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An Y, Xu C, Liu W, Jiang J, Ye P, Yang M, Zhu W, Yu J, Yu M, Sun W, Hong J, Qiu H, Wei W, Zhang S. Angiotensin II type-2 receptor attenuates liver fibrosis progression by suppressing IRE1α-XBP1 pathway. Cell Signal 2024; 113:110935. [PMID: 37866666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been recognized as a crucial contributor to the development of liver fibrosis, and AT2R, an essential component of RAS, is involved in the progression of liver fibrosis. However, the underlying mechanisms by which AT2R modulates liver fibrosis remain elusive. Here, we report that AT2R was induced to be highly expressed during the progression of liver fibrosis, and the elevated AT2R attenuates liver fibrosis by suppressing IRE1α-XBP1 pathway. In this study, we found that AT2R is not expressed in the no cirrhotic adult liver, but is induced expression during liver fibrosis in both cirrhotic patients and fibrotic mice models. Upregulated AT2R inhibits the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In addition, our study showed that during liver fibrosis, AT2R deletion increased the dimerization activation of IRE1α and promoted XBP1 splicing, and the spliced XBP1s could promote their transcription by binding to the AT2R promoter and repress the IRE1α-XBP1 axis, forming an AT2R-IRE1α-XBP1 negative feedback loop. Importantly, the combination treatment of an AT2R agonist and an endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) alleviator significantly attenuated liver fibrosis in a mouse model of liver fibrosis. Therefore, we conclude that the AT2R-IRE1α signaling pathway can regulate the progression of liver fibrosis, and AT2R is a new potential therapeutic target for treating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue An
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Changyong Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wenmin Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ji Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Pengfei Ye
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Manman Yu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wuyi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jian Hong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huan Qiu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Shihao Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
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Wu Q, Kumar N, Lafuse WP, Ahumada OS, Saljoughian N, Whetstone E, Zani A, Patton AK, El Refaey M, Webb A, Pietrzak M, Yu L, KC M, Peeples ME, Ganesan LP, Yount JS, Rajaram MV. Influenza A virus modulates ACE2 expression and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in human cardiomyocytes. iScience 2022; 25:105701. [PMID: 36474635 PMCID: PMC9715453 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2 virus are both acute respiratory viruses currently circulating in the human population. This study aims to determine the impact of IAV infection on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and cardiomyocyte function. Infection of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC), A549 cells, lung fibroblasts (HLF), monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs), cardiac fibroblasts (HCF) and hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes with IAV enhanced the expression of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Similarly, IAV infection increased levels of ACE2 in the lungs of mice and humans. Of interest, we detected heavily glycosylated form of ACE2 in hiPSC-CMs and poorly glycosylated ACE2 in other cell types. Also, prior IAV infection enhances SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding and viral entry in all cell types. However, efficient SARS-CoV-2 replication was uniquely inhibited in cardiomyocytes. Glycosylation of ACE2 correlated with enzymatic conversion of its substrate Ang II, induction of eNOS and nitric oxide production, may provide a potential mechanism for the restricted SARS-CoV-2 replication in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - William P. Lafuse
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Omar Santiagonunez Ahumada
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Noushin Saljoughian
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Elizabeth Whetstone
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Ashley K. Patton
- Department of Pathology, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Mona El Refaey
- Department of Surgery, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Amy Webb
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Maciej Pietrzak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Mahesh KC
- Department of Pediatrics, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA,Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA,Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Latha P. Ganesan
- Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Murugesan V.S. Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43209, USA,Corresponding author
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Lin H, Geurts F, Hassler L, Batlle D, Mirabito Colafella KM, Denton KM, Zhuo JL, Li XC, Ramkumar N, Koizumi M, Matsusaka T, Nishiyama A, Hoogduijn MJ, Hoorn EJ, Danser AHJ. Kidney Angiotensin in Cardiovascular Disease: Formation and Drug Targeting. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:462-505. [PMID: 35710133 PMCID: PMC9553117 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of local formation of angiotensin II in the kidney has changed over the last 10-15 years. Local synthesis of angiotensinogen in the proximal tubule has been proposed, combined with prorenin synthesis in the collecting duct. Binding of prorenin via the so-called (pro)renin receptor has been introduced, as well as megalin-mediated uptake of filtered plasma-derived renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components. Moreover, angiotensin metabolites other than angiotensin II [notably angiotensin-(1-7)] exist, and angiotensins exert their effects via three different receptors, of which angiotensin II type 2 and Mas receptors are considered renoprotective, possibly in a sex-specific manner, whereas angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors are believed to be deleterious. Additionally, internalized angiotensin II may stimulate intracellular receptors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) not only generates angiotensin-(1-7) but also acts as coronavirus receptor. Multiple, if not all, cardiovascular diseases involve the kidney RAS, with renal AT1 receptors often being claimed to exert a crucial role. Urinary RAS component levels, depending on filtration, reabsorption, and local release, are believed to reflect renal RAS activity. Finally, both existing drugs (RAS inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors) and novel drugs (angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, soluble ACE2) affect renal angiotensin formation, thereby displaying cardiovascular efficacy. Particular in the case of the latter three, an important question is to what degree they induce renoprotection (e.g., in a renal RAS-dependent manner). This review provides a unifying view, explaining not only how kidney angiotensin formation occurs and how it is affected by drugs but also why drugs are renoprotective when altering the renal RAS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Angiotensin formation in the kidney is widely accepted but little understood, and multiple, often contrasting concepts have been put forward over the last two decades. This paper offers a unifying view, simultaneously explaining how existing and novel drugs exert renoprotection by interfering with kidney angiotensin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Frank Geurts
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Luise Hassler
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Kate M Denton
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Xiao C Li
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Nirupama Ramkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Masahiro Koizumi
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
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4
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Cruz-López EO, Uijl E, Danser AHJ. Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Vascular Function: Does Locally Synthesized Angiotensinogen Play a Role? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:S53-S62. [PMID: 34840262 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In recent years, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) research has gained special attention in an effort to understand its involvement in vascular function. PVAT is recognized as an important endocrine organ that secretes procontractile and anticontractile factors, including components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, particularly angiotensinogen (AGT). This review critically addresses the occurrence of AGT in PVAT, its release into the blood stream, and its contribution to the generation and effects of angiotensins (notably angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin II) in the vascular wall. It describes that the introduction of transgenic animals, expressing AGT at 0, 1, or more specific location(s), combined with the careful measurement of angiotensins, has revealed that the assumption that PVAT independently generates angiotensins from locally synthesized AGT is incorrect. Indeed, selective deletion of AGT from adipocytes did not lower circulating AGT, neither under a control diet nor under a high-fat diet, and only liver-specific AGT deletion resulted in the disappearance of AGT from blood plasma and adipose tissue. An entirely novel scenario therefore develops, supporting local angiotensin generation in PVAT that depends on the uptake of both AGT and renin from blood, in addition to the possibility that circulating angiotensins exert vascular effects. The review ends with a summary of where we stand now and recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwyn O Cruz-López
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Souza RBD, Kawahara EI, Farinha-Arcieri LE, Gyuricza IG, Neofiti-Papi B, Miranda-Rodrigues M, Teixeira MBCG, Fernandes GR, Lemes RB, Reinhardt DP, Gouveia CH, Pereira LV. Hyperkyphosis is not dependent on bone mass and quality in the mouse model of Marfan syndrome. Bone 2021; 152:116073. [PMID: 34171513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disease affecting cardiovascular, ocular and skeletal systems. It is caused by mutations in the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene, leading to structural defects of connective tissue and increased activation of TGF-β. Angiotensin II (ang-II) is involved in TGF-β activity and in bone mass regulation. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling by blockage of the ang-II receptor 1 (AT1R) via losartan administration leads to improvement of cardiovascular and pulmonary phenotypes, but has no effect on skeletal phenotype in the haploinsufficient mouse model of MFS mgR, suggesting a distinct mechanism of pathogenesis in the skeletal system. Here we characterized the skeletal phenotypes of the dominant-negative model for MFS mgΔlpn and tested the effect of inhibition of ang-II signaling in improving those phenotypes. As previously shown, heterozygous mice present hyperkyphosis, however we now show that only males also present osteopenia. Inhibition of ang-II production by ramipril minimized the kyphotic deformity, but had no effect on bone microstructure in male mutant animals. Histological analysis revealed increased thickness of the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) of the spine in mutant animals (25.8 ± 6.3 vs. 29.7 ± 7.7 μm), coupled with a reduction in type I (164.1 ± 8.7 vs. 139.0 ± 4.4) and increase in type III (86.5 ± 10.2 vs. 140.4 ± 5.6) collagen in the extracellular matrix of this ligament. In addition, we identified in the MFS mice alterations in the erector spinae muscles which presented thinner muscle fibers (1035.0 ± 420.6 vs. 655.6 ± 239.5 μm2) surrounded by increased area of connective tissue (58.17 ± 6.52 vs. 105.0 ± 44.54 μm2). Interestingly, these phenotypes were ameliorated by ramipril treatment. Our results reveal a sex-dependency of bone phenotype in MFS, where females do not present alterations in bone microstructure. More importantly, they indicate that hyperkyphosis is not a result of osteopenia in the MFS mouse model, and suggest that incompetent spine ligaments and muscles are responsible for the development of that phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Barbosa de Souza
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Elisa Ito Kawahara
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Luis Ernesto Farinha-Arcieri
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Isabela Gerdes Gyuricza
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Bianca Neofiti-Papi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Manuela Miranda-Rodrigues
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Ribeiro Fernandes
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Renan Barbosa Lemes
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Dieter P Reinhardt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cecília Helena Gouveia
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lygia V Pereira
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil.
