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Sjöström DJ, Lundgren A, Garforth SJ, Bjelic S. Tuning the binding interface between Machupo virus glycoprotein and human transferrin receptor. Proteins 2020; 89:311-321. [PMID: 33068039 PMCID: PMC7894301 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Machupo virus, known to cause hemorrhagic fevers, enters human cells via binding with its envelope glycoprotein to transferrin receptor 1 (TfR). Similarly, the receptor interactions have been explored in biotechnological applications as a molecular system to ferry therapeutics across the cellular membranes and through the impenetrable blood-brain barrier that effectively blocks any such delivery into the brain. Study of the experimental structure of Machupo virus glycoprotein 1 (MGP1) in complex with TfR and glycoprotein sequence homology has identified some residues at the interface that influence binding. There are, however, no studies that have attempted to optimize the binding potential between MGP1 and TfR. In pursuits for finding therapeutic solutions for the New World arenaviruses, and to gain a greater understanding of MGP1 interactions with TfR, it is crucial to understand the structure-sequence relationship driving the interface formation. By displaying MGP1 on yeast surface we have examined the contributions of individual residues to the binding of solubilized ectodomain of TfR. We identified MGP1 binding hot spot residues, assessed the importance of posttranslational N-glycan modifications, and used a selection with random mutagenesis for affinity maturation. We show that the optimized MGP1 variants can bind more strongly to TfR than the native MGP1, and there is an MGP1 sequence that retains binding in the absence of glycosylation, but with the addition of further amino acid substitutions. The engineered variants can be used to probe cellular internalization or the blood-brain barrier crossing to achieve greater understanding of TfR mediated internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick J Sjöström
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anneli Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Scott J Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sinisa Bjelic
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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2
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Muthusamy S, Vetukuri RR, Lundgren A, Ganji S, Zhu LH, Brodelius PE, Kanagarajan S. Transient expression and purification of β-caryophyllene synthase in Nicotiana benthamiana to produce β-caryophyllene in vitro. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8904. [PMID: 32377446 PMCID: PMC7194099 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene is an ubiquitous component in many plants that has commercially been used as an aroma in cosmetics and perfumes. Recent studies have shown its potential use as a therapeutic agent and biofuel. Currently, β-caryophyllene is isolated from large amounts of plant material. Molecular farming based on the Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression system may be used for a more sustainable production of β-caryophyllene. In this study, a full-length cDNA of a new duplicated β-caryophyllene synthase from Artemisia annua (AaCPS1) was isolated and functionally characterized. In order to produce β-caryophyllene in vitro, the AaCPS1 was cloned into a plant viral-based vector pEAQ-HT. Subsequently, the plasmid was transferred into the Agrobacterium and agroinfiltrated into N. benthamiana leaves. The AaCPS1 expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR at different time points after agroinfiltration. The highest level of transcripts was observed at 9 days post infiltration (dpi). The AaCPS1 protein was extracted from the leaves at 9 dpi and purified by cobalt–nitrilotriacetate (Co-NTA) affinity chromatography using histidine tag with a yield of 89 mg kg−1 fresh weight of leaves. The protein expression of AaCPS1 was also confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot analyses. AaCPS1 protein uses farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as a substrate to produce β-caryophyllene. Product identification and determination of the activity of purified AaCPS1 were done by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). GC–MS results revealed that the AaCPS1 produced maximum 26.5 ± 1 mg of β-caryophyllene per kilogram fresh weight of leaves after assaying with FPP for 6 h. Using AaCPS1 as a proof of concept, we demonstrate that N. benthamiana can be considered as an expression system for production of plant proteins that catalyze the formation of valuable chemicals for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraladevi Muthusamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ramesh R Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Anneli Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Suresh Ganji
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Peter E Brodelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Selvaraju Kanagarajan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Lundgren A, Nyman E, Norberg M, Fharm E, Naslund U, Wester P, Gronlund C. P3416Bilateral carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and plaque measurements was stronger associated with cardiovascular risk factors than unilateral measurements. Results from the VIPVIZA trial. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Clinical risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are related to atherosclerosis and cIMT and plaque are signs of early atherosclerosis. However, associations between risk factors and ultrasound variables are not fully established and comparison between studies is hampered by different imaging protocols. There is limited data regarding study population characteristics and ultrasound measurements differ regarding arterial bed, projections, and plaque definitions and inclusion
Purpose
1/ To describe the distribution of asymptomatic atherosclerosis as assessed by carotid ultrasound in a middle-aged population at low/intermediate risk of CVD. 2/ To investigate the associations between clinical risk factors and a set of ultrasound variables
Method
Bilateral carotid ultrasound examinations were performed according to a standardized protocol in 3532 healthy VIPVIZA-participants with at least one conventional CVD risk factor. CIMT was measured in the distal far wall of CCA, 240o and 210o left and 150o and 120o right side, based on Meijer arch. For each angle, mean and max IMT was measured in a 10 mm segment. Plaques were identified according to the Mannheim consensus. Socio-economic data was also recorded.
Associations between the risk factors and the set of ultrasound variables were quantified by a partial least squares (PLS) regression. A new compound ultrasound variable was computed, PLS UL, bya combining all IMT variables and plaque using the weights of the first PLS component. In a second step, to estimate how much risk factors explained the variability of the ultrasound results, associations between risk factors and both PLS UL and single cIMT variables and plaque were determined using step-wise linear regression modelling
Results
Mean age was 55.6 and 55.8 years among men and women (52.7% women), 13% were smokers in both sexes, and 50.8% and 39.3%, respectively, had carotid plaque. Mean of mean cIMT was 0.68 mm vs 0.64 mm (p<0.001), and max cIMT was 0.90 mm vs 0.82 mm (p<0.001), respectively. Overall, cIMT was slightly higher in the left compared to the right carotid.
All ultrasound variables had similar univariate associations with clinical risk factors, positive associations for all risk factors except physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, education and HDL-cholesterol.
The strongest association between risk factors and ultrasound variables was found with PLS UL (R2=23%), compared to single cIMT variables (R2=14–18%) and plaque (R2=15%). The pattern was similar in both sexes with most risk factors shared between the sexes. The association with factors and PLS UL was stronger among 40-year olds (R2=22%) than among 50- and 60-year olds (R=12%)
Conclusion
A combination of ultrasound variables are stronger associated to CVD risk factors than plaque or a single CIMT measurement. The pattern is similar in men and women. These findings are relevant for development of a consensus for cIMT measurements
Acknowledgement/Funding
Västerbotten County Council, the Swedish Research Council, the Heart and Lung Foundation, the Swedish Society of Medicin, Carl Bennet Ltd, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Nyman
- Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | | | - E Fharm
- Umea University, Umea, Sweden
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Coughlin S, Bahaadini S, Rohani N, Zevin M, Patane O, Harandi M, Jackson C, Noroozi V, Allen S, Areeda J, Coughlin M, Ruiz P, Berry C, Crowston K, Katsaggelos A, Lundgren A, Østerlund C, Smith J, Trouille L, Kalogera V. Classifying the unknown: Discovering novel gravitational-wave detector glitches using similarity learning. Int J Clin Exp Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.99.082002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zevin M, Coughlin S, Bahaadini S, Besler E, Rohani N, Allen S, Cabero M, Crowston K, Katsaggelos AK, Larson SL, Lee TK, Lintott C, Littenberg TB, Lundgren A, Østerlund C, Smith JR, Trouille L, Kalogera V. Gravity Spy: integrating advanced LIGO detector characterization, machine learning, and citizen science. Class Quantum Gravity 2017; 34:064003. [PMID: 29722360 PMCID: PMC5927381 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6382/aa5cea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
With the first direct detection of gravitational waves, the advanced laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory (LIGO) has initiated a new field of astronomy by providing an alternative means of sensing the universe. The extreme sensitivity required to make such detections is achieved through exquisite isolation of all sensitive components of LIGO from non-gravitational-wave disturbances. Nonetheless, LIGO is still susceptible to a variety of instrumental and environmental sources of noise that contaminate the data. Of particular concern are noise features known as glitches, which are transient and non-Gaussian in their nature, and occur at a high enough rate so that accidental coincidence between the two LIGO detectors is non-negligible. Glitches come in a wide range of time-frequency-amplitude morphologies, with new morphologies appearing as the detector evolves. Since they can obscure or mimic true gravitational-wave signals, a robust characterization of glitches is paramount in the effort to achieve the gravitational-wave detection rates that are predicted by the design sensitivity of LIGO. This proves a daunting task for members of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration alone due to the sheer amount of data. In this paper we describe an innovative project that combines crowdsourcing with machine learning to aid in the challenging task of categorizing all of the glitches recorded by the LIGO detectors. Through the Zooniverse platform, we engage and recruit volunteers from the public to categorize images of time-frequency representations of glitches into pre-identified morphological classes and to discover new classes that appear as the detectors evolve. In addition, machine learning algorithms are used to categorize images after being trained on human-classified examples of the morphological classes. Leveraging the strengths of both classification methods, we create a combined method with the aim of improving the efficiency and accuracy of each individual classifier. The resulting classification and characterization should help LIGO scientists to identify causes of glitches and subsequently eliminate them from the data or the detector entirely, thereby improving the rate and accuracy of gravitational-wave observations. We demonstrate these methods using a small subset of data from LIGO's first observing run.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zevin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - S Coughlin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - S Bahaadini
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, United States of America
| | - E Besler
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, United States of America
| | - N Rohani
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, United States of America
| | - S Allen
- Adler Planetarium, Chicago, IL 60605, United States of America
| | - M Cabero
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Callinstrasse 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Crowston
- School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States of America
| | - A K Katsaggelos
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, United States of America
| | - S L Larson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
- Adler Planetarium, Chicago, IL 60605, United States of America
| | - T K Lee
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
| | - C Lintott
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - T B Littenberg
- NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, United States of America
| | - A Lundgren
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Callinstrasse 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Østerlund
- School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States of America
| | - J R Smith
- Department of Physics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States of America
| | - L Trouille
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
- Adler Planetarium, Chicago, IL 60605, United States of America
| | - V Kalogera
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Deptartment of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
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Han J, Wang H, Kanagarajan S, Hao M, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Promoting Artemisinin Biosynthesis in Artemisia annua Plants by Substrate Channeling. Mol Plant 2016; 9:946-8. [PMID: 26995295 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junli Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 38192 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Hongzhen Wang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Linan, 311300 Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Selvaraju Kanagarajan
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 101, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Mengshu Hao
- Department of Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 114, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anneli Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 38192 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Peter E Brodelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 38192 Kalmar, Sweden.
