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Tavoulari S, Sichrovsky M, Kunji ERS. Fifty years of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier: New insights into its structure, function, and inhibition. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14016. [PMID: 37366179 PMCID: PMC10909473 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) resides in the mitochondrial inner membrane, where it links cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolism by transporting pyruvate produced in glycolysis into the mitochondrial matrix. Due to its central metabolic role, it has been proposed as a potential drug target for diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, neurodegeneration, and cancers relying on mitochondrial metabolism. Little is known about the structure and mechanism of MPC, as the proteins involved were only identified a decade ago and technical difficulties concerning their purification and stability have hindered progress in functional and structural analyses. The functional unit of MPC is a hetero-dimer comprising two small homologous membrane proteins, MPC1/MPC2 in humans, with the alternative complex MPC1L/MPC2 forming in the testis, but MPC proteins are found throughout the tree of life. The predicted topology of each protomer consists of an amphipathic helix followed by three transmembrane helices. An increasing number of inhibitors are being identified, expanding MPC pharmacology and providing insights into the inhibitory mechanism. Here, we provide critical insights on the composition, structure, and function of the complex and we summarize the different classes of small molecule inhibitors and their potential in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Tavoulari
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Maximilian Sichrovsky
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Edmund R. S. Kunji
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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2
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Colca JR, Tanis SP, Kletzien RF, Finck BN. Insulin sensitizers in 2023: lessons learned and new avenues for investigation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:803-811. [PMID: 37755339 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2263369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 'Insulin sensitizers' derived discoveries of the Takeda Company in 1970s. Pioglitazone remains the best in class with beneficial pleiotropic pharmacology, although use is limited by tolerability issues. Various attempts to expand out of this class assumed the primary molecular target was the transcription factor, PPARγ. Findings over the last 10 years have identified new targets of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) that should alter the drug discovery paradigm. AREAS COVERED We review structural classes of experimental insulin sensitizer drugs, some of which have attained limited approval in some markets. The TZD pioglitazone, originally approved in 1999 as a secondary treatment for type 2 diabetes, has demonstrated benefit in apparently diverse spectrums of disease from cardiovascular to neurological issues. New TZDs modulate a newly identified mitochondrial target (the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier) to reprogram metabolism and produce insulin sensitizing pharmacology devoid of tolerability issues. EXPERT OPINION Greater understanding of the mechanism of action of insulin sensitizing drugs can expand the rationale for the fields of treatment and potential for treatment combinations. This understanding can facilitate the registration and broader use of agents with that impact the pathophysiology that underlies chronic metabolic diseases as well as host responses to environmental insults including pathogens, insulin sensitizer, MPC, mitochondrial target, metabolic reprogramming, chronic and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St Louis, Euclid Ave, MO, USA
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3
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Colca JR, Finck BN. Metabolic Mechanisms Connecting Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: Potential Avenues for Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:929328. [PMID: 35782864 PMCID: PMC9243557 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.929328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's Diseases (PD) are common neurodegenerative disorders growing in incidence and prevalence and for which there are no disease-modifying treatments. While there are considerable complexities in the presentations of these diseases, the histological pictures of these pathologies, as well as several rare genetic predispositions for each, point to the involvement of maladaptive protein processing and inflammation. Importantly, the common presentations of AD and PD are connected to aging and to dysmetabolism, including common co-diagnosis of metabolic syndrome or diabetes. Examination of anti-diabetic therapies in preclinical models and in some observational clinical studies have suggested effectiveness of the first generation insulin sensitizer pioglitazone in both AD and PD. Recently, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) was shown to be a previously unrecognized target of pioglitazone. New insulin sensitizers are in development that can be dosed to full engagement of this previously unappreciated mitochondrial target. Here we review molecular mechanisms that connect modification of pyruvate metabolism with known liabilities of AD and PD. The mechanisms involve modification of autophagy, inflammation, and cell differentiation in various cell types including neurons, glia, macrophages, and endothelium. These observations have implications for the understanding of the general pathology of neurodegeneration and suggest general therapeutic approaches to disease modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R. Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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4
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Tavoulari S, Schirris TJJ, Mavridou V, Thangaratnarajah C, King MS, Jones DTD, Ding S, Fearnley IM, Kunji ERS. Key features of inhibitor binding to the human mitochondrial pyruvate carrier hetero-dimer. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101469. [PMID: 35278701 PMCID: PMC8968063 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) has emerged as a promising drug target for metabolic disorders, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes, metabolically dependent cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. A range of structurally diverse small molecule inhibitors have been proposed, but the nature of their interaction with MPC is not understood, and the composition of the functional human MPC is still debated. The goal of this study was to characterise the human MPC protein in vitro, to understand the chemical features that determine binding of structurally diverse inhibitors and to develop novel higher affinity ones. METHODS We recombinantly expressed and purified human MPC hetero-complexes and studied their composition, transport and inhibitor binding properties by establishing in vitro transport assays, high throughput thermostability shift assays and pharmacophore modeling. RESULTS We determined that the functional unit of human MPC is a hetero-dimer. We compared all different classes of MPC inhibitors to find that three closely arranged hydrogen bond acceptors followed by an aromatic ring are shared characteristics of all inhibitors and represent the minimal requirement for high potency. We also demonstrated that high affinity binding is not attributed to covalent bond formation with MPC cysteines, as previously proposed. Following the basic pharmacophore properties, we identified 14 new inhibitors of MPC, one outperforming compound UK5099 by tenfold. Two are the commonly prescribed drugs entacapone and nitrofurantoin, suggesting an off-target mechanism associated with their adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS This work defines the composition of human MPC and the essential MPC inhibitor characteristics. In combination with the functional assays we describe, this new understanding will accelerate the development of clinically relevant MPC modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Tavoulari
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom.
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Mavridou
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Chancievan Thangaratnarajah
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Martin S King
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T D Jones
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Shujing Ding
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Fearnley
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund R S Kunji
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom.
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5
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Colca JR, Scherer PE. The metabolic syndrome, thiazolidinediones, and implications for intersection of chronic and inflammatory disease. Mol Metab 2022; 55:101409. [PMID: 34863942 PMCID: PMC8688722 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic disease appears connected to obesity. However, evidence suggests that chronic metabolic diseases are more specifically related to adipose dysfunction rather than to body weight itself. SCOPE OF REVIEW Further study of the first generation "insulin sensitizer" pioglitazone and molecules based on its structure suggests that is possible to decouple body weight from the metabolic dysfunction that drives adverse outcomes. The growing understanding of the mechanism of action of these agents together with advances in the pathophysiology of chronic metabolic disease offers a new approach to treat chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and their common organ and vascular sequelae. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that treating adipocyte dysfunction with new insulin sensitizers might significantly impact the interface of infectious disease and chronic metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R Colca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA; Cirius Therapeutics, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA.
