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Li Y, Garcia G, Arumugaswami V, Guo F. Structure-based design of antisense oligonucleotides that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.08.23.457434. [PMID: 34462746 PMCID: PMC8404888 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.23.457434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are an emerging class of drugs that target RNAs. Current ASO designs strictly follow the rule of Watson-Crick base pairing along target sequences. However, RNAs often fold into structures that interfere with ASO hybridization. Here we developed a structure-based ASO design method and applied it to target severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Our method makes sure that ASO binding is compatible with target structures in three-dimensional (3D) space by employing structural design templates. These 3D-ASOs recognize the shapes and hydrogen bonding patterns of targets via tertiary interactions, achieving enhanced affinity and specificity. We designed 3D-ASOs that bind to the frameshift stimulation element and transcription regulatory sequence of SARS-CoV-2 and identified lead ASOs that strongly inhibit viral replication in human cells. We further optimized the lead sequences and characterized structure-activity relationship. The 3D-ASO technology helps fight coronavirus disease-2019 and is broadly applicable to ASO drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A
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2
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Islam R, Parves MR, Paul AS, Uddin N, Rahman MS, Mamun AA, Hossain MN, Ali MA, Halim MA. A molecular modeling approach to identify effective antiviral phytochemicals against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 39:3213-3224. [PMID: 32340562 PMCID: PMC7232885 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1761883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the important targets to design and develop antiviral drugs. In this study, we have selected 40 antiviral phytochemicals to find out the best candidates which can act as potent inhibitors against the main protease. Molecular docking is performed using AutoDock Vina and GOLD suite to determine the binding affinities and interactions between the phytochemicals and the main protease. The selected candidates strongly interact with the key Cys145 and His41 residues. To validate the docking interactions, 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the five top-ranked inhibitors including hypericin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, baicalin, glabridin, and α-ketoamide-11r are performed. Principal component analysis (PCA) on the MD simulation discloses that baicalin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, and α-ketoamide-11r have structural similarity with the apo-form of the main protease. These findings are also strongly supported by root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), and solvent accessible surface area (SASA) investigations. PCA is also used to find out the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for pattern recognition of the best ligands. Multiple linear regression (MLR) of QSAR reveals the R2 value of 0.842 for the training set and 0.753 for the test set. Our proposed MLR model can predict the favorable binding energy compared with the binding energy detected from molecular docking. ADMET analysis demonstrates that these candidates appear to be safer inhibitors. Our comprehensive computational and statistical analysis show that these selected phytochemicals can be used as potential inhibitors against the SARS-CoV-2.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Islam
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rimon Parves
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Archi Sundar Paul
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nizam Uddin
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Md. Sajjadur Rahman
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Abdulla Al Mamun
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of MOE, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Md. Nayeem Hossain
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ackas Ali
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A. Halim
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas-Fort Smith, Fort Smith, AR, USA
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3
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Rizkita LD, Astuti I. The potential of miRNA-based therapeutics in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: A review. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:265-271. [PMID: 33782640 PMCID: PMC7989072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19, the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as a pandemic in March 2020, and more than 117 million people worldwide have been confirmed to have been infected. Scientists, medical professionals, and other stakeholders are racing against time to find and develop effective medicines for COVID-19. However, no drug with high efficacy to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection has been approved. With the increasing popularity of gene therapy, scientists have explored the utilization of small RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) as therapeutics. miRNAs are non-coding RNAs with high affinity for the 3'-UTRs of targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Interactions between host cells and viral genomes may induce the upregulation or downregulation of various miRNAs. Therefore, understanding the expression patterns of these miRNAs and their functions will provide insights into potential miRNA-based therapies. This review systematically summarizes the potential targets of miRNA-based therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection and examines the viability of possible transfection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonny Dwi Rizkita
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Indwiani Astuti
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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4
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Jaber AA, Chowdhury ZM, Bhattacharjee A, Mourin M, Keya CA, Bhuyan ZA. Elucidating molecular mechanisms of acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors in melanoma using a microfluidic device and deep sequencing. Genomics Inform 2021; 19:e48. [PMID: 35172476 PMCID: PMC8752979 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) encodes small envelope protein (E) that plays a major role in viral assembly, release, pathogenesis, and host inflammation. Previous studies demonstrated that pyrazine ring containing amiloride analogs inhibit this protein in different types of coronavirus including SARS-CoV-1 small envelope protein E (SARS-CoV-1 E). SARS-CoV-1 E has 93.42% sequence identity with SARS-CoV-2 E and shared a conserved domain NS3/small envelope protein (NS3_envE). Amiloride analog hexamethylene amiloride (HMA) can inhibit SARS-CoV-1 E. Therefore, we performed molecular docking and dynamics simulations to explore whether amiloride analogs are effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 E. To do so, SARS-CoV-1 E and SARS-CoV-2 E proteins were taken as receptors while HMA and 3-amino-5-(azepan-1-yl)-N-(diaminomethylidene)-6-pyrimidin-5-ylpyrazine-2-carboxamide (3A5NP2C) were selected as ligands. Molecular docking simulation showed higher binding affinity scores of HMA and 3A5NP2C for SARS-CoV-2 E than SARS-CoV-1 E. Moreover, HMA and 3A5NP2C engaged more amino acids in SARS-CoV-2 E. Molecular dynamics simulation for 1 μs (1,000 ns) revealed that these ligands could alter the native structure of the proteins and their flexibility. Our study suggests that suitable amiloride analogs might yield a prospective drug against coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah All Jaber
