to health problems caused by a incorrect lifestyles. Aim of the work was to analyze tobacco smoking addiction in seafarers working on merchant ships. Only a few studies are available on this topic. METHODS The survey was conducted using an anonymous questionnaire. The total number of questionnaires filled-in was 1478, out of 2000 distributed (response rate 73.9 %). RESULTS About half of the sample (55.07%) has never smoked, the 28.96% is currently a smoker, while 15.97% of responders belong to the category of ex-smokers. Analysis of the number of cigarettes smoked every day based on the rank shows that captains and officers smoke more cigarettes than the crew members who smoke 10 cigarettes maximum per day. Analysis of the level of dependence among the smokers group by the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) revealed that a 89.0% of sample has a low/very low dependence level, and only the 10.98% of the sample show a high/very high dependence. A further analysis of the results of FTND in the different age groups has shown that the 41-50 and 51-60 age groups have high dependence levels. CONCLUSIONS Working on board is associated to a high risk for chronic, lifestyle-related diseases, due also to lifestyle behaviours. This study suggests to further investigate the presence of other risk factors such as diet, physical exercise, combined with tobacco smoking, obesity. (www.actabiomedica.it).
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Scuri S, Petrelli F, Grappasonni I, Idemudia L, Marchetti F, Di Nicola C. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of novel composite plastics containing two silver (I) additives, acyl pyrazolonate and acyl pyrazolone. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2019; 90:370-377. [PMID: 31580329 PMCID: PMC7233731 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i3.8561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health systems today face the dual challenges of controlling infections and curbing the increase in antimicrobial resistance manifested in drug-resistant microorganisms in hospitals and elsewhere. In the last ten years, research has been conducted to develop new materials with antimicrobial properties to be used in medical devices, increasingly found to harbour critical nosocomial infections. METHODS Two next-generation composites using the antimicrobial qualities of silver were tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans with the purpose of evaluating their antimicrobial and antifungal activity. These tests applied the standardized method according to ISO-2216: Plastics-Measurement of Antibacterial Activity on Plastics Surfaces. Testing was carried out using polyethylene (PE) enriched with AgNO3 as a positive control and PE as a negative control. RESULTS The antimicrobial activity of the composites proved to be between medium (bacteriostatic) and very good (bactericidal). In particular, PE2 showed the highest scores against all microorganisms, with values ranging from good to very good. Instead, PE1 had lower scores, with a value of medium for Escherichia coli and slight for Candida albicans. Statistical analysis carried out with the t-test for unpaired data showed a statistically significant difference between the positive control and the other polymers (p< .0001). CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, we conclude that the test, conducted to ISO-2216 standards, could be extended to include fungal strains and that the new composites could be used to produce antimicrobial surfaces for medical devices, for example, intubation tubes, urinary catheters, vascular prostheses, and mechanical heart valves. This would reduce the risk of microbial contamination and biofilm formation, ensuring better health outcomes for patients treated with these devices. Further testing should be done to evaluate potential future applications of these composites and the possibility of adding fungal strains to the IS0-2216 standard.
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SCURI S, PETRELLI F, NGUYEN T, GRAPPASONNI I. Training to improve resilience and coping to monitor PTSD in rescue workers. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2019; 60:E58-E63. [PMID: 31041412 PMCID: PMC6477563 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.1.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Few studies focus on the role training has on rescue workers who are active as volunteers or actual workers in emergency situations such as an earthquake. In October 2016, a strong earthquake hit Central Italy and in particular the province of Macerata in the Marche region. Lots of rescuers were called to deal with the emergency. The aim of this study was, therefore, to examine their preparation, studying resilience and coping strategies, as these qualities can protect against complications brought on by traumatic situations (post traumatic stress disorder). Study design An observational study on 70 rescue workers who active in the area affected by the disaster within the province of Macerata was carried out. Materials and methods The questionnaire proposed by the Coping Inventory for Stressful situations (CISS) was used, while individual resilience levels were measured with the Resilience Scale. Both methods were employed in two separate interviews conducted before and after their intervention in the disaster area. To verify a possible difference between the resilience and coping values before and after the activity of rescue effort, the paired Student t test was applied. Results The sample showed medium to high levels of coping (91.6%) and resilience (89.6%) were present in both interviews and not significant statistical differences was observed for the resilience (among females t = 1.63, p-value = 0.179, and among males (t = -0.76; p-value = 0.487). In contrast, CISS scores before and after the rescue effort showed significant statistical differences both among females (t = 4.81; p-value = 0.009) and males (t = 10.06; p-value = 0.001). Some areas relative to coping mechanisms, such as social avoidance and distraction are preferred by women, while men prefer avoidance and task-oriented activity. Results for resilience show a slight difference for perseverance in men. Conclusions The ability to use mechanisms of self-preservation like coping and resilience helps rescue workers to better respond in emergency situations. Surely one of the most appropriate ways to reach this result is provided by their preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. SCURI
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - F. PETRELLI
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
- Fabio Petrelli, School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy - Tel. +39 073 7402417 - E-mail:
| | - T.T.C. NGUYEN
- Department of Pharmaceutical Administration and Economics, University of Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - I. GRAPPASONNI
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
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Scuri S, Petrelli F, Tanzi E, Thi Thu CN, Grappasonni I. European university students of pharmacy: survey on the use of pharmaceutical drugs. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2019; 90:83-91. [PMID: 30889159 PMCID: PMC6502160 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i1.7572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM In recent years, self-medication is an increasing public health issue, also among the European young people. Only 48% of people throughout the world use prescribed medications, while the remainder admits that they self-medicate with over the counter drugs or leftover prescribed drugs. Also, the risk of antibiotic resistance, throughout the world, has doubled, due to the recourse to these drugs when they are not called for, or to failure to follow their instructions for use. METHODS A five-part questionnaire, translated into the national languages and validated, was given to Pharmacy students in Italy, Spain, the Czech Republic and Romania obtain anonymous information about their pharmaceutical drugs use. RESULTS Regarding the use of pharmaceutical drugs, students in Spain and Romania indicated the highest percentages of use. In Italy and Romania, the pharmacist is rarely consulted, while the advice of family members or friends is more frequently requested. In all four countries the problem of taking antibiotics without a medical prescription is significant, and 50% of Romanian students use antibiotics to treat the flu. Another important result is that, in Spain, 38.4% of the respondents admitted to using medicines with alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Considering that the drug information leaflet is not read by 50% of young people interviewed, it would be important for public health entities to instruct the population, especially younger age groups such as secondary school students, about the importance of reading this information carefully. The use of mass media in such a preventive medicine campaign could be effective.
