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Cai ZQ, Hou X, Kong DL, Hou L, Hu ZQ. Synthesis, Crystal Structural, and Spectral Characterisation of Dabigatran Etexilate Tetrahydrate. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14664340623037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dabigatran etexilate tetrahydrate, C34H49N7O9, has been crystallised at ambient conditions. The colourless crystal was investigated using X-ray crystallography with single crystals and powder techniques, and was characterised by thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The compound was shown to be a tetrahydrate. A dabigatran etexilate molecule and four water molecules form a large ring structure, and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds contribute to the formation of a stable molecule in the unit cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Cai
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Xu Hou
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Du-Lin Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, P.R. China
| | - Ling Hou
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Quan Hu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
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2
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Abstract
The pursuit of serine protease inhibitors as anticoagulants and anti-hepatitis C virus drugs continues to be an active area of research. Compounds such as P1-P3 macrocyclic peptides and linear peptides have been registered as potent hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors and compounds such as phenylglycinamide derivatives, substituted biaryls, tetrahydroquinoline derivatives, arylpropionamides, arylacrylamides, arylpropynamides, arylmethylurea analogs and peptides as factor XIa inhibitors. Given the recent US FDA approval of telaprevir and boceprevir for the treatment of hepatitis C virus, the development of new serine protease inhibitors is likely to be one of the hottest areas in the pharmaceutical industry. This review covers the patent literature on serine protease inhibitors during the period between 2009 and 2010.
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3
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Ramírez-Galicia G, Garduño-Juárez R, Correa-Basurto J, Deeb O. Exploring QSARs for inhibitory effect of a set of heterocyclic thrombin inhibitors by multilinear regression refined by artificial neural network and molecular docking simulations. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 27:174-86. [PMID: 21635208 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.582467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several non-peptide heterocyclic compounds reported as potent thrombin inhibitors in vitro were chosen to carry out a QSAR study upon them using MLR and ANN analysis. In order to identify the best QSAR models, the input for ANN consisted of those subsets of descriptors used in the MLR models. The best QSAR models contained the SIC₀ descriptor as the main topological descriptor. To identify the physical and chemical properties involved in the ligand-thrombin complexes, an automated ligand-flexible docking procedure was used. The docking results suggest that the thrombin inhibition by these heterocyclic compounds is driven by π-π, hydrogen bonds and salt bridge interactions. The best Gibbs free energy of ligand binding was found at the thrombin sites S1 and D. We have shown that it is possible to build MLR models with geometries taken from two different sources (semi-empirical and MD geometries) and obtain similar results.
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4
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Renner S, van Otterlo WAL, Dominguez Seoane M, Möcklinghoff S, Hofmann B, Wetzel S, Schuffenhauer A, Ertl P, Oprea TI, Steinhilber D, Brunsveld L, Rauh D, Waldmann H. Bioactivity-guided mapping and navigation of chemical space. Nat Chem Biol 2009; 5:585-92. [PMID: 19561619 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The structure- and chemistry-based hierarchical organization of library scaffolds in tree-like arrangements provides a valid, intuitive means to map and navigate chemical space. We demonstrate that scaffold trees built using bioactivity as the key selection criterion for structural simplification during tree construction allow efficient and intuitive mapping, visualization and navigation of the chemical space defined by a given library, which in turn allows correlation of this chemical space with the investigated bioactivity and further compound design. Brachiation along the branches of such trees from structurally complex to simple scaffolds with retained yet varying bioactivity is feasible at high frequency for the five major pharmaceutically relevant target classes and allows for the identification of new inhibitor types for a given target. We provide proof of principle by identifying new active scaffolds for 5-lipoxygenase and the estrogen receptor ERalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Renner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Dortmund, Germany
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5
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Wu E, Han K, Zhang J. Selectivity of Neutral/Weakly Basic P1 Group Inhibitors of Thrombin and Trypsin by a Molecular Dynamics Study. Chemistry 2008; 14:8704-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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6
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Nishio H, Ieko M, Nakabayashi T. New therapeutic option for thromboembolism – dabigatran etexilate. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9:2509-17. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.9.14.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Riahi S, Ganjali MR, Moghaddam AB, Norouzi P, Hosseiny Davarani SS. Structural study of 2-(1-oxo-1 H-inden-3-yl)-2H-indene-1,3-dione by DFT calculations, NMR and IR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 70:94-8. [PMID: 17768082 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Computational studies have been carried out at the DFT-B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory on the structural and spectroscopic properties of 2-(1-oxo-1 H-inden-3-yl)-2H-indene-1,3-dione (OID). Experimental studies were conducted on these parameters, including X-ray, FT-IR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The optimized geometries of OID and its bonding characteristics as well as IR and NMR spectra have been calculated and analyzed. It was observed that the bond lengths and angles in the molecule, obtained by X-ray, IR and NMR at the level of theory, were in a good agreement with those of the experiment. The correlation between the theoretical and the experimental vibrational frequencies and the chemical shifts of the OID molecule were 0.994 and 0.991, respectively. The agreement mutually verified the accuracy of the experimental method and the validity of the applied mathematical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Riahi
- Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.