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7
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Yang K, Monfared SR, Wang H, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. The activity of the artemisinic aldehyde Δ11(13) reductase promoter is important for artemisinin yield in different chemotypes of Artemisia annua L. Plant Mol Biol 2015; 88:325-40. [PMID: 25616735 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The artemisinic aldehyde double bond reductase (DBR2) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the antimalarial artemisinin in Artemisia annua. Artemisinic aldehyde is reduced into dihydroartemisinic aldehyde by DBR2. Artemisinic aldehyde can also be oxidized by amorpha-4,11-diene 12-hydroxylase and/or aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 to artemisinic acid, a precursor of arteannuin B. In order to better understand the effects of DBR2 expression on the flow of artemisinic aldehyde into either artemisinin or arteannuin B, we determined the content of dihydroartemisinic aldehyde, artemisinin, artemisinic acid and arteannuin B content of A. annua varieties sorted into two chemotypes. The high artemisinin producers (HAPs), which includes the '2/39', 'Chongqing' and 'Anamed' varieties, produce more artemisinin than arteannuin B; the low artemisinin producers (LAPs), which include the 'Meise', 'Iran#8', 'Iran#14', 'Iran#24' and 'Iran#47' varieties, produce more arteannuin B than artemisinin. Quantitative PCR showed that the relative expression of DBR2 was significantly higher in the HAP varieties. We cloned and sequenced the promoter of the DBR2 gene from varieties of both the LAP and the HAP groups. There were deletions/insertions in the region just upstream of the ATG start codon in the LAP varities, which might be the reason for the different promoter activities of the HAP and LAP varieties. The relevance of promoter variation, DBR2 expression levels and artemisinin biosynthesis capabilities are discussed and a selection method for HAP varieties with a DNA marker is suggested. Furthermore, putative cis-acting regulatory elements differ between the HAP and LAP varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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8
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Yang K, Rashidi Monfared S, Wang H, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Erratum to: The activity of the artemisinic aldehyde Δ11(13) reductase promoter is important for artemisinin yield in different chemotypes of Artemisia annua L. Plant Mol Biol 2015; 88:341. [PMID: 25999119 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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9
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Lundgren A, Odkvist LM, Hendriksson KG, Larsson LE, Karlberg BE, Jerlvall L. Facial palsy in diabetes mellitus--not only a mononeuropathy? Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 22:182-9. [PMID: 868700 DOI: 10.1159/000399502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Han J, Wang H, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Effects of overexpression of AaWRKY1 on artemisinin biosynthesis in transgenic Artemisia annua plants. Phytochemistry 2014; 102:89-96. [PMID: 24629804 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The effective anti-malarial medicine artemisinin is costly because of the low content in Artemisia annua. Genetic engineering of A. annua is one of the most promising approaches to improve the yield of artemisinin. In this work, the transcription factor AaWRKY1, which is thought to be involved in the regulation of artemisinin biosynthesis, was cloned from A. annua var. Chongqing and overexpressed using the CaMV35S promoter or the trichome-specific CYP71AV1 promoter in stably transformed A. annua plants. The transcript level of AaWRKY1 was increased more than one hundred times under the CaMV35S promoter and about 40 times under the CYP71AV1 promoter. The overexpressed AaWRKY1 activated the transcription of CYP71AV1 and moreover the trichome-specific overexpression of AaWRKY1 improved the transcription of CYP71AV1 much more effectively than the constitutive overexpression of AaWRKY1, i.e. up to 33 times as compared to the wild-type plant. However the transcription levels of FDS, ADS, and DBR2 did not change significantly in transgenic plants. The significantly up-regulated CYP71AV1 promoted artemisinin biosynthesis, i.e. up to about 1.8 times as compared to the wild-type plant. It is demonstrated that trichome-specific overexpression of AaWRKY1 can significantly activate the transcription of CYP71AV1 and the up-regulated CYP71AV1 promotes artemisinin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-38192 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Hongzhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-38192 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anneli Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-38192 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Peter E Brodelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-38192 Kalmar, Sweden.
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11
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Morrell JM, Stuhtmann G, Meurling S, Lundgren A, Winblad C, Macias Garcia B, Johannisson A. Sperm yield after single layer centrifugation with Androcoll-E is related to the potential fertility of the original ejaculate. Theriogenology 2014; 81:1005-11. [PMID: 24582376 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to identify laboratory tests that are predictive of sperm fertility, both to improve the quality of stallion semen doses for artificial insemination (AI) and to identify potential breeding sires if no fertility data are available. Sperm quality at the stud is mostly evaluated by assessing subjective motility, although this parameter can be poorly indicative of fertility. Sperm morphology and chromatin integrity in Swedish stallions are correlated to pregnancy rate after AI. Because single layer centrifugation (SLC) selects for spermatozoa with normal morphology and good chromatin, retrospective analysis was carried out to investigate whether sperm yield after SLC is linked to potential fertility. Commercial semen doses for AI from 24 stallions (five stallions with four ejaculates each, 19 stallions with three ejaculates each; n = 77) obtained during the breeding season were cooled, and sent overnight to the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in an insulated box for evaluation, with other doses being sent to studs for commercial AI. On arrival at Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, the semen was used for SLC and also for evaluation of sperm motility, membrane integrity, chromatin integrity, and morphology. The seasonal pregnancy rates for each stallion were available. The yield of progressively motile spermatozoa after SLC (calculated as a proportion of the initial load) was found to be highly correlated with pregnancy rate (r = 0.75; P < 0.001). Chromatin damage was highly negatively correlated with pregnancy rate (r = -0.69; P < 0.001). Pregnancy rate was also correlated with membrane integrity (r = 0.58; P < 0.01), progressive motility (r = 0.63; P < 0.01), and normal morphology (r = 0.45; P < 0.05). In conclusion, these preliminary results show that sperm yield after SLC is related to the potential fertility of the original ejaculate, and could be an alternative indicator of stallion fertility if breeding data are not available. Single layer centrifugation is fast (30 minutes) and does not require expensive equipment, whereas other assays require a flow cytometer and/or specialist skills. An additional option could be to transport semen doses to a laboratory for SLC if the stud personnel do not want to perform the procedure themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Morrell
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | - A Lundgren
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Winblad
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Macias Garcia
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Johannisson
- Anatomy Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Wang H, Kanagarajan S, Han J, Hao M, Yang Y, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Studies on the expression of linalool synthase using a promoter-β-glucuronidase fusion in transgenic Artemisia annua. J Plant Physiol 2014; 171:85-96. [PMID: 24331423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, an antimalarial endoperoxide sesquiterpene, is synthesized in glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua L. A number of other enzymes of terpene metabolism utilize intermediates of artemisinin biosynthesis, such as isopentenyl and farnesyl diphosphate, and may thereby influence the yield of artemisinin. In order to study the expression of such enzymes, we have cloned the promoter regions of some enzymes and fused them to β-glucuronidase (GUS). In this study, we have investigated the expression of the monoterpene synthase linalool synthase (LIS) using transgenic A. annua carrying the GUS gene under the control of the LIS promoter. The 652bp promoter region was cloned by the genome walker method. A number of putative cis-acting elements were predicted indicating that the LIS is driven by a complex regulation mechanism. Transgenic plants carrying the promoter-GUS fusion showed specific expression of GUS in T-shaped trichomes (TSTs) but not in glandular secretory trichomes, which is the site for artemisinin biosynthesis. GUS expression was observed at late stage of flower development in styles of florets and in TSTs and guard cells of basal bracts. GUS expression after wounding showed that LIS is involved in plant responsiveness to wounding. Furthermore, the LIS promoter responded to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). These results indicate that the promoter carries a number of cis-acting regulatory elements involved in the tissue-specific expression of LIS and in the response of the plant to wounding and MeJA treatment. Southern blot analysis indicated that the GUS gene was integrated in the A. annua genome as single or multi copies in different transgenic lines. Promoter activity analysis by qPCR showed that both the wild-type and the recombinant promoter are active in the aerial parts of the plant while only the recombinant promoter was active in roots. Due to the expression in TSTs but not in glandular trichomes, it may be concluded that LIS expression will most likely have little or no effect on artemisinin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Selvaraju Kanagarajan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Junli Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mengshu Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anneli Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Peter E Brodelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
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Wang H, Han J, Kanagarajan S, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Studies on the expression of sesquiterpene synthases using promoter-β-glucuronidase fusions in transgenic Artemisia annua L. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80643. [PMID: 24278301 PMCID: PMC3838408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand the influence of sesquiterpene synthases on artemisinin yield in Artemisia annua, the expression of some sesquiterpene synthases has been studied using transgenic plants expressing promoter-GUS fusions. The cloned promoter sequences were 923, 1182 and 1510 bp for β-caryophyllene (CPS), epi-cedrol (ECS) and β-farnesene (FS) synthase, respectively. Prediction of cis-acting regulatory elements showed that the promoters are involved in complex regulation of expression. Transgenic A. annua plants carrying promoter-GUS fusions were studied to elucidate the expression pattern of the three sesquiterpene synthases and compared to the previously studied promoter of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), a key enzyme of artemisinin biosynthesis. The CPS and ECS promoters were active in T-shaped trichomes of leaves and stems, basal bracts of flower buds and also in some florets cells but not in glandular secretory trichome while FS promoter activity was only observed in leaf cells and trichomes of transgenic shoots. ADS, CPS, ECS and FS transcripts were induced by wounding in a time depended manner. The four sesquiterpene synthases may be involved in responsiveness of A. annua to herbivory. Methyl jasmonate treatment triggered activation of the promoters of all four sesquiterpene synthases in a time depended manner. Southern blot result showed that the GUS gene was inserted into genomic DNA of transgenic lines as a single copy or two copies. The relative amounts of CPS and ECS as well as germacrene A synthase (GAS) transcripts are much lower than that of ADS transcript. Consequently, down-regulation of the expression of the CPS, ECS or GAS gene may not improve artemsinin yield. However, blocking the expression of FS may have effects on artemisinin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Junli Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | - Anneli Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Peter E. Brodelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Dahlén R, Strid H, Lundgren A, Isaksson S, Raghavan S, Magnusson MK, Simrén M, Sjövall H, Öhman L. Infliximab inhibits activation and effector functions of peripheral blood T cells in vitro from patients with clinically active ulcerative colitis. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:275-84. [PMID: 23713660 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are undergoing therapy with infliximab, an antibody specific for TNF. However, the exact mechanisms of action of infliximab are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro effects of infliximab on blood T cells derived from anti-TNF therapy-naïve ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with clinically active disease. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated polyclonally or by antigen in the presence or absence of infliximab. The T cell phenotype was investigated by flow cytometry, cytokine secretion was determined by ELISA, and cell proliferation was determined by thymidine assay or CFSE dye. Presence of infliximab resulted in reduced expression of CD25 in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell populations and inhibited secretion of IFN-γ, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF as well as granzyme A. Infliximab also suppressed CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation. These effects of infliximab were recorded both in T cells activated by polyclonal and antigen-specific stimulation. The effects of infliximab on T cell apoptosis and induction of FOXP3(+) CD4(+) T regulatory cells were ambiguous and depended on the originating cellular source and/or the stimulation mode and strength. In conclusion, infliximab is able to reduce T cell activation as measured by CD25, proliferation and cytokine secretion in vitro from UC patients with clinically active disease. These data suggest that suppression of T cell activity may be important for infliximab-mediated disease remission in patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dahlén
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hulander M, Lundgren A, Faxälv L, Lindahl TL, Palmquist A, Berglin M, Elwing H. Gradients in surface nanotopography used to study platelet adhesion and activation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 110:261-9. [PMID: 23732803 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gradients in surface nanotopography were prepared by adsorbing gold nanoparticles on smooth gold substrates using diffusion technique. Following a sintering procedure the particle binding chemistry was removed, and integration of the particles into the underlying gold substrate was achieved, leaving a nanostructured surface with uniform surface chemistry. After pre-adsorption of human fibrinogen, the effect of surface nanotopography on platelets was studied. The use of a gradient in nanotopography allowed for platelet adhesion and activation to be studied as a function of nanoparticle coverage on one single substrate. A peak in platelet adhesion was found at 23% nanoparticle surface coverage. The highest number of activated platelets was found on the smooth control part of the surface, and did not coincide with the number of adhered platelets. Activation correlated inversely with particle coverage, hence the lowest fraction of activated platelets was found at high particle coverage. Hydrophobization of the gradient surface lowered the total number of adhering cells, but not the ratio of activated cells. Little or no effect was seen on gradients with 36nm particles, suggesting the existence of a lower limit for sensing of surface nano-roughness in platelets. These results demonstrate that parameters such as ratio between size and inter-particle distance can be more relevant for cell response than wettability on nanostructured surfaces. The minor effect of hydrophobicity, the generally reduced activation on nanostructured surfaces and the presence of a cut-off in activation of human platelets as a function of nanoparticle size could have implications for the design of future blood-contacting biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hulander
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9E, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Lundgren A, Leach S, Tobias J, Carlin N, Gustafsson B, Jertborn M, Bourgeois L, Walker R, Holmgren J, Svennerholm AM. Clinical trial to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of an oral inactivated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli prototype vaccine containing CFA/I overexpressing bacteria and recombinantly produced LTB/CTB hybrid protein. Vaccine 2013; 31:1163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Morrell JM, Lundgren A, Humblot P, Johannisson A. 13 REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN STORED STALLION SEMEN. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv25n1ab13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of cooled semen doses for AI varies considerably between stallions. One of the factors affecting sperm quality may be the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to affect fertility in some species. The objective of this study was to measure the ROS content of cooled stored stallion semen doses for AI as part of an evaluation of sperm quality and to correlate it with pregnancy rates. Ejaculates (3 per stallion) were collected from 14 stallions at a commercial stud farm and were extended in INRA 96 (IMV Technologies) as standard cooled semen doses for AI. After transporting the semen doses overnight to the laboratory at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Uppsala, Sweden) in an insulated container with a cold pack, aliquots were evaluated for sperm quality and ROS content by staining with hydroethidine and dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate and measuring fluorescence by flow cytometry (Guthrie and Welch 2006 J. Anim. Sci. 84, 2089–2100). Seven sperm sub-populations were quantified: superoxide positive or negative, living (S+L and S–L, respectively); superoxide positive, dead (S+D); and hydrogen peroxide positive or negative, living or dead (P+L, P–L, P+D, and P–D, respectively). Sperm motility was measured by computer-assisted sperm motility analysis (Sperm Vision, Minitube), membrane integrity by flow cytometry, and chromatin structure using the sperm chromatin structure assay (all assays described in Morrell et al. 2011 Theriogenology 76, 1424–1432). Pregnancy rates following AI with cooled semen doses from the same stallions were available later in the year. The effect of stallion was tested by ANOVA. Correlations were calculated between the proportions of sperm stained for S or P and other sperm quality parameters and also with pregnancy rates (SAS version 9.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The effect of stallion was significant on all variables measured (P < 0.01). There were no significant correlations between percentages of S+L or P+L spermatozoa and progressive motility, membrane integrity, or DNA fragmentation index (%DFI). There was a trend for the proportion of P-L spermatozoa to be correlated with progressive motility (r = 0.51; P < 0.07) whereas the proportions of S+D and P–D were negatively correlated with progressive motility (r = –0.66 and –0.61; P < 0.02). The proportion of S+D and chromatin damage were negatively correlated (r = –0.54; P < 0.05). There was a trend for the proportions of S+D and P+D to be negatively related to the overall pregnancy rate (r = –0.52; P < 0.07, and r = –0.58; P < 0.05, respectively). The proportions of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide-containing live spermatozoa were not correlated to stallion fertility or other parameters of semen quality in stored semen samples. In contrast, a significant negative relationship was found between the proportion of dead spermatozoa producing superoxide radicals and progressive motility, and between dead spermatozoa producing superoxide radicals and chromatin damage. However, many factors contribute to sperm quality and fertility, with many interactions between them. More work is needed to unravel these different effects and determine which factors can be used to predict stallion fertility.
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Wang H, Han J, Kanagarajan S, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Trichome-specific expression of the amorpha-4,11-diene 12-hydroxylase (cyp71av1) gene, encoding a key enzyme of artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua, as reported by a promoter-GUS fusion. Plant Mol Biol 2013; 81:119-38. [PMID: 23161198 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin derivatives are effective anti-malarial drugs. In order to design transgenic plants of Artemisia annua with enhanced biosynthesis of artemisinin, we are studying the promoters of genes encoding enzymes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis. A 1,151 bp promoter region of the cyp71av1 gene, encoding amorpha-4,11-diene 12-hydroxylase, was cloned. Alignment of the cloned promoter and other cyp71av1 promoter sequences indicated that the cyp71av1 promoter may be different in different A. annua varieties. Comparison to the promoter of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene showed a number of putative cis-acting regulatory elements in common, suggesting a co-regulation of the two genes. The cyp71av1 promoter sequence was fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and two varieties of A. annua and Nicotiana tabacum were transformed. In A. annua, GUS expression was exclusively localized to glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) of leaf primordia and top expanded leaves. In older leaves, there is a shift of expression to T-shaped trichomes (TSTs). Only TSTs showed GUS staining in lower leaves and there is no GUS staining in old leaves. GUS expression in flower buds was specifically localized to GSTs. The recombinant promoter carries the cis-acting regulatory elements required for GST-specific expression. The cyp71av1 promoter shows activity in young tissues. The recombinant promoter was up to 200 times more active than the wild type promoter. GUS expression in transgenic N. tabacum was localized to glandular heads. Transcript levels were up-regulated by MeJA. Wound responsiveness experiment showed that the cyp71av1 promoter does not appear to play any role in the response of A. annua to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
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Kanagarajan S, Muthusamy S, Gliszczyńska A, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Functional expression and characterization of sesquiterpene synthases from Artemisia annua L. using transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Cell Rep 2012; 31:1309-19. [PMID: 22565787 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Artemisia annua L. produces a number of sesquiterpene synthases, which catalyze the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to various sesquiterpenes. The cDNAs encoding amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), a key enzyme in the artemisinin biosynthesis, and epi-cedrol synthase (ECS), a complex sesquiterpene cyclization synthase, were cloned into Cowpea mosaic virus-based viral vector (pEAQ-HT) with Kozak consensus motif and C-terminal histidine tag. The plasmids were transformed into Agrobacterium LBA4404 and, agroinfiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves along with vector (pJL3:p19) containing Tomato bushy stunt virus post-transcriptional gene silencing suppressor. Quantitative PCR was carried out to measure the transcript levels at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days post-infiltration (dpi). The highest relative expression was observed at 9 dpi for both genes. Transiently expressed recombinant proteins of ADS and ECS were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blot. Recombinant proteins were extracted from 9 dpi leaves and purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography using histidine tag, which produced yields of 90 and 96 mg kg⁻¹ fresh weight of leaves for ADS and ECS, respectively. Activities of the purified enzymes were assayed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for product identification and quantification using valencene as internal standard. The recombinant ADS and ECS converted farnesyl diphosphate into amorpha-4,11-diene (97 %) and epi-cedrol (96 %) as the major products, respectively. The purified enzymes exhibited the specific activity of 0.002 and 0.01 μmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ protein for ADS and ECS, respectively. The apparent k(cat) values were 2.1 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ and 11 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ for ADS and ECS, respectively. KEY MESSAGE Agroinfiltration of leaves of Nicotiana bentamiana can be used to produce recombinant biosynthetic enzymes as exemplified by two sesquiterpene synthases from Artemisia annua in relatively high yields.