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
| | - Zeshan Mahmud Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh.,Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka-1349, Bangladesh
| | - Arittra Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh.,Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka-1349, Bangladesh
| | - Muntahi Mourin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chaman Ara Keya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
| | - Zaied Ahmed Bhuyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
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5
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Murgolo N, Therien AG, Howell B, Klein D, Koeplinger K, Lieberman LA, Adam GC, Flynn J, McKenna P, Swaminathan G, Hazuda DJ, Olsen DB. SARS-CoV-2 tropism, entry, replication, and propagation: Considerations for drug discovery and development. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009225. [PMID: 33596266 PMCID: PMC7888651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial report of the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) emanating from Wuhan, China, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally. While the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are not completely understood, there appears to be a wide spectrum of disease ranging from mild symptoms to severe respiratory distress, hospitalization, and mortality. There are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments for COVID-19 aside from remdesivir; early efforts to identify efficacious therapeutics for COVID-19 have mainly focused on drug repurposing screens to identify compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in cellular infection systems. These screens have yielded intriguing hits, but the use of nonhuman immortalized cell lines derived from non-pulmonary or gastrointestinal origins poses any number of questions in predicting the physiological and pathological relevance of these potential interventions. While our knowledge of this novel virus continues to evolve, our current understanding of the key molecular and cellular interactions involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection is discussed in order to provide a framework for developing the most appropriate in vitro toolbox to support current and future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Murgolo
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alex G. Therien
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Howell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel Klein
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Koeplinger
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Linda A. Lieberman
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Adam
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica Flynn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philip McKenna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gokul Swaminathan
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daria J. Hazuda
- Discovery Biology & Translational Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David B. Olsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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6
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Vougogiannopoulou K, Corona A, Tramontano E, Alexis MN, Skaltsounis AL. Natural and Nature-Derived Products Targeting Human Coronaviruses. Molecules 2021; 26:448. [PMID: 33467029 PMCID: PMC7831024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 human coronavirus (HCoV), has brought the international scientific community before a state of emergency that needs to be addressed with intensive research for the discovery of pharmacological agents with antiviral activity. Potential antiviral natural products (NPs) have been discovered from plants of the global biodiversity, including extracts, compounds and categories of compounds with activity against several viruses of the respiratory tract such as HCoVs. However, the scarcity of natural products (NPs) and small-molecules (SMs) used as antiviral agents, especially for HCoVs, is notable. This is a review of 203 publications, which were selected using PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, evaluates the available literature since the discovery of the first human coronavirus in the 1960s; it summarizes important aspects of structure, function, and therapeutic targeting of HCoVs as well as NPs (19 total plant extracts and 204 isolated or semi-synthesized pure compounds) with anti-HCoV activity targeting viral and non-viral proteins, while focusing on the advances on the discovery of NPs with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and providing a critical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Vougogiannopoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Biomedical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, E block, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS55409042 Monserrato, Italy; (A.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Biomedical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, E block, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS55409042 Monserrato, Italy; (A.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Michael N. Alexis
- Molecular Endocrinology Team, Inst of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
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7
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Niessen W. Tandem mass spectrometry of small-molecule antiviral drugs: 3. antiviral agents against herpes, influenza and other viral infections. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 455:116377. [PMID: 32834766 PMCID: PMC7292951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2020.116377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the treatment of various viral infections, antiviral drugs may be used. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) operated in selected-reaction monitoring (SRM) mode is the method of choice in quantitative bioanalysis of drugs, e.g., to establish bioavailability, to study pharmacokinetics, and later on possibly for therapeutic drug monitoring. In this study, the fragmentation in MS-MS of small-molecule antiviral drugs against herpes and influenza viruses is reviewed. In this way, insight is gained on the identity of the product ions used in SRM. Fragmentation schemes of antiviral agents are also relevant in the identification of drug metabolites or (forced) degradation products. As information of the fragmentation of antiviral drugs in MS-MS and the identity of the product ions is very much scattered in the scientific literature, it was decided to collect this information and to review it. In this third study, attention is paid to small-molecule antiviral agents used against herpes and influenza virus infections. In addition, some attention is paid to broad-spectrum antiviral agents, that are investigated with respect to their efficacy in challenging virus infections of this century, e.g., involving Ebola, Zika and corona viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, which is causing a world-wide pandemic at this very moment. The review provides fragmentation schemes of ca. 35 antiviral agents. The identity of the product ions used in SRM, i.e., elemental composition and exact-m/z, is tabulated, and more detailed fragmentation schemes are provided.