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8
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9
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Riahi S, Ganjali MR, Moghaddam AB, Norouzi P. Molecular geometry, vibrations and electrode potentials of 2-(4,5-dihydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-2-phenyl-2H-indene-1,3-dione; experimental and theoretical attempts. J Mol Model 2008; 14:325-33. [PMID: 18274794 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-008-0273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The electrode potential of 2-(4,5-dihydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-2-phenyl-2H-indene-1,3-dione (DMPID) in acetonitrile has been calculated. The calculations were performed using ab initio molecular orbital calculations (HF), and density functional theory (DFT) with the inclusion of entropic and thermochemical corrections to yield free energies of redox reactions. The electrode potential of DMPID was also obtained experimentally with the aid of an electrochemical technique (cyclic voltammetry). The values for geometric parameters and the vibrational frequencies of DMPID and 2-(6-methyl-3,4-dioxocyclohexa-1,5-dienyl)-2-phenyl-2H-indene-1,3-dione (MDPID) were also computed using the same levels with the basis set of 6-31G(d). The calculated IR spectrum of DMPID used for the assignment of IR frequencies was observed in the experimental FT-IR spectrum and the calculated IR and FT-IR observed spectra of DMPID were compared with correlation factor of 0.996. It should be mentioned that the present work is the first research on coagulant derivative molecules in which the electrode potential of a molecule is calculated. Optimized structures of 2-(6-methyl-3,4-dioxocyclohexa-1,5-dienyl)-2-phenyl-2H-indene-1,3-dione (MDPID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Riahi
- Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Klimkowski VJ, Watson BM, Wiley MR, Liebeschuetz J, Franciskovich JB, Marimuthu J, Bastian JA, Sall DJ, Smallwood JK, Chirgadze NY, Smith GF, Foster RS, Craft T, Sipes P, Chastain M, Sheehan SM. d-Phenylglycinol-derived non-covalent factor Xa inhibitors: Effect of non-peptidic S4 linkage elements on affinity and anticoagulant activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5801-5. [PMID: 17881231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Analogs to a series of D-phenylglycinamide-derived factor Xa inhibitors were discovered. It was found that the S4 amide linkage can be replaced with an ether linkage to reduce the peptide character of the molecules and that this substitution leads to an increase in binding affinity that is not predicted based on modeling. Inhibitors which incorporate ether, amino, or alkyl S4 linkage motifs exhibit similar levels of binding affinity and also demonstrate potent in vitro functional activity, however, binding affinity in this series is strongly dependent on the nature of the S1 binding element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine J Klimkowski
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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11
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Lange UEW, Baucke D, Hornberger W, Mack H, Seitz W, Höffken HW. Orally active thrombin inhibitors. Part 2: Optimization of the P2-moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2648-53. [PMID: 16460939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and SAR of orally active thrombin inhibitors of the d-Phe-Pro-Arg type with focus on the P2-moiety are described. The unexpected increase in in vitro potency, oral bioavailability, and in vivo activity of inhibitors with dehydroproline as P2-isostere is discussed. Over a period of 24h the antithrombin activity of the most active inhibitors with IC(50)s in the nanomolar range was determined in dogs demonstrating high thrombin inhibitory activity in plasma and an appropriate duration of action after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo E W Lange
- Abbott GmbH & Co. KG, D-67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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12
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Isaacs RCA, Solinsky MG, Cutrona KJ, Newton CL, Naylor-Olsen AM, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ. Structure-based design of novel groups for use in the P1 position of thrombin inhibitor scaffolds. Part 1: Weakly basic azoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:338-42. [PMID: 16257203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite their relatively weak basicity, simple azoles, specifically imidazoles and aminothiazoles, can function as potent surrogates for the more basic amines (e.g., alkyl amines, amidines, guanidines, etc.) which are most often employed as the P1 ligand in the design of noncovalent small molecule inhibitors of thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C A Isaacs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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13
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14
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Ilies MA, Supuran CT, Scozzafava A. Therapeutic applications of serine protease inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.8.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Kaiser B, Callas D, Walenga JM, Fareed J. Synthetic and recombinant antithrombin drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 7:963-85. [PMID: 15992009 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.7.6.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As the final enzyme in the activation of the coagulation system, the serine protease, thrombin, is believed to be an important target for the development of new anticoagulant/antithrombotic drugs. Direct thrombin inhibitors are either derived from natural sources, such as hirudin or are chemically synthesised, such as argatroban. The coupling of hirudin or parts of it with other entities leads to novel agents with different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG)-hirudin or the hirulogs. Due to the reversible or irreversible inactivation of the enzyme, thrombin inhibitors exert strong anticoagulant effects that can be measured in global clotting assays. Furthermore, these compounds inhibit thrombin-induced platelet reactions and influence other cellular, receptor-mediated actions of thrombin, e.g., on vascular cells. Directly acting thrombin inhibitors prevent blood clotting and are also capable of inhibiting clot-associated thrombin; however, they do not effectively block the further generation of the enzyme. Comprehensive experimental studies suggest that thrombin inhibitors may be effective drugs in a wide range of intravascular thrombus formation, also including the inhibition of vascular restenosis. Recent clinical trials revealed the effectiveness of direct thrombin inhibitors in various thrombotic and cardiovascular indications, but also a tendency to an increased risk of bleeding complications. At present, thrombin inhibitors are the most promising class of drugs for the initial therapy of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia (HIT) or the heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia and thrombosis syndrome (HITTS). They are also useful for the management of venous thrombosis and for acute ischaemic syndromes as well as for invasive procedures. However, with regard to the long-term outcome, a superiority of thrombin inhibitors over heparin has not yet been demonstrated. Several important issues, such as monitoring, pharmacological antagonism and drug interactions will also play an important role in the development of these new drugs. Further clinical trials are required to confirm the effectiveness of direct thrombin inhibitors in the prophylaxis and treatment of various thromboembolic and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kaiser
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine Erfurt, Germany.