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Abadie J, Abbott BP, Abbott R, Adhikari R, Ajith P, Allen B, Allen G, Amador Ceron E, Amin RS, Anderson SB, Anderson WG, Arain MA, Araya M, Aso Y, Aston S, Aufmuth P, Aulbert C, Babak S, Baker P, Ballmer S, Barker D, Barr B, Barriga P, Barsotti L, Barton MA, Bartos I, Bassiri R, Bastarrika M, Behnke B, Benacquista M, Bennett MF, Betzwieser J, Beyersdorf PT, Bilenko IA, Billingsley G, Biswas R, Black E, Blackburn JK, Blackburn L, Blair D, Bland B, Bock O, Bodiya TP, Bondarescu R, Bork R, Born M, Bose S, Brady PR, Braginsky VB, Brau JE, Breyer J, Bridges DO, Brinkmann M, Britzger M, Brooks AF, Brown DA, Bullington A, Buonanno A, Burmeister O, Byer RL, Cadonati L, Cain J, Camp JB, Cannizzo J, Cannon KC, Cao J, Capano C, Cardenas L, Caudill S, Cavaglià M, Cepeda C, Chalermsongsak T, Chalkley E, Charlton P, Chatterji S, Chelkowski S, Chen Y, Christensen N, Chua SSY, Chung CTY, Clark D, Clark J, Clayton JH, Conte R, Cook D, Corbitt TRC, Cornish N, Coward D, Coyne DC, Creighton JDE, Creighton TD, Cruise AM, Culter RM, Cumming A, Cunningham L, Dahl K, Danilishin SL, Danzmann K, Daudert B, Davies G, Daw EJ, Dayanga T, DeBra D, Degallaix J, Dergachev V, DeSalvo R, Dhurandhar S, Díaz M, Donovan F, Dooley KL, Doomes EE, Drever RWP, Driggers J, Dueck J, Duke I, Dumas JC, Dwyer S, Edgar M, Edwards M, Effler A, Ehrens P, Etzel T, Evans M, Evans T, Fairhurst S, Faltas Y, Fan Y, Fazi D, Fehrmann H, Finn LS, Flasch K, Foley S, Forrest C, Fotopoulos N, Frede M, Frei M, Frei Z, Freise A, Frey R, Fricke TT, Friedrich D, Fritschel P, Frolov VV, Fulda P, Fyffe M, Garofoli JA, Ghosh S, Giaime JA, Giampanis S, Giardina KD, Goetz E, Goggin LM, González G, Goßler S, Grant A, Gras S, Gray C, Greenhalgh RJS, Gretarsson AM, Grosso R, Grote H, Grunewald S, Gustafson EK, Gustafson R, Hage B, Hallam JM, Hammer D, Hammond GD, Hanna C, Hanson J, Harms J, Harry GM, Harry IW, Harstad ED, Haughian K, Hayama K, Hayler T, Heefner J, Heng IS, Heptonstall A, Hewitson M, Hild S, Hirose E, Hoak D, Hodge KA, Holt K, Hosken DJ, Hough J, Howell E, Hoyland D, Hughey B, Husa S, Huttner SH, Ingram DR, Isogai T, Ivanov A, Johnson WW, Jones DI, Jones G, Jones R, Ju L, Kalmus P, Kalogera V, Kandhasamy S, Kanner J, Katsavounidis E, Kawabe K, Kawamura S, Kawazoe F, Kells W, Keppel DG, Khalaidovski A, Khalili FY, Khan R, Khazanov E, Kim H, King PJ, Kissel JS, Klimenko S, Kokeyama K, Kondrashov V, Kopparapu R, Koranda S, Kozak D, Kringel V, Krishnan B, Kuehn G, Kullman J, Kumar R, Kwee P, Lam PK, Landry M, Lang M, Lantz B, Lastzka N, Lazzarini A, Leaci P, Lei M, Leindecker N, Leonor I, Lin H, Lindquist PE, Littenberg TB, Lockerbie NA, Lodhia D, Lormand M, Lu P, Lubinski M, Lucianetti A, Lück H, Lundgren A, Machenschalk B, MacInnis M, Mageswaran M, Mailand K, Mak C, Mandel I, Mandic V, Márka S, Márka Z, Markosyan A, Markowitz J, Maros E, Martin IW, Martin RM, Marx JN, Mason K, Matichard F, Matone L, Matzner RA, Mavalvala N, McCarthy R, McClelland DE, McGuire SC, McIntyre G, McKechan DJA, Mehmet M, Melatos A, Melissinos AC, Mendell G, Menéndez DF, Mercer RA, Merrill L, Meshkov S, Messenger C, Meyer MS, Miao H, Miller J, Mino Y, Mitra S, Mitrofanov VP, Mitselmakher G, Mittleman R, Miyakawa O, Moe B, Mohanty SD, Mohapatra SRP, Moreno G, Mors K, Mossavi K, MowLowry C, Mueller G, Müller-Ebhardt H, Mukherjee S, Mullavey A, Munch J, Murray PG, Nash T, Nawrodt R, Nelson J, Newton G, Nishida E, Nishizawa A, O’Dell J, O’Reilly B, O’Shaughnessy R, Ochsner E, Ogin GH, Oldenburg R, Ottaway DJ, Ottens RS, Overmier H, Owen BJ, Page A, Pan Y, Pankow C, Papa MA, Patel P, Pathak D, Pedraza M, Pekowsky L, Penn S, Peralta C, Perreca A, Pickenpack M, Pinto IM, Pitkin M, Pletsch HJ, Plissi MV, Postiglione F, Principe M, Prix R, Prokhorov L, Puncken O, Quetschke V, Raab FJ, Rabeling DS, Radkins H, Raffai P, Raics Z, Rakhmanov M, Raymond V, Reed CM, Reed T, Rehbein H, Reid S, Reitze DH, Riesen R, Riles K, Roberts P, Robertson NA, Robinson C, Robinson EL, Roddy S, Röver C, Rollins J, Romano JD, Romie JH, Rowan S, Rüdiger A, Ryan K, Sakata S, Sammut L, Sancho de la Jordana L, Sandberg V, Sannibale V, Santamaría L, Santostasi G, Saraf S, Sarin P, Sathyaprakash BS, Sato S, Satterthwaite M, Saulson PR, Savage R, Schilling R, Schnabel R, Schofield R, Schulz B, Schutz BF, Schwinberg P, Scott J, Scott SM, Searle AC, Seifert F, Sellers D, Sengupta AS, Sergeev A, Shapiro B, Shawhan P, Shoemaker DH, Sibley A, Siemens X, Sigg D, Sintes AM, Skelton G, Slagmolen BJJ, Slutsky J, Smith JR, Smith MR, Smith ND, Somiya K, Sorazu B, Speirits F, Stein AJ, Stein LC, Steplewski S, Stochino A, Stone R, Strain KA, Strigin S, Stroeer A, Stuver AL, Summerscales TZ, Sung M, Susmithan S, Sutton PJ, Szokoly GP, Talukder D, Tanner DB, Tarabrin SP, Taylor JR, Taylor R, Thorne KA, Thorne KS, Thüring A, Titsler C, Tokmakov KV, Torres C, Torrie CI, Traylor G, Trias M, Turner L, Ugolini D, Urbanek K, Vahlbruch H, Vallisneri M, Van Den Broeck C, van der Sluys MV, van Veggel AA, Vass S, Vaulin R, Vecchio A, Veitch J, Veitch PJ, Veltkamp C, Villar A, Vorvick C, Vyachanin SP, Waldman SJ, Wallace L, Wanner A, Ward RL, Wei P, Weinert M, Weinstein AJ, Weiss R, Wen L, Wen S, Wessels P, West M, Westphal T, Wette K, Whelan JT, Whitcomb SE, Whiting BF, Wilkinson C, Willems PA, Williams HR, Williams L, Willke B, Wilmut I, Winkelmann L, Winkler W, Wipf CC, Wiseman AG, Woan G, Wooley R, Worden J, Yakushin I, Yamamoto H, Yamamoto K, Yeaton-Massey D, Yoshida S, Zanolin M, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Zhao C, Zotov N, Zucker ME, Zweizig J, Buchner S. Publisher’s Note: Search for gravitational waves associated with the August 2006 timing glitch of the Vela pulsar [Phys. Rev. D83, 042001 (2011)]. Int J Clin Exp Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.85.089902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abadie J, Abbott BP, Abbott R, Abernathy M, Accadia T, Acernese F, Adams C, Adhikari R, Ajith P, Allen B, Allen G, Amador Ceron E, Amin RS, Anderson SB, Anderson WG, Antonucci F, Arain MA, Araya M, Aronsson M, Arun KG, Aso Y, Aston S, Astone P, Atkinson DE, Aufmuth P, Aulbert C, Babak S, Baker P, Ballardin G, Ballinger T, Ballmer S, Barker D, Barnum S, Barone F, Barr B, Barriga P, Barsotti L, Barsuglia M, Barton MA, Bartos I, Bassiri R, Bastarrika M, Bauchrowitz J, Bauer TS, Behnke B, Beker MG, Belletoile A, Benacquista M, Bertolini A, Betzwieser J, Beveridge N, Beyersdorf PT, Bigotta S, Bilenko IA, Billingsley G, Birch J, Birindelli S, Biswas R, Bitossi M, Bizouard MA, Black E, Blackburn JK, Blackburn L, Blair D, Bland B, Blom M, Boccara C, Bock O, Bodiya TP, Bondarescu R, Bondu F, Bonelli L, Bonnand R, Bork R, Born M, Bose S, Bosi L, Bouhou B, Boyle M, Braccini S, Bradaschia C, Brady PR, Braginsky VB, Brau JE, Breyer J, Bridges DO, Brillet A, Brinkmann M, Brisson V, Britzger M, Brooks AF, Brown DA, Budzyński R, Bulik T, Bulten HJ, Buonanno A, Burguet-Castell J, Burmeister O, Buskulic D, Buy C, Byer RL, Cadonati L, Cagnoli G, Cain J, Calloni E, Camp JB, Campagna E, Campsie P, Cannizzo J, Cannon KC, Canuel B, Cao J, Capano C, Carbognani F, Caudill S, Cavaglià M, Cavalier F, Cavalieri R, Cella G, Cepeda C, Cesarini E, Chalermsongsak T, Chalkley E, Charlton P, Chassande-Mottin E, Chelkowski S, Chen Y, Chincarini A, Christensen N, Chua SSY, Chung CTY, Clark D, Clark J, Clayton JH, Cleva F, Coccia E, Colacino CN, Colas J, Colla A, Colombini M, Conte R, Cook D, Corbitt TR, Cornish N, Corsi A, Costa CA, Coulon JP, Coward D, Coyne DC, Creighton JDE, Creighton TD, Cruise AM, Culter RM, Cumming A, Cunningham L, Cuoco E, Dahl K, Danilishin SL, Dannenberg R, D’Antonio S, Danzmann K, Das K, Dattilo V, Daudert B, Davier M, Davies G, Davis A, Daw EJ, Day R, Dayanga T, De Rosa R, DeBra D, Degallaix J, del Prete M, Dergachev V, DeRosa R, DeSalvo R, Devanka P, Dhurandhar S, Di Fiore L, Di Lieto A, Di Palma I, Di Paolo Emilio M, Di Virgilio A, Díaz M, Dietz A, Donovan F, Dooley KL, Doomes EE, Dorsher S, Douglas ESD, Drago M, Drever RWP, Driggers JC, Dueck J, Dumas JC, Dwyer S, Eberle T, Edgar M, Edwards M, Effler A, Ehrens P, Ely G, Engel R, Etzel T, Evans M, Evans T, Fafone V, Fairhurst S, Fan Y, Farr BF, Fazi D, Fehrmann H, Feldbaum D, Ferrante I, Fidecaro F, Finn LS, Fiori I, Flaminio R, Flanigan M, Flasch K, Foley S, Forrest C, Forsi E, Fotopoulos N, Fournier JD, Franc J, Frasca S, Frasconi F, Frede M, Frei M, Frei Z, Freise A, Frey R, Fricke TT, Friedrich D, Fritschel P, Frolov VV, Fulda P, Fyffe M, Galimberti M, Gammaitoni L, Garofoli JA, Garufi F, Gemme G, Genin E, Gennai A, Ghosh S, Giaime JA, Giampanis S, Giardina KD, Giazotto A, Gill C, Goetz E, Goggin LM, González G, Goßler S, Gouaty R, Graef C, Granata M, Grant A, Gras S, Gray C, Greenhalgh RJS, Gretarsson AM, Greverie C, Grosso R, Grote H, Grunewald S, Guidi GM, Gustafson EK, Gustafson R, Hage B, Hall P, Hallam JM, Hammer D, Hammond G, Hanks J, Hanna C, Hanson J, Harms J, Harry GM, Harry IW, Harstad ED, Haughian K, Hayama K, Hayau JF, Hayler T, Heefner J, Heitmann H, Hello P, Heng IS, Heptonstall A, Hewitson M, Hild S, Hirose E, Hoak D, Hodge KA, Holt K, Hosken DJ, Hough J, Howell E, Hoyland D, Huet D, Hughey B, Husa S, Huttner SH, Huynh-Dinh T, Ingram DR, Inta R, Isogai T, Ivanov A, Jaranowski P, Johnson WW, Jones DI, Jones G, Jones R, Ju L, Kalmus P, Kalogera V, Kandhasamy S, Kanner J, Katsavounidis E, Kawabe K, Kawamura S, Kawazoe F, Kells W, Keppel DG, Khalaidovski A, Khalili FY, Khazanov EA, Kim H, King PJ, Kinzel DL, Kissel JS, Klimenko S, Kondrashov V, Kopparapu R, Koranda S, Kowalska I, Kozak D, Krause T, Kringel V, Krishnamurthy S, Krishnan B, Królak A, Kuehn G, Kullman J, Kumar R, Kwee P, Landry M, Lang M, Lantz B, Lastzka N, Lazzarini A, Leaci P, Leong J, Leonor I, Leroy N, Letendre N, Li J, Li TGF, Lin H, Lindquist PE, Lockerbie NA, Lodhia D, Lorenzini M, Loriette V, Lormand M, Losurdo G, Lu P, Luan J, Lubinski M, Lucianetti A, Lück H, Lundgren A, Machenschalk B, MacInnis M, Mageswaran M, Mailand K, Majorana E, Mak C, Maksimovic I, Man N, Mandel I, Mandic V, Mantovani M, Marchesoni F, Marion F, Márka S, Márka Z, Maros E, Marque J, Martelli F, Martin IW, Martin RM, Marx JN, Mason K, Masserot A, Matichard F, Matone L, Matzner RA, Mavalvala N, McCarthy R, McClelland DE, McGuire SC, McIntyre G, McIvor G, McKechan DJA, Meadors G, Mehmet M, Meier T, Melatos A, Melissinos AC, Mendell G, Menéndez DF, Mercer RA, Merill L, Meshkov S, Messenger C, Meyer MS, Miao H, Michel C, Milano L, Miller J, Minenkov Y, Mino Y, Mitra S, Mitrofanov VP, Mitselmakher G, Mittleman R, Moe B, Mohan M, Mohanty SD, Mohapatra SRP, Moraru D, Moreau J, Moreno G, Morgado N, Morgia A, Mors K, Mosca S, Moscatelli V, Mossavi K, Mours B, MowLowry C, Mueller G, Mukherjee S, Mullavey A, Müller-Ebhardt H, Munch J, Murray PG, Nash T, Nawrodt R, Nelson J, Neri I, Newton G, Nishida E, Nishizawa A, Nocera F, Nolting D, Ochsner E, O’Dell J, Ogin GH, Oldenburg RG, O’Reilly B, O’Shaughnessy R, Osthelder C, Ottaway DJ, Ottens RS, Overmier H, Owen BJ, Page A, Pagliaroli G, Palladino L, Palomba C, Pan Y, Pankow C, Paoletti F, Papa MA, Pardi S, Pareja M, Parisi M, Pasqualetti A, Passaquieti R, Passuello D, Patel P, Pathak D, Pedraza M, Pekowsky L, Penn S, Peralta C, Perreca A, Persichetti G, Pichot M, Pickenpack M, Piergiovanni F, Pietka M, Pinard L, Pinto IM, Pitkin M, Pletsch HJ, Plissi MV, Poggiani R, Postiglione F, Prato M, Predoi V, Price LR, Prijatelj M, Principe M, Prix R, Prodi GA, Prokhorov L, Puncken O, Punturo M, Puppo P, Quetschke V, Raab FJ, Rabeling DS, Radke T, Radkins H, Raffai P, Rakhmanov M, Rankins B, Rapagnani P, Raymond V, Re V, Reed CM, Reed T, Regimbau T, Reid S, Reitze DH, Ricci F, Riesen R, Riles K, Roberts P, Robertson NA, Robinet F, Robinson C, Robinson EL, Rocchi A, Roddy S, Röver C, Rolland L, Rollins J, Romano JD, Romano R, Romie JH, Rosińska D, Rowan S, Rüdiger A, Ruggi P, Ryan K, Sakata S, Sakosky M, Salemi F, Sammut L, Sancho de la Jordana L, Sandberg V, Sannibale V, Santamaría L, Santostasi G, Saraf S, Sassolas B, Sathyaprakash BS, Sato S, Satterthwaite M, Saulson PR, Savage R, Schilling R, Schnabel R, Schofield R, Schulz B, Schutz BF, Schwinberg P, Scott J, Scott SM, Searle AC, Seifert F, Sellers D, Sengupta AS, Sentenac D, Sergeev A, Shaddock D, Shapiro B, Shawhan P, Shoemaker DH, Sibley A, Siemens X, Sigg