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6
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Zhang D, Wang Y, Lin H, Sun Y, Wang M, Jia Y, Yu X, Jiang H, Xu W, Sun JP, Xu Z. Function and therapeutic potential of G protein-coupled receptors in epididymis. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5489-5508. [PMID: 32901914 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility rates for both females and males have increased continuously in recent years. Currently, effective treatments for male infertility with defined mechanisms or targets are still lacking. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of drug targets, but their functions and the implications for the therapeutic development for male infertility largely remain elusive. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that several members of the GPCR superfamily play crucial roles in the maintenance of ion-water homeostasis of the epididymis, development of the efferent ductules, formation of the blood-epididymal barrier and maturation of sperm. Knowledge of the functions, genetic variations and working mechanisms of such GPCRs, along with the drugs and ligands relevant to their specific functions, provide future directions and a great arsenal for new developments in the treatment of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingli Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenming Xu
- Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, SCU-CUHK, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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7
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Fan D, Kassiri Z. Biology of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), and Its Therapeutic Implications in Cardiovascular Pathology. Front Physiol 2020; 11:661. [PMID: 32612540 PMCID: PMC7308558 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) is unique among the four TIMPs due to its extracellular matrix (ECM)-binding property and broad range of inhibitory substrates that includes matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs), and ADAM with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs). In addition to its metalloproteinase-inhibitory function, TIMP3 can interact with proteins in the extracellular space resulting in its multifarious functions. TIMP3 mRNA has a long 3' untranslated region (UTR) which is a target for numerous microRNAs. TIMP3 levels are reduced in various cardiovascular diseases, and studies have shown that TIMP3 replenishment ameliorates the disease, suggesting a therapeutic potential for TIMP3 in cardiovascular diseases. While significant efforts have been made in identifying the effector targets of TIMP3, the regulatory mechanism for the expression of this multi-functional TIMP has been less explored. Here, we provide an overview of TIMP3 gene structure, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators (transcription factors and microRNAs), protein structure and partners, its role in cardiovascular pathology and its application as therapy, while also drawing reference from TIMP3 function in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fan
- Department of Pathology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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8
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Increased AT 2R expression is induced by AT 1R autoantibody via two axes, Klf-5/IRF-1 and circErbB4/miR-29a-5p, to promote VSMC migration. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:432. [PMID: 32514012 PMCID: PMC7280191 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling can be caused by angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) autoantibody (AT1-AA), although the related mechanism remains unknown. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) plays multiple roles in vascular remodeling through cross-talk with AT1R in the cytoplasm. Here, we aimed to explore the role and mechanism of AT2R in AT1-AA-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, which is a key event in vascular remodeling. In vitro and in vivo, we found that AT2R can promote VSMC migration in AT1-AA-induced vascular remodeling. Moreover, AT2R expression was upregulated via Klf-5/IRF-1-mediated transcriptional and circErbB4/miR-29a-5p-mediated posttranscriptional mechanisms in response to AT1-AA. Our data provide a molecular basis for AT1-AA-induced AT2R expression by transcription factors, namely, a circular RNA and a microRNA, and showed that AT2R participated in AT1-AA-induced VSMC migration during the development of vascular remodeling. AT2R may be a potential target for the treatment of AT1-AA-induced vascular diseases.
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9
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The Vasoactive Mas Receptor in Essential Hypertension. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010267. [PMID: 31963731 PMCID: PMC7019597 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) has been studied extensively, and with the inclusion of novel components, it has become evident that the system is much more complex than originally anticipated. According to current knowledge, there are two main axes of the RAAS, which counteract each other in terms of vascular control: The classical vasoconstrictive axis, renin/angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin II/angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), and the opposing vasorelaxant axis, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor (MasR). An abnormal activity within the system constitutes a hallmark in hypertension, which is a global health problem that predisposes cardiovascular and renal morbidities. In particular, essential hypertension predominates in the hypertensive population of more than 1.3 billion humans worldwide, and yet, the pathophysiology behind this multifactorial condition needs clarification. While commonly applied pharmacological strategies target the classical axis of the RAAS, discovery of the vasoprotective effects of the opposing, vasorelaxant axis has presented encouraging experimental evidence for a new potential direction in RAAS-targeted therapy based on the G protein-coupled MasR. In addition, the endogenous MasR agonist angiotensin-(1-7), peptide analogues, and related molecules have become the subject of recent studies within this field. Nevertheless, the clinical potential of MasR remains unclear due to indications of physiological-biased activities of the RAAS and interacting signaling pathways.
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10
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Endothelial factors in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic kidney disease Part I: General mechanisms: a joint consensus statement from the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors and The Japanese Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2019; 36:451-461. [PMID: 29120962 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
: Kidney damage is a common consequence of arterial hypertension, but is also a cause of atherogenesis. Dysfunction and/or harm of the endothelium in glomeruli and tubular interstitium damage the function of these structures and translates into dynamic changes of filtration fraction, with progressive reduction in glomerular filtration rate, expansion of extracellular fluid volume, abnormal ion balance, and hypoxia, ultimately leading to chronic kidney disease. Considering the key role played by endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease, the Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors of the European Society of Hypertension and the Japanese Society of Hypertension have critically reviewed available knowledge on the mechanisms underlying endothelial cell injury. This resulted into two articles: in the first, we herein examine the mechanisms by which endothelial factors induce vascular remodeling and the role of different players, including endothelin-1, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and their interactions, and of oxidative stress; in the second, we discuss the role of endothelial dysfunction in the major disease conditions that affect the kidney.