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17
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Smoum R, Rubinstein A, Srebnik M. Noncovalent inhibition of the serine proteases, alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin by trifluoro(organo)borates. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:941-4. [PMID: 15731882 DOI: 10.1039/b415957h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of potassium organotrifluoroborates were synthesized. Their stability to hydrolysis was determined in D2O, TRIS and phosphate buffer. It was found that in both D2O and TRIS buffers, these compounds are quite stable, whereas in phosphate buffer rapid hydrolysis occurs. Based on these results, a study was undertaken to determine whether potassium organotrifluoroborates can serve as protease inhibitors. It was found that potassium organotrifluoroborates increased inhibition by at least an order of magnitude over the corresponding boronates. Dixon plots showed that these compounds are reversible competitive inhibitors of alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin. Based on 19F NMR, we speculate that they inactivate the enzymes as a result of the formation of hydrogen-bonds between fluorine atoms of the inhibitors and the serine protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Smoum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12065, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
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18
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Altenburger JM, Lassalle GY, Matrougui M, Galtier D, Jetha JC, Bocskei Z, Berry CN, Lunven C, Lorrain J, Herault JP, Schaeffer P, O'Connor SE, Herbert JM. SSR182289A, a selective and potent orally active thrombin inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1713-30. [PMID: 15028263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
SSR182289A 1 is the result of a rational optimisation process leading to an orally active thrombin inhibitor. The structure incorporates an original 2-(acetylamino)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-sulfonyl N-terminal motif, a central l-Arg surrogate carrying a weakly basic 3-amino-pyridine, and an unusual 4-difluoropiperidine at the C-terminus. Its synthesis is convergent and palladium catalysis has been employed for the construction of the key C-C bonds: Suzuki coupling for the bis-aryl fragment and Sonogashira reaction for the delta- bond of the central amino-acid chain. The compound is a potent inhibitor of thrombin's activities in vitro and demonstrates potent oral anti-thrombotic potencies in three rat models of thrombosis. The observed in vitro potency could be rationalized through the examination of the interactions within the SSR182289A 1 - thrombin crystal structure. SSR182289A 1, has been therefore selected for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Altenburger
- Sanofi-Synthélabo Research, Cardiovascular-Thrombosis Department, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly-Mazarin, Cedex, France
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19
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Zega A, Mlinsek G, Solmajer T, Trampus-Bakija A, Stegnar M, Urleb U. Thrombin inhibitors built on an azaphenylalanine scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1563-7. [PMID: 15006404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Revised: 08/22/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of azaphenylalanine derivatives were investigated as novel thrombin inhibitors based on the prodrug principle. By systematic structural modifications we have identified optimal groups for this series that led us to potent inhibitors of thrombin incorporating the benzamidine fragment at the P1 position, and their potentially orally active benzamidoxime prodrugs. The binding modes in the thrombin active site of two representative compounds were identified by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Zega
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Peterlin-Masic L, Kranjc A, Marinko P, Mlinsek G, Solmajer T, Stegnar M, Kikelj D. Selective 3-amino-2-pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitors incorporating weakly basic partially saturated heterobicyclic P1-arginine mimetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3171-6. [PMID: 12951087 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel, highly selective and potent thrombin inhibitors were identified as a result of combing the 3-benzylsulfonylamino-2-pyridinone acetamide P(2)-P(3) surrogate with weakly basic partially saturated heterobicyclic P(1)-arginine mimetics 1-8. The design, synthesis, biological activity, and the binding modes of non-covalent thrombin inhibitors featuring P(1)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazole, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline, and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazole moieties are described.