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Silva RNO, Llanos RP, Eichler RAS, Oliveira TB, Gozzo FC, Festuccia WT, Ferro ES. New Intracellular Peptide Derived from Hemoglobin Alpha Chain Induces Glucose Uptake and Reduces Blood Glycemia. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122175. [PMID: 34959456 PMCID: PMC8708875 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular peptides were shown to derive from proteasomal degradation of proteins from mammalian and yeast cells, being suggested to play distinctive roles both inside and outside these cells. Here, the role of intracellular peptides previously identified from skeletal muscle and adipose tissues of C57BL6/N wild type (WT) and neurolysin knockout mice were investigated. In differentiated C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells, some of these intracellular peptides like insulin activated the expression of several genes related to muscle contraction and gluconeogenesis. One of these peptides, LASVSTVLTSKYR (Ric4; 600 µg/kg), administrated either intraperitoneally or orally in WT mice, decreased glycemia. Neither insulin (10 nM) nor Ric4 (100 µM) induced glucose uptake in adipose tissue explants obtained from conditional knockout mice depleted of insulin receptor. Ric4 (100 µM) similarly to insulin (100 nM) induced Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane of C2C12 differentiated cells, and increased GLUT4 mRNA levels in epididymal adipose tissue of WT mice. Ric4 (100 µM) increased both Erk and Akt phosphorylation in C2C12, as well as in epididymal adipose tissue from WT mice; Erk, but not Akt phosphorylation was activated by Ric4 in tibial skeletal muscle from WT mice. Ric4 is rapidly degraded in vitro by WT liver and kidney crude extracts, such a response that is largely reduced by structural modifications such as N-terminal acetylation, C-terminal amidation, and substitution of Leu8 for DLeu8 (Ac-LASVSTV[DLeu]TSKYR-NH2; Ric4-16). Ric4-16, among several Ric4 derivatives, efficiently induced glucose uptake in differentiated C2C12 cells. Among six Ric4-derivatives evaluated in vivo, Ac-LASVSTVLTSKYR-NH2 (Ric4-2; 600 µg/kg) and Ac-LASVSTV[DLeu]TSKYR (Ric4-15; 600 µg/kg) administrated orally efficiently reduced glycemia in a glucose tolerance test in WT mice. The potential clinical application of Ric4 and Ric4-derivatives deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée N. O. Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (R.N.O.S.); (R.P.L.); (R.A.S.E.)
| | - Ricardo P. Llanos
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (R.N.O.S.); (R.P.L.); (R.A.S.E.)
| | - Rosangela A. S. Eichler
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (R.N.O.S.); (R.P.L.); (R.A.S.E.)
| | - Thiago B. Oliveira
- Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (T.B.O.); (W.T.F.)
| | - Fábio C. Gozzo
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil;
| | - William T. Festuccia
- Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (T.B.O.); (W.T.F.)
| | - Emer S. Ferro
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (R.N.O.S.); (R.P.L.); (R.A.S.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-7310
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7
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Escandon P, Vasini B, Whelchel AE, Nicholas SE, Matlock HG, Ma JX, Karamichos D. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in healthy and diseased eyes. Exp Eye Res 2021; 208:108617. [PMID: 34010603 PMCID: PMC8594540 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors that play essential roles in modulating cell differentiation, inflammation, and metabolism. Three subtypes of PPARs are known: PPAR-alpha (PPARα), PPAR-gamma (PPARγ), and PPAR-beta/delta (PPARβ/δ). PPARα activation reduces lipid levels and regulates energy homeostasis, activation of PPARγ results in regulation of adipogenesis, and PPARβ/δ activation increases fatty acid metabolism and lipolysis. PPARs are linked to various diseases, including but not limited to diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, glaucoma and atherosclerosis. In the past decade, numerous studies have assessed the functional properties of PPARs in the eye and key PPAR mechanisms have been discovered, particularly regarding the retina and cornea. PPARγ and PPARα are well established in their functions in ocular homeostasis regarding neuroprotection, neovascularization, and inflammation, whereas PPARβ/δ isoform function remains understudied. Naturally, studies on PPAR agonists and antagonists, associated with ocular pathology, have also gained traction with the development of PPAR synthetic ligands. Studies on PPARs has significantly influenced novel therapeutics for diabetic eye disease, ocular neuropathy, dry eye, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this review, therapeutic potentials and implications will be highlighted, as well as reported adverse effects. Further investigations are necessary before any of the PPARs ligands can be utilized, in the clinics, to treat eye diseases. Future research on the prominent role of PPARs will help unravel the complex mechanisms involved in order to prevent and treat ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Escandon
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Brenda Vasini
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Amy E Whelchel
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L Young, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sarah E Nicholas
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - H Greg Matlock
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L Young, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L Young, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center, 1000 N Lincoln Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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8
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Zhou Y, Guo Y, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Li W, Li Z, Wei L. Dual PPARγ/ɑ agonist oroxyloside suppresses cell cycle progression by glycolipid metabolism switch-mediated increase of reactive oxygen species levels. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 167:205-217. [PMID: 33713839 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells prefers to rely on aerobic glycolysis than pyruvate oxidation to meet the high demand of energy for rapidly proliferation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a kind of important ligand-inducible transcription factors and play crucial roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. Careful designing of novel agonists for PPARs, may show improvement with the side effects and also increase the therapeutic value for cancer and other metabolic disorder diseases. Compared with normal human liver cells, lower expression or acitivity of PPARs is observed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we show that oroxyloside (OAG) is a new dual agonist of PPARγ/ɑ, and inhibits cell proliferation of HCC based on metabolic switch. Via both PPAR-dependent and PPAR-independent regulations on glycolipid metabolic enzymes, OAG shuts down the catabolism of glucose and promotes fatty acids oxidation to generate acetyl-CoA for TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The metabolic switch induced by OAG results in a marked increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, leading to rapid dephosphorylation of RB and cell-cycle arrest in G1 phase. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) and β-Oxidation are required for the suppression of cell cycle progression by OAG. Together, our findings provide a new drug candidate and a viable therapeutic strategy for HCC based on metabolic reprogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yongjian Guo
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yejin Zhu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medcine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yuening Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Research Center of Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Libin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, PR China.