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11
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The Effect of a Nonpeptide Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Agonist, Compound 21, on Aortic Aneurysm Growth in a Mouse Model of Marfan Syndrome. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 71:215-222. [PMID: 29300219 PMCID: PMC5902135 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Available evidence suggests that the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAA) system is a good target for medical intervention on aortic root dilatation in Marfan syndrome (MFS). The effect of Compound 21 (C21), a nonpeptide angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist, on aneurysm progression was tested. Methods: Mice with a mutation in fibrillin-1 (Fbn1C1039G/+) and wild-type mice were treated with vehicle, losartan, C21, enalapril, or a combination. Blood pressure, aortic root diameter, and histological slides were evaluated. Results: All groups had a comparable blood pressure. Echographic evaluation of the aortic root diameter revealed a protective effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (losartan) and no effect of C21 treatment. None of the treatments had a beneficial effect on the histological changes in MFS. Discussion: This study confirms that angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonism (losartan) decreases aortic aneurysm growth in a mouse model of MFS. A nonpeptide angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist (C21), at the doses studied, was ineffective. Future studies are warranted to further elucidate the exact role of the RAA system in aneurysm formation in MFS and identify alternative targets for intervention.
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12
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Moes AD, Severs D, Verdonk K, van der Lubbe N, Zietse R, Danser AHJ, Hoorn EJ. Mycophenolate Mofetil Attenuates DOCA-Salt Hypertension: Effects on Vascular Tone. Front Physiol 2018; 9:578. [PMID: 29867591 PMCID: PMC5968119 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is increasingly recognized as a driver of hypertension. Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of B and T cells attenuates most forms of experimental hypertension. Accordingly, the immunosuppressive drug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) reduces blood pressure in the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA-) salt model. However, the mechanisms by which MMF prevent hypertension in the DOCA-salt model remain unclear. Recent studies indicate that immunosuppression can inhibit sodium transporter activity in the kidney, but its effect on vascular tone is not well characterized. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the vascular and renal tubular effects of MMF in the DOCA-salt model in rats (4 weeks without uninephrectomy). Co-treatment with MMF attenuated the rise in blood pressure from day 11 onward resulting in a significantly lower telemetric mean arterial pressure after 4 weeks of treatment (108 ± 7 vs. 130 ± 9 mmHg, P < 0.001 by two-way analysis of variance). MMF significantly reduced the number of CD3+ cells in kidney cortex and inner medulla, but not in outer medulla. In addition, MMF significantly reduced urinary interferon-γ excretion. Vascular tone was studied ex vivo using wire myographs. An angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonist blocked the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) only in the vehicle group. Conversely, L-NAME significantly increased the Ang II response only in the MMF group. An endothelin A receptor blocker prevented vasoconstriction by endothelin-1 in the MMF but not in the vehicle group. MMF did not reduce the abundances of the kidney sodium transporters NHE3, NKCC2, NCC, or ENaC. Together, our ex vivo results suggest that DOCA-salt induces AT2 receptor-mediated vasoconstriction. MMF prevents this response and increases nitric oxide availability. These data provide insight in the antihypertensive mechanism of MMF and the role of inflammation in dysregulating vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Moes
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Severs
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Koen Verdonk
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nils van der Lubbe
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert Zietse
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - A H J Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Modification of gene expression profiling related to renin–angiotensin system in an ischemia/reperfusion rat model after T3 infusion. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 449:277-283. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Dietary restriction but not angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade improves DNA damage-related vasodilator dysfunction in rapidly aging Ercc1Δ/− mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1941-1953. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20170026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is an important contributor to endothelial dysfunction and age-related vascular disease. Recently, we demonstrated in a DNA repair-deficient, prematurely aging mouse model (Ercc1Δ/− mice) that dietary restriction (DR) strongly increases life- and health span, including ameliorating endothelial dysfunction, by preserving genomic integrity. In this mouse mutant displaying prominent accelerated, age-dependent endothelial dysfunction we investigated the signaling pathways involved in improved endothelium-mediated vasodilation by DR, and explore the potential role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Ercc1Δ/− mice showed increased blood pressure and decreased aortic relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) in organ bath experiments. Nitric oxide (NO) signaling and phospho-Ser1177-eNOS were compromised in Ercc1Δ/−. DR improved relaxations by increasing prostaglandin-mediated responses. Increase of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and decrease of phosphodiesterase 4B were identified as potential mechanisms. DR also prevented loss of NO signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells and normalized angiotensin II (Ang II) vasoconstrictions, which were increased in Ercc1Δ/− mice. Ercc1Δ/− mutants showed a loss of Ang II type 2 receptor-mediated counter-regulation of Ang II type 1 receptor-induced vasoconstrictions. Chronic losartan treatment effectively decreased blood pressure, but did not improve endothelium-dependent relaxations. This result might relate to the aging-associated loss of treatment efficacy of RAS blockade with respect to endothelial function improvement. In summary, DR effectively prevents endothelium-dependent vasodilator dysfunction by augmenting prostaglandin-mediated responses, whereas chronic Ang II type 1 receptor blockade is ineffective.
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15
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Puppulin L, Pezzotti G, Sun H, Hosogi S, Nakahari T, Inui T, Kumamoto Y, Tanaka H, Marunaka Y. Raman micro-spectroscopy as a viable tool to monitor and estimate the ionic transport in epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3395. [PMID: 28611439 PMCID: PMC5469862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The typical response to the lowering of plasma Na+ concentration and blood pressure in our body involves the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, which triggers the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney. Although the effects of aldosterone on this physiological mechanism were extensively studied in the past decades, there are still some aspects to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we propose for the first time a new approach based on Raman spectroscopy to monitor the ionic activity in aldosterone-treated A6 renal epithelial cells. This spectroscopic technique is capable of probing the cells through their thickness in a non-destructive and nimble way. The spectroscopic variations of the Raman bands associated to the O-H stretching of water were correlated to the variations of ionic concentration in the intracellular and extracellular fluids. The increase of Na+ concentration gradients was clearly visualized in the cytosol of aldosterone-treated cells. The enhancement of the Na+ current density induced by aldosterone was estimated from the variation of the ionic chemical potential across the intracellular space. In addition, the variation of the O-H Raman bands of water was used to quantify the cell thickness, which was not affected by aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Puppulin
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.,Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hongxin Sun
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shigekuni Hosogi
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.,Department of Bio-Ionomics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshio Inui
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.,Department of Bio-Ionomics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.,Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi, 570-0012, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kumamoto
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hideo Tanaka
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan. .,Department of Bio-Ionomics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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16
