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Li J, Han N, He Z, Dai X, Zhao F, Li Y, Xiong W, Zeng Z. Bavachin Rejuvenates Sensitivity of Colistin against Colistin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2349. [PMID: 38397028 PMCID: PMC10889384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance threatens the efficacy of colistin as a last-resort antibiotic used to treat infection caused by Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Given the shortage of new antibiotics, the discovery of adjuvants to existing antibiotics is a promising strategy to combat infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) GNB. This study was designed to investigate the potential synergistic antibacterial activity of bavachin, a bioactive compound extracted from the Psoralea Fructus, combined with colistin against MDR GNB. Herein, the synergistic efficacy in vitro and the therapeutic efficacy of colistin combined with bavachin in vivo were evaluated. The synergistic mechanism was detected by fluorescent probe and the transcript levels of mcr-1. Bavachin combined with colistin showed an excellent synergistic activity against GNB, as the FICI ≤ 0.5. In contrast to colistin alone, combination therapy dramatically increased the survival rate of Galleria mellonella and mice in vivo. Moreover, the combination of bavachin and colistin significantly reduced the amount of bacterial biofilm formation, improved the membrane disruption of colistin and inhibited mcr-1 transcription. These findings show that bavachin is a potential adjuvant of colistin, which may provide a new strategy to combat colistin-resistant bacteria infection with lower doses of colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (W.X.)
| | - Ning Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (W.X.)
| | - Zhengyuan He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.)
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaolan Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.)
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Feifei Zhao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (W.X.)
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenguang Xiong
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (W.X.)
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (W.X.)
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Fattahi Bafghi A, Minoo Sepehr M, Mozayan MR, Bagheri P, Dehghani A, Rezaee E. Passive Case Findings on Malaria in Yazd as a Central Province of Iran During 2011-2020. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.30699/ijmm.17.1.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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3
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E. S, R. M, D. C, Ch. R, J. NLL, M. V. BR. Low Molecular Weight Non-Peptidyl Antimalarial Leads: Lichen Metabolite, Usnic Acid and Its Analogues. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1920985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susithra E.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meena R.
- Department Med Chem College of Pharmacy-Girls, Shaqra University (Al Dawadmi campus), Shaqra, KSA
| | - Chamundeeswari D.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajasekhar Ch.
- Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama University, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, India
| | - Naveena Lavanya Latha J.
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Krishna University, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Gupta P, Pandey R, Thakur V, Parveen S, Kaur I, Panda A, Bishi R, Mehrotra S, Akhtar A, Gupta D, Mohmmed A, Malhotra P. Heme Detoxification Protein (
Pf
HDP
) is essential for the hemoglobin uptake and metabolism in
Plasmodium falciparum. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:662-674. [PMID: 36238365 PMCID: PMC9536087 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Gupta
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Rajan Pandey
- Translational Bioinformatics Group International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Vandana Thakur
- Parasite Cell Biology Group International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Sadaf Parveen
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Ashutosh Panda
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Rashmita Bishi
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Sonali Mehrotra
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Asif Akhtar
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- Translational Bioinformatics Group International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- Parasite Cell Biology Group International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
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5
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Song M, Liu Y, Li T, Liu X, Hao Z, Ding S, Panichayupakaranant P, Zhu K, Shen J. Plant Natural Flavonoids Against Multidrug Resistant Pathogens. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100749. [PMID: 34041861 PMCID: PMC8336499 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing emergence and dissemination of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens accelerate the desires for new antibiotics. Natural products dominate the preferred chemical scaffolds for the discovery of antibacterial agents. Here, the potential of natural flavonoids from plants against MDR bacteria, is demonstrated. Structure-activity relationship analysis shows the prenylation modulates the activity of flavonoids and obtains two compounds, α-mangostin (AMG) and isobavachalcone (IBC). AMG and IBC not only display rapid bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria, but also restore the susceptibility of colistin against Gram-negative pathogens. Mechanistic studies generally show such compounds bind to the phospholipids of bacterial membrane, and result in the dissipation of proton motive force and metabolic perturbations, through distinctive modes of action. The efficacy of AMG and IBC in four models associated with infection or contamination, is demonstrated. These results suggest that natural products of plants may be a promising and underappreciated reservoir to circumvent the existing antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Song
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Ying Liu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Tingting Li
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Xiaojia Liu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- Center of Research and Innovation of Chinese Traditional Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shuangyang Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and SafetyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical BotanyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesPrince of Songkla UniversityHat‐Yai90112Thailand
| | - Kui Zhu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Center of Research and Innovation of Chinese Traditional Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and SafetyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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Matsa R, Makam P, Kaushik M, Hoti SL, Kannan T. Thiosemicarbazone derivatives: Design, synthesis and in vitro antimalarial activity studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104986. [PMID: 31283946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Different types of thiosemicarbazone derivatives were designed and tested for their Drug-Like Molecular (DLM) nature by using Lipinski and Veber rules. Subsequently, compounds with DLM properties were synthesized and characterized by spectral methods. In vitro antimalarial activity studies of the synthesized thiosemicarbazone derivatives have been carried out against Plasmodium falciparum, 3D7 strain using fluorescence assay method and found that the compounds, (E)-2-(1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (6), (E)-2-(1-(3-bromophenyl) ethylidene) hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (15) and (E)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene) hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (29) showed notable antimalarial activity with EC50 values of 13.54 μM, 15.83 μM and 14.52 μM respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkishore Matsa
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Parameshwar Makam
- Chemical Science Research Group, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144 411, India
| | - Meenakshi Kaushik
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590 010, India
| | - S L Hoti
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590 010, India
| | - Tharanikkarasu Kannan
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605 014, India.