D, Singer A, Sintes AM, Skelton G, Slagmolen BJJ, Slutsky J, Smith JR, Smith MR, Smith ND, Somiya K, Sorazu B, Speirits FC, Sperandio L, Stein AJ, Stein LC, Steinlechner S, Steplewski S, Stochino A, Stone R, Strain KA, Strigin S, Stroeer A, Sturani R, Stuver AL, Summerscales TZ, Sung M, Susmithan S, Sutton PJ, Swinkels B, Talukder D, Tanner DB, Tarabrin SP, Taylor JR, Taylor R, Thomas P, Thorne KA, Thorne KS, Thrane E, Thüring A, Titsler C, Tokmakov KV, Toncelli A, Tonelli M, Torre O, Torres C, Torrie CI, Tournefier E, Travasso F, Traylor G, Trias M, Trummer J, Tseng K, Turner L, Ugolini D, Urbanek K, Vahlbruch H, Vaishnav B, Vajente G, Vallisneri M, van den Brand JFJ, Van Den Broeck C, van der Putten S, van der Sluys MV, van Veggel AA, Vass S, Vaulin R, Vavoulidis M, Vecchio A, Vedovato G, Veitch J, Veitch PJ, Veltkamp C, Verkindt D, Vetrano F, Viceré A, Villar A, Vinet JY, Vocca H, Vorvick C, Vyachanin SP, Waldman SJ, Wallace L, Wanner A, Ward RL, Was M, Wei P, Weinert M, Weinstein AJ, Weiss R, Wen L, Wen S, Wessels P, West M, Westphal T, Wette K, Whelan JT, Whitcomb SE, White DJ, Whiting BF, Wilkinson C, Willems PA, Williams L, Willke B, Winkelmann L, Winkler W, Wipf CC, Wiseman AG, Woan G, Wooley R, Worden J, Yakushin I, Yamamoto H, Yamamoto K, Yeaton-Massey D, Yoshida S, Yu PP, Yvert M, Zanolin M, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Zhao C, Zotov N, Zucker ME, Zweizig J. Publisher’s Note: Search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence in LIGO and Virgo data from S5 and VSR1 [Phys. Rev. D82, 102001 (2010)]. Int J Clin Exp Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.85.089903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kanagarajan S, Tolf C, Lundgren A, Waldenström J, Brodelius PE. Transient expression of hemagglutinin antigen from low pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N7) in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33010. [PMID: 22442675 PMCID: PMC3307706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus is of global concern for the poultry industry, especially the H5 and H7 subtypes as they have the potential to become highly pathogenic for poultry. In this study, the hemagglutinin (HA) of a low pathogenic avian influenza virus of the H7N7 subtype isolated from a Swedish mallard Anas platyrhynchos was sequenced, characterized and transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Recently, plant expression systems have gained interest as an alternative for the production of vaccine antigens. To examine the possibility of expressing the HA protein in N. benthamiana, a cDNA fragment encoding the HA gene was synthesized de novo, modified with a Kozak sequence, a PR1a signal peptide, a C-terminal hexahistidine (6×His) tag, and an endoplasmic retention signal (SEKDEL). The construct was cloned into a Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV)-based vector (pEAQ-HT) and the resulting pEAQ-HT-HA plasmid, along with a vector (pJL3:p19) containing the viral gene-silencing suppressor p19 from Tomato bushy stunt virus, was agro-infiltrated into N. benthamiana. The highest gene expression of recombinant plant-produced, uncleaved HA (rHA0), as measured by quantitative real-time PCR was detected at 6 days post infiltration (dpi). Guided by the gene expression profile, rHA0 protein was extracted at 6 dpi and subsequently purified utilizing the 6×His tag and immobilized metal ion adsorption chromatography. The yield was 0.2 g purified protein per kg fresh weight of leaves. Further molecular characterizations showed that the purified rHA0 protein was N-glycosylated and its identity confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, the purified rHA0 exhibited hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition activity indicating that the rHA0 shares structural and functional properties with native HA protein of H7 influenza virus. Our results indicate that rHA0 maintained its native antigenicity and specificity, providing a good source of vaccine antigen to induce immune response in poultry species.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/biosynthesis
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype
- Influenza in Birds/genetics
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Poultry/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/genetics
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Nicotiana
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraju Kanagarajan
- Section for Biomaterials and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Conny Tolf
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anneli Lundgren
- Section for Biomaterials and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Peter E. Brodelius
- Section for Biomaterials and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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Olofsson L, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Trichome isolation with and without fixation using laser microdissection and pressure catapulting followed by RNA amplification: expression of genes of terpene metabolism in apical and sub-apical trichome cells of Artemisia annua L. Plant Sci 2012; 183:9-13. [PMID: 22195571 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this project was to evaluate the effect of fixation on plant material prior to Laser Microdissection and Pressure Catapulting (LMPC) and to identify an appropriate method for preserving good RNA quality after cell isolation. Therefore, flower buds from Artemisia annua L. were exposed to either the fixative formaldehyde or a non-fixative buffer prior to cell isolation by LMPC. Proteinase K was used after cell isolation from fixed plant tissue, in an attempt to improve the RNA yield. The ability to detect gene expression using real-time quantitative PCR with or without previous amplification of RNA from cells isolated by LMPC was also evaluated. Conclusively, we describe a new technique, without fixation, enabling complete isolation of intact glandular secretory trichomes and specific single trichome cells of A. annua. This method is based on LMPC and preserves good RNA quality for subsequent RNA expression studies of both whole trichomes, apical and sub-apical cells from trichomes of A. annua. Using this method, expression of genes of terpene metabolism was studied by real-time quantitative PCR. Expression of genes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis was observed in both apical and sub-apical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Olofsson
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
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Olofsson L, Engström A, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Relative expression of genes of terpene metabolism in different tissues of Artemisia annua L. BMC Plant Biol 2011; 11:45. [PMID: 21388533 PMCID: PMC3063820 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, Artemisia annua L. (annual or sweet wormwood) has received increasing attention due to the fact that the plant produces the sesquiterpenoid endoperoxide artemisinin, which today is widely used for treatment of malaria. The plant produces relatively small amounts of artemisinin and a worldwide shortage of the drug has led to intense research in order to increase the yield of artemisinin. In order to improve our understanding of terpene metabolism in the plant and to evaluate the competition for precursors, which may influence the yield of artemisinin, we have used qPCR to estimate the expression of 14 genes of terpene metabolism in different tissues. RESULTS The four genes of the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway (amorpha-4,11-diene synthase, amorphadiene-12-hydroxylase, artemisinic aldehyde ∆11(13) reductase and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1) showed remarkably higher expression (between ~40- to ~500-fold) in flower buds and young leaves compared to other tissues (old leaves, stems, roots, hairy root cultures). Further, dihydroartemisinic aldehyde reductase showed a very high expression only in hairy root cultures. Germacrene A and caryophyllene synthase were mostly expressed in young leaves and flower buds while epi-cedrol synthase was highly expressed in old leaves. 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase exhibited lower expression in old leaves compared to other tissues. Farnesyldiphosphate synthase, squalene synthase, and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase showed only modest variation in expression in the different tissues, while expression of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase was 7-8-fold higher in flower buds and young leaves compared to old leaves. CONCLUSIONS Four genes of artemisinin biosynthesis were highly expressed in flower buds and young leaves (tissues showing a high density of glandular trichomes). The expression of dihydroartemisinic aldehyde reductase has been suggested to have a negative effect on artemisinin production through reduction of dihydroartemisinic aldehyde to dihydroartemisinic alcohol. However, our results show that this enzyme is expressed only at low levels in tissues producing artemisinin and consequently its effect on artemisinin production may be limited. Finally, squalene synthase but not other sesquiterpene synthases appears to be a significant competitor for farnesyl diphosphate in artemisinin-producing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Olofsson
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Alexander Engström
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anneli Lundgren
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Peter E Brodelius
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
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Omar S, Mathivha, Dulhunty J, Lundgren A. Lactate index and survival in hospital-acquired septic shock. Crit Care 2011. [PMCID: PMC3061673 DOI: 10.1186/cc9463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Wang H, Olofsson L, Lundgren A, Brodelius PE. Trichome-Specific Expression of Amorpha-4,11-Diene Synthase, a Key Enzyme of Artemisinin Biosynthesis in <i>Artemisia annua</i> L., as Reported by a Promoter-GUS Fusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2011.24073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Swinbank AM, Smail I, Longmore S, Harris AI, Baker AJ, De Breuck C, Richard J, Edge AC, Ivison RJ, Blundell R, Coppin KEK, Cox P, Gurwell M, Hainline LJ, Krips M, Lundgren A, Neri R, Siana B, Siringo G, Stark DP, Wilner D, Younger JD. Intense star formation within resolved compact regions in a galaxy at z = 2.3. Nature 2010; 464:733-6. [PMID: 20305639 DOI: 10.1038/nature08880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Olsson ME, Olofsson LM, Lindahl AL, Lundgren A, Brodelius M, Brodelius PE. Localization of enzymes of artemisinin biosynthesis to the apical cells of glandular secretory trichomes of Artemisia annua L. Phytochemistry 2009; 70:1123-1128. [PMID: 19664791 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A method based on the laser microdissection pressure catapulting technique has been developed for isolation of whole intact cells. Using a modified tissue preparation method, one outer pair of apical cells and two pairs of sub-apical, chloroplast-containing cells, were isolated from glandular secretory trichomes of Artemisia annua. A. annua is the source of the widely used antimalarial drug artemisinin. The biosynthesis of artemisinin has been proposed to be located to the glandular trichomes. The first committed steps in the conversion of FPP to artemisinin are conducted by amorpha-4,11-diene synthase, amorpha-4,11-diene hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP71AV1) and artemisinic aldehyde Delta11(13) reductase. The expression of the three biosynthetic enzymes in the different cell types has been studied. In addition, the expression of farnesyldiphosphate synthase producing the precursor of artemisinin has been investigated. Our experiments showed expression of farnesyldiphosphate synthase in apical and sub-apical cells as well as in mesophyl cells while the three enzymes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis were expressed only in the apical cells. Elongation factor 1alpha was used as control and it was expressed in all cell types. We conclude that artemisinin biosynthesis is taking place in the two outer apical cells while the two pairs of chloroplast-containing cells have other functions in the overall metabolism of glandular trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael E Olsson