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Pan B, Cheng Z, Kong G, Song Z, Wang Y, Wei L, Xiao D, Zhao Y, Guo Q. Propofol inhibits expression of angiotensin II receptor type 2 in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:867-872. [PMID: 28450911 PMCID: PMC5403460 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in nociception and has functions in the cardiovascular system. The primary role of the RAS is to mediate the effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) through Ang II receptor type 2 (AT2). Due to this, AT2 has become a novel therapeutic target for the relief of peripheral neuropathic pain in humans. As it is one of the most popular induction agents of general anesthesia, propofol also exerts peripheral antinociceptive effects. The present study assessed the effect of propofol on the expression of AT2 in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The results indicate that propofol decreases AT2 mRNA expression in a statistically significant dose- and time-dependent manner (P<0.05). This resulted in a marked decrease in AT2 protein expression and the density of Ang II-binding AT2 on the cell membrane of DRG neurons. The effect of propofol was reversed by LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. Although propofol exhibited no significant effect on AT2 gene promoter activity, it significantly decreased the stability of AT2 mRNA (P<0.05). However, this effect was reversed by LY294002. In addition, propofol increased PI3K activity in a concentration-dependent manner in DRG neurons. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the current study provides the first evidence suggesting that propofol inhibits the expression of AT2 in DRG neurons by decreasing the stability of AT2 mRNA through a PI3K-dependent mechanism. The present study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of the peripheral antinociceptive action of propofol and suggests a potential means of regulating Ang II/AT2 signaling in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Gaoyin Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Zongbin Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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17
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Mishra JS, Hankins GD, Kumar S. Testosterone downregulates angiotensin II type-2 receptor via androgen receptor-mediated ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway in rat aorta. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 17:17/4/1470320316674875. [PMID: 27765882 PMCID: PMC5465964 DOI: 10.1177/1470320316674875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Blood pressure is lower in females than males. Angiotensin II type-2 receptor (AT2R) induces vasodilation. This study determined whether sex differences in vascular AT2R expression occur and if androgens exert control on AT2R expression in the vasculature. Methods: AT2Rs in the aorta of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were examined following alteration in androgen levels by gonadectomy or hormone supplementation. Results: AT2R mRNA and protein expression levels were lower in the aortas of males than females. In males, testosterone withdrawal by castration significantly elevated AT2R mRNA and protein levels and testosterone replacement restored them. In females, increasing androgen levels decreased AT2R mRNA and protein expression and this was attenuated by androgen receptor blocker flutamide. Ex vivo, dihydrotestosterone downregulated AT2R in endothelium-intact but not endothelium-denuded aorta. Dihydrotestosterone-induced AT2R downregulation in isolated aorta was blocked by an androgen receptor antagonist. Furthermore, blockade of ERK1/2 but not p38 MAP kinase or TGFβ signaling with specific inhibitors abolished dihydrotestosterone-induced AT2R downregulation. Conclusion: Androgens downregulate AT2R expression levels in aorta, in vivo and ex vivo. The androgen receptor-mediated ERK1/2 MAP kinase-signaling pathway may be a key mechanism by which testosterone downregulates AT2R expression, implicating androgens’ contributing role to gender differences in vascular AT2R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Mishra
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Gary D Hankins
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
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18
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Sartiani L, Spinelli V, Laurino A, Blescia S, Raimondi L, Cerbai E, Mugelli A. Pharmacological perspectives in sarcopenia: a potential role for renin-angiotensin system blockers? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 12:135-8. [PMID: 26604938 DOI: 10.11138/ccmbm/2015.12.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia represents a major health problem highly prevalent in elderly and age-related chronic diseases. Current pharmacological strategies available to prevent and reverse sarcopenia are largely unsatisfactory thus raising the need to identify novel targets for pharmacological intervention and possibly more effective and safe drugs. This review highlights the current knowledge of the potential benefits of renin-angiotensin system blockade in sarcopenia and discuss the main mechanisms underlying the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sartiani
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Center of Molecular Medicine (CIMMBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Spinelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Center of Molecular Medicine (CIMMBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annunziatina Laurino
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Center of Molecular Medicine (CIMMBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sabrina Blescia
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Center of Molecular Medicine (CIMMBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Raimondi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Center of Molecular Medicine (CIMMBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cerbai
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Center of Molecular Medicine (CIMMBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mugelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Center of Molecular Medicine (CIMMBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Pessôa BS, Slump DE, Ibrahimi K, Grefhorst A, van Veghel R, Garrelds IM, Roks AJM, Kushner SA, Danser AHJ, van Esch JHM. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor- and acetylcholine-mediated relaxation: essential contribution of female sex hormones and chromosomes. Hypertension 2015; 66:396-402. [PMID: 26056343 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-induced vasodilation, involving type 2 receptor (AT2R)-induced generation of nitric oxide (NO; by endothelial NO synthase) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors, may be limited to women. To distinguish the contribution of female sex hormones and chromosomes to AT2R function and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated vasodilation, we made use of the four-core genotype model, where the testis-determining Sry gene has been deleted (Y(-)) from the Y chromosome, allowing XY(-) mice to develop a female gonadal phenotype. Simultaneously, by incorporating the Sry gene onto an autosome, XY(-)Sry and XXSry transgenic mice develop into gonadal male mice. Four-core genotype mice underwent a sham or gonadectomy (GDX) operation, and after 8 weeks, iliac arteries were collected to assess vascular function. XY(-)Sry male mice responded more strongly to angiotensin than XX female mice, and the AT2R antagonist PD123319 revealed that this was because of a dilator AT2R-mediated effect occurring exclusively in XX female mice. The latter could not be demonstrated in XXSry male and XY(-) female mice nor in XX female mice after GDX, suggesting that it depends on both sex hormones and chromosomes. Indeed, treating C57bl/6 GDX male mice with estrogen could not restore angiotensin-mediated, AT2R-dependent relaxation. To block acetylcholine-induced relaxation of iliac arteries obtained from four-core genotype XX mice, both endothelial NO synthase and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor inhibition were required, whereas in four-core genotype XY animals, endothelial NO synthase inhibition alone was sufficient. These findings were independent of gonadal sex and unaltered after GDX. In conclusion, AT2R-induced relaxation requires both estrogen and the XX chromosome sex complement, whereas only the latter is required for endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sevá Pessôa
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology (B.S.P., K.I., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Psychiatry (D.E.S., S.A.K.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denise E Slump
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology (B.S.P., K.I., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Psychiatry (D.E.S., S.A.K.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Khatera Ibrahimi
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology (B.S.P., K.I., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Psychiatry (D.E.S., S.A.K.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Grefhorst
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology (B.S.P., K.I., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Psychiatry (D.E.S., S.A.K.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard van Veghel
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology (B.S.P., K.I., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Psychiatry (D.E.S., S.A.K.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Garrelds
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology (B.S.P., K.I., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Psychiatry (D.E.S., S.A.K.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J M Roks
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology (B.S.P., K.I., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Psychiatry (D.E.S., S.A.K.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven A Kushner
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology (B.S.P., K.I., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Psychiatry (D.E.S., S.A.K.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology (B.S.P., K.I., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Psychiatry (D.E.S., S.A.K.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joep H M van Esch