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7
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Spectrophotometric determination of antiplasmodial cochloxanthins from roots of Cochlospermum planchonii Hook.f. (Bixaceae). SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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8
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Gupta P, Mehrotra S, Sharma A, Chugh M, Pandey R, Kaushik A, Khurana S, Srivastava N, Srivastava T, Deshmukh A, Panda A, Aggarwal P, Bhavesh NS, Bhatnagar RK, Mohmmed A, Gupta D, Malhotra P. Exploring Heme and Hemoglobin Binding Regions of Plasmodium Heme Detoxification Protein for New Antimalarial Discovery. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8298-8308. [PMID: 28949547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin degradation/hemozoin formation, essential steps in the Plasmodium life cycle, are targets of existing antimalarials. The pathway still offers vast possibilities to be explored for new antimalarial discoveries. Here, we characterize heme detoxification protein, PfHDP, a major protein involved in hemozoin formation, as a novel drug target. Using in silico and biochemical approaches, we identified two heme binding sites and a hemoglobin binding site in PfHDP. Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 parasites with peptide corresponding to the hemoglobin binding domain in PfHDP resulted in food vacuole abnormalities similar to that seen with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64 (I-1). Screening of compounds that bound the modeled PfHDP structure in the heme/hemoglobin-binding pockets from Maybridge Screening Collection identified a compound, ML-2, that inhibited parasite growth in a dose-dependent manner, thus paving the way for testing its potential as a new drug candidate. These results provide functional insights into the role of PfHDP in Hz formation and further suggest that PfHDP could be an important drug target to combat malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Gupta
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sonali Mehrotra
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anil Sharma
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Monika Chugh
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rajan Pandey
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Abhinav Kaushik
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sachin Khurana
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neha Srivastava
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Tarushikha Srivastava
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Arunaditya Deshmukh
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.,Centre for Biotechnology, Maharishi Dayanand University Rohtak , Haryana 123401, India
| | - Ashutosh Panda
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Priyanka Aggarwal
- Transcriptional Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neel Sarovar Bhavesh
- Transcriptional Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Raj K Bhatnagar
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- Parasite Cell Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Baruah UK, Gowthamarajan K, Vanka R, Karri VVSR, Selvaraj K, Jojo GM. Malaria treatment using novel nano-based drug delivery systems. J Drug Target 2017; 25:567-581. [PMID: 28166440 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1291645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We reside in an era of technological innovation and advancement despite which infectious diseases like malaria remain to be one of the greatest threats to the humans. Mortality rate caused by malaria disease is a huge concern in the twenty-first century. Multiple drug resistance and nonspecific drug targeting of the most widely used drugs are the main reasons/drawbacks behind the failure in malarial therapy. Dose-related toxicity because of high doses is also a major concern. Therefore, to overcome these problems nano-based drug delivery systems are being developed to facilitate site-specific or target-based drug delivery and hence minimizing the development of resistance progress and dose-dependent toxicity issues. In this review, we discuss about the shortcomings in treating malaria and how nano-based drug delivery systems can help in curtailing the infectious disease malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Krishna Baruah
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS University , Mysuru , India
| | - Kuppusamy Gowthamarajan
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS University , Mysuru , India
| | - Ravisankar Vanka
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS University , Mysuru , India
| | | | - Kousalya Selvaraj
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS University , Mysuru , India
| | - Gifty M Jojo
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS University , Mysuru , India
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In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of Annona muricata Leaf Extract in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei. J Pathog 2016; 2016:3264070. [PMID: 27092277 PMCID: PMC4820626 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3264070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most important infectious diseases in the world. The choice for the treatment is highly limited due to drug resistance. Hence, finding the new compounds to treat malaria is urgently needed. The present study was attempted to evaluate the antimalarial activity of the Annona muricata aqueous leaf extract in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Aqueous leaf extract of A. muricata was prepared and tested for acute toxicity in mice. For efficacy test in vivo, standard 4-day suppressive test was carried out. ICR mice were inoculated with 107 parasitized erythrocytes of P. berghei ANKA by intraperitoneal injection. The extracts (100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) were then given orally by gavage once a day for 4 consecutive days. Parasitemia, percentage of inhibition, and packed cell volume were subsequently calculated. Chloroquine (10 mg/kg) was given to infected mice as positive control while untreated control was given only distilled water. It was found that A. muricata aqueous leaf extract at doses of 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg resulted in dose dependent parasitemia inhibition of 38.03%, 75.25%, and 85.61%, respectively. Survival time was prolonged in infected mice treated with the extract. Moreover, no mortality to mice was observed with this extract up to a dose of 4000 mg/kg. In conclusion, the A. muricata aqueous leaf extract exerted significant antimalarial activity with no toxicity and prolonged survival time. Therefore, this extract might contain potential lead molecule for the development of a new drug for malaria treatment.