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9
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Singh A, Faccenda D, Campanella M. Pharmacological advances in mitochondrial therapy. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103244. [PMID: 33647769 PMCID: PMC7920826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a vital role in cellular metabolism and are central mediator of intracellular signalling, cell differentiation, morphogenesis and demise. An increasingly higher number of pathologies is linked with mitochondrial dysfunction, which can arise from either genetic defects affecting core mitochondrial components or malfunctioning pathways impairing mitochondrial homeostasis. As such, mitochondria are considered an important target in several pathologies spanning from neoplastic to neurodegenerative diseases as well as metabolic syndromes. In this review we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in mitochondrial pharmacology, focusing on the novel compounds that have been generated in the bid to correct mitochondrial aberrations. Our work aims to serve the scientific community working on translational medical science by highlighting the most promising pharmacological approaches to target mitochondrial dysfunction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Singh
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, 4 Royal College Street, NW1 0TU, London, United Kingdom
| | - Danilo Faccenda
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, 4 Royal College Street, NW1 0TU, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, 4 Royal College Street, NW1 0TU, London, United Kingdom; Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, University of Rome TorVergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, 00133, Italy.
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10
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Bardova K, Funda J, Pohl R, Cajka T, Hensler M, Kuda O, Janovska P, Adamcova K, Irodenko I, Lenkova L, Zouhar P, Horakova O, Flachs P, Rossmeisl M, Colca J, Kopecky J. Additive Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Thiazolidinediones in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet: Triacylglycerol/Fatty Acid Cycling in Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123737. [PMID: 33291653 PMCID: PMC7761951 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Omega-3) and anti-diabetic drugs thiazolidinediones (TZDs) exhibit additive effects in counteraction of dietary obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions in mice. The underlying mechanisms need to be clarified. Here, we aimed to learn whether the futile cycle based on the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol and re-esterification of fatty acids (TAG/FA cycling) in white adipose tissue (WAT) could be involved. We compared Omega-3 (30 mg/g diet) and two different TZDs—pioglitazone (50 mg/g diet) and a second-generation TZD, MSDC-0602K (330 mg/g diet)—regarding their effects in C57BL/6N mice fed an obesogenic high-fat (HF) diet for 8 weeks. The diet was supplemented or not by the tested compound alone or with the two TZDs combined individually with Omega-3. Activity of TAG/FA cycle in WAT was suppressed by the obesogenic HF diet. Additive effects in partial rescue of TAG/FA cycling in WAT were observed with both combined interventions, with a stronger effect of Omega-3 and MSDC-0602K. Our results (i) supported the role of TAG/FA cycling in WAT in the beneficial additive effects of Omega-3 and TZDs on metabolism of diet-induced obese mice, and (ii) showed differential modulation of WAT gene expression and metabolism by the two TZDs, depending also on Omega-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bardova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.F.); (M.H.); (P.J.); (K.A.); (I.I.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (O.H.); (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Jiri Funda
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.F.); (M.H.); (P.J.); (K.A.); (I.I.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (O.H.); (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Radek Pohl
- NMR Spectroscopy, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemmingovo Namesti 542/2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Translational Metabolism, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hensler
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.F.); (M.H.); (P.J.); (K.A.); (I.I.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (O.H.); (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Laboratory of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
| | - Petra Janovska
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.F.); (M.H.); (P.J.); (K.A.); (I.I.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (O.H.); (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Katerina Adamcova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.F.); (M.H.); (P.J.); (K.A.); (I.I.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (O.H.); (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Ilaria Irodenko
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.F.); (M.H.); (P.J.); (K.A.); (I.I.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (O.H.); (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Lucie Lenkova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.F.); (M.H.); (P.J.); (K.A.); (I.I.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (O.H.); (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Petr Zouhar
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.F.); (M.H.); (P.J.); (K.A.); (I.I.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (O.H.); (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Olga Horakova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.F.); (M.H.); (P.J.); (K.A.); (I.I.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (O.H.); (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Pavel Flachs
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.F.); (M.H.); (P.J.); (K.A.); (I.I.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (O.H.); (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.F.); (M.H.); (P.J.); (K.A.); (I.I.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (O.H.); (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Jerry Colca
- Cirius Therapeutics, Kalamazoo, MI 490 07, USA;
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.F.); (M.H.); (P.J.); (K.A.); (I.I.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (O.H.); (P.F.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-296442554; Fax: +420-296442599
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11
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Caloric Restriction-Common Pathways Affecting Metabolism, Health, and Longevity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071708. [PMID: 32708786 PMCID: PMC7407644 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is a traditional but scientifically verified approach to promoting health and increasing lifespan. CR exerts its effects through multiple molecular pathways that trigger major metabolic adaptations. It influences key nutrient and energy-sensing pathways including mammalian target of rapamycin, Sirtuin 1, AMP-activated protein kinase, and insulin signaling, ultimately resulting in reductions in basic metabolic rate, inflammation, and oxidative stress, as well as increased autophagy and mitochondrial efficiency. CR shares multiple overlapping pathways with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), particularly in energy metabolism and inflammation. Consequently, several lines of evidence suggest that PPARs might be indispensable for beneficial outcomes related to CR. In this review, we present the available evidence for the interconnection between CR and PPARs, highlighting their shared pathways and analyzing their interaction. We also discuss the possible contributions of PPARs to the effects of CR on whole organism outcomes.
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12
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Insulin sensitizer MSDC-0602K in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. J Hepatol 2020; 72:613-626. [PMID: 31697972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS MSDC-0602K is a novel insulin sensitizer designed to preferentially target the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier while minimizing direct binding to the transcriptional factor PPARγ. Herein, we aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of MSDC-0602K in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. METHODS Patients with biopsy-confirmed NASH and fibrosis (F1-F3) were randomized to daily oral placebo, or 1 of 3 MSDC-0602K doses in a 52-week double-blind study. The primary efficacy endpoint was hepatic histological improvement of ≥2 points in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) with a ≥1-point reduction in either ballooning or lobular inflammation and no increase in fibrosis stage at 12 months. Secondary endpoints included NAS improvement without worsening fibrosis, NASH resolution, and fibrosis reduction. Exploratory endpoints included changes in insulin sensitivity, liver injury and liver fibrosis markers. RESULTS Patients were randomly assigned to placebo (n = 94), or 62.5 mg (n = 99), 125 mg (n = 98), or 250 mg (n = 101) of MSDC-0602K. At baseline, glycated hemoglobin was 6.4 ± 1.0%, 61.5% of patients had fibrosis F2/F3 and the average NAS was 5.3. The primary endpoint was reached in 29.7%, 29.8%, 32.9% and 39.5% of patients in the placebo, 62.5 mg, 125 mg and 250 mg dose arms, respectively, with adjusted odds ratios relative to placebo of 0.89 (95% CI 0.44-1.81), 1.22 (95% CI 0.60-2.48), and 1.64 (95% CI 0.83-3.27). The 2 highest doses of MSDC-0602K led to significant reductions in glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, liver enzymes and NAS compared to placebo. The incidence of hypoglycemia and PPARγ-agonist-associated events such as edema and fractures were similar in the placebo and MSDC-0602K groups. CONCLUSIONS MSDC-0602K did not demonstrate statistically significant effects on primary and secondary liver histology endpoints. However, effects on non-invasive measures of liver cell injury and glucose metabolism support further exploration of MSDC-0602K's safety and potential efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes and liver injury. [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02784444]. LAY SUMMARY First-generation insulin sensitizers are used to treat type 2 diabetes, but are associated with side effects including edema, bone fractures, and hypoglycemia. MSDC-0602K is a second-generation insulin sensitizer designed to reduce these side effects. We hypothesized that insulin sensitization could improve non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In the current study of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, MSDC-0602K did not demonstrate significant effects on liver histology with the biopsy techniques used. However, useful information was gained for the design of future studies and MSDC-0602K significantly decreased fasting glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, and markers of liver injury without dose-limiting side effects.