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology (B.S.P., K.I., R.v.V., I.M.G., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Psychiatry (D.E.S., S.A.K.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Te Riet L, van Esch JHM, Roks AJM, van den Meiracker AH, Danser AHJ. Hypertension: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system alterations. Circ Res 2015; 116:960-75. [PMID: 25767283 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.303587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Blockers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), that is, renin inhibitors, angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Ang II type 1 receptor antagonists, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, are a cornerstone in the treatment of hypertension. How exactly they exert their effect, in particular in patients with low circulating RAAS activity, also taking into consideration the so-called Ang II/aldosterone escape that often occurs after initial blockade, is still incompletely understood. Multiple studies have tried to find parameters that predict the response to RAAS blockade, allowing a personalized treatment approach. Consequently, the question should now be answered on what basis (eg, sex, ethnicity, age, salt intake, baseline renin, ACE or aldosterone, and genetic variance) a RAAS blocker can be chosen to treat an individual patient. Are all blockers equal? Does optimal blockade imply maximum RAAS blockade, for example, by combining ≥2 RAAS blockers or by simply increasing the dose of 1 blocker? Exciting recent investigations reveal a range of unanticipated extrarenal effects of aldosterone, as well as a detailed insight in the genetic causes of primary aldosteronism, and mineralocorticoid receptor blockers have now become an important treatment option for resistant hypertension. Finally, apart from the deleterious ACE-Ang II-Ang II type 1 receptor arm, animal studies support the existence of protective aminopeptidase A-Ang III-Ang II type 2 receptor and ACE2-Ang-(1 to 7)-Mas receptor arms, paving the way for multiple new treatment options. This review provides an update about all these aspects, critically discussing the many controversies and allowing the reader to obtain a full understanding of what we currently know about RAAS alterations in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Te Riet
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep H M van Esch
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J M Roks
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H van den Meiracker
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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van Thiel BS, van der Pluijm I, te Riet L, Essers J, Danser AHJ. The renin-angiotensin system and its involvement in vascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:3-14. [PMID: 25987425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of many types of cardiovascular diseases including cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, aneurysms, stroke, coronary artery disease and vascular injury. Besides the classical regulatory effects on blood pressure and sodium homoeostasis, the RAS is involved in the regulation of contractility and remodelling of the vessel wall. Numerous studies have shown beneficial effect of inhibition of this system in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. However, dysregulation and overexpression of the RAS, through different molecular mechanisms, also induces, the initiation of vascular damage. The key effector peptide of the RAS, angiotensin II (Ang II) promotes cell proliferation, apoptosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, processes known to contribute to remodelling of the vasculature. In this review, we focus on the components that are under the influence of the RAS and contribute to the development and progression of vascular disease; extracellular matrix defects, atherosclerosis and ageing. Furthermore, the beneficial therapeutic effects of inhibition of the RAS on the vasculature are discussed, as well as the need for additive effects on top of RAS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi S van Thiel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van der Pluijm
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk te Riet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Verdonk K, Saleh L, Lankhorst S, Smilde JEI, van Ingen MM, Garrelds IM, Friesema ECH, Russcher H, van den Meiracker AH, Visser W, Danser AHJ. Association studies suggest a key role for endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and the accompanying renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system suppression. Hypertension 2015; 65:1316-23. [PMID: 25870197 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Women with preeclampsia display low renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity and a high antiangiogenic state, the latter characterized by high levels of soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt)-1 and reduced placental growth factor levels. To investigate whether renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system suppression in preeclampsia is because of this disturbed angiogenic balance, we measured mean arterial pressure, creatinine, endothelin-1 (ET-1), and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system components in pregnant women with a high (≥85; n=38) or low (<85; n=65) soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor ratio. Plasma ET-1 levels were increased in women with a high ratio, whereas their plasma renin activity and plasma concentrations of renin, angiotensinogen, and aldosterone were decreased. Plasma renin activity-aldosterone relationships were identical in both the groups. Multiple regression analysis revealed that plasma renin concentration correlated independently with mean arterial pressure and plasma ET-1. Plasma ET-1 correlated positively with soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and negatively with plasma renin concentration, and urinary protein correlated with plasma ET-1 and mean arterial pressure. Despite the lower plasma levels of renin and angiotensinogen in the high-ratio group, their urinary levels of these components were elevated. Correction for albumin revealed that this was because of increased glomerular filtration. Subcutaneous arteries obtained from patients with preeclampsia displayed an enhanced, AT2 receptor-mediated response to angiotensin II. In conclusion, a high antiangiogenic state associates with ET-1 activation, which together with the increased mean arterial pressure may underlie the parallel reductions in renin and aldosterone in preeclampsia. Because ET-1 also was a major determinant of urinary protein, our data reveal a key role for ET-1 in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Finally, the enhanced angiotensin responsiveness in preeclampsia involves constrictor AT2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Verdonk
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., L.S., S.L., J.E.I.S., M.M.v.I., I.M.G., E.C.H.F., A.H.v.d.M., A.H.J.D.), Division Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (W.V.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Langeza Saleh
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., L.S., S.L., J.E.I.S., M.M.v.I., I.M.G., E.C.H.F., A.H.v.d.M., A.H.J.D.), Division Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (W.V.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Lankhorst
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., L.S., S.L., J.E.I.S., M.M.v.I., I.M.G., E.C.H.F., A.H.v.d.M., A.H.J.D.), Division Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (W.V.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J E Ilse Smilde
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., L.S., S.L., J.E.I.S., M.M.v.I., I.M.G., E.C.H.F., A.H.v.d.M., A.H.J.D.), Division Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (W.V.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon M van Ingen
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., L.S., S.L., J.E.I.S., M.M.v.I., I.M.G., E.C.H.F., A.H.v.d.M., A.H.J.D.), Division Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (W.V.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Garrelds
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., L.S., S.L., J.E.I.S., M.M.v.I., I.M.G., E.C.H.F., A.H.v.d.M., A.H.J.D.), Division Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (W.V.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edith C H Friesema
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., L.S., S.L., J.E.I.S., M.M.v.I., I.M.G., E.C.H.F., A.H.v.d.M., A.H.J.D.), Division Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (W.V.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Russcher
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., L.S., S.L., J.E.I.S., M.M.v.I., I.M.G., E.C.H.F., A.H.v.d.M., A.H.J.D.), Division Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (W.V.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H van den Meiracker
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., L.S., S.L., J.E.I.S., M.M.v.I., I.M.G., E.C.H.F., A.H.v.d.M., A.H.J.D.), Division Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (W.V.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willy Visser
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., L.S., S.L., J.E.I.S., M.M.v.I., I.M.G., E.C.H.F., A.H.v.d.M., A.H.J.D.), Division Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (W.V.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., L.S., S.L., J.E.I.S., M.M.v.I., I.M.G., E.C.H.F., A.H.v.d.M., A.H.J.D.), Division Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (W.V.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Metoprolol restores expression and vasodilatation function of AT2R in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 63:252-8. [PMID: 24193197 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) is thought as an important regulatory target during antihypertensive treatment but its role in vasomotor regulation remains controversial. The interactional relationship between the sympathetic nervous systems and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) has been revealed but poorly investigated. This work was designed to explore the effect of metoprolol (MET) treatment on the RAS, especially the expression and vasomotor function of AT2R, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The results showed that upregulated renin activity and Ang II concentration of plasma in SHR were inhibited by MET treatment. In isolated superior mesenteric arteries from both Wistar-Kyoto rats and SHR, Ang II perfusion induced vasodilatation after AT1R inhibition by telmisartan, although the vasodilatation was harmed in SHR. Furthermore, AT2R inhibitor PD123319 arrested the vasodilatation induced by Ang II. SHR received MET exerted improved vasodilatation mediated by AT2R (47.29% ± 5.16% vs. 24.99% ± 4.93% for MET and SHR, respectively; P < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed that MET restored expression of AT2R in SHR, which may contribute to MET's antihypertensive effect. These results suggested an impact of β-adrenergic blocker on RAS and supported an important role of AT2R in antihypertensive treatment.