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Linda M Olofsson
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ann-Louise Lindahl
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anneli Lundgren
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Maria Brodelius
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Peter E Brodelius
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden.
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Polacek C, Ekström JO, Lundgren A, Lindberg AM. Cytolytic replication of coxsackievirus B2 in CAR-deficient rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Virus Res 2005; 113:107-15. [PMID: 15964091 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 04/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The six coxsackievirus B serotypes (CVB1-6) use the coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR) for host cell entry. Four of these serotypes, CVB1, 3, 5 and 6, have also shown the capacity to replicate and cause cytolysis in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells, a CAR-deficient cell line. This extended tropism has been associated with an acquired ability to bind decay accelerating factor (DAF). In this study, we have adapted the CVB2 prototype strain Ohio-1 (CVB2/O) to replicate in RD cells. Two types of infection were identified: (I) an enterovirus-typical, lytic infection, and (II) a non-lytic infection. Both CVB2/O-RD variants retained the prototype-ability to cause cytopathic effect in HeLa cells using CAR as receptor. Phenotypic and genotypic changes in the CVB2/O-RD-variants were determined and compared to the prototype cultured in HeLa cells. Inhibition studies using antibodies against CAR and DAF revealed a maintained ability of the CVB2/O-RD-variants to bind CAR, but no binding to DAF was observed. In addition, neither the prototype nor the CVB2/O-RD-variants were able to cause hemagglutination in human red blood cells, an enterovirus feature associated with affinity for DAF. Sequence analysis of the CVB2/O-RD-variants showed acquired mutations in the capsid region, suggesting extended receptor usage towards an alternative, yet unidentified, receptor for CVB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Polacek
- University of Kalmar, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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Lukes DJ, Lundgren A, Skogsberg U, Karlsson-Parra A, Soussi B, Olausson M. Ischemic Preconditioning Can Overcome the Effect of Moderate to Severe Cold Ischemia on Concordant Mouse Xeno–Heart Transplants. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:3332-4. [PMID: 16298588 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Concordant mouse xeno-heart transplants are relatively sensitive to ischemia-reperfusion injury. We investigated the effect of an ischemic preconditioning (IPC) protocol on the functional and biochemical outcome of mouse xenohearts transplanted to the Lewis rat. MATERIAL AND METHODS NMRI mice (30 to 40 g) were anesthetized, intubated, and mechanically ventilated. They were subjected either to a IPC protocol leading to an SaO(2) of 70% for 5 minutes followed by normoxia (defined as SaO(2) >90%) for 10 minutes (n = 9) or normoxia only (n = 11). The hearts were then heterotopically transplanted to Lewis rats (220 g). The frequencies of immediate onset and early dysfunction and late dysfunction were registered. The hearts surviving for 6 hours were explanted and the absolute concentrations of phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were determined in micromole per gram of heart tissue with high-pressure liquid chromatography. The phosphorylation ratio, PCr/ATP, a known correlate to biochemical and functional outcome, was calculated. RESULTS Four of 11 (36.4%) of control hearts experienced immediate onset and early dysfunction versus 0% (0/9) in M hearts subjected to IPC (P = .01). Furthermore, the IPC protocol increased the PCr concentration, 15.08 +/- 1.00 versus 9.04 +/- 2.04 micromol/g in controls (P = .01), and the PCr/ATP ratio, 1.80 +/- 0.17 versus 1.27 +/- 0.21 (NS; P = .06). CONCLUSIONS IPC provides a protective PCr overshoot overcoming the short-term effects of moderate to severe ischemic injury on mouse xeno-heart transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lukes
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, and Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413-45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Enarsson K, Johnsson E, Lindholm C, Lundgren A, Pan-Hammarström Q, Strömberg E, Bergin P, Baunge EL, Svennerholm AM, Quiding-Järbrink M. Differential mechanisms for T lymphocyte recruitment in normal and neoplastic human gastric mucosa. Clin Immunol 2005; 118:24-34. [PMID: 16157508 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) is the second most common cause of death from malignant disease. The reason why immune responses are unable to clear the tumour is not fully understood, although aberrant lymphocyte recruitment to the tumour site might be one factor. Therefore, we investigated the homing phenotype of mucosal T lymphocytes in GC, compared to tumour-free mucosa. We could detect significantly decreased frequencies of mucosal homing alpha4beta7+ T cells in the tumour tissues and increased frequencies of L-selectin+ T cells. This was probably due to the correlated decrease in MAdCAM-1 positive and increase in PNAd positive blood vessels in the tumour mucosa. There were also fewer CXCR3+ T lymphocytes in the tumour tissue. These findings provide evidence that endothelial cells within tumours arising at mucosal sites do not support extravasation of typical mucosa-infiltrating T cells. This may be of major relevance for future immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Enarsson
- Dept. Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, and Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Lukes DJ, Skogsberg U, Nilsson A, Lundgren A, Olausson M, Soussi B. Singlet oxygen energy illumination during moderate cold ischemia prolongs the survival of concordant hamster xeno-heart transplants. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:518-20. [PMID: 15808696 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Singlet oxygen energy (SOE) is a potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro and in vivo in certain dose ranges and can improve the levels of high-energy phosphates (HEP) in concordant hamster xeno-heart transplants. Some data indicate that a certain degree of cold ischemia (CI) might be beneficial to xenotransplants. We investigated if SOE illumination of hamster xeno-hearts during moderate cold ischemia (CI) improved graft survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen hearts from Golden Syrian hamsters (70 to 80 g) were subjected to 8 hours of CI in cold (+4 degrees C) saline solution (NaCL, 0.9%) before heterotopic cervical transplantation to Lewis rats (220 g). Among the treatment group (n = 8), SOE was produced by illuminating the hearts for 10 minutes every 30 minutes with photons at lambda 634 nm with the Oxylight equipment. Graft function was evaluated every 6 hours after transplantation with digital exam until cessation of heart beats. RESULTS The graft survival of SOE-illuminated ischemic hamster xenografts was 2.34 +/- 0.56 versus 1.15 +/- 0.37 days in the control group (P < .05). All hearts displayed immediate graft function versus 70% in the controls (NS). CONCLUSIONS SOE illumination at lambda 634 nm during moderate cold ischemia (+4 degrees C) can improve the survival of concordant hamster xeno-heart transplants. The exact mechanism(s) are currently unknown, but the effect might in part be exerted by a combination of reduced production of ROS and increased oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lukes
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Göteborg, Sweden
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Strömberg E, Lundgren A, Edebo A, Lundin S, Svennerholm AM, Lindholm C. Increased frequency of activated T-cells in the Helicobacter pylori-infected antrum and duodenum. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003; 36:159-68. [PMID: 12738386 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonize the human stomach and duodenum. The infection has been shown to induce a strong T-cell response in the stomach, whereas the response within the duodenum has been poorly characterized. Furthermore, it remains to be elucidated whether the T-cell response may contribute to ulcer formation in the host. In this study, the frequency of different T-cell subsets, their degree of activation and expression of co-stimulatory receptors in biopsies from the duodenum as well as the antrum were studied by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. It was also evaluated whether there are differences in the T-cell responses between duodenal ulcer patients and asymptomatic carriers that might explain why only 10-15% of the infected subjects develop duodenal ulcers. The frequencies of CD4+, CD8+ and CD45RO+, i.e. memory T-cells, were significantly increased in the antrum, and the number of CD25+ cells was considerably higher in both the antrum and duodenum of duodenal ulcer patients and asymptomatic carriers as compared to uninfected individuals. Interestingly, the levels of immunosuppressive CTLA-4+ cells were significantly higher in the duodenum of duodenal ulcer patients, as compared to the asymptomatic carriers. H. pylori cause activation of T-cells in the duodenum as well as in the stomach. Our observation of higher levels of CTLA-4+ cells in the duodenum of duodenal ulcer patients than in the asymptomatic carriers suggests that a suppressive T-cell response may be related to the development of duodenal ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Strömberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, Box 435, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Lundgren A, Wilton J, Mölne J, Mobini R, Lukes DJ, Mårtensson C, Waagstein F, Olausson M. Impaired hepatic circulation despite normotension in brain-dead rats. Transplant Proc 2003; 35:773-4. [PMID: 12644131 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(03)00038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Lundgren
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Brodelius M, Lundgren A, Mercke P, Brodelius PE. Fusion of farnesyldiphosphate synthase and epi-aristolochene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase involved in capsidiol biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum. Eur J Biochem 2002; 269:3570-7. [PMID: 12135497 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A clone encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) was obtained by PCR from a cDNA library made from young leaves of Artemisia annua. A cDNA clone encoding the tobacco epi-aristolochene synthase (eAS) was kindly supplied by J. Chappell (University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA). Two fusions were constructed, i.e. FPPS/eAS and eAS/FPPS. The stop codon of the N-terminal enzyme was removed and replaced by a short peptide (Gly-Ser-Gly) to introduce a linker between the two ORFs. These two fusions and the two single cDNA clones were separately introduced into a bacterial expression vector (pET32). Escherichia coli was transformed with the expression vectors and enzymatically active soluble proteins were obtained after induction with isopropyl thio-beta-d-thiogalactoside. The recombinant enzymes were purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography on Co2+ columns. The fusion enzymes produced epi-aristolochene from isopentenyl diphosphate through a coupled reaction. The Km values of FPPS and eAS for isopentenyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate, respectively, were essentially the same for the single and fused enzymes. The bifunctional enzymes showed a more efficient conversion of isopentenyl diphosphate to epi-aristolochene than the corresponding amount of single enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brodelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, University of Kalmar, Sweden