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21
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Sheehan SM, Masters JJ, Wiley MR, Young SC, Liebeschuetz JW, Jones SD, Murray CW, Franciskovich JB, Engel DB, Weber WW, Marimuthu J, Kyle JA, Smallwood JK, Farmen MW, Smith GF. A four component coupling strategy for the synthesis of D-phenylglycinamide-derived non-covalent factor Xa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2255-9. [PMID: 12824013 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel isonitrile derivative was synthesized and used in an Ugi four component coupling reaction to explore aryl group substitution effects on inhibition of the coagulation cascade serine protease factor Xa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Sheehan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, IN 46285, Indianapolis, USA.
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22
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Ries UJ, Priepke HWM, Hauel NH, Haaksma EEJ, Stassen JM, Wienen W, Nar H. Heterocyclic thrombin inhibitors. Part 1: design and synthesis of amidino-phenoxy quinoline derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2291-5. [PMID: 12824020 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amidino-phenoxy quinoline derivatives represent a new class of potent thrombin inhibitors with good selectivity and remarkably low molecular weight (M(W): 335-391). X-ray analyses of thrombin-bound inhibitors revealed that enzyme inhibition is mainly based on hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe J Ries
- Department of Chemical Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397, Biberach/Riss, Germany.
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23
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Lange UEW, Baucke D, Hornberger W, Mack H, Seitz W, Höffken HW. D-Phe-Pro-Arg type thrombin inhibitors: unexpected selectivity by modification of the P1 moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2029-33. [PMID: 12781189 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of thrombin inhibitors and their binding mode to thrombin is described. Modification of the P1 moiety leads to an increased selectivity versus trypsin. The observed selectivity is discussed in view of their thrombin-inhibitor complex X-ray structures.
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24
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Thorstensson F, Kvarnström I, Musil D, Nilsson I, Samuelsson B. Synthesis of novel thrombin inhibitors. Use of ring-closing metathesis reactions for synthesis of P2 cyclopentene- and cyclohexenedicarboxylic acid derivatives. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1165-79. [PMID: 12646027 DOI: 10.1021/jm021065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thrombin inhibitory tripeptide d-Phe-Pro-Arg has been mimicked using either cyclopentenedicarboxylic derivatives or a cyclohexenedicarboxylic derivative as surrogate for the P2 proline. In the P3 position, tertiary amides were optimized as d-Phe P3 replacements. The P1 arginine was, in all compounds, substituted with the more rigid and biocompatible 4-aminomethylbenzamidine. One of the novel inhibitors was cocrystallized with alpha-thrombin and subjected to X-ray analysis. From analysis of the X-ray crystal structure, new ligands were designed leading to significantly improved binding affinity, the lead candidate exhibiting an in vitro IC(50) of 49 nM.
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25
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Peterlin-Masic L, Mlinsek G, Solmajer T, Trampus-Bakija A, Stegnar M, Kikelj D. Novel thrombin inhibitors incorporating non-basic partially saturated heterobicyclic P1-arginine mimetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:789-94. [PMID: 12617892 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and biological activity of non-covalent thrombin inhibitors incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazole, 2-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazole, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoindole, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolin-2-amine as novel, partially saturated, heterobicyclic P(1)-arginine side-chain mimetics is described. The binding mode of the most potent candidate in the series co-crystallized with human alpha-thrombin, which exhibited an in vitro K(i) of 140nM and more that 478-fold selectivity against trypsin, is discussed.
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26
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Sanderson PEJ, Stanton MG, Dorsey BD, Lyle TA, McDonough C, Sanders WM, Savage KL, Naylor-Olsen AM, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Lynch JJ, Yan Y. Azaindoles: moderately basic P1 groups for enhancing the selectivity of thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:795-8. [PMID: 12617893 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Starting from a 2-amino-6-methylpyridine P1 group and following a strategy of enlarging it whilst reducing its polarity, we have developed a series of potent, moderately basic azaindoles which are intrinsically much more selective for thrombin versus trypsin. Certain pyrazinone acetamide azaindole derivatives have pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration to dogs, or efficacy in vitro, comparable to an optimized pyrazinone acetamide 2-amino-6-methylpyridine derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E J Sanderson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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27