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Smith MT, Muralidharan A. Targeting angiotensin II type 2 receptor pathways to treat neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:25-35. [PMID: 25315162 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.957673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropathic pain and chronic inflammatory pain are large unmet medical needs. Over the past two decades, numerous 'pain targets' have been identified for analgesic drug discovery. Despite promising results in rodent pain models, many compounds modulating such targets lacked efficacy in clinical trials. An exception is oral EMA401, a small-molecule angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist. AREAS COVERED Herein, angiotensin II/AT2R signaling-induced hyperexcitability and abnormal sprouting of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons, together with radioligand binding, pharmacokinetics, analgesic efficacy and mode of action of small-molecule AT2R antagonists in rodent models of peripheral neuropathic and chronic inflammatory pain, are reviewed. The findings of a successful Phase IIa clinical trial of EMA401 in patients with neuropathic pain are presented in brief. EXPERT OPINION The functional importance of angiotensin II/AT2R signaling has remained enigmatic for decades, and there are no clinically available medications that target the AT2R. However, on the basis of preclinical findings and recent clinical trial data showing that the peripherally restricted, small-molecule AT2R antagonist, EMA401, successfully alleviated neuropathic pain in a Phase II clinical trial, the AT2R is receiving considerable attention as a new therapeutic target with human validation for the relief of peripheral neuropathic and chronic inflammatory pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree T Smith
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development , St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 , Australia +61 7 33652554 ; +61 7 33467391 ;
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25
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Abstract
All well-known deleterious effects of angiotensin (Ang) II, including vasoconstriction, inflammation, water and salt retention, and vascular remodeling, are mediated via its type 1 (AT1) receptor. This explains why AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and inhibitors of Ang II synthesis, such as ACE inhibitors and renin inhibitors, are beneficial for cardiovascular disease. Yet, Ang II has a second receptor, the Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptor, the function of which, even after over 20 years of research, remains largely unknown. In this issue, Marion et al. provide a new chapter to the AT2 receptor story.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
| | - Praveen Anand
- Centre for Clinical Translation, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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Leblanc S, Battista MC, Noll C, Hallberg A, Gallo-Payet N, Carpentier AC, Vine DF, Baillargeon JP. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation improves fatty acid ovarian uptake and hyperandrogenemia in an obese rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3684-93. [PMID: 24971613 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is mainly defined by hyperandrogenism but is also characterized by insulin resistance (IR). Studies showed that overexposure of nonadipose tissues to nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) may explain both IR and hyperandrogenism. Recent studies indicate that treatment with an angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R)-selective agonist improves diet-induced IR. We thus hypothesized that PCOS hyperandrogenism is triggered by ovarian NEFA overexposure and is improved after treatment with an AT2R agonist. Experiments were conducted in 12-week-old female JCR:LA-cp/cp rats, which are characterized by visceral obesity, IR, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. Control JCR:LA +/? rats have a normal phenotype. Rats were treated for 8 days with saline or the selective AT2R agonist C21/M24 and then assessed for: 1) fasting testosterone, NEFA, and insulin levels; and 2) an iv 14(R,S)-[(18)F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid test to determine NEFA ovarian tissue uptake (Km). Compared with controls, saline-treated PCOS/cp rats displayed higher insulin (100 vs 5.6 μU/mL), testosterone (0.12 vs 0.04 nmol/L), NEFA (0.98 vs 0.48 mmol/L), and Km (20.7 vs 12.9 nmol/g·min) (all P < .0001). In PCOS/cp rats, C21/M24 did not significantly improve insulin or NEFA but normalized testosterone (P = .004) and Km (P = .009), which were strongly correlated together in all PCOS/cp rats (ρ = 0.74, P = .009). In conclusion, in an obese PCOS rat model, ovarian NEFA uptake and testosterone levels are strongly associated and are both significantly reduced after short-term C21/M24 therapy. These findings provide new information on the role of NEFA in PCOS hyperandrogenemia and suggest a potential role for AT2R agonists in the treatment of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Leblanc
- Division of Endocrinology (S.L., M.-C.B., C.N., N.G.-P., A.C.C., J.-P.B.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4; Department of Medicinal Chemistry (A.H.), Biomedicinska Centrum, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 751 23; Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory (D.F.V.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1; and Centre de Recherche Étienne-Lebel (N.G.-P., A.C.C., J.-P.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
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27
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Wagenaar GTM, Sengers RMA, Laghmani EH, Chen X, Lindeboom MPHA, Roks AJM, Folkerts G, Walther FJ. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor ligand PD123319 attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung and heart injury at a low dose in newborn rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L261-72. [PMID: 24951776 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00345.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervening in angiotensin (Ang)-II type 2 receptor (AT2) signaling may have therapeutic potential for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) by attenuating lung inflammation and preventing arterial hypertension (PAH)-induced right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). We first investigated the role of AT2 inhibition with PD123319 (0.5 and 2 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) on the beneficial effect of AT2 agonist LP2-3 (5 μg/kg twice a day) on RVH in newborn rats with hyperoxia-induced BPD. Next we determined the cardiopulmonary effects of PD123319 (0.1 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) in two models: early treatment during continuous exposure to hyperoxia for 10 days and late treatment starting on day 6 in rat pups exposed postnatally to hyperoxia for 9 days, followed by a 9-day recovery period in room air. Parameters investigated included lung and heart histopathology, fibrin deposition, vascular leakage, and differential mRNA expression. Ten days of coadministration of LP2-3 and PD123319 abolished the beneficial effects of LP2-3 on RVH in experimental BPD. In the early treatment model PD123319 attenuated cardiopulmonary injury by reducing alveolar septal thickness, pulmonary influx of inflammatory cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, medial wall thickness of small arterioles, and extravascular collagen III deposition, and by preventing RVH. In the late treatment model PD123319 diminished PAH and RVH, demonstrating that PAH is reversible in the neonatal period. At high concentrations PD123319 blocks the beneficial effects of the AT2-agonist LP2-3 on RVH. At low concentrations PD123319 attenuates cardiopulmonary injury by reducing pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis and preventing PAH-induced RVH but does not affect alveolar and vascular development in newborn rats with experimental BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry T M Wagenaar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Rozemarijn M A Sengers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - El Houari Laghmani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xueyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa P H A Lindeboom
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J M Roks
- Division of Vascular Disease and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Frans J Walther
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
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28
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Veron JB, Joshi A, Wallinder C, Larhed M, Odell LR. Synthesis and evaluation of isoleucine derived angiotensin II AT(2) receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:476-9. [PMID: 24388688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen new C-terminally modified analogues of 2, a previously described potent and selective AT2R ligand, were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their affinity to the AT2R receptor. The introduction of large, hydrophobic substituents was shown to be beneficial and the most active compound (17, Ki=8.5 μM) was over 12-times more potent than the lead compound 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Veron
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Advait Joshi
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Wallinder
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luke R Odell
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Blaes N, Girolami JP. Targeting the 'Janus face' of the B2-bradykinin receptor. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1145-66. [PMID: 23957374 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.827664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kinins are main active mediators of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) via bradykinin type 1 inducible (B1R) and type 2 constitutive (B2R) receptors. B2R mediates most physiological bradykinin (BK) responses, including vasodilation, natriuresis, NO, prostaglandins release. AREAS COVERED The article summarizes knowledge on kinins, B2R signaling and biological functions; highlights crosstalks between B2R and renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The double role (Janus face) in physiopathology, namely the beneficial protection of the endothelium, which forms the basis for the therapeutical utilization of B2 receptor agonists, on the one side, and the involvement of B2R in inflammation or infection diseases and in pain mechanisms, which justifies the use of B2R antagonists, on the other side, is extensively analyzed. EXPERT OPINION For decades, the B2R has been unconsciously activated during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) treatments. Whether direct B2R targeting with stable agonists could bring additional therapeutic benefit to RAS inhibition should be investigated. Efficacy, established in experimental models, should be confirmed by translational studies in cardiovascular pathologies, glaucoma, Duchenne cardiopathy and during brain cancer therapy. The other face of B2R is targeted by antagonists already approved to treat hereditary angioedema. The use of antagonists could be extended to other angioedema and efficacy tested against acute pain and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Blaes
- INSERM, U1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Université Paul Sabatier , F-31432, Toulouse , France
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30