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Petrelli F, Scuri S, Tanzi E, Nguyen C, Grappasonni I. Public health and burnout: a survey on lifestyle changes among workers in the healthcare sector. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2018; 90:24-30. [PMID: 30889151 PMCID: PMC6502147 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i1.7626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Burnout Syndrome is a condition which could most commonly be associated with negative effects on the quality of work and life. Some occupations are more likely to suffer from this syndrome, for example workers in the health sector. This survey was therefore conducted among hospital workers of the Marche Region in order to analyze levels of Burnout and any possible correlation of these levels with lifestyle changes. Methods: The survey was carried out using a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire in two sections: the first consisted of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the second contained questions about the healthcare operator’s lifestyle. The MBI investigates levels of Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP) and finally of Personal Accomplishment (RP) in respondents. Survey results were processed using descriptive statistics, applying the Chi-square statistic and an Odds Ratio (p<0.05). Results: 53.4% of the questionnaire was duly completed. The scale with the highest incidence among interviewees was Depersonalization. Even though the high-level percentage for the DP and EE scale was equal to 22.3%, when adding the high-level percentage to the medium level percentage, the difference between low and medium-high level was found to be around 20% for all areas. Analyzing the correlation between lifestyle choices, and in particular the consumption of alcohol and smoking with Burnout Syndrome, a statistically significant Odds Ratio was observed in the DP scale vs alcohol (OR=4.67), the RP scale vs cigarette smoke (OR=2.50), and finally in the EE area vs cigarette smoke (OR=2.92). Conclusion: Our results are in line with other studies which show increasing levels of EE and DP in healthcare workers. Healthcare workers who have been in the same job for a considerable amount of time (15+ years) show the highest levels of EE and DP. Subjects with high levels of Depersonalization show a worrying exposure to alcohol abuse, while those with high levels of Emotional Exhaustion tend to make use of both alcohol and tobacco, demonstrating negative lifestyle choices; in spite of this, results for personal accomplishment being relatively low and therefore not cause for worry, subjects still show high levels of exposure to cigarette smoke. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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PETRELLI F, SCURI S, TANZI E, NGUYỄN T, GRAPPASONNI I. Lifestyles and discomfort in a sample of young Romanian students. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2018; 59:E230-E235. [PMID: 30397680 PMCID: PMC6196370 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2018.59.3.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 40.3% of the Romanian youth population is at risk of poverty or social exclusion, and, in addition, the abuse of substances increases. It was interesting to evaluate the attitudes shared by pupils as well as their knowledge of these substances with a view to analyzing causes and types of risky behaviour in young people. METHODS This is an observational study on the harassment influence in the lifestyle of a sample of Craiova high-school students The Fagerström Test was applied to evaluate the degree of nicotine dependence, and the data processed to assess the Odds Ratio. RESULTS The sample was composed by 1,980 students with an average age of 17, of which 1,727 correctly responded to the questionnaire. The 37.4% of students admit to smoke, and the 67% to drink alcohol. The Fagerström test showed that the 68.2% of respondents are not highly addicted to smoke while the 31.8% was associated with a middle-to-high addiction level. A worrying weekly consumption of beer has been registered in the students. Regarding psychological distress caused by harassment a high Odds Ratio was recorded between the smokers and the drug users. CONCLUSIONS More than half of students did not know about the health consequences of smoking, and the same result was recorded about the consumption of alcohol. A special attention should be done to the understanding of harassment problem in the young people. In fact, almost all the respondents declared to have suffered abuse and admits to use drug and cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. PETRELLI
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - S. SCURI
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - E. TANZI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - T.T.C. NGUYỄN
- Department of Pharmaceutical Administration and Economics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi city, Vietnam
| | - I. GRAPPASONNI
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
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