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Arora M, Saxena P, Choudhary DK, Abdin MZ, Varma A. Dual symbiosis between Piriformospora indica and Azotobacter chroococcum enhances the artemisinin content in Artemisia annua L. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:19. [PMID: 26745979 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
At present, Artemisia annua L. is the major source of artemisinin production. To control the outbreaks of malaria, artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) are recommended, and hence an ample amount of artemisinin is required for ACTs manufacture to save millions of lives. The low yield of this antimalarial drug in A. annua L. plants (0.01-1.1%) ensues its short supply and high cost, thus making it a topic of scrutiny worldwide. In this study, the effects of root endophyte, Piriformospora indica strain DSM 11827 and nitrogen fixing bacterium, Azotobacter chroococcum strain W-5, either singly and/or in combination for artemisinin production in A. annua L. plants have been studied under poly house conditions. The plant growth was monitored by measuring parameters like height of plant, total dry weight and leaf yield with an increase of 63.51, 52.61 and 79.70% respectively, for treatment with dual biological consortium, as compared to that of control plants. This significant improvement in biomass was associated with higher total chlorophyll content (59.29%) and enhanced nutrition (especially nitrogen and phosphorus, 55.75 and 86.21% respectively). The concentration of artemisinin along with expression patterns of artemisinin biosynthesis genes were appreciably higher in dual treatment, which showed positive correlation. The study suggested the potential use of the consortium P. indica strain DSM 11827 and A. chroococcum strain W-5 in A. annua L. plants for increased overall productivity and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Arora
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology (AIMT), Block 'E-3', 4th Floor, Amity University Campus, Sector-125, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Noida, UP, 201313, India
| | - Parul Saxena
- Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Choudhary
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology (AIMT), Block 'E-3', 4th Floor, Amity University Campus, Sector-125, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Noida, UP, 201313, India
| | - Malik Zainul Abdin
- Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajit Varma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology (AIMT), Block 'E-3', 4th Floor, Amity University Campus, Sector-125, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Noida, UP, 201313, India.
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Hunt S, Yoshida M, Davis CE, Greenhill NS, Davis PF. An extract of the medicinal plant Artemisia annua modulates production of inflammatory markers in activated neutrophils. J Inflamm Res 2015; 8:9-14. [PMID: 25609991 PMCID: PMC4298291 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s75484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the ability of a commercial extract from the medicinal plant Artemisia annua to modulate production of the cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and the cyclooxygenase (COX) inflammatory marker, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in activated neutrophils. METHODS Neutrophils were harvested from rat whole blood and cultured in the presence of plant extract or control samples. Neutrophils, except unactivated control cells, were activated with 10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The cells were cultured with a range of different concentrations of the A. annua extracts (400-1 μg/mL) and artemisinin (200 and 100 μg/mL) and the supernatants were then tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the concentrations of TNF-α and PGE2. Each sample was assayed in triplicate. Positive controls with an inhibitor were assayed in triplicate: chloroquine 2.58 and 5.16 μg/mL for TNF-α, and ibuprofen 400 μg/mL for PGE2. An unsupplemented group was also assessed in triplicate as a baseline control. RESULTS Neutrophils were stimulated to an inflammatory state by the addition of LPS. A. annua extract significantly inhibited TNF-α production by activated neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner. There was complete inhibition by the A. annua extract at 200, 100, and 50 μg/mL (all P≤0.0003). At A. annua extract concentrations of 25, 10, and 5 μg/mL, TNF-α production was inhibited by 89% (P<0.0001), 54% (P=0.0002), and 38% (P=0.0014), respectively. A. annua 1 μg/mL did not significantly inhibit TNF-α production (8.8%; P>0.05). Concentrations of 400, 200, and 100 μg/mL A. annua extract significantly inhibited PGE2 production by 87% (P=0.0128), 91% (P=0.0017), and 93% (P=0.0114), respectively. CONCLUSION An extract of A. annua was shown to be a potent inhibitor of TNF-α and a strong inhibitor of PGE2 production in activated neutrophils at the concentrations tested. Further studies are warranted with this promising plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Hunt
- Promisia Integrative Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand
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Shukla V, Pala Z, Alok A, Desai N. Screening of Different <i>Artemisia</i> spp. from Western Ghats of Maharashtra for an Anti-Malarial Compound—Artemisinin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2015.69162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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A Mathematical Model for the Transmission and Spread of Drug Sensitive and Resistant Malaria Strains within a Human Population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/636973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains by far the world's most important tropical disease, killing more people than any other communicable disease. A number of preventive and control measures have been put in place and most importantly drug treatment. The emergence of drug resistance against the most common and affordable antimalarials is widespread and poses a key obstacle to malaria control. A mathematical model that incorporates evolution of drug resistance and treatment as a preventive strategy is formulated and analyzed. The qualitative analysis of the model is given in terms of the effective reproduction number, Re. The existence and stability of the disease-free and endemic equilibria of the model are studied. We establish the threshold parameters below which the burden due to malaria can be brought under control. Numerical simulations are done to determine the role played by key parameters in the model. The public health implications of the results are twofold; firstly every effort should be taken to minimize the evolution of drug resistance due to treatment failure and secondly high levels of treatment and development of immunity are essential in reducing the malaria burden.