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Guimond MO, Battista MC, Nikjouitavabi F, Carmel M, Barres V, Doueik AA, Fazli L, Gleave M, Sabbagh R, Gallo-Payet N. Expression and role of the angiotensin II AT2 receptor in human prostate tissue: in search of a new therapeutic option for prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:1057-68. [PMID: 23389987 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence shows that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers may be associated with improved outcome in prostate cancer patients. It has been proposed that part of this effect could be due to angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) activation, the only active angiotensin II receptor in this situation. This study aimed to characterize the localization and expression of AT2R in prostate tissues and to assess its role on cell morphology and number in prostatic epithelial cells in primary culture. METHODS AT2R and its AT2R-interacting protein (ATIP) expression were assessed on non-tumoral and tumoral human prostate using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry, binding assay, and Western blotting. AT2R effect on cell number was measured in primary cultures of epithelial cells from non-tumoral human prostate. RESULTS AT2R was localized at the level of the acinar epithelial layer and its expression decreased in cancers with a Gleason score 6 or higher. In contrast, ATIP expression increased with cancer progression. Treatment of primary cell cultures from non-tumoral prostate tissues with C21/M024, a selective AT2R agonist, alone or in co-incubation with losartan, an AT1R antagonist, significantly decreased cell number compared to untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS AT2R and ATIP are present in non-tumoral human prostate tissues and differentially regulated according to Gleason score. The decrease in non-tumoral prostate cell number upon selective AT2R stimulation suggests that AT2R may have a protective role against prostate cancer development. Treatment with a selective AT2R agonist could represent a new approach for prostate cancer prevention or for patients on active surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile Guimond
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Hafko R, Villapol S, Nostramo R, Symes A, Sabban EL, Inagami T, Saavedra JM. Commercially available angiotensin II At₂ receptor antibodies are nonspecific. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69234. [PMID: 23840911 PMCID: PMC3698141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercially available angiotensin II At₂ receptor antibodies are widely employed for receptor localization and quantification, but they have not been adequately validated. In this study, we characterized three commercially available At₂ receptor antibodies: 2818-1 from Epitomics, sc-9040 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., and AAR-012 from Alomone Labs. Using western blot analysis the immunostaining patterns observed were different for every antibody tested, and in most cases consisted of multiple immunoreactive bands. Identical immunoreactive patterns were present in wild-type and At₂ receptor knockout mice not expressing the target protein. In the mouse brain, immunocytochemical studies revealed very different cellular immunoreactivity for each antibody tested. While the 2818-1 antibody reacted only with endothelial cells in small parenchymal arteries, the sc-9040 antibody reacted only with ependymal cells lining the cerebral ventricles, and the AAR-012 antibody reacted only with multiple neuronal cell bodies in the cerebral cortex. Moreover, the immunoreactivities were identical in brain tissue from wild-type or At₂ receptor knockout mice. Furthermore, in both mice and rat tissue extracts, there was no correlation between the observed immunoreactivity and the presence or absence of At₂ receptor binding or gene expression. We conclude that none of these commercially available At₂ receptor antibodies tested met the criteria for specificity. In the absence of full antibody characterization, competitive radioligand binding and determination of mRNA expression remain the only reliable approaches to study At₂ receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Hafko
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sonia Villapol
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Regina Nostramo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Aviva Symes
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Esther L. Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Tadashi Inagami
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Saavedra
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Wagenaar GTM, Laghmani EH, Fidder M, Sengers RMA, de Visser YP, de Vries L, Rink R, Roks AJM, Folkerts G, Walther FJ. Agonists of MAS oncogene and angiotensin II type 2 receptors attenuate cardiopulmonary disease in rats with neonatal hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L341-51. [PMID: 23812633 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00360.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of MAS oncogene receptor (MAS) or angiotensin (Ang) receptor type 2 (AT2) may be novel therapeutic options for neonatal chronic lung disease (CLD) by counterbalancing the adverse effects of the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, consisting of arterial hypertension (PAH)-induced right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and pulmonary inflammation. We determined the cardiopulmonary effects in neonatal rats with CLD of daily treatment during continuous exposure to 100% oxygen for 10 days with specific ligands for MAS [cyclic Ang-(1-7); 10-50 μg·kg(-1)·day(-1)] and AT2 [dKcAng-(1-7); 5-20 μg·kg(-1)·day(-1)]. Parameters investigated included lung and heart histopathology, fibrin deposition, vascular leakage, and differential mRNA expression in the lungs of key genes involved in the renin-angiotensin system, inflammation, coagulation, and alveolar development. We investigated the role of nitric oxide synthase inhibition with N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (25 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) during AT2 agonist treatment. Prophylactic treatment with agonists for MAS or AT2 for 10 days diminished cardiopulmonary injury by reducing alveolar septum thickness and medial wall thickness of small arterioles and preventing RVH. Both agonists attenuated the pulmonary influx of inflammatory cells, including macrophages (via AT2) and neutrophils (via MAS) but did not reduce alveolar enlargement and vascular alveolar leakage. The AT2 agonist attenuated hyperoxia-induced fibrin deposition. In conclusion, stimulation of MAS or AT2 attenuates cardiopulmonary injury by reducing pulmonary inflammation and preventing PAH-induced RVH but does not affect alveolar and vascular development in neonatal rats with experimental CLD. The beneficial effects of AT2 activation on experimental CLD were mediated via a NOS-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry T M Wagenaar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
It is quite well established that activation of the AT(2) receptor (AT(2)R) provides a counter-regulatory role to AT(1)R overactivity, particularly during pathological conditions. Indeed, a potential therapeutic role for the AT(2)R is currently being promulgated with the introduction of novel AT(2)R ligands such as compound 21 (C21). In this brief review, we will focus on recent evidence to suggest that AT(2)R exhibits promising organ protection in the context of the heart, kidney and brain, with inflammation and gender influencing outcome. However, this field is not without controversy since the 'flagship' ligand C21 has also come under scrutiny, although it is safe to say there is much evidence to support a potentially important role of AT(2)R in a number of cardiovascular diseases. This report updates recent data in this field.
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34
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Shum M, Pinard S, Guimond MO, Labbé SM, Roberge C, Baillargeon JP, Langlois MF, Alterman M, Wallinder C, Hallberg A, Carpentier AC, Gallo-Payet N. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor promotes adipocyte differentiation and restores adipocyte size in high-fat/high-fructose diet-induced insulin resistance in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E197-210. [PMID: 23149621 PMCID: PMC3543572 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00149.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at establishing whether specific activation of angiotensin II (ANG II) type 2 receptor (AT2R) modulates adipocyte differentiation and function. In primary cultures of subcutaneous (SC) and retroperitoneal (RET) preadipocytes, both AT2R and AT1R were expressed at the mRNA and protein level. Cells were stimulated with ANG II or the AT2R agonist C21/M24, alone or in the presence of the AT1R antagonist losartan or the AT2R antagonist PD123,319. During differentiation, C21/M24 increased PPARγ expression in both RET and SC preadipocytes while the number of small lipid droplets and lipid accumulation solely increased in SC preadipocytes. In mature adipocytes, C21/M24 decreased the mean size of large lipid droplets. Upon abolishment of AT2R expression using AT2R-targeted shRNAs, expressions of AT2R, aP2, and PPARγ remained very low, and cells were unable to differentiate. In Wistar rats fed a 6-wk high-fat/high-fructose (HFHF) diet, a significant shift toward larger adipocytes was observed in RET and SC adipose tissue depots. C21/M24 treatments for 6 wk restored normal adipocyte size distribution in both these tissue depots. Moreover, C21/M24 and losartan decreased hyperinsulinemia and improved insulin sensitivity impaired by HFHF diet. A strong correlation between adipocyte size area and glucose infusion rate during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp was observed. These results indicate that AT2R is involved in early adipocyte differentiation, while in mature adipocytes and in a model of insulin resistance AT2R activation restores normal adipocyte morphology and improves insulin sensitivity.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes/drug effects
- Adipocytes/metabolism
- Adipocytes/pathology
- Adipocytes/physiology
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Size/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Dietary Carbohydrates/adverse effects
- Dietary Fats/adverse effects
- Fructose/adverse effects
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Insulin Resistance/physiology
- Male
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Shum
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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35
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Guimond MO, Wallinder C, Alterman M, Hallberg A, Gallo-Payet N. Comparative functional properties of two structurally similar selective nonpeptide drug-like ligands for the angiotensin II type-2 (AT2) receptor. Effects on neurite outgrowth in NG108-15 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 699:160-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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36
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The Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor in Brain Functions: An Update. Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:351758. [PMID: 23320146 PMCID: PMC3540774 DOI: 10.1155/2012/351758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main active product of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), mediating its action via two major receptors, namely, the Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor and the type 2 (AT2) receptor. Recent results also implicate several other members of the renin-angiotensin system in various aspects of brain functions. The first aim of this paper is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the properties and signaling of the AT2 receptor, its expression in the brain, and its well-established effects. Secondly, we will highlight the potential role of the AT2 receptor in cognitive function, neurological disorders and in the regulation of appetite and the possible link with development of metabolic disorders. The potential utility of novel nonpeptide selective AT2 receptor ligands in clarifying potential roles of this receptor in physiology will also be discussed. If confirmed, these new pharmacological tools should help to improve impaired cognitive performance, not only through its action on brain microcirculation and inflammation, but also through more specific effects on neurons. However, the overall physiological relevance of the AT2 receptor in the brain must also consider the Ang IV/AT4 receptor.