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13
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Wachal Z, Bombicz M, Priksz D, Hegedűs C, Kovács D, Szabó AM, Kiss R, Németh J, Juhász B, Szilvássy Z, Varga B. Retinoprotection by BGP-15, a Hydroximic Acid Derivative, in a Type II Diabetic Rat Model Compared to Glibenclamide, Metformin, and Pioglitazone. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062124. [PMID: 32204537 PMCID: PMC7139510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
High blood glucose and the consequential ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury damage vessels of the retina, deteriorating its function, which can be clearly visualized by electroretinography (ERG). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible retinoprotective effects of systemic BGP-15, an emerging drug candidate, in an insulin resistant animal model, the Goto-Kakizaki rat, and compare these results with well-known anti-diabetics such as glibenclamide, metformin, and pioglitazone, which even led to some novel conclusions about these well-known agents. Experiments were carried out on diseased animal model (Goto-Kakizaki rats). The used methods include weight measurement, glucose-related measurements—like fasting blood sugar analysis, oral glucose tolerance test, hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp (HEGC), and calculations of different indices from HEGC results—electroretinography and Western Blot. Beside its apparent insulin sensitization, BGP-15 was also able to counteract the retina-damaging effect of Type II diabetes comparable to the aforementioned anti-diabetics. The mechanism of retinoprotective action may include sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) enzymes, as BGP-15 was able to elevate SIRT1 and decrease MMP9 expression in the eye. Based on our results, this emerging hydroximic acid derivative might be a future target of pharmacological developments as a potential drug against the harmful consequences of diabetes, such as diabetic retinopathy.
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14
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Romero FA, Jones CT, Xu Y, Fenaux M, Halcomb RL. The Race to Bash NASH: Emerging Targets and Drug Development in a Complex Liver Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5031-5073. [PMID: 31930920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocellular damage. NASH is a serious condition that can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The association of NASH with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia has led to an emerging picture of NASH as the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Although diet and exercise can dramatically improve NASH outcomes, significant lifestyle changes can be challenging to sustain. Pharmaceutical therapies could be an important addition to care, but currently none are approved for NASH. Here, we review the most promising targets for NASH treatment, along with the most advanced therapeutics in development. These include targets involved in metabolism (e.g., sugar, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism), inflammation, and fibrosis. Ultimately, combination therapies addressing multiple aspects of NASH pathogenesis are expected to provide benefit for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anthony Romero
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Christopher T Jones
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yingzi Xu
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Martijn Fenaux
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Randall L Halcomb
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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15
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Colca J. NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), diabetes, and macrovascular disease: multiple chronic conditions and a potential treatment at the metabolic root. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:191-196. [PMID: 31928475 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1715940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: NASH and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are clinical definitions that overlap and result from metabolic dysfunction caused by over-nutrition relative to metabolic need. This volume details drug development programs aimed at specific NASH pathology with a focus on liver outcomes; this commentary suggests a metabolic approach that should not be overlooked based on a new understanding of insulin sensitizers.Areas covered: The overlap of NASH and T2D with respect to metabolic syndrome is discussed in the context of new understandings of insulin sensitizers. Adverse clinical outcomes in subjects with advanced NAFLD (e.g. NASH) and advanced metabolic dysfunction (e.g., T2D) are primarily due to cardiovascular issues. Clinical evidence suggests that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes. NALFD/NASH significantly contributes to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. A new insulin sensitizer that targets the newly identified mitochondrial pyruvate carrier could provide an approach.Expert opinion: A metabolic approach is needed for the treatment of NASH. Clinical studies are underway to determine whether a new insulin sensitizer that targets pyruvate metabolism can impact NASH, T2D, and cardiovascular disease. A broader view of metabolic disease may provide a more assessable way to track therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Colca
- Cirius Therapeutics, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.,Cirius Therapeutics, San Diago, CA, USA
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16
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The development of improved syntheses of PPARγ-sparing, insulin sensitizing thiazolidinedione-ketones. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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17
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Vallée JN. Targeting the Canonical WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Cancer Treatment Using Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070726. [PMID: 31311204 PMCID: PMC6679009 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are common and co-substantial pathological processes accompanying and contributing to cancers. Numerous epidemiological studies have indicated that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could have a positive effect on both the prevention of cancer and tumor therapy. Numerous hypotheses have postulated that NSAIDs could slow tumor growth by acting on both chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. This review takes a closer look at these hypotheses. In the cancer process, one of the major signaling pathways involved is the WNT/β-catenin pathway, which appears to be upregulated. This pathway is closely associated with both chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in cancers. The administration of NSAIDs has been observed to help in the downregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway and thus in the control of tumor growth. NSAIDs act as PPARγ agonists. The WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARγ act in opposing manners. PPARγ agonists can promote cell cycle arrest, cell differentiation, and apoptosis, and can reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, proliferation, invasion, and cell migration. In parallel, the dysregulation of circadian rhythms (CRs) contributes to cancer development through the upregulation of the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway. By stimulating PPARγ expression, NSAIDs can control CRs through the regulation of many key circadian genes. The administration of NSAIDs in cancer treatment would thus appear to be an interesting therapeutic strategy, which acts through their role in regulating WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARγ activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Diagnosis and Therapeutic Center, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Hotel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, 75004 Paris, France.