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Wang H, Kanagarajan S, Han J, Hao M, Yang Y, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Studies on the expression of linalool synthase using a promoter-β-glucuronidase fusion in transgenic Artemisia annua. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:85-96. [PMID: 24331423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, an antimalarial endoperoxide sesquiterpene, is synthesized in glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua L. A number of other enzymes of terpene metabolism utilize intermediates of artemisinin biosynthesis, such as isopentenyl and farnesyl diphosphate, and may thereby influence the yield of artemisinin. In order to study the expression of such enzymes, we have cloned the promoter regions of some enzymes and fused them to β-glucuronidase (GUS). In this study, we have investigated the expression of the monoterpene synthase linalool synthase (LIS) using transgenic A. annua carrying the GUS gene under the control of the LIS promoter. The 652bp promoter region was cloned by the genome walker method. A number of putative cis-acting elements were predicted indicating that the LIS is driven by a complex regulation mechanism. Transgenic plants carrying the promoter-GUS fusion showed specific expression of GUS in T-shaped trichomes (TSTs) but not in glandular secretory trichomes, which is the site for artemisinin biosynthesis. GUS expression was observed at late stage of flower development in styles of florets and in TSTs and guard cells of basal bracts. GUS expression after wounding showed that LIS is involved in plant responsiveness to wounding. Furthermore, the LIS promoter responded to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). These results indicate that the promoter carries a number of cis-acting regulatory elements involved in the tissue-specific expression of LIS and in the response of the plant to wounding and MeJA treatment. Southern blot analysis indicated that the GUS gene was integrated in the A. annua genome as single or multi copies in different transgenic lines. Promoter activity analysis by qPCR showed that both the wild-type and the recombinant promoter are active in the aerial parts of the plant while only the recombinant promoter was active in roots. Due to the expression in TSTs but not in glandular trichomes, it may be concluded that LIS expression will most likely have little or no effect on artemisinin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Selvaraju Kanagarajan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Junli Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mengshu Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anneli Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Peter E Brodelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
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Wang H, Han J, Kanagarajan S, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Studies on the expression of sesquiterpene synthases using promoter-β-glucuronidase fusions in transgenic Artemisia annua L. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80643. [PMID: 24278301 PMCID: PMC3838408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand the influence of sesquiterpene synthases on artemisinin yield in Artemisia annua, the expression of some sesquiterpene synthases has been studied using transgenic plants expressing promoter-GUS fusions. The cloned promoter sequences were 923, 1182 and 1510 bp for β-caryophyllene (CPS), epi-cedrol (ECS) and β-farnesene (FS) synthase, respectively. Prediction of cis-acting regulatory elements showed that the promoters are involved in complex regulation of expression. Transgenic A. annua plants carrying promoter-GUS fusions were studied to elucidate the expression pattern of the three sesquiterpene synthases and compared to the previously studied promoter of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), a key enzyme of artemisinin biosynthesis. The CPS and ECS promoters were active in T-shaped trichomes of leaves and stems, basal bracts of flower buds and also in some florets cells but not in glandular secretory trichome while FS promoter activity was only observed in leaf cells and trichomes of transgenic shoots. ADS, CPS, ECS and FS transcripts were induced by wounding in a time depended manner. The four sesquiterpene synthases may be involved in responsiveness of A. annua to herbivory. Methyl jasmonate treatment triggered activation of the promoters of all four sesquiterpene synthases in a time depended manner. Southern blot result showed that the GUS gene was inserted into genomic DNA of transgenic lines as a single copy or two copies. The relative amounts of CPS and ECS as well as germacrene A synthase (GAS) transcripts are much lower than that of ADS transcript. Consequently, down-regulation of the expression of the CPS, ECS or GAS gene may not improve artemsinin yield. However, blocking the expression of FS may have effects on artemisinin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Junli Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | - Anneli Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Peter E. Brodelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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In vitro and in silico antimalarial activity of 2-(2-hydrazinyl)thiazole derivatives. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 52:138-45. [PMID: 24231338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-(2-hydrazinyl)thiazole derivatives with a wide range of substitutions at 2-, 4- and 5-positions were synthesized, characterized and evaluated their inhibitory potentials against plasmodium falciparum, NF54, by in vitro blood stage assay. The compounds, ethyl-4-methyl-2-[(E)-2-[1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazin-1-yl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate, 4d, and 1-{4-methyl-2-[(E)-2-[1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazin-1-yl]-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}ethan-1-one, 5d showed significant antimalarial activity with IC50 values of 0.725 μM and 0.648 μM respectively. To understand the mechanism, the binding interactions between 2-(2-hydrazinyl)thiazole derivatives and trans-2-enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase of P. falciparum were studied through docking studies. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) through docking studies for the compounds, 4d and 5d were found to be 22.88 μM and 631.84 μM respectively.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma F. Salas
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christoph Herrmann
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Advanced
Applied Physics Solutions, TRIUMF, 4004
Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Z1, Canada
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19
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Wang H, Han J, Kanagarajan S, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Trichome-specific expression of the amorpha-4,11-diene 12-hydroxylase (cyp71av1) gene, encoding a key enzyme of artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua, as reported by a promoter-GUS fusion. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:119-38. [PMID: 23161198 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin derivatives are effective anti-malarial drugs. In order to design transgenic plants of Artemisia annua with enhanced biosynthesis of artemisinin, we are studying the promoters of genes encoding enzymes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis. A 1,151 bp promoter region of the cyp71av1 gene, encoding amorpha-4,11-diene 12-hydroxylase, was cloned. Alignment of the cloned promoter and other cyp71av1 promoter sequences indicated that the cyp71av1 promoter may be different in different A. annua varieties. Comparison to the promoter of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene showed a number of putative cis-acting regulatory elements in common, suggesting a co-regulation of the two genes. The cyp71av1 promoter sequence was fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and two varieties of A. annua and Nicotiana tabacum were transformed. In A. annua, GUS expression was exclusively localized to glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) of leaf primordia and top expanded leaves. In older leaves, there is a shift of expression to T-shaped trichomes (TSTs). Only TSTs showed GUS staining in lower leaves and there is no GUS staining in old leaves. GUS expression in flower buds was specifically localized to GSTs. The recombinant promoter carries the cis-acting regulatory elements required for GST-specific expression. The cyp71av1 promoter shows activity in young tissues. The recombinant promoter was up to 200 times more active than the wild type promoter. GUS expression in transgenic N. tabacum was localized to glandular heads. Transcript levels were up-regulated by MeJA. Wound responsiveness experiment showed that the cyp71av1 promoter does not appear to play any role in the response of A. annua to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
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20