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8
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Milenković DA, Dimić DS, Avdović EH, Marković ZS. Several coumarin derivatives and their Pd(ii) complexes as potential inhibitors of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2, anin silicoapproach. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35099-35108. [PMID: 35515669 PMCID: PMC9056878 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused many fatalities among people and significantly influenced the global economy. Since efficient treatment is not available, the computational methods in biology and chemistry are a promising starting point towards adequate medication. Three previously synthesized coumarin derivatives and their Pd(ii) complexes were examined for the binding affinity towards the Mpro protein of SARS-CoV-2 by molecular docking and compared to two Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drugs, cinanserin and chloroquine. All of the investigated compounds bind to the active position of the mentioned protein. Coumarin–Pd(ii) complexes showed higher binding affinities compared to the approved drugs. The bindings of the bis(3-(1-((3-chlorophenyl)amino)ethylidene)-chroman-2,4-dione) palladium(ii) complex, its corresponding ligand, and cinanserin to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro were further subjected to the molecular dynamics simulations. The binding free energies, computed by MM/PBSA approach were analyzed in detail and the importance of specific interactions outlined. These results showed that the molecules bearing structural similarity to the approved drugs and their complexes have the potential to inhibit the functional activity of SARS-CoV-2 protease and further experimental studies should be undertaken. Coumarin derivatives and their Pd(ii)-complexes have shown a higher binding potential towards SARS-CoV-2 Mpro than chloroquine/cinanserin along with lower toxicity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan A. Milenković
- Institute for Information Technologies
- Department of Science
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Dušan S. Dimić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Edina H. Avdović
- Institute for Information Technologies
- Department of Science
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Zoran S. Marković
- Institute for Information Technologies
- Department of Science
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
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9
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Targeting Coronaviral Replication and Cellular JAK2 Mediated Dominant NF-κB Activation for Comprehensive and Ultimate Inhibition of Coronaviral Activity. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28642467 PMCID: PMC5481340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tylophorine-based compounds exert broad spectral, potent inhibition of coronaviruses. NF-κB activation is a common pro-inflammatory response of host cells to viral infection. The aims of this study were to (i) find an effective combination treatment for coronaviral infections through targeting of the virus per se and cellular NF-κB activity; and (ii) to study the underling mechanisms. We found that tylophorine-based compounds target the TGEV viral RNA and effectively inhibit TGEV replication. NF-κB inhibition also leads to anti-TGEV replication. NF-κB activation induced by TGEV infection was found to be associated with two convergent pathways, IKK-2_IκBα/p65 and JAK2 mediated p65 phosphorylation, in swine testicular cells. JAK2 inhibition either by CYT387 (a JAK family inhibitor) or by silencing JAK2-expression revealed a dominant JAK2 mediated p65 phosphorylation pathway for NF-κB activation and resulted in NF-κB inhibition, which overrode the IκBα regulation via the IKK-2. Finally, tylophorine-based compounds work cooperatively with CYT387 to impart comprehensive anti-TGEV activities. The combination treatment, wherein a tylophorine compound targets TGEV and a JAK2 inhibitor blocks the alternative dominant NF-κB activation mediated by JAK2, is more effective and comprehensive than either one alone and constitutes a feasible approach for the treatment of SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV.