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Schulz-Gasch T, Stahl M. Binding site characteristics in structure-based virtual screening: evaluation of current docking tools. J Mol Model 2003; 9:47-57. [PMID: 12638011 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-002-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2002] [Accepted: 11/11/2002] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two new docking programs FRED (OpenEye Scientific Software) and Glide (Schrödinger, Inc.) in combination with various scoring functions implemented in these programs have been evaluated against a variety of seven protein targets (cyclooxygenase-2, estrogen receptor, p38 MAP kinase, gyrase B, thrombin, gelatinase A, neuraminidase) in order to assess their accuracy in virtual screening. Sets of known inhibitors were added to and ranked relative to a random library of drug-like compounds. Performance was compared in terms of enrichment factors and CPU time consumption. Results and specific features of the two new tools are discussed and compared to previously published results using FlexX (Tripos, Inc.) as a docking engine. In addition, general criteria for the selection of docking algorithms and scoring functions based on binding-site characteristics of specific protein targets are proposed. Figure Enrichment factors obtained with FlexX, Glide and FRED docking engines in combination with different scoring functions for seven selected targets with highly variable binding sites
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schulz-Gasch
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Molecular Design, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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28
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Adang AEP, de Man APA, Vogel GMT, Grootenhuis PDJ, Smit MJ, Peters CAM, Visser A, Rewinkel JBM, van Dinther T, Lucas H, Kelder J, van Aelst S, Meuleman DG, van Boeckel CAA. Unique overlap in the prerequisites for thrombin inhibition and oral bioavailability resulting in potent oral antithrombotics. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4419-32. [PMID: 12238922 DOI: 10.1021/jm011110z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense research over the last 10 years, aided by the availability of X-ray structures of enzyme-inhibitor complexes, only very few truly orally active thrombin inhibitors have been found. We conducted a comprehensive study starting with peptide transition state analogues (TSA). Both hydrophobic nonpeptide analogues as well as hydrophilic peptidic analogues were synthesized. The bioavailability in rats and dogs could be drastically altered depending on the overall charge distribution in the molecule. Compound 27, a tripeptide TSA inhibitor of thrombin, showed an oral bioavailability of 32% in rats and 71% in dogs, elimination half-lives being 58 and 108 min, respectively. The thrombin inhibition constant of compound 27 was 1.1 nM, and in an in vivo arterial flow model, the ED(50) was 5.4 nmol/kg.min, comparable to known non-TSA inhibitors. A molecular design was found that combines antithrombotic efficiency with oral bioavailability at low dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton E P Adang
- Research and Development, Lead Discovery Unit Chemistry Group, NV Organon.
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29
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Abstract
A newly developed convergent solid-phase synthesis provides efficient access to thrombin inhibitors of the D-Phe-Pro-Arg type. Members of the synthesized libraries inhibited thrombin with IC(50)s in the nanomolar range.
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30
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Hauel NH, Nar H, Priepke H, Ries U, Stassen JM, Wienen W. Structure-based design of novel potent nonpeptide thrombin inhibitors. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1757-66. [PMID: 11960487 DOI: 10.1021/jm0109513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The clinical syndromes of thromboembolism are evoked by an excessive stimulation of the coagulation cascade. In this context, the serine protease thrombin plays a key role. Considerable efforts have therefore been devoted to the discovery of safe, orally active inhibitors of this enzyme. On the basis of the X-ray crystal structure of the peptide-like thrombin inhibitor NAPAP complexed with bovine thrombin, we have designed a new structural class of nonpeptidic inhibitors employing a 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazole as the central scaffold. Supported by a series of X-ray structure analyses, we optimized the activity of these compounds. Thrombin inhibition in the lower nanomolar range could be achieved although the binding energy mainly results from nonpolar, hydrophobic interactions. To improve in vivo potency, we increased the overall hydrophilicity of the molecules by introducing carboxylate groups. The very polar compound 24 (BIBR 953) exhibited the most favorable activity profile in vivo. This zwitterionic molecule was converted into the double-prodrug 31 (BIBR 1048), which showed strong oral activity in different animal species. On the basis of these results, 31 was chosen for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert H Hauel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Research Division, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach/RISS, Germany.
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31
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Liebeschuetz JW, Jones SD, Morgan PJ, Murray CW, Rimmer AD, Roscoe JME, Waszkowycz B, Welsh PM, Wylie WA, Young SC, Martin H, Mahler J, Brady L, Wilkinson K. PRO_SELECT: combining structure-based drug design and array-based chemistry for rapid lead discovery. 2. The development of a series of highly potent and selective factor Xa inhibitors. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1221-32. [PMID: 11881991 DOI: 10.1021/jm010944e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In silico screening of combinatorial libraries prior to synthesis promises to be a valuable aid to lead discovery. PRO_SELECT, a tool for the virtual screening of libraries for fit to a protein active site, has been used to find novel leads against the serine protease factor Xa. A small seed template was built upon using three iterations of library design, virtual screening, synthesis, and biological testing. Highly potent molecules with selectivity for factor Xa over other serine proteases were rapidly obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Liebeschuetz
- Protherics Molecular Design, Beechfield House, Lyme Green Business Park, Macclesfield SK11 0JL, UK.