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), 6-8 rue Saint-fiacre, 77100 Meaux, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054 Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
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18
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Tavoulari S, Thangaratnarajah C, Mavridou V, Harbour ME, Martinou JC, Kunji ER. The yeast mitochondrial pyruvate carrier is a hetero-dimer in its functional state. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100785. [PMID: 30979775 PMCID: PMC6517818 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) is critical for cellular homeostasis, as it is required in central metabolism for transporting pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix. MPC has been implicated in many diseases and is being investigated as a drug target. A few years ago, small membrane proteins, called MPC1 and MPC2 in mammals and Mpc1, Mpc2 and Mpc3 in yeast, were proposed to form large protein complexes responsible for this function. However, the MPC complexes have never been isolated and their composition, oligomeric state and functional properties have not been defined. Here, we identify the functional unit of MPC from Saccharomyces cerevisiae In contrast to earlier hypotheses, we demonstrate that MPC is a hetero-dimer, not a multimeric complex. When not engaged in hetero-dimers, the yeast Mpc proteins can also form homo-dimers that are, however, inactive. We show that the earlier described substrate transport properties and inhibitor profiles are embodied by the hetero-dimer. This work provides a foundation for elucidating the structure of the functional complex and the mechanism of substrate transport and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Tavoulari
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Vasiliki Mavridou
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael E Harbour
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Edmund Rs Kunji
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Tanis SP, Colca JR, Parker TT, Artman GD, Larsen SD, McDonald WG, Gadwood RC, Kletzien RF, Zeller JB, Lee PH, Adams WJ. PPARγ-sparing thiazolidinediones as insulin sensitizers. Design, synthesis and selection of compounds for clinical development. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5870-5884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Kim SY, Jeon JY, Park SJ, Kim MG. Pharmacokinetics of a Lobeglitazone/Metformin Fixed-Dose Combination Tablet (CKD-395 0.5/1000 mg) Versus Concomitant Administration of Single Agents and the Effect of Food on the Metabolism of CKD-395 in Healthy Male Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2018; 8:576-584. [PMID: 30329224 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetic profile of combined CKD-395 0.5/1000 mg treatment with that of the coadministration of lobeglitazone sulfate 0.5 mg and metformin hydrochloride (HCl) extended-release (XR) 1000 mg and assess the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of CKD-395 0.5/1000 mg. Two clinical trials were conducted as part of an open-label, single-dose, randomized, 2-period, 2-sequence crossover study. In study 1, a total of 26 subjects received either CKD-395 0.5/1000 mg as a test drug or coadministration of lobeglitazone sulfate 0.5 mg and metformin HCl XR 1000 mg individually as a reference treatment under fed conditions. In study 2, a total of 16 subjects received CKD-395 0.5/1000 mg treatment under either fasted or fed conditions. Blood samples were collected at intervals from 0 to 48 hours. In study 1, the geometric mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals of pharmacokinetic parameters for lobeglitazone and metformin were all within 80%-125% in the fed condition. In study 2, there were no high-fat meal effects on the area under the curve extending up to the last sampling time (AUClast ) of lobeglitazone, but there was a decrease in the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) of lobeglitazone by approximately 32% in the fed condition. Although the AUClast of metformin increased by approximately 70% in the fed condition, there was no effect of food on the Cmax of metformin, which is consistent with the already-established food effect on metformin HCl XR. No adverse drug reactions or serious adverse events were observed. This study suggests that CKD-395 0.5/1000 mg exhibits similar exposure and absorption rates to coadministration of single agents and is well tolerated under both fasted and fed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Kim
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Jeon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Jung Park
- Research Institute, Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gul Kim
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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21
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Hong F, Xu P, Zhai Y. The Opportunities and Challenges of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Ligands in Clinical Drug Discovery and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082189. [PMID: 30060458 PMCID: PMC6121873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a well-known pharmacological target for the treatment of multiple diseases, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and even primary biliary cholangitis, gout, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and ulcerative colitis. The three PPAR isoforms (α, β/δ and γ) have emerged as integrators of glucose and lipid metabolic signaling networks. Typically, PPARα is activated by fibrates, which are commonly used therapeutic agents in the treatment of dyslipidemia. The pharmacological activators of PPARγ include thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), despite some drawbacks. In this review, we summarize 84 types of PPAR synthetic ligands introduced to date for the treatment of metabolic and other diseases and provide a comprehensive analysis of the current applications and problems of these ligands in clinical drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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22
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Colca JR, McDonald WG, Adams WJ. MSDC-0602K, a metabolic modulator directed at the core pathology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:631-636. [PMID: 29950116 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1494153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a serious form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) for which there is no marketed treatments. NAFLD is initiated by excess intake of nutrients and recent evidence has pinpointed the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) as a mediator of the nutritional overload signals. Areas covered: An overview is given of MSDC-0602K, a new agent in development that modulates the MPC and as such treats the symptoms of fatty liver including dysfunctional lipid metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance as well as the key liver pathology including fibrosis. METHODOLOGY The current evaluation is written from the direct experience of the authors and review of published literature using standard search techniques. Expert Opinion: The mechanism of action of MSDC-0602K appears to be suited for treatment of the NASH pathophysiology. An ongoing phase 2b dose-ranging trial should demonstrate whether or not MSDC-0602K has the potential to be a cornerstone metabolic therapy for the treatment of NASH.
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23
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Quansah E, Peelaerts W, Langston JW, Simon DK, Colca J, Brundin P. Targeting energy metabolism via the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier as a novel approach to attenuate neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:28. [PMID: 29793507 PMCID: PMC5968614 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several molecular pathways are currently being targeted in attempts to develop disease-modifying therapies to slow down neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Failure of cellular energy metabolism has long been implicated in sporadic Parkinson’s disease and recent research on rare inherited forms of Parkinson’s disease have added further weight to the importance of energy metabolism in the disease pathogenesis. There exists a new class of anti-diabetic insulin sensitizers in development that inhibit the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), a protein which mediates the import of pyruvate across the inner membrane of mitochondria. Pharmacological inhibition of the MPC was recently found to be strongly neuroprotective in multiple neurotoxin-based and genetic models of neurodegeneration which are relevant to Parkinson’s disease. In this review, we summarize the neuroprotective effects of MPC inhibition and discuss the potential putative underlying mechanisms. These mechanisms involve augmentation of autophagy via attenuation of the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in neurons, as well as the inhibition of neuroinflammation, which is at least partly mediated by direct inhibition of MPC in glia cells. We conclude that MPC is a novel and potentially powerful therapeutic target that warrants further study in attempts to slow Parkinson’s disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Quansah
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, 333 Bostwick Ave, Michigan, 49503, USA
| | - Wouter Peelaerts
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, 333 Bostwick Ave, Michigan, 49503, USA.,KU Leuven, Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Neurobiology, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J William Langston
- Stanford Udall Center, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David K Simon
- Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerry Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, 333 Bostwick Ave, Michigan, 49503, USA.