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10
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Yang CW, Chang HY, Hsu HY, Lee YZ, Chang HS, Chen IS, Lee SJ. Identification of anti-viral activity of the cardenolides, Na +/K +-ATPase inhibitors, against porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 332:129-137. [PMID: 28438630 PMCID: PMC7103123 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of naturally occurring cardenolides that exhibit potent anti-transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) activity in swine testicular (ST) cells has been identified. In an immunofluorescence assay, these cardenolides were found to diminish the expressions of TGEV nucleocapsid and spike protein, which was used as an indication for viral replication; block TGEV infection induced apoptosis and cytopathic effects; and impart the same trend of inhibitory activity against Na+/K+-ATPase as for anti-TGEV activity. The viral titer inhibition was found to take place in a dose-dependent manner. Knocking down expression of Na+/K+-ATPase, the cellular receptor of cardenolides, in ST cells was found to significantly impair the susceptibility of ST cells to TGEV infectivity. Thus, we have identified Na+/K+-ATPase as an anti-viral drug target and its antagonists, cardenolides, a novel class of anti- TGEV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Yu Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsing-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yue-Zhi Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsun-Shuo Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ih-Sheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shiow-Ju Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC.
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11
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Kumar V, Shin JS, Shie JJ, Ku KB, Kim C, Go YY, Huang KF, Kim M, Liang PH. Identification and evaluation of potent Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 3CL Pro inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2017; 141:101-106. [PMID: 28216367 PMCID: PMC7113684 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe acute respiratory illness with fever, cough and shortness of breath. Up to date, it has resulted in 1826 human infections, including 649 deaths. Analogous to picornavirus 3C protease (3Cpro), 3C-like protease (3CLpro) is critical for initiation of the MERS-CoV replication cycle and is thus regarded as a validated drug target. As presented here, our peptidomimetic inhibitors of enterovirus 3Cpro (6b, 6c and 6d) inhibited 3CLpro of MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) with IC50 values ranging from 1.7 to 4.7 μM and from 0.2 to 0.7 μM, respectively. In MERS-CoV-infected cells, the inhibitors showed antiviral activity with EC50 values ranging from 0.6 to 1.4 μM, by downregulating the viral protein production in cells as well as reducing secretion of infectious viral particles into culture supernatants. They also suppressed other α- and β-CoVs from human and feline origin. These compounds exhibited good selectivity index (over 70 against MERS-CoV) and could lead to the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs against emerging CoVs and picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vathan Kumar
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiun-Jie Shie
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keun Bon Ku
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Young Go
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kai-Fa Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Po-Huang Liang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Kumar V, Tan KP, Wang YM, Lin SW, Liang PH. Identification, synthesis and evaluation of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV 3C-like protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3035-3042. [PMID: 27240464 PMCID: PMC7079562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) led to a life-threatening form of atypical pneumonia in late 2002. Following that, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) has recently emerged, killing about 36% of patients infected globally, mainly in Saudi Arabia and South Korea. Based on a scaffold we reported for inhibiting neuraminidase (NA), we synthesized the analogues and identified compounds with low micromolar inhibitory activity against 3CL(pro) of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Docking studies show that a carboxylate present at either R(1) or R(4) destabilizes the oxyanion hole in the 3CL(pro). Interestingly, 3f, 3g and 3m could inhibit both NA and 3CL(pro) and serve as a starting point to develop broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vathan Kumar
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kian-Pin Tan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ming Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Liang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Carbajo-Lozoya J, Ma-Lauer Y, Malešević M, Theuerkorn M, Kahlert V, Prell E, von Brunn B, Muth D, Baumert TF, Drosten C, Fischer G, von Brunn A. Human coronavirus NL63 replication is cyclophilin A-dependent and inhibited by non-immunosuppressive cyclosporine A-derivatives including Alisporivir. Virus Res 2014; 184:44-53. [PMID: 24566223 PMCID: PMC7114444 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a host factor for human coronavirus NL63 replication. CypA is a target for anti-coronaviral therapy. Non-immunosuppressive CsA derivatives (Alisporivir, NIM811) inhibit CoV replication. New classes of non-immunosuppressive CsA/FK506 derivatives inhibit CoV replication.