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Glauser R, Rée A, Lundgren A, Gottlow J, Hämmerle CH, Schärer P. Immediate occlusal loading of Brånemark implants applied in various jawbone regions: a prospective, 1-year clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2002; 3:204-13. [PMID: 11887657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8208.2001.tb00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The original protocol for dental implant treatment ad modum Brånemark was based on submerged healing prior to loading. For patients, immediate implant function could reduce cost and increase attractiveness of implant treatment. PURPOSE The goal of this study was to evaluate the short-term success rate of immediately loaded implants placed in various regions of the jaws. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-one patients received a total of 127 immediately loaded implants (76 maxillary and 51 mandibular). Seventy-one percent of the patients received their prosthetic restoration the same day and the others within 11 days. All prosthetic constructions were in full contact in centric occlusion. Clinical follow-up examinations were performed at 1 week, 2 weeks, and at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months after implant loading. The study was completed 1 year after loading. RESULTS Twenty-two implants were lost in 13 patients (including 7 maxillary implants lost in 1 patient). The cumulative success rate of the implants was 82.7% after 1 year of prosthetic loading. All sites with implant losses were re-implanted, using a two-stage technique, with no further complications reported. Ninety-one percent of implants placed in regions other than the posterior maxilla were successful compared with 66% of implants placed in the posterior maxilla. Implants in patients with a parafunctional habit (bruxers) were lost more frequently than those placed in patients with no parafunction (41% vs. 12%). Implants subjected to guided bone regeneration were more successful compared with those not subjected to regeneration procedures (90% vs. 67%). CONCLUSIONS The immediate loading concept is a realistic treatment alternative in various jawbone regions except for the posterior part of the maxilla. High occlusal loads should be considered a risk factor. On the other hand, implants in combination with bone defects frequently are penetrating cortical layers to a higher extent, thereby contributing to implant stability during the healing phase and consequently do not inevitably jeopardize the treatment result. However, further controlled clinical studies with larger sample sizes need to be performed to evaluate the influence of different parameters on treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glauser
- Department for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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37
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Abstract
The applicability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for non-invasive in vitro studies of parenteral vehicles without use of marker substances was investigated. A wide range of extended release (ER) formulations such as oils, a lipid emulsion, and water solutions of a cyclodextrin and block co-polymers were visualized in vitro and in vivo by a (1)H-MRI technique. The study included measurements in vitro in a beaker and by injections in pig flesh. In vivo studies were carried out in rats. The contrast of the vehicles vs the background material could be visualized and quantifications of vehicle dispersion and disappearance were performed on obtained in vivo data. A wide range of different vehicles suitable for s.c. ER delivery were tested, such as different oils, a lipid emulsion, and water solutions of a cyclodextrin and block co-polymers. The vehicle volume expansion in vivo was possible to follow. However, this was not generally applicable for all kinds of vehicle component. The tested co-polymers, Poloxamers, were one type of vehicle component that provides an excellent MRI signal. The in vitro tests predicted the suitability of this vehicle for in vivo MRI studies. In the in vivo study of the block co-polymer formulations the apparent vehicle volume increased to a peak value from an initial value close to the injected volume. Thereafter the volume diminished and no vehicle could be detected after 29 h after injection. MRI could be applied for measurements of the dispersion and disappearance of some vehicles at the site of injection after s.c. administration without use of contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Madhu
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Bioenergetics Group, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, SE 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
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Lundgren A. [Arrhenius on van't Hoff and Ehrlich; two letters from Ernst Riesenfeld]. Lychnos Lardomshist Samf Arsb 2001:85-100. [PMID: 11627621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Barbet AF, Yi J, Lundgren A, McEwen BR, Blouin EF, Kocan KM. Antigenic variation of Anaplasma marginale: major surface protein 2 diversity during cyclic transmission between ticks and cattle. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3057-66. [PMID: 11292724 PMCID: PMC98260 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3057-3066.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rickettsial pathogen Anaplasma marginale expresses a variable immunodominant outer membrane protein, major surface protein 2 (MSP2), involved in antigenic variation and long-term persistence of the organism in carrier animals. MSP2 contains a central hypervariable region of about 100 amino acids that encodes immunogenic B-cell epitopes that induce variant-specific antibodies during infection. Previously, we have shown that MSP2 is encoded on a polycistronic mRNA transcript in erythrocyte stages of A. marginale and defined the structure of the genomic expression site for this transcript. In this study, we show that the same expression site is utilized in stages of A. marginale infecting tick salivary glands. We also analyzed the variability of this genomic expression site in Oklahoma strain A. marginale transmitted from in vitro cultures to cattle and between cattle and ticks. The structure of the expression site and flanking regions was conserved except for sequence that encoded the MSP2 hypervariable region. At least three different MSP2 variants were encoded in each A. marginale population. The major sequence variants did not change on passage of A. marginale between culture, acute erythrocyte stage infections, and tick salivary glands but did change during persistent infections of cattle. The variant types found in tick salivary glands most closely resembled those present in bovine blood at the time of acquisition of infection, whether infection was acquired from an acute or from a persistent rickettsemia. These variations in structure of an expression site for a major, immunoprotective outer membrane protein have important implications for vaccine development and for obtaining an improved understanding of the mechanisms of persistence of ehrlichial infections in humans, domestic animals, and reservoir hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Barbet
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Volpe CP, Lundgren A, Aints A, Mohamed AJ, Jaakkola P, Christensson B, Gahrton G, Jalkanen M, Smith CI, Dilber MS. Proximal promoter of the murine syndecan-1 gene is not sufficient for the developmental pattern of syndecan expression in B lineage cells. Am J Hematol 2001; 67:20-6. [PMID: 11279653 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 (CD138) is a cell membrane proteoglycan that binds extracellular matrix components and various growth factors. The role of syndecan-1 in the control of cell growth and morphology has been illustrated by its altered expression in hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma as well as some solid tumors. It has been reported that the expression of syndecan-1 in cells of the B lineage is developmentally regulated such that pre-B cells and plasma cells express syndecan-1 while mature B cells do not. Thus, we investigated whether the proximal promoter region of the murine syndecan-1 promoter was able to confer the observed on-off-on expression of syndecan-1 in cells of the B lineage as they develop from pre-B cells to plasma cells. Experiments carried out using deletion mutants of the proximal promoter cloned upstream of the CAT reporter gene transfected into murine cell lines, representing the above stages of B-cell development, such as BA/F3 (pro-B cell), 70Z/3 (pre-B cell), 2PK3 (late mature B cell), and MPC-11 (plasma cell), showed detectable levels of CAT expression. The WEHI-231 (mature B cell) cell lines did not show detectable levels of CAT reporter activity. The strong levels of expression were observed with a fragment of the proximal promoter spanning the region from -365 to -95 (from the translation start point). However, Northern analysis of RNA obtained from the five murine B-cell lines, representing various stages of B-cell development, showed that the 70Z/3, MPC-11 but not BA/F3, and 2PK3 cells expressed detectable levels of syndecan-1 mRNA. By FACS analysis, using a rat anti mouse syndecan-1 antibody, syndecan-1 expression on the cell surface was found to correlate with the observed mRNA expression patterns in these cell lines. Our results indicate that the proximal promoter of the murine syndecan-1 promoter is not sufficient for the observed developmental pattern of syndecan expression in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Volpe
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Karolinska Institute, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden
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Farhi E, Goldstone J, Gutmann S, Lapan J, Lundgren A, Preda D. A quantum adiabatic evolution algorithm applied to random instances of an NP-complete problem. Science 2001; 292:472-5. [PMID: 11313487 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A quantum system will stay near its instantaneous ground state if the Hamiltonian that governs its evolution varies slowly enough. This quantum adiabatic behavior is the basis of a new class of algorithms for quantum computing. We tested one such algorithm by applying it to randomly generated hard instances of an NP-complete problem. For the small examples that we could simulate, the quantum adiabatic algorithm worked well, providing evidence that quantum computers (if large ones can be built) may be able to outperform ordinary computers on hard sets of instances of NP-complete problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Farhi
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Abstract
Anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne pathogen, one of several closely related ehrlichial organisms that cause disease in animals and humans. These Ehrlichia species have complex life cycles that require, in addition to replication and development within the tick vector, evasion of the immune system in order to persist in the mammalian reservoir host. This complexity requires efficient use of the small ehrlichial genome. A. marginale and related ehrlichiae express immunoprotective, variable outer membrane proteins that have similar structures and are encoded by polymorphic multigene families. We show here that the major outer membrane protein of A. marginale, MSP2, is encoded on a polycistronic mRNA. The genomic expression site for this mRNA is polymorphic and encodes numerous amino acid sequence variants in bloodstream populations of A. marginale. A potential mechanism for persistence is segmental gene conversion of the expression site to link hypervariable msp2 sequences to the promoter and polycistron.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Barbet
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0880, USA.