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24
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Ghosh A, Tyson T, George S, Hildebrandt EN, Steiner JA, Madaj Z, Schulz E, Machiela E, McDonald WG, Escobar Galvis ML, Kordower JH, Van Raamsdonk JM, Colca JR, Brundin P. Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier regulates autophagy, inflammation, and neurodegeneration in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:368ra174. [PMID: 27928028 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction as well as neuroinflammation are involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). We hypothesized that targeting the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), a key controller of cellular metabolism that influences mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activation, might attenuate neurodegeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in animal models of PD. To test this, we used MSDC-0160, a compound that specifically targets MPC, to reduce its activity. MSDC-0160 protected against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) insult in murine and cultured human midbrain dopamine neurons and in an α-synuclein-based Caenorhabditis elegans model. In 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice, MSDC-0160 improved locomotor behavior, increased survival of nigral dopaminergic neurons, boosted striatal dopamine levels, and reduced neuroinflammation. Long-term targeting of MPC preserved motor function, rescued the nigrostriatal pathway, and reduced neuroinflammation in the slowly progressive Engrailed1 (En1+/-) genetic mouse model of PD. Targeting MPC in multiple models resulted in modulation of mitochondrial function and mTOR signaling, with normalization of autophagy and a reduction in glial cell activation. Our work demonstrates that changes in metabolic signaling resulting from targeting MPC were neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory in several PD models, suggesting that MPC may be a useful therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamitra Ghosh
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Trevor Tyson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Sonia George
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Erin N Hildebrandt
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jennifer A Steiner
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Zachary Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Emily Schulz
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Emily Machiela
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | - Martha L Escobar Galvis
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.,Center for Brain Repair, Department of Pathology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeremy M Van Raamsdonk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Davidson MA, Mattison DR, Azoulay L, Krewski D. Thiazolidinedione drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: past, present and future. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:52-108. [PMID: 28816105 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1351420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have proven effective in improving insulin sensitivity, hyperglycemia, and lipid metabolism. Though well tolerated by some patients, their mechanism of action as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) results in the activation of several pathways in addition to those responsible for glycemic control and lipid homeostasis. These pathways, which include those related to inflammation, bone formation, and cell proliferation, may lead to adverse health outcomes. As treatment with TZDs has been associated with adverse hepatic, cardiovascular, osteological, and carcinogenic events in some studies, the role of TZDs in the treatment of T2DM continues to be debated. At the same time, new therapeutic roles for TZDs are being investigated, with new forms and isoforms currently in the pre-clinical phase for use in the prevention and treatment of some cancers, inflammatory diseases, and other conditions. The aims of this review are to provide an overview of the mechanism(s) of action of TZDs, a review of their safety for use in the treatment of T2DM, and a perspective on their current and future therapeutic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Davidson
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Donald R Mattison
- b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Laurent Azoulay
- d Center for Clinical Epidemiology , Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,e Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada.,f Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
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26
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Leung W, Ho FM, Li WP, Liang YC. Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana Leaf Extract Reduces Blood Glucose Levels in Mice with Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.457.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Discovery of Novel Insulin Sensitizers: Promising Approaches and Targets. PPAR Res 2017; 2017:8360919. [PMID: 28659972 PMCID: PMC5474250 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8360919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the undisputed root cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is currently an unmet demand for safe and effective insulin sensitizers, owing to the restricted prescription or removal from market of certain approved insulin sensitizers, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), because of safety concerns. Effective insulin sensitizers without TZD-like side effects will therefore be invaluable to diabetic patients. The specific focus on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ- (PPARγ-) based agents in the past decades may have impeded the search for novel and safer insulin sensitizers. This review discusses possible directions and promising strategies for future research and development of novel insulin sensitizers and describes the potential targets of these agents. Direct PPARγ agonists, selective PPARγ modulators (sPPARγMs), PPARγ-sparing compounds (including ligands of the mitochondrial target of TZDs), agents that target the downstream effectors of PPARγ, along with agents, such as heat shock protein (HSP) inducers, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) selective inhibitors, biguanides, and chloroquines, which may be safer than traditional TZDs, have been described. This minireview thus aims to provide fresh perspectives for the development of a new generation of safe insulin sensitizers.
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28
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Pioglitazone and cardiovascular risk reduction: time for a second look? Cardiovasc Endocrinol 2017; 6:55-61. [PMID: 31646121 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance, a fundamental pathophysiological abnormality in patients with type 2 diabetes, is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) disease risk. In diabetes management, the macrovascular impact of antihyperglycemic agents that do not improve insulin sensitivity has generally been disappointing. In contrast, glucose-lowering drugs that work as insulin sensitizing agents have been postulated to reduce CV complications. The data to support this hypothesis have, however, been inconsistent. The impact of thiazolidinediones on macrovascular events is of particular interest. In this review, we discuss the results of trials reporting CV outcomes in patients treated with thiazolidinediones. We focus on the findings of the recent Insulin Resistance Intervention after Stroke trial that demonstrated a beneficial effect of pioglitazone on CV outcomes in stroke patients with insulin resistance. We discuss the Insulin Resistance Intervention after Stroke results and its implications for clinical practice. We discuss the selective use of pioglitazone as secondary prevention to reduce CV risk in insulin resistant patients.