Until recently, there were no effective drugs available blocking coronavirus (CoV) infection in humans and animals. We have shown before that CsA and FK506 inhibit coronavirus replication (Carbajo-Lozoya, J., Müller, M.A., Kallies, S., Thiel, V., Drosten, C., von Brunn, A. Replication of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E is inhibited by the drug FK506. Virus Res. 2012; Pfefferle, S., Schöpf, J., Kögl, M., Friedel, C., Müller, M.A., Stellberger, T., von Dall’Armi, E., Herzog, P., Kallies, S., Niemeyer, D., Ditt, V., Kuri, T., Züst, R., Schwarz, F., Zimmer, R., Steffen, I., Weber, F., Thiel, V., Herrler, G., Thiel, H.-J., Schwegmann-Weßels, C., Pöhlmann, S., Haas, J., Drosten, C. and von Brunn, A. The SARS-Coronavirus-host interactome: identification of cyclophilins as target for pan-Coronavirus inhibitors. PLoS Pathog., 2011). Here we demonstrate that CsD Alisporivir, NIM811 as well as novel non-immunosuppressive derivatives of CsA and FK506 strongly inhibit the growth of human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 at low micromolar, non-cytotoxic concentrations in cell culture. We show by qPCR analysis that virus replication is diminished up to four orders of magnitude to background levels. Knockdown of the cellular Cyclophilin A (CypA/PPIA) gene in Caco-2 cells prevents replication of HCoV-NL63, suggesting that CypA is required for virus replication. Collectively, our results uncover Cyclophilin A as a host target for CoV infection and provide new strategies for urgently needed therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Ma-Lauer
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Miroslav Malešević
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Enzymology, Halle, Germany
| | - Martin Theuerkorn
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen, BO Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Viktoria Kahlert
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen, BO Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Erik Prell
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen, BO Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Brigitte von Brunn
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Doreen Muth
- Institut für Virologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Gunter Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen, BO Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
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14
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Ke M, Chen Y, Wu A, Sun Y, Su C, Wu H, Jin X, Tao J, Wang Y, Ma X, Pan JA, Guo D. Short peptides derived from the interaction domain of SARS coronavirus nonstructural protein nsp10 can suppress the 2'-O-methyltransferase activity of nsp10/nsp16 complex. Virus Res 2012; 167:322-8. [PMID: 22659295 PMCID: PMC7114426 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are the etiological agents of respiratory and enteric diseases in humans and livestock, exemplified by the life-threatening severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). However, effective means for combating coronaviruses are still lacking. The interaction between nonstructural protein (nsp) 10 and nsp16 has been demonstrated and the crystal structure of SARS-CoV nsp16/10 complex has been revealed. As nsp10 acts as an essential trigger to activate the 2′-O-methyltransferase activity of nsp16, short peptides derived from nsp10 may have inhibitory effect on viral 2′-O-methyltransferase activity. In this study, we revealed that the domain of aa 65–107 of nsp10 was sufficient for its interaction with nsp16 and the region of aa 42–120 in nsp10, which is larger than the interaction domain, was needed for stimulating the nsp16 2′-O-methyltransferase activity. We further showed that two short peptides derived from the interaction domain of nsp10 could inhibit the 2′-O-methyltransferase activity of SARS-CoV nsp16/10 complex, thus providing a novel strategy and proof-of-principle study for developing peptide inhibitors against SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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15
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Carbajo-Lozoya J, Müller MA, Kallies S, Thiel V, Drosten C, von Brunn A. Replication of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E is inhibited by the drug FK506. Virus Res 2012; 165:112-7. [PMID: 22349148 PMCID: PMC7114512 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that Coronavirus (CoV) replication depends on active immunophilin pathways. Here we demonstrate that the drug FK506 (Tacrolimus) inhibited strongly the growth of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E at low, non-cytotoxic concentrations in cell culture. As shown by plaque titration, qPCR, Luciferase- and green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene expression, replication was diminished by several orders of magnitude. Knockdown of the cellular FK506-binding proteins FKBP1A and FKBP1B in CaCo2 cells prevented replication of HCoV-NL63, suggesting the requirement of these members of the immunophilin family for virus growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carbajo-Lozoya
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336 München, Germany
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16