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Zhao S, Ma CM, Liu CX, Wei W, Sun Y, Yan H, Wu YL. Autophagy inhibition enhances isobavachalcone-induced cell death in multiple myeloma cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:939-44. [PMID: 22824846 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in therapeutic drugs, multiple myeloma remains an incurable disease. Therefore, a more effective treatment is urgently required. In this study, we show that isobavachalcone (IBC), a natural chalcone compound, induces apoptosis- and autophagy-related cell death in myeloma cells. The inhibition of autophagy by knocking down beclin-1 or by using autophagy inhibitors, such as 3-methyladenine, bafilomycin A and chloroquine significantly enhanced IBC-induced cell death, as demonstrated by the increased number of Annexin V-positive cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential contributes to chloroquine and IBC-induced cell death, which is accompanied by the activation of caspase-9, and -3, the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and the proteolytic activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ). Furthermore, the inhibition of the activation of PKCδ by rottlerin, an inhibitor of PKCδ, not only suppressed the activation of PKCδ, but also the apoptosis induced by the co-treatment of chloroquine and IBC, indicating the involvement of PKCδ in chloroquine plus IBC-induced cell death. Finally, the combination of chloroquine and IBC had little effect on the viability of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. As both chloroquine and IBC have been shown to be relatively specific for cancer cells, the combination of these two agents at non-toxic or sub-toxic concentrations represents an attractive novel regimen for myeloma treatment and warrants further investigation in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200025, PR China
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21
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Dinio T, Gorka AP, McGinniss A, Roepe PD, Morgan JB. Investigating the activity of quinine analogues versus chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3292-7. [PMID: 22512909 PMCID: PMC3345081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malarial parasite species, has developed resistance against nearly all man-made antimalarial drugs within the past century. However, quinine (QN), the first antimalarial drug, remains efficacious worldwide. Some chloroquine resistant (CQR) P. falciparum strains or isolates show mild cross resistance to QN, but many do not. Further optimization of QN may provide a well-tolerated therapy with improved activity versus CQR malaria. Thus, using the Heck reaction, we have pursued a structure-activity relationship study, including vinyl group modifications of QN. Certain derivatives show good antiplasmodial activity in QN-resistant and QN-sensitive strains, with lower IC(50) values relative to QN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Dinio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, Dobo Hall, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington NC 28403
| | - Alexander P. Gorka
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington DC 20057
| | - Andrew McGinniss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, Dobo Hall, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington NC 28403
| | - Paul D. Roepe
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington DC 20057
| | - Jeremy B. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, Dobo Hall, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington NC 28403
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22
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Weathers PJ, Arsenault PR, Covello PS, McMickle A, Teoh KH, Reed DW. Artemisinin production in Artemisia annua: studies in planta and results of a novel delivery method for treating malaria and other neglected diseases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2011; 10:173-183. [PMID: 21643453 PMCID: PMC3106422 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-010-9166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua L. produces the sesquiterpene lactone, artemisinin, a potent antimalarial drug that is also effective in treating other parasitic diseases, some viral infections and various neoplasms. Artemisinin is also an allelopathic herbicide that can inhibit the growth of other plants. Unfortunately, the compound is in short supply and thus, studies on its production in the plant are of interest as are low cost methods for drug delivery. Here we review our recent studies on artemisinin production in A. annua during development of the plant as it moves from the vegetative to reproductive stage (flower budding and full flower formation), in response to sugars, and in concert with the production of the ROS, hydrogen peroxide. We also provide new data from animal experiments that measured the potential of using the dried plant directly as a therapeutic. Together these results provide a synopsis of a more global view of regulation of artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua than previously available. We further suggest an alternative low cost method of drug delivery to treat malaria and other neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Weathers
- Department of Biology/Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Patrick R. Arsenault
- Department of Biology/Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Patrick S. Covello
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OW9, Canada
| | | | - Keat H. Teoh
- Arkansas Bioscience Institute, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Darwin W. Reed
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OW9, Canada
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23
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Alumasa JN, Gorka AP, Casabianca LB, Comstock E, de Dios AC, Roepe PD. The hydroxyl functionality and a rigid proximal N are required for forming a novel non-covalent quinine-heme complex. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:467-75. [PMID: 20864177 PMCID: PMC3010338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline antimalarial drugs bind both monomeric and dimeric forms of free heme, with distinct preferences depending on the chemical environment. Under biological conditions, chloroquine (CQ) appears to prefer to bind to μ-oxo dimeric heme, while quinine (QN) preferentially binds monomer. To further explore this important distinction, we study three newly synthesized and several commercially available QN analogues lacking various functional groups. We find that removal of the QN hydroxyl lowers heme affinity, hemozoin (Hz) inhibition efficiency, and antiplasmodial activity. Elimination of the rigid quinuclidyl ring has similar effects, but elimination of either the vinyl or methoxy group does not. Replacing the quinuclidyl N with a less rigid tertiary aliphatic N only partially restores activity. To further study these trends, we probe drug-heme interactions via NMR studies with both Fe and Zn protoporphyrin IX (FPIX, ZnPIX) for QN, dehydroxyQN (DHQN), dequinuclidylQN (DQQN), and deamino-dequinuclidylQN (DADQQN). Magnetic susceptibility measurements in the presence of FPIX demonstrate that these compounds differentially perturb FPIX monomer-dimer equilibrium. We also isolate the QN-FPIX complex formed under mild aqueous conditions and analyze it by mass spectrometry, as well as fluorescence, vibrational, and solid-state NMR spectroscopies. The data elucidate key features of QN pharmacology and allow us to propose a refined model for the preferred binding of QN to monomeric FPIX under biologically relevant conditions. With this model in hand, we also propose how QN, CQ, and amodiaquine (AQ) differ in their ability to inhibit Hz formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N. Alumasa
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, NW Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Alexander P. Gorka
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, NW Washington, D.C. 20057
| | | | | | - Angel C. de Dios
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, NW Washington, D.C. 20057
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, NW Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Paul D. Roepe
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, NW Washington, D.C. 20057
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, NW Washington, D.C. 20057
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, NW Washington, D.C. 20057
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24
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Vasas A, Hohmann J. Xanthane sesquiterpenoids: structure, synthesis and biological activity. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:824-42. [PMID: 21321751 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00011f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to survey the naturally occurring xanthanes and xanthanolides, their structures, biological activities, structure–activity relationships and synthesis. There has been no comprehensive review of this topic previously. On the basis of 126 references, 112 compounds are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vasas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged Eötvös u. 6, H-6720, Hungary.