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29
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Colca JR, McDonald WG, McCommis KS, Finck BN. Treating fatty liver disease by modulating mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:193-197. [PMID: 29404453 PMCID: PMC5721453 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifying the entry of pyruvate into mitochondria may provide a unique approach to treat metabolic disease. The pharmacology of a new class of insulin sensitizers directed against a newly identified mitochondrial target may treat many aspects of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, including fibrosis. This commentary suggests treating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through a newly identified mechanism consistent with pathophysiology. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:193‐197)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company Kalamazoo MI
| | | | - Kyle S McCommis
- Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO
| | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO
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30
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Lee TW, Bai KJ, Lee TI, Chao TF, Kao YH, Chen YJ. PPARs modulate cardiac metabolism and mitochondrial function in diabetes. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:5. [PMID: 28069019 PMCID: PMC5223385 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Currently, effective treatments for diabetic cardiomyopathy are limited. The pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy is complex, whereas mitochondrial dysfunction plays a vital role in the genesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Metabolic regulation targeting mitochondrial dysfunction is expected to be a reasonable strategy for treating diabetic cardiomyopathy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are master executors in regulating glucose and lipid homeostasis and also modulate mitochondrial function. However, synthetic PPAR agonists used for treating hyperlipidemia and DM have shown controversial effects on cardiovascular regulation. This article reviews our updated understanding of the beneficial and detrimental effects of PPARs on mitochondria in diabetic hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Jen Bai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-I Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Fan Chao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Pavlović D, Mutak S. Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of novel 4″-glycyl linked quinolyl-azithromycins with potent activity against macrolide-resistant pathogens. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1255-67. [PMID: 26860929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new azithromycin-based series of antibacterial macrolones is reported, which features the use of a 4″-ester linked glycin for tethering the quinolone side chain to the macrolide scaffold. Among the analogs prepared, compounds 9e and 22f with a quinolon-6-yl moiety were found to have potent and well-balanced activity against clinically important respiratory tract pathogens, including erythromycin-susceptible and MLSB resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae. In addition, potential lead compounds 9e and 22f demonstrated outstanding levels of activity against Moraxella catarrhalis and inducibly MLSB resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The best member of this series 22f rivals or exceeds, in potency, some of the most active ketolide antibacterial agents known today, such as telithromycin and cethromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dražen Pavlović
- PLIVA Research Institute, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Stjepan Mutak
- PLIVA Research Institute, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Fang M, Fan Z, Tian W, Zhao Y, Li P, Xu H, Zhou B, Zhang L, Wu X, Xu Y. HDAC4 mediates IFN-γ induced disruption of energy expenditure-related gene expression by repressing SIRT1 transcription in skeletal muscle cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1859:294-305. [PMID: 26619800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is achieved through balanced energy storage and output. Impairment of energy expenditure is a hallmark event in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Previously we have shown that the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ) disrupts energy expenditure in skeletal muscle cells via hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1)-class II transactivator (CIITA) dependent repression of SIRT1 transcription. Here we report that repression of SIRT1 transcription by IFN-γ paralleled loss of histone acetylation on the SIRT1 promoter region with simultaneous recruitment of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). IFN-γ activated HDAC4 in vitro and in vivo by up-regulating its expression and stimulating its nuclear accumulation. HIC1 and CIITA recruited HDAC4 to the SIRT1 promoter and cooperated with HDAC4 to repress SIRT1 transcription. HDAC4 depletion by small interfering RNA or pharmaceutical inhibition normalized histone acetylation on the SIRT1 promoter and restored SIRT1 expression in the presence of IFN-γ. Over-expression of HDAC4 suppressed the transcription of genes involved in energy expenditure in a SIRT1-dependent manner. In contrast, HDAC4 knockdown/inhibition neutralized the effect of IFN-γ on cellular metabolism by normalizing SIRT1 expression. Therefore, our data reveal a role for HDAC4 in regulating cellular energy output and as such provide insights into rationalized design of novel anti-diabetic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenfang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bisheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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33
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Colca JR. The TZD insulin sensitizer clue provides a new route into diabetes drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1259-70. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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McCommis KS, Chen Z, Fu X, McDonald WG, Colca JR, Kletzien RF, Burgess SC, Finck BN. Loss of Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier 2 in the Liver Leads to Defects in Gluconeogenesis and Compensation via Pyruvate-Alanine Cycling. Cell Metab 2015; 22:682-94. [PMID: 26344101 PMCID: PMC4598280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane is believed to be a prerequisite for gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes, which is important for the maintenance of normoglycemia during prolonged food deprivation but also contributes to hyperglycemia in diabetes. To determine the requirement for mitochondrial pyruvate import in gluconeogenesis, mice with liver-specific deletion of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 (LS-Mpc2(-/-)) were generated. Loss of MPC2 impaired, but did not completely abolish, hepatocyte conversion of labeled pyruvate to TCA cycle intermediates and glucose. Unbiased metabolomic analyses of livers from fasted LS-Mpc2(-/-) mice suggested that alterations in amino acid metabolism, including pyruvate-alanine cycling, might compensate for the loss of MPC2. Indeed, inhibition of pyruvate-alanine transamination further reduced mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism and glucose production by LS-Mpc2(-/-) hepatocytes. These data demonstrate an important role for MPC2 in controlling hepatic gluconeogenesis and illuminate a compensatory mechanism for circumventing a block in mitochondrial pyruvate import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S McCommis
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhouji Chen
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- Advanced Imaging Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Rolf F Kletzien
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Shawn C Burgess
- Advanced Imaging Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Groop L, Henry RR, Herman WH, Holst JJ, Hu FB, Kahn CR, Raz I, Shulman GI, Simonson DC, Testa MA, Weiss R. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15019. [PMID: 27189025 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1057] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an expanding global health problem, closely linked to the epidemic of obesity. Individuals with T2DM are at high risk for both microvascular complications (including retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (such as cardiovascular comorbidities), owing to hyperglycaemia and individual components of the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome. Environmental factors (for example, obesity, an unhealthy diet and physical inactivity) and genetic factors contribute to the multiple pathophysiological disturbances that are responsible for impaired glucose homeostasis in T2DM. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion remain the core defects in T2DM, but at least six other pathophysiological abnormalities contribute to the dysregulation of glucose metabolism. The multiple pathogenetic disturbances present in T2DM dictate that multiple antidiabetic agents, used in combination, will be required to maintain normoglycaemia. The treatment must not only be effective and safe but also improve the quality of life. Several novel medications are in development, but the greatest need is for agents that enhance insulin sensitivity, halt the progressive pancreatic β-cell failure that is characteristic of T2DM and prevent or reverse the microvascular complications. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/V2eGfN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System and Texas Diabetes Institute, 701 S. Zarzamoro, San Antonio, Texas 78207, USA
| | | | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Science Malmoe, Diabetes &Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert R Henry
- University of California, San Diego, Section of Diabetes, Endocrinology &Metabolism, Center for Metabolic Research, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Harvard Medical School and Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Itamar Raz
- Diabetes Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular &Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Donald C Simonson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcia A Testa
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ram Weiss
- Department of Human Metabolism and Nutrition, Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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36