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32
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Peterlin-Mašič L, Jurca A, Marinko P, Jančar A, Kikelj D. A general synthetic approach to novel conformationally restricted arginine side chain mimetics. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)01243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Dullweber F, Stubbs MT, Musil D, Stürzebecher J, Klebe G. Factorising ligand affinity: a combined thermodynamic and crystallographic study of trypsin and thrombin inhibition. J Mol Biol 2001; 313:593-614. [PMID: 11676542 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The binding of a series of low molecular weight ligands towards trypsin and thrombin has been studied by isothermal titration calorimetry and protein crystallography. In a series of congeneric ligands, surprising changes of protonation states occur and are overlaid on the binding process. They result from induced pK(a) shifts depending on the local environment experienced by the ligand and protein functional groups in the complex (induced dielectric fit). They involve additional heat effects that must be corrected before any conclusion on the binding enthalpy (DeltaH) and entropy (DeltaS) can be drawn. After correction, trends in both contributions can be interpreted in structural terms with respect to the hydrogen bond inventory or residual ligand motions. For all inhibitors studied, a strong negative heat capacity change (DeltaC(p)) is detected, thus binding becomes more exothermic and entropically less favourable with increasing temperature. Due to a mutual compensation, Gibbs free energy remains virtually unchanged. The strong negative DeltaC(p) value cannot solely be explained by the removal of hydrophobic surface portions of the protein or ligand from water exposure. Additional contributions must be considered, presumably arising from modulations of the local water structure, changes in vibrational modes or other ordering parameters. For thrombin, smaller negative DeltaC(p) values are observed for ligand binding in the presence of sodium ions compared to the other alkali ions, probably due to stabilising effects on the protein or changes in the bound water structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dullweber
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35037 Marburg (Lahn), Germany
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34
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35
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Steinmetzer T, Hauptmann J, Sturzebecher J. Advances in the development of thrombin inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:845-64. [PMID: 11322862 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.5.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thromboembolic diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the Western world, which has stimulated enormous research efforts by the pharmaceutical industry to introduce new antithrombotic therapies. One strategy is the development of direct inhibitors of the serine protease thrombin, which holds a central position in the final steps of the blood coagulation cascade and in platelet activation. At present there is only limited clinical use of some parenteral preparations of thrombin inhibitors in acute situations, especially when the common antithrombotic drugs heparin, warfarin and aspirin are ineffective or associated with side effects. However, for use in prophylaxis of thrombotic diseases such inhibitors should be orally available, must be safe to avoid bleeding complications and should have an appropriate half-life, allowing once or twice daily dosing to maintain adequate antithrombotically effective blood levels. Details of several new and potent thrombin inhibitors have been published during the last years. For some of them oral bioavailability is claimed and they are effective in in vitro coagulation assays. However, most of them showed only limited efficacy in animal studies with respect to the doses administered. For that reason, effort is concentrated on the evaluation and optimisation of the overall physicochemical characteristics of the inhibitors in order to improve the pharmacokinetics and, thus, the development of promising drug candidates. Nevertheless, only careful clinical studies can give clear answers about the true therapeutical benefit of new developments in this field. This review summarises the current status of direct thrombin inhibitors which are already in clinical use and clinical development and gives an overview on recently published and promising new compounds.
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36
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Abstract
We present a comprehensive study of the performance of fast scoring functions for library docking using the program FlexX as the docking engine. Four scoring functions, among them two recently developed knowledge-based potentials, are evaluated on seven target proteins whose binding sites represent a wide range of size, form, and polarity. The results of these calculations give valuable insight into strengths and weaknesses of current scoring functions. Furthermore, it is shown that a well-chosen combination of two of the tested scoring functions leads to a new, robust scoring scheme with superior performance in virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stahl
- Molecular Design, Pharmaceutical Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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37
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Jones SD, Liebeschuetz JW, Morgan PJ, Murray CW, Rimmer AD, Roscoe JM, Waszkowycz B, Welsh PM, Wylie WA, Young SC, Martin H, Mahler J, Brady L, Wilkinson K. The design of phenylglycine containing benzamidine carboxamides as potent and selective inhibitors of factor Xa. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:733-6. [PMID: 11266180 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Factor Xa, a critical serine protease in the blood coagulation cascade, has become a target for inhibition as a strategy for the invention of novel anti-thrombotic agents. Here we describe the development of phenylglycine containing benzamidine carboxamides as novel, potent and selective inhibitors of factor Xa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Jones
- Prosthetics Molecular Design, Beechfield House, Macclesfield, UK.