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Sevá Pessôa B, van der Lubbe N, Verdonk K, Roks AJM, Hoorn EJ, Danser AHJ. Key developments in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012; 9:26-36. [PMID: 23165302 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2012.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) was initially thought to be fairly simple. However, this idea has been challenged following the development of RAAS blockers, including renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, type 1 angiotensin II (AT(1))-receptor blockers and mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists. Consequently, new RAAS components and pathways that might contribute to the effectiveness of these drugs and/or their adverse effects have been identified. For example, an increase in renin levels during RAAS blockade might result in harmful effects via stimulation of the prorenin receptor (PRR), and prorenin-the inactive precursor of renin-might gain enzymatic activity on PRR binding. The increase in angiotensin II levels that occurs during AT(1)-receptor blockade might result in beneficial effects via stimulation of type 2 angiotensin II receptors. Moreover, angiotensin 1-7 levels increase during ACE inhibition and AT(1)-receptor blockade, resulting in Mas receptor activation and the induction of cardioprotective and renoprotective effects, including stimulation of tissue repair by stem cells. Finally, a role of angiotensin II in sodium and potassium handling in the distal nephron has been identified. This finding is likely to have important implications for understanding the effects of RAAS inhibition on whole body sodium and potassium balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sevá Pessôa
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Verdonk K, Durik M, Abd-Alla N, Batenburg WW, van den Bogaerdt AJ, van Veghel R, Roks AJ, Danser AJ, van Esch JH. Compound 21 Induces Vasorelaxation via an Endothelium- and Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor-Independent Mechanism. Hypertension 2012; 60:722-9. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.196022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 2 (AT
2
) receptor stimulation has been linked to vasodilation. Yet, AT
2
receptor-independent hypertension and hypotension (or no effect on blood pressure) have been observed in vivo after application of the AT
2
receptor agonist compound 21 (C21). We, therefore, studied its effects in vitro, using preparations known to display AT
2
receptor-mediated responses. Hearts of Wistar rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), C57Bl/6 mice, and AT
2
receptor knockout mice were perfused according to Langendorff. Mesenteric and iliac arteries of these animals, as well as coronary microarteries from human donor hearts, were mounted in Mulvany myographs. In the coronary vascular bed of Wistar rats, C57Bl/6 mice, and AT
2
receptor knockout mice, C21 induced constriction followed by dilation. SHR hearts displayed enhanced constriction and no dilation. Irbesartan (angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker) abolished the constriction and enhanced or (in SHRs) reintroduced dilation, and PD123319 (AT
2
receptor blocker) did not block the latter. C21 relaxed preconstricted vessels of all species, and this did not depend on angiotensin II receptors, the endothelium, or the NO-guanylyl cyclase-cGMP pathway. C21 constricted SHR iliac arteries but none of the other vessels, and irbesartan prevented this. C21 shifted the concentration-response curves to U46619 (thromboxane A
2
analog) and phenylephrine (α-adrenoceptor agonist) but not ionomycine (calcium ionophore) to the right. In conclusion, C21 did not cause AT
2
receptor-mediated vasodilation. Yet, it did induce vasodilation by blocking calcium transport into the cell and constriction via angiotensin II type 1 receptor stimulation. The latter effect is enhanced in SHRs. These data may explain the varying effects of C21 on blood pressure in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Verdonk
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., M.D., N.A.-A., W.W.B., R.v.V., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Department of Thoracic Surgery and Heart Valve Bank (A.J.v.d.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matej Durik
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., M.D., N.A.-A., W.W.B., R.v.V., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Department of Thoracic Surgery and Heart Valve Bank (A.J.v.d.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nalina Abd-Alla
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., M.D., N.A.-A., W.W.B., R.v.V., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Department of Thoracic Surgery and Heart Valve Bank (A.J.v.d.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy W. Batenburg
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., M.D., N.A.-A., W.W.B., R.v.V., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Department of Thoracic Surgery and Heart Valve Bank (A.J.v.d.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antoon J. van den Bogaerdt
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., M.D., N.A.-A., W.W.B., R.v.V., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Department of Thoracic Surgery and Heart Valve Bank (A.J.v.d.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard van Veghel
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., M.D., N.A.-A., W.W.B., R.v.V., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Department of Thoracic Surgery and Heart Valve Bank (A.J.v.d.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anton J.M. Roks
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., M.D., N.A.-A., W.W.B., R.v.V., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Department of Thoracic Surgery and Heart Valve Bank (A.J.v.d.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A.H. Jan Danser
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., M.D., N.A.-A., W.W.B., R.v.V., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Department of Thoracic Surgery and Heart Valve Bank (A.J.v.d.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joep H.M. van Esch
- From the Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.V., M.D., N.A.-A., W.W.B., R.v.V., A.J.M.R., A.H.J.D., J.H.M.v.E.) and Department of Thoracic Surgery and Heart Valve Bank (A.J.v.d.B.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Steckelings UM, Unger T. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonists--where should they be applied? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:763-6. [PMID: 22519550 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.681046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) not only contributes to pathological mechanisms involved, e.g. in hypertension or hypertensive and diabetic end-organ damage, but also harbors a "protective arm" represented mainly by two receptors, the AT2 (angiotensin type 2) receptor and the Mas receptor, both mediating tissue-protective and pro-regenerative actions. Several compounds are currently in preclinical and clinical development, which aim at targeting the "protective RAS" by agonism on the AT2 or the Mas receptor. In a recent issue of Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs Koen Verdonk and co-authors review the physiology and patho-physiology of the AT2 receptor and discuss potential future clinical indications and putative adverse effects of AT2 receptor agonists. This article comments the review by Verdonk et al., suggests some additional possible indications, and particularly re-reviews whether there is preclinical in vivo evidence for adverse effects of AT2 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Guimond MO, Gallo-Payet N. How does angiotensin AT(2) receptor activation help neuronal differentiation and improve neuronal pathological situations? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:164. [PMID: 23267346 PMCID: PMC3525946 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin type 2 (AT(2)) receptor of angiotensin II has long been thought to be limited to few tissues, with the primary effect of counteracting the angiotensin type 1 (AT(1)) receptor. Functional studies in neuronal cells have demonstrated AT(2) receptor capability to modulate neuronal excitability, neurite elongation, and neuronal migration, suggesting that it may be an important regulator of brain functions. The observation that the AT(2) receptor was expressed in brain areas implicated in learning and memory led to the hypothesis that it may also be implicated in cognitive functions. However, linking signaling pathways to physiological effects has always proven challenging since information relative to its physiological functions has mainly emerged from indirect observations, either from the blockade of the AT(1) receptor or through the use of transgenic animals. From a mechanistic standpoint, the main intracellular pathways linked to AT(2) receptor stimulation include modulation of phosphorylation by activation of kinases and phosphatases or the production of nitric oxide and cGMP, some of which are associated with the Gi-coupling protein. The receptor can also interact with other receptors, either G protein-coupled such as bradykinin, or growth factor receptors such as nerve growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor receptors. More recently, new advances have also led to identification of various partner proteins, thus providing new insights into this receptor's mechanism of action. This review summarizes the recent advances regarding the signaling pathways induced by the AT(2) receptor in neuronal cells, and discussed the potential therapeutic relevance of central actions of this enigmatic receptor. In particular, we highlight the possibility that selective AT(2) receptor activation by non-peptide and selective agonists could represent new pharmacological tools that may help to improve impaired cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Gallo-Payet
- *Correspondence: Nicole Gallo-Payet, Service d’Endocrinologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4. e-mail:
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