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Barnard DL, Kumaki Y. Recent developments in anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus chemotherapy. Future Virol 2011; 6:615-631. [PMID: 21765859 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in early 2003 to cause a very severe acute respiratory syndrome, which eventually resulted in a 10% case-fatality rate. Owing to excellent public health measures that isolated focus cases and their contacts, and the use of supportive therapies, the epidemic was suppressed to the point that further cases have not appeared since 2005. However, despite intensive research since then (over 3500 publications), it remains an untreatable disease. The potential for re-emergence of the SARS-CoV or a similar virus with unknown but potentially serious consequences remains high. This is due in part to the extreme genetic variability of RNA viruses such as the coronaviruses, the many animal reservoirs that seem to be able host the SARS-CoV in which reassortment or recombination events could occur and the ability coronaviruses have to transmit relatively rapidly from species to species in a short period of time. Thus, it seems prudent to continue to explore and develop antiviral chemotherapies to treat SARS-CoV infections. To this end, the various efficacious anti-SARS-CoV therapies recently published from 2007 to 2010 are reviewed in this article. In addition, compounds that have been tested in various animal models and were found to reduce virus lung titers and/or were protective against death in lethal models of disease, or otherwise have been shown to ameliorate the effects of viral infection, are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L Barnard
- Utah State University, Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy & Veterinary Science, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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17
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Abstract
The global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 led to an intense and effective global response that stopped the spread of the disease by July 2003. There was also an intensive and very productive research effort to identify the aetiological agent, characterise the clinical and epidemiological features of the disease, understand the pathogenesis of the disease and the molecular biology of the virus, and design antiviral drugs and vaccines to treat and prevent the disease. In parallel with the SARS research effort there have been continuous improvements in our ability to detect and characterise other novel viruses. The SARS outbreak illustrates the importance of such detection tools in the response to public health threats. Studies since the SARS outbreak suggest that many novel viruses exist in animals and some, but probably not many, will present a risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Anderson
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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18
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Wang HM, Liang PH. Picornaviral 3C protease inhibitors and the dual 3C protease/coronaviral 3C-like protease inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:59-71. [PMID: 20021285 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903460323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Picornaviruses are small non-enveloped RNA viruses with genomic RNA of 7500 - 8000 nucleotides, whereas coronaviruses (CoV) are RNA viruses with larger genome of 27 - 32 kb. Both types of viruses translate their genetic information into polyprotein precursors that are processed by virally encoded 3C proteases (3C(pro)) and 3C-like proteases (3CL(pro)), respectively, to generate functional viral proteins. The most studied human rhinoviruses (HRV) belonging to picornaviridae family are the main etiologic agents of the common cold. Due to lack of effective drugs, 3C(pro) has served as an excellent target for anti-viral intervention and considerable efforts have been made in the development of inhibitors. Interestingly, the inhibitors of 3C(pro) cannot inhibit 3CL(pro) potently without modification due to subtle differences in their active-site structures, but a group of common inhibitors against 3C(pro) and 3CL(pro) were found recently. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The inhibitors against 3C(pro) reported in the literatures and patents, with a focus on those inhibiting HRV and the dual picornaviral 3C(pro)/coronaviral 3CL(pro) inhibitors, are summarized in this review. WHAT THE READERS WILL GAIN Readers will rapidly gain an overview of the individual and dual 3C(pro) inhibitors and the structural basis for discriminating them. TAKE HOME MESSAGE In the future, more selective potent inhibitors against each protease and dual inhibitors against both proteases can be further developed to treat the diseases caused by picornaviruses and CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Wang
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC.
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Day CW, Baric R, Cai SX, Frieman M, Kumaki Y, Morrey JD, Smee DF, Barnard DL. A new mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV as a lethal model for evaluating antiviral agents in vitro and in vivo. Virology 2009; 395:210-22. [PMID: 19853271 PMCID: PMC2787736 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a highly lethal emerging disease caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV. New lethal animal models for SARS were needed to facilitate antiviral research. We adapted and characterized a new strain of SARS-CoV (strain v2163) that was highly lethal in 5- to 6-week-old BALB/c mice. It had nine mutations affecting 10 amino acid residues. Strain v2163 increased IL-1alpha, IL-6, MIP-1alpha, MCP-1, and RANTES in mice, and high IL-6 expression correlated with mortality. The infection largely mimicked human disease, but lung pathology lacked hyaline membrane formation. In vitro efficacy against v2163 was shown with known inhibitors of SARS-CoV replication. In v2163-infected mice, Ampligen was fully protective, stinging nettle lectin (UDA) was partially protective, ribavirin was disputable and possibly exacerbated disease, and EP128533 was inactive. Ribavirin, UDA, and Ampligen decreased IL-6 expression. Strain v2163 provided a valuable model for anti-SARS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Day
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, UMC 5600, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
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