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38
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Kastenholz MA, Pastor M, Cruciani G, Haaksma EE, Fox T. GRID/CPCA: a new computational tool to design selective ligands. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3033-44. [PMID: 10956211 DOI: 10.1021/jm000934y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a computational procedure aimed at understanding enzyme selectivity and guiding the design of drugs with respect to selectivity. It starts from a set of 3D structures of the target proteins characterized by the program GRID. In the multivariate description proposed, the variables are organized and scaled in a different way than previously published methodologies. Then, consensus principal component analysis (CPCA) is used to analyze the GRID descriptors, allowing the straightforward identification of possible modifications in the ligand to improve its selectivity toward a chosen target. As an important new feature the computational method is able to work with more than two target proteins and with several 3D structures for each protein. Additionally, the use of a 'cutout tool' allows to focus on the important regions around the active site. The method is validated for a total number of nine structures of the three homologous serine proteases thrombin, trypsin, and factor Xa. The regions identified by the method as being important for selectivity are in excellent agreement with available experimental data and inhibitor structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kastenholz
- Department of Chemical Research/Structural Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, 88397 Biberach/Riss, Germany
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39
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Mašič LP, Kikelj D. A general synthesis of novel conformationally restricted arginine side-chain mimetics. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Nöteberg D, Brånalt J, Kvarnström I, Linschoten M, Musil D, Nyström JE, Zuccarello G, Samuelsson B. New proline mimetics: synthesis of thrombin inhibitors incorporating cyclopentane- and cyclopentenedicarboxylic acid templates in the P2 position. Binding conformation investigated by X-ray crystallography. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1705-13. [PMID: 10794688 DOI: 10.1021/jm990557t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the aim to prepare nonpeptidic thrombin inhibitors, the amino acids of the thrombin-inhibiting tripeptide chain D-Phe-Pro-Arg were replaced with isosteres. Arg was replaced with the more rigid P1 truncated p-amidinobenzylamine (Pab), Pro with either cyclopentane-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid or cyclopentene-1,5-dicarboxylic acid, and D-Phe with a series of readily available lipophilic amines. One of the most potent compounds (25, pIC(50) = 6.01) in these series was cocrystallized with thrombin where the X-ray crystal structure provide insight to the structure-activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nöteberg
- Department of Chemistry, Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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41
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Wiley MR, Weir LC, Briggs S, Bryan NA, Buben J, Campbell C, Chirgadze NY, Conrad RC, Craft TJ, Ficorilli JV, Franciskovich JB, Froelich LL, Gifford-Moore DS, Goodson T, Herron DK, Klimkowski VJ, Kurz KD, Kyle JA, Masters JJ, Ratz AM, Milot G, Shuman RT, Smith T, Smith GF, Tebbe AL, Tinsley JM. Structure-based design of potent, amidine-derived inhibitors of factor Xa: evaluation of selectivity, anticoagulant activity, and antithrombotic activity. J Med Chem 2000; 43:883-99. [PMID: 10715155 DOI: 10.1021/jm9903287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the potency of 1,2-dibenzamidobenzene-derived inhibitors of factor Xa (fXa), an amidine substituent was incorporated on one of the benzoyl side chains to interact with Asp189 in the S1 specificity pocket. Lead molecule 1 was docked into the active site of fXa to facilitate inhibitor design. Subsequently, iterative SAR studies and molecular modeling led to a 1000-fold increase in fXa affinity and a refined model of the new inhibitors in the fXa active site. Strong support for the computational model was achieved through the acquisition of an X-ray crystal structure using thrombin as a surrogate protein. The amidines in this series show high levels of selectivity for the inhibition of fXa relative to other trypsin-like serine proteases. Furthermore, the fXa affinity of compounds in this series (K(ass) = 50-500 x 10(6) L/mol) translates effectively into both anticoagulant activity in vitro and antithrombotic activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wiley
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
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42
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Fisher MJ, Giese U, Harms CS, Kinnick MD, Lindstrom TD, McCowan JR, Mest HJ, Morin JM, Mullaney JT, Paal M, Rapp A, Rühter G, Ruterbories KJ, Sall DJ, Scarborough RM, Schotten T, Stenzel W, Towner RD, Um SL, Utterback BG, Wyss VL, Jakubowski JA. Fused bicyclic Gly-Asp beta-turn mimics with potent affinity for GPIIb-IIIa. Exploration of the arginine isostere. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:385-9. [PMID: 10714506 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
6-[4-Amidinobenzoyl]amino]-tetralone-2-acetic acid is a potent antagonist of GPIIb-IIIa. Substitution in the meta position of the benzamidine, or replacement with a heteroaryl amidine was tolerated in this series. Use of an acyl-linked 4-alkyl piperidine as an arginine isostere also provided active compounds. Compounds from this series provided substantial systemic exposure in the rat following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fisher
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46028, USA
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43
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Soll RM, Lu T, Tomczuk B, Illig CR, Fedde C, Eisennagel S, Bone R, Murphy L, Spurlino J, Salemme FR. Amidinohydrazones as guanidine bioisosteres: application to a new class of potent, selective and orally bioavailable, non-amide-based small-molecule thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1-4. [PMID: 10636229 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new class of potent, non-amide-based small molecule thrombin inhibitors in which an amidinohydrazone is used as a guanidine bioisostere on a non-peptide scaffold. Compound 4 exhibits nM inhibition of thrombin, is selective for thrombin, and shows 60 and 23% bioavailability in rabbits and dogs, respectively. Crystallographic analysis of 4 bound to thrombin confirmed the amindinohydrazone binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Soll
- 3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Eagleview Corporate Center, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