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25
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Harizi H, Chaabane F, Ghedira K, Chekir-Ghedira L. Inhibition of proinflammatory macrophage responses and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro by ethyl acetate leaf extract from Daphne gnidium. Cell Immunol 2011; 267:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Wang H, Olofsson L, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Trichome-Specific Expression of Amorpha-4,11-Diene Synthase, a Key Enzyme of Artemisinin Biosynthesis in <i>Artemisia annua</i> L., as Reported by a Promoter-GUS Fusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2011.24073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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28
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Wanare G, Aher R, Kawathekar N, Ranjan R, Kaushik NK, Sahal D. Synthesis of novel α-pyranochalcones and pyrazoline derivatives as Plasmodium falciparum growth inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4675-8. [PMID: 20576433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan Wanare
- Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, MP 452003, India.
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29
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Shahinas D, Liang M, Datti A, Pillai DR. A repurposing strategy identifies novel synergistic inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum heat shock protein 90. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3552-7. [PMID: 20349996 DOI: 10.1021/jm901796s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is responsible for 3 million deaths annually. Antimalarial drug resistance is widespread, and few novel, well-defined targets exist. A robotic high throughput screen (HTS) was performed using 4000 small molecules from a natural compound (Spectrum), pharmacologically active (Lopac), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug library (Prestwick) for competitive inhibition of the ATP-binding (GHKL) domain of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) Hsp90, a highly conserved chaperone. Hits were further screened for specificity based on differential inhibition of PfHsp90 in comparison to human (Hs) Hsp90. PfHsp90-specific inhibitors showed 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) in the nanomolar range when tested using a cell-based antimalarial validation assay. Three hits, identified as selective PfHsp90 inhibitors in the HTS, also demonstrated synergistic activity in the presence of the known antimalarial drug chloroquine. These data support PfHsp90 as a specific antimalarial target with potential for synergy with known antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Shahinas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Harish Nayaka M, Sathisha U, Dharmesh SM. Cytoprotective and antioxidant activity of free, conjugated and insoluble-bound phenolic acids from swallow root (Decalepis hamiltonii). Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Santos-Magalhães NS, Mosqueira VCF. Nanotechnology applied to the treatment of malaria. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:560-75. [PMID: 19914313 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that we live in an era of advanced technology and innovation, infectious diseases, like malaria, continue to be one of the greatest health challenges worldwide. The main drawbacks of conventional malaria chemotherapy are the development of multiple drug resistance and the non-specific targeting to intracellular parasites, resulting in high dose requirements and subsequent intolerable toxicity. Nanosized carriers have been receiving special attention with the aim of minimizing the side effects of drug therapy, such as poor bioavailability and the selectivity of drugs. Several nanosized delivery systems have already proved their effectiveness in animal models for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. A number of strategies to deliver antimalarials using nanocarriers and the mechanisms that facilitate their targeting to Plasmodium spp.-infected cells are discussed in this review. Taking into account the peculiarities of malaria parasites, the focus is placed particularly on lipid-based (e.g., liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles and nano and microemulsions) and polymer-based nanocarriers (nanocapsules and nanospheres). This review emphasizes the main requirements for developing new nanotechnology-based carriers as a promising choice in malaria treatment, especially in the case of severe cerebral malaria.