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Abstract
Deficient routines in use, care, handling and documentation of peripheral intravenous vein cannulae (PIV) have previously been reported, and complications have been noted in 50-75% of the patients. The aim of the study was to examine whether specially trained nurses change their actions to decrease complications when using cannulae. The study included 36 nurses assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group followed an education programme explaining how to use and take care of a PIV. To evaluate the intervention document analysis, observations and patient interviews were performed in 99 patients with 172 PIVs in situ for less than 24 h. After the education programme, fewer complications, more carefully performed care and handling, and better documentation and information were found in the experimental group. Nurses in the control group followed current routines, which resulted in a greater degree of complications. Education in evidence-based care and handling gives nurses the opportunity to improve their ability to use theoretical knowledge in clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lundgren
- Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköpings University, Sweden
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Abstract
The human picornavirus coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2) is often linked to several infections, from mild respiratory diseases to more severe illnesses such as myocarditis. In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of CVB2 prototype strain Ohio-1. The genome sequence was determined from reverse transcribed viral RNA, amplified with long distance PCR and used for non-radioactive sequencing. The full length PCR amplicons were used for in vitro transcription and the obtained cRNA was lipofected onto green monkey kidney cells, in order to confirm that the PCR generated sequence reflects a viable virus RNA. The CVB2 genome sequence shows a typical enterovirus genome organization with a total length of 7411 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis, using the CVB2 polyprotein in comparison with other enterovirus polyproteins, clearly shows that CVB2 clusters with the coxsackievirus B-like enteroviruses and is more related to coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) than any other published CVB serotype. The grouping of CVB2 and CVB4 as one subgroup has earlier been reported in connection with receptor usage and ability to replicate in different cell lines. The exposed viral capsid proteins of CVB2 (VP1-VP3) show high similarity to other CVB proteins, except in regions that are likely to be surface epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Polacek
- University of Kalmar, Institute of Natural Sciences, Sweden
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Abstract
The present study was designed to test perforated and non-perforated barriers for their ability to promote augmentation of bone tissue. More specifically, 1 totally occlusive barrier and 6 barriers with perforation sizes of about 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 300 microns and 1 group with no barriers placed (open test chambers) were used to test the effect of a barrier's occlusiveness on the amount and composition of augmented tissue over time. The skull of the rat was used as the experimental area. Prefabricated, flexible silicone frames with an inferior flange for peripheral sealing to the bone surface and a central vertical through hole with a diameter of 3.6 mm and a height of 2 mm were used as test chambers. The barriers were inserted to cover the superior opening of the through hole. The healing periods were 4, 8, and 12 weeks. All test chambers exhibited newly formed skull bone which was augmented over time. The placement of totally occlusive barriers resulted in the slowest rate of bone tissue augmentation but in a highly predictable manner, i.e., there were only small individual variations. Placement of barriers with perforations exceeding 10 microns, on the other hand, resulted in a faster rate of bone augmentation with larger individual variations and a totally different augmentation pattern. A pronounced augmentation of calvarial soft tissue from the sagittal suture of the skull as well as ingrowth of suprabony connective tissue through the barriers were also observed. After 12 weeks of healing, no differences in the amount of augmented mineralized bone related to perforation sizes > 10 microns were found. The open test chambers also showed bone augmentation, although most of their volume was occupied by suprabony connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lundgren
- Department of Biomaterials/Handicap Research, Institute for Surgical Sciences, Göteborg University, Sweden
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Abstract
The purpose of the study was to describe nurses' routines in connection with the planning, care and handling, and documentation of a peripheral intravenous cannula (PIV) and also to examine factors that control how nurses act. Nurses and physicians in three English hospitals were interviewed. The results showed a difference between nurses' and physicians' opinions about PIV routines, except in few cases. The PIV was inserted by the physicians while the nurses took care of and documented its care and handling. In many cases the insertion of the PIV was also documented by the nurses. Although small PIVs and short insertion time had previously been recommended, many physicians preferred large cannulae and an insertion time of between 3 and 7 days. All nurses and six physicians had the opinion that the cannula should be changed more often, but this did not happen. Some physicians maintained that the nurses' care and handling varied. On the other hand some criticism had been expressed by the nurses about unclear directives from the physicians. English participants were aware that unsatisfactory routines existed and that the policy had not always been followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lundgren
- Department of Medicine and Care, Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Sweden
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Lundgren A, Wahren LK, Ek AC. Peripheral intravenous lines: time in situ related to complications. J Intraven Nurs 1996; 19:229-38. [PMID: 9060347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between time in situ and the frequency of thrombophlebitis. Nurses' care and handling when using a peripheral intravenous (p.i.v.) line was also studied. The methods used were observation, interview, and document analysis after intervention, with respect to cannula time in situ. The study included 120 patients divided in two groups: (1) experimental, time in situ less than or equal to 24 hours, and (2) control, using current/daily routines from the wards. The frequency of thrombophlebitis after a p.i.v. was inserted was significantly higher and showed more troublesome and prolonged picture complications in the control group than in the experimental group. Care and handling suffered with increased number of days in situ. The nurses' documentation of inserted or removed cannula was incomplete in most cases, and notices about the insertion area were nearly nonexistent. It was determined that a short time in situ--when using a p.i.v.--is an important factor in preventing complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lundgren
- College of the Health Professions, Department of Caring Sciences, Linköping, Sweden
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Abstract
The purpose of the study was to describe how nurses (n = 37) planned, took care of, and documented peripheral intravenous (vein) cannulae (PIV) and what controls their way of action. Knowledge, experience, and routine were said to govern the care and handling of PIV. The nurses' intention was that a PIV should be inserted for 1-3 days, but all of them were aware of PIV being inserted considerably longer, the reasons being forgetfulness, carelessness, mistake, no one to take responsibility, bad routines and stress. Patients who had received drugs or solutions daily were given less information and furthermore the same PIV-entry was used for drugs, solutions and blood. Only one nurse documented the insertion and the removal of a PIV. The nurses' personal comments were that the area was neglected and there were great variations in the care and handling of PIV. Their task is to systematically identify the patients' needs and risk factors, and to analyse, diagnose, plan, implement and evaluate the care given. Using a standardised guide could be a way to reduce the frequency of complications in the daily care of PIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lundgren
- College of the Health Professions, Department of Caring Sciences, Kalmar University College of Health Sciences (Kalmar Iäns Värdhögskola) Västervik, Sweden
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Andersson MO, Lundgren A, Lundgren P. Surface-potential dependence of interface-state passivation in metal-tunnel-oxide-silicon diodes. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:11666-11676. [PMID: 9975300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.11666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyse the actual routines surrounding the use of peripheral cannulae and the occurrence of complications. Thirty surgery patients and 30 internal medicine patients were observed daily at a medium-sized hospital. The patients were followed from the time the cannula was inserted until after withdrawal and until both the insertion site and the vein were free from pain. The results showed that most of the cannulae were placed on the upper side of the hand and sizes most frequently used were 1.0 and 1.2 mm. The fixation was unsatisfactory in 23 cases already after the second day. Twenty-three cannulae were removed after 24 hours. Thirty-seven (62%) patients were stated to have thrombophlebitis phlebitis in different degrees. Only seven cannulae fulfilled the criteria for good cannula care and handling. The frequency of complication was especially high when fructose-glucose, antibiotics or anticoagulants were given. There was no documentation in the patient record, according to current laws in Sweden. The complications observed were redness, swelling, haematoma, subcutaneous swelling and suppurating infection. The study showed that the longer the cannula had been in situ, the greater were the complications (very distinct after 24 hours). The care and handling was unsatisfactory to very unsatisfactory in 52% of the cases. Complications can last for a very long time. In this research, pain was noted up to 5 months after the cannulae were removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lundgren
- College of the Health Professions, Department of Caring Sciences, Linköping, Sweden
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