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44
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Chirgadze NY, Sall DJ, Briggs SL, Clawson DK, Zhang M, Smith GF, Schevitz RW. The crystal structures of human alpha-thrombin complexed with active site-directed diamino benzo[b]thiophene derivatives: a binding mode for a structurally novel class of inhibitors. Protein Sci 2000; 9:29-36. [PMID: 10739244 PMCID: PMC2144429 DOI: 10.1110/ps.9.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of four active site-directed thrombin inhibitors, 1-4, in a complex with human alpha-thrombin have been determined and refined at up to 2.0 A resolution using X-ray crystallography. These compounds belong to a structurally novel family of inhibitors based on a 2,3-disubstituted benzo[b]thiophene structure. Compared to traditional active-site directed inhibitors, the X-ray crystal structures of these complexes reveal a novel binding mode. Unexpectedly, the lipophilic benzo[b]thiophene nucleus of the inhibitor appears to bind in the S1 specificity pocket. At the same time, the basic amine of the C-3 side chain of the inhibitor interacts with the mostly hydrophobic proximal, S2, and distal, S3, binding sites. The second, basic amine side chain at C-2 was found to point away from the active site, occupying a location between the S1 and S1' sites. Together, the aromatic rings of the C-2 and C-3 side chains sandwich the indole ring of Trp60D contained in the thrombin S2 insertion loop defined by the sequence "Tyr-Pro-Pro-Trp." [The thrombin residue numbering used in this study is equivalent to that reported for chymotrypsinogen (Hartley BS, Shotton DM, 1971, The enzymes, vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. pp 323-373).] In contrast to the binding mode of more classical thrombin inhibitors (D-Phe-Pro-Arg-H, NAPAP, Argatroban), this novel class of benzo[b]thiophene derivatives does not engage in hydrogen bond formation with Gly216 of the thrombin active site. A detailed analysis of the three-dimensional structures not only provides a clearer understanding of the interaction of these agents with thrombin, but forms a foundation for rational structure-based drug design. The use of the data from this study has led to the design of derivatives that are up to 2,900-fold more potent than the screening hit 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Chirgadze
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
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45
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Scarborough RM. Coagulation factor Xa: the prothrombinase complex as an emerging therapeutic target for small molecule inhibitors. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1999; 14:15-25. [PMID: 10520757 DOI: 10.3109/14756369809036543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Scarborough
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, COR Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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46
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Rewinkel JB, Lucas H, Smit MJ, Noach AB, van Dinther TG, Rood AM, Jenneboer AJ, van Boeckel CA. Design, synthesis and testing of amino-bicycloaryl based orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2837-42. [PMID: 10522702 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the highly basic benzamidine moiety with moderate basic amino-bicycloaryl moieties in a series of thrombin inhibitors related to NAPAMP provided potent enzyme inhibition and significant improvements in membrane transport and oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Rewinkel
- NV Organon, Research and Development, Oss, The Netherlands
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47
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Wiley MR, Weir LC, Briggs SL, Chirgadze NY, Clawson D, Gifford-Moore DS, Schacht AL, Smith GF, Vasudevan V, Zornes LL, Klimkowski VJ. The design of potent, selective, non-covalent, peptide thrombin inhibitors utilizing imidazole as a S1 binding element. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2767-72. [PMID: 10509932 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Modeling of neutral or mildly basic functional groups in the S1 site of thrombin led to the targeting of imidazole as a S1 binding element and correctly predicted the optimal chain length for connecting this group with the S2 and S3 binding elements. Derivatives of 4-(3-aminopropyl)-imidazole can be selective inhibitors of thrombin demonstrating potent anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wiley
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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48
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Johnson MG, Bronson DD, Gillespie JE, Gifford-Moore DS, Kalter K, Lynch MP, McCowan JR, Redick CC, Sall DJ, Smith GF, Foglesong RJ. Solid phase chemistry approach to the SAR development of a novel class of active site-directed thrombin inhibitors. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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49
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Adang AE, Peters AM, Gerritsma S, de Zwart E, Veeneman G. Solution-phase and solid-phase synthesis of novel transition state inhibitors of coagulation enzymes incorporating a piperidinyl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1227-32. [PMID: 10340604 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-3-piperidin-4-yl-propionic acid containing peptidomimetics are potent protease inhibitors when combined with an appropriate keto-thiazole or keto-carboxylic acid moiety. A novel P1 residue in factor Xa and thrombin inhibitors has been found resulting in IC50 values as low as 0.048 microM, a factor of ten more potent than Argatroban. Starting with non-chiral synthetic routes, a new stereospecific route was developed as well as a new solid-phase method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Adang
- Lead Discovery Unit, Research and Development, NV Organon, Oss, The Netherlands
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Ambler J, Bentley D, Brown L, Dunnet K, Farr D, Janus D, Le Grand D, Menear K, Mercer M, Talbot M, Tweed M, Wathey B. The discovery of orally available thrombin inhibitors: optimisation of the P1 pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1103-8. [PMID: 10328293 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin inhibitors have been designed with the replacement of the strongly basic guanidine P1 pharmocophore with a group that exploits the lipophilicity of the S1 pocket. The approach has lead to the discovery of potent thrombin inhibitors demonstrating good intra-duodenal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ambler
- Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Horsham, West Sussex
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