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32
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Moles P, Oliva M, Sánchez-González A, Safont VS. A topological study of the decomposition of 6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane induced by Fe(II): modeling the artemisinin reaction with heme. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:1163-73. [PMID: 20028005 DOI: 10.1021/jp910207z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a theoretical study on the electronic and topological aspects of the reaction of dihydrated Fe(OH)(2) with 6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, as a model for the reaction of heme with artemisinin. A comparison is made with the reaction of dihydrated ferrous hydroxide with O(2), as a model for the heme interaction with oxygen. We found that dihydrated Fe(OH)(2) reacts more efficiently with the artemisinin model than with O(2). This result suggests that artemisinin instead of molecular oxygen would interact with heme, disrupting its detoxification process by avoiding the initial heme to hemin oxidation, and killing in this way the malaria parasite. The ELF and AIM theories provide support for such a conclusion, which further clarifies our understanding on how artemisinin acts as an antimalarial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Moles
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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33
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Schramek N, Wang H, Römisch-Margl W, Keil B, Radykewicz T, Winzenhörlein B, Beerhues L, Bacher A, Rohdich F, Gershenzon J, Liu B, Eisenreich W. Artemisinin biosynthesis in growing plants of Artemisia annua. A 13CO2 study. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:179-87. [PMID: 19932496 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin from Artemisia annua has become one of the most important drugs for malaria therapy. Its biosynthesis proceeds via amorpha-4,11-diene, but it is still unknown whether the isoprenoid precursors units are obtained by the mevalonate pathway or the more recently discovered non-mevalonate pathway. In order to address that question, a plant of A. annua was grown in an atmosphere containing 700 ppm of 13CO2 for 100 min. Following a chase period of 10 days, artemisinin was isolated and analyzed by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The isotopologue pattern shows that artemisinin was predominantly biosynthesized from (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) whose central isoprenoid unit had been obtained via the non-mevalonate pathway. The isotopologue data confirm the previously proposed mechanisms for the cyclization of (E,E)-FPP to amorphadiene and its oxidative conversion to artemisinin. They also support deprotonation of a terminal allyl cation intermediate as the final step in the enzymatic conversion of FPP to amorphadiene and show that either of the two methyl groups can undergo deprotonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Schramek
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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Zhang Y, Teoh KH, Reed DW, Maes L, Goossens A, Olson DJ, Ross AR, Covello PS. The Molecular Cloning of Artemisinic Aldehyde Δ11(13) Reductase and Its Role in Glandular Trichome-dependent Biosynthesis of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21501-8. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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35
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36
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HDP-a novel heme detoxification protein from the malaria parasite. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000053. [PMID: 18437218 PMCID: PMC2291572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When malaria parasites infect host red blood cells (RBC) and proteolyze hemoglobin, a unique, albeit poorly understood parasite-specific mechanism, detoxifies released heme into hemozoin (Hz). Here, we report the identification and characterization of a novel Plasmodium Heme Detoxification Protein (HDP) that is extremely potent in converting heme into Hz. HDP is functionally conserved across Plasmodium genus and its gene locus could not be disrupted. Once expressed, the parasite utilizes a circuitous "Outbound-Inbound" trafficking route by initially secreting HDP into the cytosol of infected RBC. A subsequent endocytosis of host cytosol (and hemoglobin) delivers HDP to the food vacuole (FV), the site of Hz formation. As Hz formation is critical for survival, involvement of HDP in this process suggests that it could be a malaria drug target.
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37
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Bello AM, Poduch E, Liu Y, Wei L, Crandall I, Wang X, Dyanand C, Kain KC, Pai EF, Kotra LP. Structure-activity relationships of C6-uridine derivatives targeting plasmodia orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase. J Med Chem 2008; 51:439-48. [PMID: 18189347 DOI: 10.1021/jm7010673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by Plasmodia parasites, has re-emerged as a major problem, imposing its fatal effects on human health, especially due to multidrug resistance. In Plasmodia, orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (ODCase) is an essential enzyme for the de novo synthesis of uridine 5'-monophosphate. Impairing ODCase in these pathogens is a promising strategy to develop novel classes of therapeutics. Encouraged by our recent discovery that 6-iodo uridine is a potent inhibitor of P. falciparum, we investigated the structure-activity relationships of various C6 derivatives of UMP. 6-Cyano, 6-azido, 6-amino, 6-methyl, 6- N-methylamino, and 6- N, N-dimethylamino derivatives of uridine were evaluated against P. falciparum. The mononucleotides of 6-cyano, 6-azido, 6-amino, and 6-methyl uridine derivatives were studied as inhibitors of plasmodial ODCase. 6-Azidouridine 5'-monophosphate is a potent covalent inhibitor of P. falciparum ODCase. 6-Methyluridine exhibited weak antimalarial activity against P. falciparum 3D7 isolate. 6- N-Methylamino and 6- N, N-dimethylamino uridine derivatives exhibited moderate antimalarial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Bello
- Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations and Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute/University Health Network, MaRS/TMDT, Toronto, ON, Canada
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38
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Pavithra SR, Kumar R, Tatu U. Systems analysis of chaperone networks in the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Comput Biol 2007; 3:1701-15. [PMID: 17941702 PMCID: PMC1976336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones participate in the maintenance of cellular protein homeostasis, cell growth and differentiation, signal transduction, and development. Although a vast body of information is available regarding individual chaperones, few studies have attempted a systems level analysis of chaperone function. In this paper, we have constructed a chaperone interaction network for the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum is responsible for several million deaths every year, and understanding the biology of the parasite is a top priority. The parasite regularly experiences heat shock as part of its life cycle, and chaperones have often been implicated in parasite survival and growth. To better understand the participation of chaperones in cellular processes, we created a parasite chaperone network by combining experimental interactome data with in silico analysis. We used interolog mapping to predict protein-protein interactions for parasite chaperones based on the interactions of corresponding human chaperones. This data was then combined with information derived from existing high-throughput yeast two-hybrid assays. Analysis of the network reveals the broad range of functions regulated by chaperones. The network predicts involvement of chaperones in chromatin remodeling, protein trafficking, and cytoadherence. Importantly, it allows us to make predictions regarding the functions of hypothetical proteins based on their interactions. It allows us to make specific predictions about Hsp70-Hsp40 interactions in the parasite and assign functions to members of the Hsp90 and Hsp100 families. Analysis of the network provides a rational basis for the anti-malarial activity of geldanamycin, a well-known Hsp90 inhibitor. Finally, analysis of the network provides a theoretical basis for further experiments designed toward understanding the involvement of this important class of molecules in parasite biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranjit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Utpal Tatu