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES A growing body of evidence emerges that obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease are intimately related to chronic inflammation. METHODS A narrative review summarizing the most recent data of the literature describing the pathological implications of inflammation in obese patients with cardiometabolic disorders. RESULTS Besides high-sensitive C-reactive protein, various circulating or in situ inflammatory markers have been identified, presumably reflecting the presence of inflammation in various key-organs (visceral adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, pancreatic islets, liver, intestine, arterial wall). Available data support the concept that targeting inflammation, not only reduces systemic inflammatory markers, but also improves insulin sensitivity and ameliorates glucose control in insulin-resistant patients, thus potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular complications. CONCLUSION These observations confirm the role of inflammation in cardiometabolic diseases and support the development of pharmacological strategies that aim at reducing inflammation, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Jin SM, Park CY, Cho YM, Ku BJ, Ahn CW, Cha BS, Min KW, Sung YA, Baik SH, Lee KW, Yoon KH, Lee MK, Park SW. Lobeglitazone and pioglitazone as add-ons to metformin for patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, active-controlled, phase III clinical trial with a 28-week extension. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:599-602. [PMID: 25580775 PMCID: PMC5024060 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of lobeglitazone and pioglitazone as add-ons to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients who were inadequately controlled by metformin were randomized and treated once daily with either lobeglitazone (0.5 mg, n = 128) or pioglitazone (15 mg, n = 125) for 24 weeks, with a 28-week extension trial of lobeglitazone treatment in patients who consented. The primary endpoint was the change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration from baseline to week 24. At week 24, the mean change from baseline in HbA1c was -0.74% for the lobeglitazone group and -0.74% for the pioglitazone group, with a mean difference of 0.01% [95% confidence interval (CI) of difference, -0.16 to 0.18]. The effects of lobeglitazone on lipid variables and the adverse events associated with lobeglitazone were similar to those observed with pioglitazone. Lobeglitazone was not inferior to pioglitazone as an add-on to metformin in terms of their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-M Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - C-Y Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y M Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B J Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - C W Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University of College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B-S Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University of Collage of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K W Min
- Diabetes Centre, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y A Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, EwhaWomans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S H Baik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K W Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - K-H Yoon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Immunology, Cell Biology Core Laboratory, Institutes of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M-K Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S W Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Garcia-Vallvé S, Guasch L, Tomas-Hernández S, del Bas JM, Ollendorff V, Arola L, Pujadas G, Mulero M. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) and Ligand Choreography: Newcomers Take the Stage. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5381-94. [PMID: 25734377 DOI: 10.1021/jm501155f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) full agonists that have been widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite the demonstrated beneficial effect of reducing glucose levels in the plasma, TZDs also induce several adverse effects. Consequently, the search for new compounds with potent antidiabetic effects but fewer undesired effects is an active field of research. Interestingly, the novel proposed mechanisms for the antidiabetic activity of PPARγ agonists, consisting of PPARγ Ser273 phosphorylation inhibition, ligand and receptor mutual dynamics, and the presence of an alternate binding site, have recently changed the view regarding the optimal characteristics for the screening of novel PPARγ ligands. Furthermore, transcriptional genomics could bring essential information about the genome-wide effects of PPARγ ligands. Consequently, facing the new mechanistic scenario proposed for these compounds is essential for resolving the paradoxes among their agonistic function, antidiabetic activities, and side effects and should allow the rational development of better and safer PPARγ-mediated antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Garcia-Vallvé
- †Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,‡Nutrition and Health Research Group, Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat, 1, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Guasch
- §Computer-Aided Drug Design Group, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Sarah Tomas-Hernández
- †Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria del Bas
- ‡Nutrition and Health Research Group, Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat, 1, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Vincent Ollendorff
- ∥INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, F-34060 Montpellier Université Montpellier 1, F-34000 Montpellier - Université Montpellier 2, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Lluís Arola
- ‡Nutrition and Health Research Group, Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat, 1, 43204 Reus, Spain.,⊥Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gerard Pujadas
- †Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,‡Nutrition and Health Research Group, Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat, 1, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- †Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Fan L, Wang J, Ma X, Xiao W, Li Z, Zhong G, Tang L, Wu H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of GY3-based derivatives for anti-type 2 diabetes activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1500-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Shah RC, Matthews DC, Andrews RD, Capuano AW, Fleischman DA, VanderLugt JT, Colca JR. An evaluation of MSDC-0160, a prototype mTOT modulating insulin sensitizer, in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2015; 11:564-73. [PMID: 24931567 PMCID: PMC4153084 DOI: 10.2174/1567205011666140616113406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with insulin resistance and specific regional declines in cerebral metabolism. The effects of a novel mTOT modulating insulin sensitizer (MSDC-0160) were explored in non-diabetic patients with mild AD to determine whether treatment would impact glucose metabolism measured by FDG-PET in regions that decline in AD. MSDC-0160 (150 mg once daily; N=16) compared to placebo (N=13) for 12 weeks did not result in a significant difference in glucose metabolism in pre-defined regions when referenced to the pons or whole brain. However, glucose metabolism referenced to cerebellum was maintained in MSDC-0160 treated participants while it significantly declined for placebo patients in anterior and posterior cingulate, and parietal, lateral temporal, medial temporal cortices. Voxel-based analyses showed additional differences in FDG-PET related to MSDC-0160 treatment. These exploratory results suggest central effects of MSDC-0160 and provide a basis for further investigation of mTOT modulating insulin sensitizers in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
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Colca JR, McDonald WG, Kletzien RF. Mitochondrial target of thiazolidinediones. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:1048-54. [PMID: 24774061 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones exert a pleiotropic pharmacology with therapeutic potential in a number of disease states ranging from metabolic syndrome and diabetes to neurodegeneration and cancer. A growing understanding of their mechanism of action, working from the site of their binding in the mitochondrion, provides insight into the mechanism of action of the insulin sensitizers and the reasons for their pleiotropic pharmacology. This review helps to frame the direction of future work that should be helpful in setting a new direction for the discovery and development of new, more useful therapeutic agents for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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DeFronzo RA, Triplitt CL, Abdul-Ghani M, Cersosimo E. Novel Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Spectr 2014; 27:100-12. [PMID: 26246766 PMCID: PMC4522879 DOI: 10.2337/diaspect.27.2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In Brief Impaired insulin secretion, increased hepatic glucose production, and decreased peripheral glucose utilization are the core defects responsible for the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. However, the pathophysiology of this disease also includes adipocyte insulin resistance (increased lipolysis), reduced incretin secretion/sensitivity, increased glucagon secretion, enhanced renal glucose reabsorption, and brain insulin resistance/neurotransmitter dysfunction. Although current diabetes management focuses on lowering blood glucose, the goal of therapy should be to delay disease progression and eventual treatment failure. Recent innovative treatment approaches target the multiple pathophysiological defects present in type 2 diabetes. Optimal management should include early initiation of combination therapy using multiple drugs with different mechanisms of action. This review examines novel therapeutic options that hold particular promise.
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Joshi H, Pal T, Ramaa CS. A new dawn for the use of thiazolidinediones in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:501-10. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.884708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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