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Vangapandu S, Jain M, Kaur K, Patil P, Patel SR, Jain R. Recent advances in antimalarial drug development. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:65-107. [PMID: 16700012 DOI: 10.1002/med.20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Malaria caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, because of its prevalence, virulence, and drug resistance, is the most serious and widespread parasitic disease encountered by mankind. The inadequate armory of drugs in widespread use for the treatment of malaria, development of strains resistant to commonly used drugs such as chloroquine, and the lack of affordable new drugs are the limiting factors in the fight against malaria. These factors underscore the continuing need of research for new classes of antimalarial agents, and a re-examination of the existing antimalarial drugs that may be effective against resistant strains. This review provides an in-depth look at the most significant progress made during the past 10 years in antimalarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryanaryana Vangapandu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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Huang TL, Vanden Eynde JJ, Mayence A, Donkor IO, Khan SI, Tekwani BL. Anti-plasmodial and anti-leishmanial activity of conformationally restricted pentamidine congeners. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 58:1033-42. [PMID: 16872549 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.8.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
A library of 52 pentamidine congeners in which the flexible pentyldioxy linker in pentamidine was replaced with various restricted linkers was tested for in-vitro activity against two Plasmodium falciparum strains and Leishmania donovani. The tested compounds were generally more effective against P. falciparum than L. donovani. The most active compounds against the chloroquine-sensitive (D6, Sierra Leone) and -resistant (W2, Indochina) strains of P. falciparum were bisbenzamidines linked with a 1,4-piperazinediyl or 1, 4-homopiperazinediyl moiety, with IC50 values (50% inhibitory concentration, inhibiting parasite growth by 50% in relation to drug-free control) as low as 7 nM based on the parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay. Seven piperazine-linked bisbenzamidines substituted at the amidinium nitrogens with a linear alkyl group of 3-6 carbons (22, 25, 27, 31) or cycloalkyl group of 4, 6 or 7 carbons (26, 32, 34) were more potent (IC50<40 nM) than chloroquine or pentamidine as anti-plasmodial agents. The most active anti-leishmanial agents were 4,4'-[1,4-phenylenebis(methyleneoxy)]bisbenzenecarboximidamide (2, IC50 approximately 0.290 microM) and 1,4-bis[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl] piperazine (44, IC50 approximately 0.410 microM), which were 10- and 7-fold more potent than pentamidine (IC50 approximately 2.90 microM). Several of the more active anti-plasmodial agents (e.g. 2, 31, 33, 36-38) were also potent anti-leishmanial agents, indicating broad antiprotozoal properties. However, a number of analogues that showed potent anti-plasmodial activity (1, 18, 21, 22, 25-28, 32, 43, 45) were not significantly active against the Leishmania parasite. This indicates differential modes of anti-plasmodial and anti-leishmanial actions for this class of compounds. These compounds provide important structure-activity relationship data for the design of improved chemotherapeutic agents against parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien L Huang
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, 70125, USA.
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41
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Rathore D, Jani D, Nagarkatti R, Kumar S. Heme detoxification and antimalarial drugs – Known mechanisms and future prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Teoh KH, Polichuk DR, Reed DW, Nowak G, Covello PS. Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) trichome-specific cDNAs reveal CYP71AV1, a cytochrome P450 with a key role in the biosynthesis of the antimalarial sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1411-6. [PMID: 16458889 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide derived from the plant Artemisia annua, forms the basis of the most important treatments of malaria in use today. In an effort to elucidate the biosynthesis of artemisinin, an expressed sequence tag approach to identifying the relevant biosynthetic genes was undertaken using isolated glandular trichomes as a source of mRNA. A cDNA clone encoding a cytochrome P450 designated CYP71AV1 was characterized by expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and shown to catalyze the oxidation of the proposed biosynthetic intermediates amorpha-4,11-diene, artemisinic alcohol and artemisinic aldehyde. The identification of the CYP71AV1 gene should allow for the engineering of semi-synthetic production of artemisinin in appropriate plant or microbial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keat H Teoh
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N OW9
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Dunkel M, Fullbeck M, Neumann S, Preissner R. SuperNatural: a searchable database of available natural compounds. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:D678-83. [PMID: 16381957 PMCID: PMC1347494 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkj132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tremendous effort has been put into synthetic libraries, most drugs on the market are still natural compounds or derivatives thereof. There are encyclopaedias of natural compounds, but the availability of these compounds is often unclear and catalogues from numerous suppliers have to be checked. To overcome these problems we have compiled a database of approximately 50,000 natural compounds from different suppliers. To enable efficient identification of the desired compounds, we have implemented substructure searches with typical templates. Starting points for in silico screenings are about 2500 well-known and classified natural compounds from a compendium that we have added. Possible medical applications can be ascertained via automatic searches for similar drugs in a free conformational drug database containing WHO indications. Furthermore, we have computed about three million conformers, which are deployed to account for the flexibilities of the compounds when the 3D superposition algorithm that we have developed is used. The SuperNatural Database is publicly available at http://bioinformatics.charite.de/supernatural. Viewing requires the free Chime-plugin from MDL (Chime) or Java2 Runtime Environment (MView), which is also necessary for using Marvin application for chemical drawing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Dunkel
- Berlin Center of Genome Based Bioinformatics, 3D Datamining Group, Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Monbijoustrasse 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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